1 10 700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edward L. Dreyer Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Longman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-13 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Edward L. Dreyer Item Type Book ISBN 0321084438 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-13 Library Catalog Amazon.com Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Longman Short Title Zheng He Title A name given to the resource Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433 China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sally Church Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Sally Church Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Pages 1 - 43 Publication Title Monumenta Serica Title A name given to the resource Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships Volume 53 China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yomigaeru Dejima 甦る出島 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10:19:29 Type The nature or genre of the resource Web Page Zotero Item Type Web Page Access Date 2011-10-07 10:19:29 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10:19:29 Title A name given to the resource Yomigaeru Dejima 甦る出島 URL http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/dejima/index.html Website Title Restoration Work Dejima Attachment Title 甦る出島 Attachment URL http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/dejima/index.html Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yamatogatasen: Sentai. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Masafumi Horiuchi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Seizandoshoten Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Masafumi Horiuchi Item Type Book ISBN 442530201X Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 193 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Seizandoshoten Short Title Yamatogatasen Title A name given to the resource Yamatogatasen: Sentai. Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b380e3819236100b77e5f4e351663406.pdf 61d17ff824a0d0f4dd23a24aa432081e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 2: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 2 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. 2023 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hayashida, Kenzo. 2021. “Yabitsu: A Medieval Port in Tsushima Island.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/669 Title A name given to the resource Yabitsu: A Midieval Port in Tsushima Island Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kenzo Hayashida Description An account of the resource The medieval port of Yabitsu is located in an inlet at the northwest end of Tsushima Island. Yabitsu is geographically closest to the Korean peninsula, separated by the Korea Strait. It is difficult to use its small isolated hinterland as a field for farming because in the inlet, some stone-built remains, which seem to have been quay and jetty are present. Although no description on Yabitsu has been found in any Japanese historical materials, a few Korean documents have been discovered in the Korean peninsula. From these literal evidences, the port of Yabitsu looks to have been used as an inlet for anchorage in the first half of the 15th century. The name of the inlet appeared in ‘Song Hui-gyeong’s Chronicle’ written in 1420, which was known as ‘老松堂日本行録’ in Japan. This chronicle refers to the port of Yabitsu as ‘也音非梁 (Ya-i-hi-ryo)’, which is on the way to the village of Waniura in Tsushima island. Seongjong of Joseon, the 9th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, recorded this port as ‘也音非道浦 (Ya-i-hi-do-ho)’ in his Annals of Joseon Dynasty written in 1499. The survey in 2018 showed that the port of Yabitsu had a long history from the 4th to 17th centuries with early Haji wares, Sue wares, Goryeo potteries, Chinese white porcelains, and old Karatsu wares being found, However, the exact date when the stone remains in the inlet were constructed and their entire structure have not been known yet, because no full-scale survey has been conducted so far. Additionally, we have not known the exact reason why the port was chosen to be built at Yabitsu. The survey on this port could contribute to restoring the maritime cultural landscape in Tsushima island, as well. Asia-Pac Session 2 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/24c7f6d50f8ff654572e1848345c944a.pdf 146d9829abc8e904f819ff756b359377 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource World War Two Shipwrecks; a toxic legacy? Description An account of the resource During the Second World War over 3,800 ships were sunk throughout the Pacific Region. The legacy of this conflict is still being felt today, with an unconfirmed number of potentially polluting wrecks (PPWs) still containing oil and unexploded ordinance. Many of these wrecks have deteriorated significantly and the threat of a spill is increasing as over 70 years of corrosion is causing collapse of the ships structures. The scale of this threat is largely unknown, however estimates indicate that thousands of tons of oil may remain in these wrecks with several identified as already leaking. Aware of the increasing risk that these wrecks pose, the Major Projects Foundation was established in 2018 with the aim of mitigating this risk. The primary activity was the purchase of the former New Zealand Navy Diving Vessel HMNZ Manawanui as an expedition vessel. With the vessel newly renamed RV Ocean Recovery, and with a Memorandum of Understanding with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the University of Newcastle, the Major Projects Foundation is dedicated to gathering robust scientific data on the condition of PPWs throughout the Pacific. Using cutting edge and incorporating industry standard technology, high-risk wrecks will be surveyed and assessed. Once wrecks with oil content are identified, commonly practiced subsea engineering solutions exist to mitigate the threat of an oil spill. Furthermore, the information from the survey of these wrecks will be used to educate and mobilise the public and policy makers to the risk such PPWs pose to marine ecosystems and the people who rely on them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Matthew Carter William Jeffery Ian D MacLeod Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Carter, Matthew, Dr. William Jeffery, and Dr. Ian D MacLeod. 2021. “World War Two Shipwrecks; a toxic legacy?.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/683 Asia-Pac Session 7 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource With Perry to Japan: A Memoir by William Heine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Heine Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Hawai'i Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author William Heine Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Place Honolulu Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Hawai'i Press Title A name given to the resource With Perry to Japan: A Memoir by William Heine Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Adams and Early English Enterprise in Japan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Derek Massarella Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Derek Massarella Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Place London Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines Title A name given to the resource William Adams and Early English Enterprise in Japan Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/77672662d9c01da33bb028fc65000c93.pdf b6d1299224c66e8e489a69f59c34a38c PDF Text Text Who Were the Africans in Eastern Asia? : The Christian European Period 1500-1900 AD Clifford Pereira Royal Geographical Society cliffjpereira@hotmail.com Abstract Seaways, especially monsoonal ones, allow movement on two directions. However Eurocentric approaches have tended to create hierarchies of cultures which have biased movements in particular directions to the historical exclusion of some narratives. This is a fresh look at a cultural connection from a perspective that has evaded investigation and seeks to balance the research on Chinese interactions with Africans in Africa. Africans have been trading with Asia for hundreds of years, yet their history and presence in East Asia has been barely suggested or investigated. The role of African crewmen is an important part of this narrative and one that brings a new dimension (if not challenges) to ethnographic studies of maritime cultural landscapes and seascapes. Key words: Africa, China, interactions, exchange, ethnography Introduction In this paper an African is defined as a person whose ancestors were born in Africa, Therefore discourse not limited to people who are perceived or perceive themselves as Black or indeed Black African. Eastern Asia is defined as the territory roughly east of a line 92⁰ East of the Meridian to 146⁰ East, that is inclusive of Japan, North and South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, China and both mainland and maritime Southeast Asia. The paper proposes to answer four fundamental yet simple questions: 1) Who were the Africans that came to Eastern Asia (Origins)? 2) How did they get to Eastern Asia (Routes)? 3) What were they known as in Eastern Asia and why (Exonyms)? �4) What was the nature of their lives in Southeast Asia (Socio-economic and Political Agency)? After intense research on the lengthy topic of Africans in Eastern Asia, much of it from African perspectives, taking in important research evidenced by Timothy Powers (2010 and 2012), Li Anshan (2015), George Hatke (2013), Jacques Gernet (1999), William Clarence-Smith (2006), de Verre Allen (1993), John Sutton (1990), Marina Tolmacheva (1993), Louise Levathes and Shihan de Silva Jayasuraya (2008a and 2008b) a possible chronological framework consisting of four periods based on the above criteria was produced: 1) The Hindu-Buddhist Asian period 300BC-700 AD. 2) The Islamic Asian period 700-1500 AD 3) The Christian European period 1500-1900 AD 4) The Modern Period 1900-2000 AD. It is impossible to cover such an immense timeframe within this paper; however, a concise bibliography is included for reference and future research. This paper will concentrate on the evidence provided for period 3, which has been termed ‘The Christian European period 1500-1900 AD’ for the simple reason that the majority of the evidence for this period is from European sources. The paper examines this and other available evidence before reaching the conclusion. The Evidence Prior to the sixteenth century, Africans that were not Christians or Muslims were regarded as infidels or Qaffiri (‫كافر‬, singular) by the Arabs and Persians in Africa and in India (Pankhurst, 2003) and were allowed by the tenants of Islam to be enslaved. Generally, Christians in the Horn of Africa were mainly from the Amhara, Tagaru (or Tigrayna) people, and Muslims were from the coastal Tigre, Tagaru, Afar and Somali peoples. The major �pagan peoples at this time were mainly Oromoo and Sidama. All of these were Cushitic speakers. The coastal peoples were in-part the descendants of the Axumites – an important African maritime people. Research has already established that the main flow of Africans in the Islamic Asian period 700-1500 AD (including the Tang, Yuan and Early Ming Dynasties) was ultimately from the Horn of Africa and along the Maritime Silk Route to Eastern Asia (Pankhurst, 2003 and Powers, 2010). This trend continued into the sixteenth century when the majority of Africans arriving in India, including pre-Portuguese Goa came through the port of Zeila which was the main exporter enslaved pagan Oromoo and free Abyssinians destined for India where they were called Habshis (Pankhurst, 2003) and this is confirmed by Linschoten (2005) ‘there are many Arabians and Abexiins in India’ and he notes that ‘there are many of them [Abexiins] in India that are captives and slaves’. From the sixteenth century European records provide evidence of African presence in East Asia, starting in succession with the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English and the finally the French. Portuguese experiences in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Maghreb, had led them to describe all Muslims as Mouros or Moors. They understood that the process of Arabisation meant that Arabs were not a race, but a people. Arriving in East Africa in 1498 the Portuguese regarded the Muslim people that they encountered on the coast (i.e. Arab, Persian, Somali and Swahili) all as Moors – a term that they extended with their travels right across the Indian Ocean to the spice-producing Sultanates of the Malukas and Southern Philippines. Mistrust and trading necessities meant that they were reluctant to enslave these Moors. In fact, vastly �outnumbered and economically reliant on these Muslims produced a ‘keep your enemies close’ approach. After the Portuguese established themselves in Southeast Africa (modern day Mozambique) enslaved Africans increasingly came from through Mozambique Island which they held from 1507, but this trade was still far below the Arab-Persian trade from the Horn of Africa. The Portuguese were quick to adopt the Arabic term as Kaffirs or Cafres for the enslaved pagan Africans as a trading commodity, a labour force, militia, and a prospective Catholic convert (de Silva Jayaruraya, 2008a). There were in Goa ‘Many Persians, Arabians and Abexijns, some [of them] Christians and some [of them] Moors’. Linschoten (2005) notes the tattoos that identify the Christians and makes it clear that ‘these Abexiins… such as are free doe serve in al India for sailors and seafaring men with such merchants as sailed from Goa to China, Japon, Bengala, Mallaca, Ormus and all the Oriental coast.’ Linschoten explains that after arriving in India the Portuguese sailors are ‘ashamed to live in that order and think it is a great discredit unto them’. Interestingly he also explains that the Abexiins are hired on low wages and travel with their wives under a Portuguese Captain but possibly an Arab boatswain who oversees the Abexiins. Charles Boxer (1997), historian of the Portuguese Empire noted that ‘Portuguese shipping in the inter-port trade of Asia was increasingly operated from the days of Albuquerque onwards, by Asian seamen working under a very few white or Eurasian officers. Even the great carracks of 1,000-2,000 tons which plied between Goa, Macao and Nagasaki might be entirely crewed by Asians and negro slaves’. However �Boxer is incorrect. The reputation of the Christian and Muslim Abyssinians as good sailors was widespread, though the enslaved Abexiin were actually animist (i.e. kaffir) Oromoo tribesmen, who had a strong military tradition and were often good horsemen. In several areas of the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, piracy was endemic and Africans were rare enough for their presence to cause fear. It was therefore wise for the Portuguese to man their ships with Abexiin crew and for the Jesuits to have kaffir retainers and body guards. This explains the Africans arriving in Macau from the 1550’s on Portuguese ships and those depicted on the Japanese Nanban Byobu (southern Barbarian folding screens) in Japan. In Siam (Thailand) King Chairacha entered relations with the Portuguese and allowed a trading and religious presence at Ayutthaya. In 1538 as an assurance against Burmese invasion and eager for Portuguese military technology he requested that the Portuguese actually retain a military presence which resulted in 130 Portuguese men being based in the established Portuguese settlement. Bearing in mind the paucity of Portuguese men in Asia, it could well be that many of these “Portuguese” were in fact Africans. There were definitely Japanese and Chinese Christians, and other Luso-Asians at the settlement which lasted until 1767 when the Burmese destroyed Ayutthaya. During the early years in Goa the Jesuits employed slaves, and the Church Provincial Council of 1567 laid down precise rules for the keeping of slaves (Borges, 1994). Though in reality this was not the case in Eastern Asia. Perhaps the best known African of this period in East Asia was the one called Yasuke, who was an African retainer of the Japanese warlord Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582). Yasuke appears to have arrived in Japan in 1579 as part of the entourage of the Jesuit Visitor Alessandro �Valignano. It was Nobunaga who gave the African the name Yasuke (Lockley, 2017). Both free and bonded helpers were members of the domestic staff of the Jesuits in the Japan Province, the majority of the former were Japanese, while the enslaved ones were Africans, Indians, Malays, Koreans or Japanese (Borges, 1994). Another African is mentioned in Japanese sources as a gunner in the service of Arima Harunobu in 1584. The unification of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns between 1580 and 1640 resulted in the wars with the Dutch and ultimately the downfall of the Portuguese Eastern Empire. The same wars resulted in an acute shortage of soldiers throughout the seventeenth century. But the Portuguese considered sepoys (Indian soldiers) as physically unfit and preferred the more robust African soldiers (Sequeira-Antony, 2004). By the early seventeenth century, slaves were the largest non-Goan group living in the city of Goa, most of these were Africans who had come through Mozambique Island and other parts of Eastern Africa, and the rest were Asians. They served as caretakers, guards, servants, concubines and artisans. From Goa slaves were shipped to other Portuguese settlements and even to Lisbon (Borges, 1994). The first recorded African to enter the territory of modern South Korea was a personal servant attached to the Portuguese trader João Mendes, who was on a Japanese vessel blown off course by a typhoon while travelling between Phnom Penh and Nagasaki. They drifted on to the island of Tong Yong in 1604. It appears that João Mendes was on a diplomatic mission for Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) to the Khymer Kingdom (Kim, 2008). There was a Portuguese merchant and a Jesuit presence at Hoi An in Vietnam, but no substantial research has been done on the community to confirm an African presence. �Friar Domingo Navarette recorded the presence of African soldiers in Guangzhou in 1618 and confirmed that they were runaways from Macau (de Silva Jayaruraya, 2008a). In 1622 enslaved Africans defended the Portuguese base at Macau which the Dutch attacked with a force of 13 ships and 1300 men. The Portuguese numbered only 150 – two thirds of which were residents, mostly mestiços. Additionally there were Jesuit artillerist and decisively up to 100 armed African slaves. There are also observations in 1637 of the few Portuguese cavalleros (horsemen) being accompanied by Africans servants dressed in expensive red damask bearing lances on which were placed the crests of the Portuguese families. It appears that there were two Africans in Macau who acted as interpreters between the Portuguese and the Chinese. One of these, Antonio was a ‘Capher Eathiopian Abissen’. The other is described as a ‘Chincheo runaway from the Portugal’s at Macau’. He was therefore an enslaved African who had escaped from Macau possibly to the Chenghai District of Eastern Guangdong Province. Both men appear to have learnt Cantonese and therefore to have been in Southern China for some time (Pankhurst, 2003). By the time Portugal gained her independence from Spain in 1640 as many as 5000 Africans lived in Macau and there were even special masses for their wives. They were employed mainly as enslaved personal servants to the men, as labourers and guards or soldiers. Enslaved Chinese females were preferred as household maids, cooks, wet-nurses and personal servants to the ‘Portuguese’ wives who were often mestiços (de Silva Jayaruraya, 2008a). By the early Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) Africans were definitely present in small numbers in Guangdong province as well as at Macau (de Silva Jayaruraya, 2008a). In 1651 the Governor of Macau requested ‘Negro’ soldiers rather than Mestiços from India (de �Silva Jayaruraya, 2008b). Friar Domingo Navarette again recorded the presence of African soldiers in Guangzhou in 1686 (de Silva Jayaruraya, 2008a). According to Brother José de Jesus, in 1745 there were in Macau: ‘twelve thousand men who at the same time dwelt there […] between Portuguese, half-castes, Nhons [Japanese], Malays, Canarins [Goans], Timorese, Mozambicans [Mixed heritage from Mozambique Island], Malabars, Moors [Muslims], Kaffirs [Non-Muslim Africans], and other nations……’ (Puga, 2013). No information is available on the African presence in Spanish Formosa (1626-1642). The people of the Philippine islands had their own form of slavery before the arrival of the Spanish. In Tagalog these were called alipin. Africans must have arrived on the Spanish vessels across the Pacific from Acapulco as sailors, servants and slaves. The Spanish in the Philippines initially had their local Asian slaves, but in 1586 Philip II of Spain proposed to slowly eliminate enslavement of his Spanish Indies subjects by requesting all children to be born free and banning new slave purchases. The laws proved very successful but started a trend of purchasing foreigners (including Indians, Chinese and Malays, Koreans and Japanese) who were not subject to the king’s laws. The Portuguese seized the trading opportunity and brought enslaved Africans from the Indian Ocean for sale to the Spanish in the Philippines, these were known as esclavavos negros (negro slaves). By 1621 Africans constituted about a third of the Intramuros population at Manila. A Little work has been done on the African presence in the Spanish Indies in the Marianas which suggests an African presence from at least 1602. With the termination of Portuguese interaction, Africans disappear after 1640 and for the entire Tokugawa period. However, it would be interesting to know of any �evidence of Africans resident at Hirado or Deshima, or in Taiwan attached to the Dutch presence in the East Indies. While the European trade in Africans from the Horn of Africa decreased the late eighteenth century saw Africans sold at Mozambique Island arriving at Macau through the Portuguese colonies of Diu, Damman and Goa. One of the traders was a Portuguese called Joaquim do Rosario Monteiro (Machado, 2003). There is no information on Africans in the Maluku Islands. Considering their troubled history and the use of Africans as soldiers in Sri Lanka by the Dutch since the mid-seventeenth century one would expect some African presence in the region. Between 1831 and 1842 the Dutch attempted to recruit no fewer than 2,200 Africans for service in their colonial army, primarily in the Dutch East Indies. In the end they only contracted 44 men from Elmina Castle (Ghana). But another push for men recruited from Kumasi, mainly from non-Ashanti peoples in the North of present-day Ghana produced 2,200 men serving 15-year contracts. While a second attempt among the Ashanti produced 235 men. A consequence was that this militia was composed of men from different ethnic groups that spoke different languages. Mistrust among them was a challenge to the Dutch. To ensure against a mutiny the Dutch distributed them into separate companies and battalion. It appears that African liaisons with the Javanese and Sumatrans resulted in many of them being more fluent in Malay then Dutch. This gave them an advantage when organising themselves and making demands for equal pay or better living standards. By December 1841 there were 1,318 Africans in the Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (Royal Netherlands-Indies Army). Recruitment had been vastly reduced at Africa, but in 1850 The Dutch �decided to resume African military recruitment in Elmina and 800 were recruited between 1860 and 1872, mainly from the Ashanti. In the Indies they were known by the term Londo Ireng in Javanese or Belinda Hitam (Black Dutch) in Malay. This recruitment ended in 1872 when Britain took over the Dutch possessions in the Gold Coast (i.e. Ghana), but many of these Africans stayed in Indonesia (mainly in Java) and married Malay women. They also had their own area of Purworejo called Kampung Afrikan. Here the community retained its distinct Afro-Indonesian culture. Soldiers who lived in other areas and were simply assimilated into Indonesian societies (van Kessel, 2008). Around 1879 the Portuguese Governor of Timor had a battalion which included 200 Africans who the Timorese called Falikas. The 1881 census of Singapore includes Africans though their numbers were small (de Silva Jayaruraya, 2008a). Conclusion Initially most of the Africans who came to Eastern Asia on board Portuguese ships where from the present day Ethiopia and Eritrea, including the Tigre and Tagaru crewmen and pagan Oromoo or Sidama. Then increasingly from the seventeenth century onwards Africans came from among the Makua, Yao/Nyanja, and Maravi, of Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe though the island of Mozambique from the seventeenth centuries. Africans arriving with the Dutch in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries initially came from West Africa, among the Akan and Dagbane language groups in modern day Ghana, Burkina Faso. There may have been a few Malagasy boarded at Cape Town. �Three distinct routes to East Asia for enslaved Africans can be discerned; the first and oldest route is from Zeila to Oman or Hormuz and on to the Gujarat on Arab Persian or Gujarati vessels. After purchase in Gujarat the route was through Goa to Macau and then to any Portuguese or Spanish port. From around 1600 the route was entirely on Portuguese vessels from Mozambique Island to Macau via Goa. The nineteenth century Dutch route was from Elmina in Ghana to Cape Town and directly to Batavia on Dutch vessels. This period stands in stark contrast to previous ones for Africans and other people of colour arriving in Eastern Asia. Formally Africans had arrived as envoys, merchants, soldiers and slaves into a realm that was composed roughly of the same elements of stratified society that existed in Eastern Asia. But the arrival of Africans with the Europeans was different. Africans of this period (1500-1900) arrived on European ships as sailors under European captains, or often in the entourage of the European merchants, and Jesuit missionaries. The Chinese used the term Gui-nu (Ghost-slave) for Africans, or in Cantonese Gui-lo (ghost man). In Japanese Africans were called Kurobo (Lockley, 2017) or Kuronbo in the Nagasaki dialect (Screech, 2017). So the Africans often arrived in a position subservient to Europeans who themselves were perceived, at least by the Chinese and Japanese, as Southern barbarians (Nanbanjin in Japanese) and therefore below the status of the Chinese and Japanese. This is perhaps most evident in the seventeenth century use of the Cantonese term Gui-Nu (ghost-slave) for Africans in Guanghzhou, but also in the Japanese term Kuronbo (black novice monk). Both of these terms place the Africans as �subservient to the Europeans. The range of this servitude from novice or page to slave reflected the reality. African features and physique were clearly admired for strength (Lockley, 2017), however the subservient status that Africans held almost everywhere in Eastern Asia (in contrast to South Asia) fed into indigenous concepts of colour based on working status, caste, or in the case of the Burmese, Thais, Filipinos and Taiwanese on the perception of subjugated peoples such as the Mons, Khymers, enslaved Ternate Islanders, Taiwanese Aboriginals or Philippine Aboriginals (Blussé, 2009) who they thought of as Blacks. With the exception of Korea, Japan and much of China, Asians themselves would be colonised by Europeans adding to the stigma of dark colour, and its association with race, enhanced by the Atlantic Slave Trade and Euro-American concepts of racism. Nevertheless, the adoption of Catholicism brought the Africans some support from the Catholic Church that effectively managed the civic life of both Portuguese and Spanish Asia. Friar Domingo Navarrete mentioned the wives of the “negroes” in Macau at mass, and in 1637 Peter Mundy mentions that these wives were Chinese slaves. So legitimate intermarriage between Africans and Chinese took place in Macao (de Silva Jayasuraya, 2008) and the resulting Afro-Chinese were absorbed in the Macanese community. Little work has been done on the African presence in the Philippines or in the Marianas, but presumably the same Catholic system was at work. It seems that during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the largest concentration of Africans in Eastern Asia was at Portuguese Macau. Of course Macau was governed from Goa which was the terminus of all �Asian trade to and from Europe via Mozambique Island, and the African presence in both cities continues to the present day. But foci shifted to the Dutch city of Batavia in the nineteenth century. Africans arriving with the Dutch were concentrated in the Batavia area, where they served the Royal Dutch Indies Army. They married Indonesian and Luso-Indonesian women and settled mainly in Java. In 1965 when Indonesia gained independence the Belinda Hitam were offered Dutch citizenship and immigrated to the Netherlands. Little work has been done on the African presence prior to the twentieth century in French Indo-China (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Acknowledgements I owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Shihan De Silva Jayasuraya (London), Dr.Thomas Lockley (Tokyo), and Dr. Ineke Van Kessel (Lieden). References Anshan, L., 2015. African diaspora in China: reality, research and reflection. The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol.7 (10): 10-43. Blussé, L., 2009. The cave of the black spirits: searching for a vanished people. In D. Blundell (Ed.), Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, Prehistory, Rev. Ed., University of California, Berkeley: 134152. Borges, C. J., 1994. The Economics of the Goa Jesuits, 1542-1759. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. Botas, J. F. O., 2016. Macua 1937-45: living on the edge, economic management over military defences. In G. Gunn (Ed.), Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong: 55-71. �Boxer, C. R., 1997. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. Carcanet, Lisbon. Clarence-Smith, W. G., 2006. Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. C. Hurst and Company, London. de Silva Jayasuriya, S., 2008a. African Identity in Asia: Cultural Effects of Forced Migration. Marcus Wiener Publishers, Princeton. de Silva Jaysuriya, S., 2008b. Identifying Africans in Asia. In S. de Silva Jaysuriya and J-P. Angenot (Eds.), Uncovering the History of Africans in Asia, Brill, Leiden: 7-36. de Verre Allen, J., 1993. Swahili Origins. East African Educational Publishers, Nairobi. Gernet, J., 1999. A History of Chinese Civilisation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gibb, H. A. R., 1962. The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325-1354. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hatke, G., 2013. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. New York University Press, New York. Kim, B. R., 2008. African presence in Korea. In K. K. Prasad and J-P. Angenot (Eds.), Tadia: The African Diaspora in Asia Explorations on a Less Known Fact, Jana Jagrati Prakashana, Bangalore: 435-444. Levathus, L., 1994. When China Ruled the Seas :The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Linschoten, J. H., 2005. The Voyage to the East Indies, Vol. 1. Elibron Classics, London. �Lockley, T., 2017. 『信長と弥助：本能寺を生き延びた黒人侍 (Nobunaga and Yasuke: The Black Samurai Who Survived the Homoji)』 Ohta Publishing, Tokyo. Mach, J., 1986. Madagascar : Island of the Ancestors. British Museum Publications, London. Machado, P., 2004. A forgotten corner of the Indian ocean: Gujarati merchants, Portuguese India and the Mozambique slave trade, 17301830. In G. Campbell (Ed.), Structure of Slavery in the Indian Ocean, Africa and Asia, Routledge, London: 17-32. Pankhurst, R., 2003. The Ethiopian diaspora to India: the role of Habshis and Sidis from medieval times to the end of the eighteenth century. In S. de Silva Jayasuraya and R. Pankhurst (Eds.), The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean, Africa World Press, Asmara:189-221. Pereira, C. J., 2008. Nineteenth century European references to the African diaspora in the Arabian peninsula. In S. de Silva Jaysuriya and JP. Angenot (Eds.), Uncovering the History of Africans in Asia, Brill, Leiden: 121-129. Pereira, C. J., 2012. Zheng He and the African horizon: an investigative study into the Chinese geography of early fifteenth-century eastern Africa. In Chia Lin Sien and S. Church (Eds.), Zheng He and the Afro-Asian World, Melaka Museums Corporation, Melaka: 248-279. Powers, T., 2010. The Red Sea Region during the ‘Long’ Late Antiquity, AD 500-1000. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. Powers, T., 2012. The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate, AD 5001000. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. Puga, M. G., 2013. The British Presence in Macau 1635-1793. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. �Screech, T., 2017. The image of the black in Japanese art: from the beginning to 1850. In D. Bindman, S. P. Blier and H. L. Gates Jr. (Eds.), The Image of the Black in African and Asian Art. Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 235-340. Sequeira Antony, P., 2004. The Goa-Bahia Intra-Colonial Relations 16751825. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities MESHAR, Tellichery. Sutton, J., 1990. A Thousand Years of East Africa. British Institute of Eastern Africa, Nairobi. Tolmacheva, M., 1993. The Pate Chronicle. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing. van Kessel, I., 2008. Becoming Black Dutchmen: West African Soldiers in the Dutch East Indies. In K. K. Prasad and J-P. Angenot (Eds.), Tadia: The African Diaspora in Asia Explorations on a Less Known Fact, Jana Jagrati Prakashana, Bangalore: 361-381. Biography Clifford Pereira is a Historical Geographer specialising in ‘hidden histories’ and migrations from and within the Indian Ocean World. A graduate of Geography and Asian Studies from the University of Ulster, he is a long-term fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), where he was also curator, consultant and facilitator on outreach projects (2006-2013). Pereira was Honorary Research Assistant with Royal Holloway, University of London (2010-2013), and Visiting Assistant Researcher for Dalian Maritime University, China (2011-2015). He is currently a Researcher on the African collection of the Museum of Anthropology (MOA) at UBC, Canada and specialist researcher and for the international heritage consultancy firm Barker-Langham, London (2008-Present). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 6: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Description An account of the resource East Asia is extremely rich in underwater cultural heritage, such as conventional shipwrecks under the sea, submerged settlement sites on the bottoms of inland lakes and rivers, or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones. For instance, the medieval or post-medieval aged wrecks and their cargos have recently been discovered one after another in the waters, or the underwater cultural heritage or seascape of stone tidal weir is a common cultural trait to the Ryukyu archipelago, western Japan, southern Korea, mainland China, and Formosa, which surround the East China Sea or a northern part of the Asian Mediterranean. No East Asian nation has ratified the UNESCO 2001 Convention, partly because it does not exactly correspond with oriental philosophy, it does not properly resolve the controversial issues upon sovereign immunity of warship wrecks, and so forth. Occasionally, the principle of preservation in situ in the convention has not been the first choice as Asian waters have poor water clarity generally. Nevertheless, each country has already moved forward with its own underwater archaeological policies and projects both on governmental and grassroots levels. Some activities are in close cooperation with foreign institutions or universities. In East Asia, document-based historical study or terrestrial archaeology has a long tradition, which has had a noteworthy impact upon underwater archaeology and its methodology. Even in this region as well as in other Pacific areas, contrariwise, the technological advancement in underwater survey has remarkably been made recently; using remote-sensing with satellites, robotics for ROVs or AUVs, or 3D photogrammetry by computer software mitigates or cancels the limitations regarding accessibility and working time caused by underwater environment. The tie between such modern technologies and archaeology has minted new applications and perspectives of underwater cultural heritage study. The multi-disciplinary or holistic approaches are increasingly more and more necessary among Asian researchers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akifumi Iwabuchi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Kotaro Yamafune APPARATUS, LLC, Japan Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Who Were the Africans in Eastern Asia? : The Christian European Period 1500-1900 AD Description An account of the resource Seaways, especially monsoonal ones, allow movement on two directions. However Eurocentric approaches have tended to create hierarchies of cultures which have biased movements in particular directions to the historical exclusion of some narratives. This is a fresh look at a cultural connection from a perspective that has evaded investigation and seeks to balance the research on Chinese interactions with Africans in Africa. Africans have been trading with Asia for hundreds of years, yet their history and presence in East Asia has been barely suggested or investigated. The role of African crewmen is an important part of this narrative and one that brings a new dimension (if not challenges) to ethnographic studies of maritime cultural landscapes and seascapes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clifford Pereira Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Clifford Pereira Asia-Pac Session 6 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c29bff2dc08d3f3411aea8154ee8713b.pdf eb3d7d0db832b0163408a2e10de5b203 PDF Text Text When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage Chiung-Hui Fu (National Academy of Marine Research / National Cheng Kung University, cathyfu886@gmail.com) Yu-Chuan Tseng (National Academy of Marine Research, a24725169@gmail.com) Shao-Jung Chung (National Academy of Marine Research, shaorong28@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a newly developed interdisciplinary field in which historical research is indispensable. According to the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of UCH, the desk-based study of historical, archaeological, geological, and environmental data is necessary for the preliminary work of inventory. Then researchers conjecture sensitive areas after analyzing and integrating the above information. The Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan are important historical sites for the political activities of the Dutch East India Company and the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in the 17th century. According to preliminary conclusions from the historical documents, Dutch shipwrecks may have been buried in the shoals and wetlands around the mouths of the Zengwen to Yanshui River or the land area of Anping District, Tainan City. If there are discoveries, they will be significant material evidence of Taiwan's history in the Age of Discovery. However, the Taijiang Inner Sea has undergone 400 years of geographical and environmental changes, including river channel migration, sandbars, lagoons, land expansion, and urban development. Many of the hydrological regions of the period are gone. Therefore, planning shipwreck survey strategies that compare historical documents and map data with current geographical locations is more complex than surveying the sea. This study attempts to collect domestic and foreign maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan area and collect documents related to Dutch East Indies shipwrecks. After inductive analysis, a geographic information system program overlays the maps and data. Authors estimate the possible location range of sunken ships as a reference for UCH survey planning and target object comparison. Finally, integrate the suspected targets discovered by the scientific instrument survey to examine the relationship between historical documents and scientific survey data. List of Figures and Table Table 1: Information of VOC Shipwrecks in the Waters near Tayouan Figure 1: Fort Selandia on Teowan (Lai and Wei 2018) Figure 2: Locations of Sites in Tayouan (Chiang 1992) Figure 3: Overlay of Data from Historical Documents as well as the Investigations with Scientific Devices, Possible Locations of the VOC Shipwrecks (Map of Taijian Inner Sea) INTRODUCTION Since equipment for scuba diving was invented by the French engineer Jacques-Yues Cousteau and Émile Gagnan in 1943, operations in archaeology could be extended from land to underwater, which also brought about the cooperation of different fields and made underwater archaeology an emerging interdisciplinary practice. Regardless of legal or practical perspectives, history is always an inseparable element in research. I. Legal Perspective Articles 14 and 15 of Annex-Rules Concerning Activities Directed at UCH in UNESCO's 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2001 Convention) address that an assessment should be conducted in the preliminary work to elevate the meaning and fragility of damages upon the UCH and surrounding natural environment from the project itself as well as the potential of obtaining the data that can satisfy the project goals. Such assessment shall include obtainable background studies on the history and archaeological evidence, the archaeological and 1 �environmental qualities of the historic sites, and any potential consequences of affecting the stability of such UCH as a result of these activities. The Operational Guidelines for the UNESCO 2001 Convention specify that the State Parties shall declare their link to a specific UCH through the following information when consulting their interests in such heritage: (a) the results of scientific expertises; (b) historic documentation; or (c) any other adequate documentation (UNESCO 2015). In other words, the historical documentation is essential evidence for clarifying the ownership or other relevance of the UCH. II. Practical Perspective In terms of underwater archaeology operations procedures, they include preliminary work, historic site investigation, study organization, preservation and management, and education and promotion. The preliminary work can be divided into advanced assessment, desk or background research, general investigation, and evaluation. Among them, the advance assessment can be further divided into: 1. Thorough or partial history investigation of UCH. 2. Thorough and partial evaluation of marine environment, social and economic development, national policies, and comprehensive resources. 3. Draft of assessment standards of general investigation in sensitive zones. 4. Assessment of the potential sensitive area of the UCH. 5. Planning of a range of thorough or partial one-time general investigations. 6. Planning of priority or road map of thorough general investigation. Background research shall be involved with the time of the historic site’s formation and the historical and archaeological backgrounds of relevant regions. Historical geography can provide crucial information on the development of a specific area and possible historic sites of that region (Maarleveld et al. 2013). The historical data can also serve as the archaeological resources for the expected site (Manders and Underwood 2012). The desk research shall integrate all previously collected archaeological evidence and take all usable historical proofs as the reference (Maarleveld et al. 2013). Evaluation should be about the historical, cultural, archaeological, artistic, and scientific values, among which the historical importance should be about evaluating whether the historic sites or relics are relevant to the local, regional, or national history, or even the people, events, activities, locations, or themes of world history. For the subsequent investigation of historic sites, research organization, preservation, and educational promotion, the historical research can be essential support, such as comparison of relics or ship nationality, statements on the value of the heritages, as well as explanation, exhibitions, and publications of data of historical sites. CASE STUDY: VOC SHIPWRECKS IN THE TAIJANG INNER SEA Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan were necessary historical fields of the governance activities of the United East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) and the battle between them and Koxinga. From the literature, we can preliminarily conclude that Dutch shipwrecks or relics might 2 �be underneath the shoal, wetlands, or even the inland area of nowadays Anping, Tainan. They can be the material proof of Taiwan’s place in the Age of Sail if they can be found. However, due to the river channel migration and urbanization over the past 400 years, the shoals, lagoons, and the inner sea became land, and the waters of Taijang Inner Sea are no longer. The comparison between historical documents, maps, and current locations, as well as the investigation of shipwrecks, is significantly more complex than underwater cultural heritage in marine areas. In this study, we intend to collect the maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan in Taiwan and other countries and the pieces of literature about VOC shipwrecks. By overlaying the maps and the data with the geographic information system (GIS), we can preliminarily speculate the possible locations or range of the shipwrecks, which can serve as a reference for investigating cultural heritage and target comparison. Lastly, we can organize the suspected targets found by the scientific devices for cultural heritage to check the correlation between the historical documents and the found data. RESOURCES First of all, regarding the source of historical documents, we have original and second-hand data. For accuracy, we took the journals, letters, and paintings to find the records and clues of ship sinking and estimate the possible locations of the shipwrecks with other data organized in previous research. The historical data in this study include: 1. VOC Literature: De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia: vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, Report of Affairs in East India, De missiven van de VOC-gouverneur in Taiwan aan de Gouverneur-generaal te Batavia, and Konxinga’s March to Taiwan by Albrecht Herport. 2. Maps: Overview Taijiang: Scanning Antique Maps of Tayouan for 400 Years, Historical Atlas of Tainan, 1626-1960, and Antique Maps Drawn by the Dutch in the 17th Century. 3. Previous Research: Report of Investigations on Port Channels of Tayouan and VOC Shipwrecks in the 17th Century by Tree Valley Foundation with the commission from the Administration Office of Taijiang National Park in 2012, as well as the Closing Report of Collection and Analysis of Historical documents and Data of VOC Shipwrecks by Tamkang University from 2015 to 2016 and the Report of Prospection Plan with Remote Sensing on Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Waters of Tayouan Port by Strong Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. from 2017 to 2018 with the commission from Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture. 4. Field Survey: On-site positioning of former sites of Fort Zeelandia, Tayouan Towns, Fort Provintia, and Zeeburgh, as well as detection with shipborne devices and investigation with an airborne magnetometer in waters of Taijiang. FRAMEWORK We collected the humanity and natural background data of the waters of the former Taijiang Inner Sea before planning this investigation, including: 1. Historical documents and data, such as the ports, the channels, naval warfare, and the shipwrecks. 2. Map data, such as historical maps and voyage maps. 3 �3. Archaeological information on land, such as indigenous archaeological sites related to the VOC. 4. Terrain and environment data of the waters, such as the landform, depth, sediments, and depositions. First, we organized the information about shipwrecks in the historical documents. As the records lacked coordinates, we could only mark the possible areas from the textual descriptions about the locations, wind direction, and relative position of the objects on land. Second, for the maps we collected, we would position and digitalize the buildings or historic sites that still stand today and overlay them with Taiwan e-Map. Third, we use GIS to establish the attribute data and carry out archives and analyses with these data. It can be helpful not only in drawing out the sensitive zone of the investigation but also in the comparison of the data. Such data can become a reference for future studies, courses, and promotions. Last, the target data from comparing the shipborne devices and airborne magnetometer in the waters of Taijiang can be input for overlay in GIS and serve as the basis for further investigations and the reference for EIA on the UCH in the future. RESULTS By organizing the historical documents, we can conclude that 11 ships sunk in the waters of Taijiang or Tayouan at the time. The vessel and brief information are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Information of VOC Shipwrecks in the Waters near Tayouan No. Ship Date of Shipwreck Type Tonnage 1 Valk (Valck) 1623-07-19 Jacht (Yacht) 60 Location Remarks South to the entrance 2 Taiwan 1654-08-09 Jacht (Yacht) 150 Reef at the entrance 3 Verde 1654-10-28 Retour schip 400 Noorderrif Sicao, Tainan 4 Lam, Witte 1654-10-28 Fluyt 5 Formosa 1654-10-28 Galjoot 6 Maarssen 1656-09-11 7 Hector 1661-05-01 8 Immenhorn 1661-05-29 Jacht (Yacht) Jacht (Yacht) Galjoot 9 Urk 1661-08-18 Galjoot 10 Koudekerke 1661-09-16 Jacht (Yacht) 11 Kortenhoef (Kurtenhofen) 1661-09-16 Noorderrif Sicao, Tainan Port and Starboard (dismounted) Er’ren River Rear side of Fort Zeelandia Shipwreck Caya, Wengang (Northern Gate) Western end of Baxemboy to Luermen Baxemboy 300 Fort Zeelandia channel South to the entrance Soulang River (Zengwen River) Mashagou, Jiangjun District, Tainan 100 Baxemboy Baxemboy When choosing the base map, as Dutch Formosa lasted from 1624 to 1662, we could only obtain information about the shipwrecks after 1654. Therefore, we took Formosa 1652 / Een perfect caertjen vant Taijouanse canael as the base map because the era is closer and the terrain marking is the clearest. 4 �For the modern map, we chose Taiwan e-Map and Google Maps as the base maps for overlay. After analyzing the relative locations of the shipwrecks in the texts, we marked on Formosa 1652 / Een perfect caertjen vant Taijouanse canael first and then overlaid with Taiwan e-Map after digital positioning. The combination produced Figure 4, and can be the referenced for detecting the target objects with the submersible devices. Below I discuss our process of approximating two shipwrecks during the battle between Konxinga and the Dutch. Figure 1: Fort Selandia on Teowan (Lai and Wei 2018) I. Hector According to De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, the Hector sank during the battle between Konxinga’s fleet with the Dutch. On 30 April 1661, the Hector, the Gravelande, and the Maria were porting in the southern shipyard, preparing for battle (Chiang 2007). On 1 May the Dutch commander ordered the three ships to attack Konxinga’s junk fleet. Based on the journal, we could only know the Hector was sinking in an explosion (caused by gunpowder) on the way to fight the fleet when sailing downwind. At the same time, the Gravelande and Maria successfully retreated to the southern porting site (Chiang 2007). The journal does not specify the route of the Hector nor the location where the explosion occurred. By comparing other documents, we found that two aerial views illustrated the blast of Hector. Although the views are not precise maps, they can serve as a reference to the relative location. According to the drawing of Die Vestung Seeland auff der Insul Tijawan gelegen published in Continuatio Diarri Europaei in 1663, the explosion was marked at the character C, which is by the 5 �shore of towns in Tayuoan; it’s the northeastern direction from the towns. However, according to Die vesting Selandia auff Teowan drawn by the Swiss-Dutch soldier Albrecht Herport, the explosion was at the number 8 in Figure 1, between Baxemboy and Fort Zeelandia; it’s the northwestern direction from the fort on the sea. The marked locations are different and contradictory. Regarding reliability, Albrecht Herport was witnessing the scene, so his drawing should be more accurate (Lai and Wei 2018). Thus, we adopted the location marked in Die vesting Selandia auff Teowan and believed the explosion of the Hector occurred between Baxemboy and Fort Zeelandia, which was the northwestern direction from the fort on the sea. II. Koudekerke According to De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, the Koudekerke arrived at Fort Zeelandia on 15 September 1661. The Dutch planned to detour to the rear side of the town of Tayouan, assaulting Konxinga’s forces. The Koudekerke was ordered to port between the Noorstraat and the Custom House and attack from there on the 16th. On the day, the Koudekerke headed to the location but got away from the coast due to the winds. In the battle, cannons on the Koudekerke exploded and became the enemy’s target, and it ended up sinking by the sand coast near the enemy’s fort. For the relative location, please see the number 10 in Figure 1. Based on Figure 2, the Custom House was on the outskirt of the town. Although the ship was away from the coast, the location should be roughly near the Custom House. The sinking place should be by the sand coast near the eight cannons. Therefore, we deemed the shipwreck near the Custom House and by the shore of Fort Zeelandia. Figure 2: Locations of Sites in Tayouan (Chiang 1992) Combined with Table 1 of the historical documents about the shipwrecks, the locations are presumed, as shown in the coloured polygons in Figure 3. 6 �For detection with shipborne devices, we used side scan sonar, multibeam echo sounder, sub-bottom profiler, and magnetometer in the waters near Yanshui River and river mouth Luermen. Also, we chose to hang a magnetometer on the drone for investigation due to the different terrains at the tidal river, shoals, river mouth, wetlands, and the coast, as well as the dense woods of mangroves on both sides of the river, the sandbanks, and the oyster farms, which made underwater investigation very difficult. The muddy water is also a downside for divers or optical detection. After comparing and filtering the results from airborne and shipborne devices, we found seven suspected UCH sites. Figure 3: Overlay of Data from Historical Documents as well as the Investigations with Scientific Devices, Possible Locations of the VOC Shipwrecks (Map of Taijian Inner Sea) We overlaid the results and the historical documents, as shown in the circular/coloured dots Figure 3, and saw they roughly match. As the investigations do not yet involve diving, optical detection with remotely operated vehicles (ROV), or archaeological sampling, the results concluded in Figure 3 can be taken as a reference in decision-making in future archaeological investigations or construction projects. We also selected five of the seven suspected UCH sites in this study. We conducted sampling by core drilling to analyze the sedimentation and migration of the river. Combining the results of 210Pb dating and carbon-14 dating, we assumed that the locations of VOC shipwrecks are 0.7-2.7 meters beneath the riverbeds. It can also be the basis for river construction projects involving UCH investigation or surveillance. 7 �Bibliography Albrecht, A. “Annex: Konxinga’s March to Taiwan (Trans. Chou, Hsueh-Pu).” In Formosa in the Past, edited by Chen, Kuan-Hsueh. Taipei: San Min Book Co., (2018): 177-193. Chiang, Shu-Sheng. The Final Battle and Peace Treaty between Konxinga and the Dutch in Taiwan. Taipei : ECHO of Things Chinese, 1992. Chiang, Shu-Sheng. De missiven van de VOC-gouverneur in Taiwan aan de Gouverneur-generaal te Batavia 1, 1622-1626. Taipei: SMC Publishing, Inc., 2007 Lai, Chih-Chang and Wei, Te-Wen. Scanning Antique Maps of Tayouan for 400 Years, Historical Atlas of Tainan, 1626-1960. Cultural Affairs Bureau, Tainan City Government, Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc., 2018. Manders M. R. and Underwood C. J. Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UNESCO, 2012 Maarleveld, T. J., Guérin U. and Egger B. Manual for Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage: Guidelines to the Annex of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. Paris: UNESCO, 2013 UNESCO. Operational Guidelines for the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Digital Library. 2015 Available through: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf000 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a newly developed interdisciplinary field in which historical research is indispensable. According to the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of UCH, the desk-based study of historical, archaeological, geological, and environmental data is necessary for the preliminary work of inventory. Then researchers conjecture sensitive areas after analyzing and integrating the above information. The Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan are important historical sites for the political activities of the Dutch East India Company and the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in the 17th century. According to preliminary conclusions from the historical documents, Dutch shipwrecks may have been buried in the shoals and wetlands around the mouths of the Zengwen to Yanshui River or the land area of Anping District, Tainan City. If there are discoveries, they will be significant material evidence of Taiwan's history in the Age of Discovery. However, the Taijiang Inner Sea has undergone 400 years of geographical and environmental changes, including river channel migration, sandbars, lagoons, land expansion, and urban development. Many of the hydrological regions of the period are gone. Therefore, planning shipwreck survey strategies that compare historical documents and map data with current geographical locations is more complex than surveying the sea. This study attempts to collect domestic and foreign maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan area and collect documents related to Dutch East Indies shipwrecks. After inductive analysis, a geographic information system program overlays the maps and data. Authors estimate the possible location range of sunken ships as a reference for UCH survey planning and target object comparison. Finally, integrate the suspected targets discovered by the scientific instrument survey to examine the relationship between historical documents and scientific survey data. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chiung-Hui Fu Yu-Chuan Tseng Shao-Jung Chung Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Fu, Chiung-Hui. 2023. “When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1889 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023