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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the UN. It has 195 Member States. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage adopted in 2001 is the…

The history of maritime routes and communications in Iran dates back to a long time ago. In ancient times, to prevent dangers for their ships such as water thinness and thawing near coasts, the shallow depths and narrowness of rivers at the mouth of…

This paper presents the advantages of incorporating Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) disciplines in the protection of underwater sites. The integrated safeguarding approaches can enhance professional capacity and can lead to a knowledge pool that…

Many ships were sunk with loss of lives. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions destroyed and submerged coastal settlements and entire cities, together with their inhabitants. Underwater archaeological sites are therefore significant, not only for their…

Underwater cultural heritage can only be safeguarded if we acknowledge it to be our shared heritage, not a treasure to be looted and sold. The 2001 Convention offers an opportunity for countries to cooperate in protecting underwater cultural heritage…

A shipwreck is like a book from the past, waiting to be opened and interpreted for the enjoyment of all humanity. Each object has an important story to tell, which can only be read if its location relative to other objects in the wreck is…

In 2016 an iron grapnel was shown in some special exhibitions marking the 40th anniversary of the Sinan shipwreck excavation in Korea. The grapnel 2.3m length has four arms, and it had been raised by a fisherman’s net in 1972 before the wreck was…

Dehtal is an important hinterland site, located 170 km away from the shores of the Persian Gulf in Bastak County, Hormozgan province. Dehtal is a petroglyph site possibly dating to the pre-Neolithic, according to various sources of evidence such as…