8 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/782acd285ffa7a58a072fceacdbb25bf.pdf 113e389dccf9573c30fbff5ba2779966 PDF Text Text Ancient Mediterranean, Red Sea and Afro-Asia links across the Western Indian Seaboard. Recent Underwater Discoveries in Mafia Archipelago, Central Coast of Tanzania. Caesar Bita Underwater Archaeologist, National Museums of Kenya (mcbita@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Coastal communities of the east African coast have, for millennia, traded with the Far East, the Mediterranean Region, India and the Red Sea going back to at least the first millennium BCE or before. These trade links across the Indian Ocean seaboard reached to lands as far as China and the Americas. The east African seaboard, popularly referred in the ancient time as Azania, was, by the first millennium BCE, also known to the Romans who visited and reported about this territory and its settlements. Terrestrial archaeological studies along this coast have shown existence of trade routes connecting the coast with the hinterland of Africa where some merchandise for international commerce was collected. Recently underwater archaeological surveys have recovered materials that indicate ancient global maritime trade connections extending back to the Graeco-Roman period. That the east Africa coast was a major player in the ancient international maritime trade makes it an important area for maritime archaeological studies. This paper reports on findings from a recent underwater archaeological survey in the Mafia archipelago in the central coast of Tanzania. The findings confirm the existence of ancient international maritime connectivity between the East African coast and the Mediterranean region, Red Sea, India and the Far East. Key Words: Mafia, Transoceanic, Maritime, Indian Ocean INTRODUCTION Tanzania is one of the east African coastal countries bordering the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). The country has one of the longest coastlines on mainland east Africa after Somali and Mozambique. Tanzania has three of the five largest islands of this region including Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia. Archaeological studies have shown that the country’s coast has the earliest evidence of ancient links with the Mediterranean region, Red Sea, Persia, India and south east Asia going back to the first century CE. Initially, much of this evidence however came from terrestrial archaeology since underwater archaeology is not developed in the country. Similarly, evidence of these earliest links has been reported in Mafia archipelago and Rufiji areas of central Tanzanian coast. Mafia archipelago is located in the central coast of Tanzania at S 7⁰ 37´ 8⁰ 10´, E 39⁰ 30´ 39⁰ 55´about 120 km south of Dar es Salaam city and 21 km offshore of Rufiji Delta (Fig. 1). It is the fifth largest island on the coast of east Africa after Madagascar to the south, Zanzibar, Pemba and Lamu all to the north (Chami, 1994; Shikoni et al. 2019). It is also an archipelago composed of a number of islands including Miewe, Chole, Juani, Jibondo, Bwejuu to the south of the main one by the same name Mafia Island. There are also several smaller islets of Mbarakuni, Shungimbili and Nyongoro found to the north. The main Mafia Island is elliptically shaped, lying in a NE-SW orientation; narrowing to the North east (Fig. 4). At its longest, the island measures approximately 47 km from the Southwest end to the Northeast tip and its widest point is 17 km (Fig. 4; Bita et al. 2023). Mafia has always been perceived as having evidential remains associated with the ancient Western Indian Ocean trade connections. This has largely resulted from land based archaeological findings recovered from the archipelago and its immediate hinterland. Although the archipelago has received progressive terrestrial archaeological research, no underwater archaeological studies were done to corroborate findings from land archaeology. It is only recently, after locals reported of offshore submerged features in the north-eastern side of the archipelago that subsea surveys begun. 1 �Figure 1: Tanzanian coast showing location of Mafia Islands (H. Pazza) Tanzania and Ancient transoceanic connections That the ancient east African coast was internationally known very early in time is no longer in doubt. Roman records including Strabo’s Geography, Pliny’s Natural History, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea / Periplus Maris Erythraei, Claudio Ptolemy’s Geography and Accounts of Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned and documented this coast (Casson 1989; McLaughlin 2018; Datoo 1970; Huntingford 1980; Freeman-Grenville 1975; Berggren and Jones 2001). Graeco-Roman sailors and traders of the Roman era from 64 BCE to 170 CE have described the geography, names of places, people, trade and other economic activities that took place on this coast (Miller 1969; Casson 1989; Chami 2006; 2009; McLaughlin 2018). Some of the places and people described are in the Coast of Tanzania. For instance, Periplus mentioned an 2 �island in the Azanian coast as Mafiaco, which is similar to the modern-day Mafia Island (Freeman Grenville 1962). Periplus also described the people living in Mafiaco being recognized as Rafiji, which is very similar to the modern-day Rufiji people who occupy the modern Rufiji area of Tanzania (Oldfather 1961; Freeman-Grenville 1962; 1975; Datoo 1970; Huntingford 1980; Casson 1989; Lacroix 1998; McLaughlin 2018). Archaeological studies in Mafia and Rufiji areas have recovered ancient trade items that corroborate these Graeco-Roman records. Studies have unearthed beads some identified as having been manufactured at Rhodes Island in the Roman Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 2 a-b). Other findings include Roman tera sigillata ceramics (Fig. c-d; Chami 1999b; 2001; 2021; Mandela et al. 2022). Figure 2: Ancient artifacts of foreign origin (a) Indian beads from Rufiji delta; (b) Phoenician Beads; (c and d) and Red Roman terra Sigillata ceramics recovered in Mafia archipelago (Chami, 1999a; 2021; Mandela et al. 2020) Underwater Archaeology of Tanzanian coast The coastal parts of east Africa from Somali to Mozambique were part of the ancient vibrant international trade networks across the Indian Ocean Seaboard linking India, Europe, Persian Gulf Red Sea and the Far East. Remains recovered in this region and associated with these ancient networks include shipwrecks, beads, ceramics and cultural traditions that continue to occur in many parts of this coast. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, this region has witnessed increased terrestrial archaeological research that has revealed these global transoceanic connections. However, despite the vibrancy of terrestrial research and the huge potential in underwater archaeology, underwater archaeological research in the region is still in its infancy. In Tanzania, there have been very few underwater archaeological surveys. Although there are many shipwrecks recorded in the waters of the country, except for Patience (2006) who did many commercial salvage operations on the east African coast and documented numerous wrecks, not much surveys have been undertaken of Tanzanian coastal waters. The few cases involved documentation of maritime practices including folklore associated with fishing communities (Ichumbaki 2015; Lubao and Ichumbaki 2023) and nautical infrastructure including boat landing places, jetties, lighthouses, navigational guides (Pollard 2008a; 2008b). Other studies have involved documentation of marine crafts (boats), exploitation of marine resources and social and religious manifestations of maritime cultural traditions (Pollard and Ichumbaki 2017; Ichumbaki et al. 2022). Although archaeological research in Mafia began at the advent of colonization (Revington 1936; Piggott 1941; Wheeler 1955; Baumann 1957; Chittick 1957; 1961; Freeman-Grenville 1962), no maritime studies of the archipelago have been undertaken prior to this study (Bita et al. 2021-22; 2023). The only study that had a maritime component was involved in maritime history and looked at long-term history and long-distance trade in Mafia archipelago yet no attempts were made at underwater archaeological surveys (Wynne-Jones 2006; Crowther et al. 2014). Others looked at fishing practices to demonstrate differences in access to maritime resources between members of different categories of the community in Juani island (Christie 2011). As argued by Lane (2012), although these studies were not of an underwater archaeological approach, they contributed a great deal to the understanding of maritime infrastructure and landscape development, traditions, resource exploitation and history of long-distance trade during the first half of the second millennium CE. 3 �The only detailed underwater archaeological survey in Tanzania prior to this, was done of the ancient port of Kilwa, one of the most important ancient ports in South East Tanzania. The study recovered Persian and Midde Eastern artefacts including glass jars and a stone anchor (Fig. 3; Pollard et al. 2016). Stone anchors are known to have been in use for a long time extending to about 3,000 BC (Vosmer 1999). Their discovery in association with imported ceramics is an indication of long international maritime connections (Bita 2015; Tripati and Bita 2015). Figure 3: Kilwa Kisiwani Port showing (a) scatter of artefacts underwater and (b) stone anchor (Pollard et al. 2016) The earliest record of submerged archaeological finds in Mafia was in 1977 when locals reported brass cannons, anchors, fragments of cannon balls and a bronze bell off Juani Island (Lane 2005; 2012). However, there were no underwater archaeological survey efforts until 2016 when fishermen reported of submerged wall-like features, locally referred as Makutani or Mwamba Ukuta, north of the archipelago (Fig. 4; Bita 2019; Chami 2021). Ukuta is the local people’s Swahili word for a wall. Mwamba Ukuta means a sturdy wall. It is after this, that sustained underwater archaeological studies in this part of Tanzania began (Bita et al. 2021-22; 2023). 4 �Figure. 4: Mafia archipelago showing Chole, Makutani and other areas mentioned in the text (Bita et al. 2023) Methodology and findings Underwater archaeology surveys and interviews were the main methodology used in this research. Following interviews with local fishermen, divers surveyed the area observing, and recording archaeology finds. Other methods employed included sub-sea probing with specially designed metal probes to determine and record cultural heritage buried beneath the sea floor. Foreshore and intertidal reconnaissance were conducted that entailed systematically walking over the foreshore and intertidal zones to locate areas with higher concentration of cultural heritage. These were carried out at the reported submerged site of Makutani to the north and Chole Bay to the south of the archipelago respectively (Fig. 4). Submerged wall features Underwater surveys north of Mafia were done with a purpose to confirm the reported submerged wall features in Makutani, and whether these are ancient settlements and whether these are in sync with findings from terrestrial surveys (Shikoni et al. 2019; Bita et al. 2021-22; 2023; Mandela and Chami 2021). Investigations noted that the feature is located about three km from the northern shore of Mafia Island and is a spherical enclosure made of four sections which remain fully submerged with only small sections visible during low ocean tides (Bita et al. 2021-22; 2023). Some sections have been broken and eroded creating imaginary separations. It is this phenomenon that has informed locals to give them different names. The inner circumference is 8.17 km and has an inside area of 2.42 km². It has two openings located west and north commonly referred to by local fishermen as gates, because these are the only access ways at high tides through the feature (Fig. 5). Figure 5: The submerged Makutani wall feature with the four sections (C. Bita) Underwater surveys around the submerged feature observed linear boulders collapsed in a line indicative of a perimeter surrounding wall. The blocks were found to be of flat surface, compact and ranged between three m long, 2.5 m wide and 0.3 m thick (Fig. 6 a). Petrological analysis showed these are concrete, made of cement and lime. Their composition includes lime and different grog fragments to temper the block and as cementing material, which was a Roman technology (Delatte 2001). The analysis also confirmed that these are made of materials not locally found in Mafia Island but brought from outside (Fig. 7). On the base of the standing sections, feature were observed concentrations of concreted objects (Fig. 6 b) from where some of the imported ceramics were recovered (Fig. 6 c-d). 5 �Figure 6: (a) Linear block underwater in Makutani, (b) standing Makutani wall section with concretions of pottery in the foreground (c) Base shard of a Roman amphorae (d) Middle Eastern pottery (Bita et al. 2023) Figure 7: Composition of analysed concrete from Makutani (Bita et al. 2023) Local pottery of Early Iron Working (EIW) tradition and Triangular Incised Ware (TIW) were also found in association with the imported ceramics. EIW is the local cultural tradition that spanned the dates between fourth century B.C. to fifth century CE (Chami 1994; 1998; Mapunda 1995). Its pottery is characterized by thick fluted / beveled rims in combination with comb-stamping or incisions and were of upturned or open bowls (Fig. 8c-d; Chami 1994; Soper 1967, Waltz and Kwekason 2022). TIW is the 6 �cultural tradition that succeeded the EIW tradition along the eastern Africa coast and dates 100 to 500 CE (Chami 1994-5). Triangular Incised Ware decorative elements seem to have been derived from the EIW tradition hence showing some cultural continuity (Chami 1994; 1998). Typical decoration in TIW pottery includes incised triangles, double lines of punctates / stamps, zigzagging double incisions, appliqués and oblique incisions (See Fig. 8 a-b). Recovery of these local pottery traditions in associated contexts with foreign ceramics is an indication of early external trade contacts with ancient communities of east Africa (Bita et al. 2021-22; 2023). Figure 8: a-b TIW and c-d EIW pottery from the Makutani submerged site (Bita et al. 2023) Surveys at Chole Bay Underwater archaeology survey at Chole Bay recorded five sites with high concentrations of ceramics of both local and foreign origin (Fig. 9). These occurred in contexts ranging from five and 12 m in depth and included Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Persian and Indian wares. While some were recovered under sand, others were heavily concreted onto coral (Fig. 9 e). Other studies around Bwejuu Island and Kisimani Mafia to the west, all closer to the Rufiji delta, have yielded ceramics from the Middle East and Mediterranean world dating to the period of BC / CE changeover (Mandela and Chami 2021). These recoveries corroborate the terrestrial archaeological findings that indicate very early international trade contacts with the wider east African coast. 7 �Figure 9: (a) Chole Bay showing underwater sites; (b) far Eastern jar; (c) Middle Eastern yellow glazed rim; (d) Mediterranean bowl with black fabric; (e) Indian pot in-situ underwater (Bita et al. 2021-22; 2023) DISCUSSION According to Chami (2006), the EIW communities were the same people reported in ancient Roman records (Casson 1989; 1974; Huntingford 1980; Mclaughlin 2018) and who in the ancient time occupied the Rufiji Delta region that is adjacent to Mafia archipelago and largely the central coast of Tanzania. The people reportedly traded with the Roman Empire during the early centuries CE with the lost city of Rhapta reported as their capital (see Casson 1989:61; Lacroix 1998; Chami 2021; Mandela and Chami 2021; Bita et al. 2023). Recent studies have discovered materials found to originate from various parts including Asia, India, the Red Sea and Mediterranean regions. For instance, recovery of Roman wares confirms ancient Roman classical records of the first century CE that mention and describe this coast. Similarly, these records also mention transoceanic connections between the east African coast and the Indo-Pacific region (Miller 1969; Casson 1974; Sedov 2007; McLaughlin 2018) as they did with the Red Sea region and Persian Gulf. Contacts between the east African coast and Persia are known to exist in antiquity (Gupta 2016; 2021; Bita 2013a; 2013b). The Arabs are said to have dominated the East African coastal strip long before the advent of the Roman and after the collapse of the Roman empire before the arrival of Portuguese (Hourani 1963; Mathew 1963). Recovery of Middle Eastern wares underwater in Mafia suggest contacts in the early centuries of the CE to the fifth century CE, a period within which the EIW cultural tradition of the east African coast is dated. These findings also lend credence to ancient Chinese records of third century CE that allude to the existence of contacts between the east African coast and the Arabian Peninsula (Hill 2004). This is a manifestation that local communities of this coast were not passive participants but were 8 �actively connected and involved in ancient international maritime trade across the Western Indian Ocean Seaboard (Fig. 10). Figure 10: Regions and routes involved in ancient maritime networks with east African Coast (C. Bita) CONCLUSION This paper has shown that ancient communities of Mafia archipelago had regular contact with other parts of the globe. Evidence of this contact had previously been recovered on the mainland especially along the Rufiji River delta. However, recent research has identified an abundance of this evidence submerged underwater in the archipelago. Previously, it was only from terrestrial studies in the archipelago that revealed evidence of the region’s involvement in ancient global maritime trading (Chami 1999c; 2021; Shikoni et al. 2019; Mandela and Chami 2021). Trading meant traders had to access the archipelago through the sea (Figs. 4; 9 a). However, there had not been archaeology data from underwater in the region to substantially link the archipelago with the vibrant ancient Indian Ocean trading of the Greco-Roman period as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolemy’s Geographia. Recent studies have recovered a substantial amount of local and imported pottery that show existence of ancient trade connection between the archipelago, the hinterland and the wider Indian Ocean Seaboard to as far as India, South East Asia, Red Sea and the Mediterranean world. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is thankful to the Recentring Afro-Asia Project for providing funds for this research. Special thanks to Prof. Chami and Dr. Pastory Bushozi of University of Dar es Salaam for identification of the local ceramics. Thanks to Prof. Sunil Gupta at Allhamadad Museum in India; Prof. Hakan Oniz and colleagues at Alkdeniz University, Turkey; Dr. Alexandra Ratzlaff from the Department of Classical Studies Mendel Center for the Humanities at University of Israel; Prof. Bridget Buxton of History Department at University of Rhode Island USA for identification of imported ceramics. Thanks to Mr. Hitson Pazza for the cartographic work and Brian Nyambu of National Museums of Kenya for the conservation treatment of artifacts. 9 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Baumann, D. Mafia Island. Tanganyika Notes and Records 45 (1957): 1-24 Berggren, J.L. and Jones, A. Ptolemy’s Geography: An annotated translation of the theoretical chapters. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.(2001). 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Description An account of the resource Coastal communities of the east African coast have, for millennia, traded with the Far East, the Mediterranean Region, India and the Red Sea going back to at least the first millennium BCE or before. These trade links across the Indian Ocean seaboard reached to lands as far as China and the Americas. The east African seaboard, popularly referred in the ancient time as Azania, was, by the first millennium BCE, also known to the Romans who visited and reported about this territory and its settlements. Terrestrial archaeological studies along this coast have shown existence of trade routes connecting the coast with the hinterland of Africa where some merchandise for international commerce was collected. Recently underwater archaeological surveys have recovered materials that indicate ancient global maritime trade connections extending back to the Graeco-Roman period. That the east Africa coast was a major player in the ancient international maritime trade makes it an important area for maritime archaeological studies. This paper reports on findings from a recent underwater archaeological survey in the Mafia archipelago in the central coast of Tanzania. The findings confirm the existence of ancient international maritime connectivity between the East African coast and the Mediterranean region, Red Sea, India and the Far East. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caesar Bita Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bita, Caesar . 2023. “Ancient Mediterranean, Red Sea and Afro-Asia links across the Western Indian Seaboard. Recent Underwater Discoveries in Mafia Archipelago, Central Coast of Tanzania.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Brian Fahy. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1986. Asia-Pac Session 9 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/3cacc1206644f566da31e42fb62fd02a.pdf 68a8250897c98cf77e70e3dcea03ba61 PDF Text Text Ancient Seascape of Japan: Burial Mounds as Navigation Points Tomo Ishimura (Tokyo National research Institute for Cultural Properties, ishimura-t6y@nich.go.jp) ABSTRACT Research of landscape using GIS is progressing in archaeology in recent years, and the significance of the research of landscape from the sea or seascape is also being stressed. Seascape research has important implications for understanding how people perceive the sea and adapt to the sea environment and may contribute to the development of maritime archaeology. This study applies landscape research to Japanese archeology, so it fit in the session of ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’. This paper examines the sea scape of the Kofun period, from the third to sixth centuries, from the viewpoint of the location of the burial mounds and shows the possibility that some burial mounds were built as navigation points. GIS analysis and field surveys were conducted to investigate how the burial mounds located near the coast look from the sea and indicate that the burial mounds with good visibility from the sea were located at strategic points of marine routes, such as lagoons and straits. The survey also revealed that the most of these burial mounds were built in the specific period from the first to third quarters in the fourth century. This paper proposes that these burial mounds were built as navigation points to reflect the intention of the Yamato dynasty to control maritime traffics. List of Figures and Table: Figure 1: Map of Research Area and Locations of the Sites Figure 2: Photo of the Goshikizuka Burial Mound (https://www.feel-kobe.jp/); Topographic Map around Goshikizuka; Seascape around Goshikizuka Figure 3: Topographic Map around Yanai Chausuyama; Seascape around Yanai Chausuyama Figure 4: Topographic Map around Shinmeiyama; Seascape around Shinmeiyama Figure 5: Topographic Map around Amino Choshiyama; Seascape around Amino Choshiyama Table 1: A Chronology of the Kofun Period INTRODUCTION The Kofun period in Japanese history, spanning from the 3rd to 6th centuries, is characterized by the construction of tens of thousands of burial mounds throughout the Japanese archipelago. These burial mounds, known as Kofun, were monumental structures, with the most distinctive type being the keyhole-shaped plan view; the largest exceeds 500 meters in length. These colossal mounds served as symbols of power and were erected to commemorate kings and chiefs. The burial mounds were built in various locations, including hills, ridges, plains, and coasts. The coastal burial mounds, referred to as ‘seashore type burial mounds’, are believed to have been constructed by chiefs who were involved in maritime activities and trade (Hirose 2015). Others suggest the burial mounds served as navigation markers for seafarers (Mori 1986). Despite their historical significance, few studies have explored how these burial mounds appeared from a maritime perspective (Ishimura 2017). In this paper, GIS software is utilized to visualize the view of these burial mounds from the sea. The research reveals that the burial mounds were strategically situated at key points along maritime routes, such as ports and straits. Furthermore, the study indicates that these burial mounds were constructed within a relatively specific timeframe, from the first to the third quarter of the 4th century. The author proposes the construction of these burial mounds coincided with a historical event, namely the expansion of political power in the Kinai region and the exertion of control over maritime traffic in the Japanese archipelago. 1 �Method and Materials In this study, the researchers utilized GIS software called 'Kashimir 3D®' to recreate the visual representation of how the burial mounds appeared from the sea. This particular GIS software is capable of generating 3D landscapes from any chosen viewpoint and altitude. To simulate the view from the sea, the researchers set the altitude to 1 meter, taking into account the likely low height of the viewpoint from a boat during the Kofun period. The analysis focused on four specific sites of 'seashore type burial mounds': the Goshikizuka burial mound in Hyogo Prefecture, the Yanai Chausuyama burial mound in Yamaguchi Prefecture, the Shinmeiyama burial mound in Kyoto Prefecture, and the Amino Choshiyama burial mound, also located in Kyoto Prefecture (Figure 1). The first two sites are situated near waterways, while the latter two are near ports. Figure 1: Map of Research Area and Locations of the Sites In this paper, the Kofun period was divided into four distinct phases based on variations in burial structures and diagnostic burial goods. The four phases are: the first half of the Early Kofun period (approximately AD 250-300), the latter half of the Early Kofun period (approximately AD 300-375), the Middle Kofun period (AD 375-475), and the Later Kofun period (AD 475-575). Table 1 likely provides further details on the distinguishing features of each phase and the associated burial practices and artefacts. Table 1: A Chronology of the Kofun Period Phase Date Burial facility Diagnostic burial goods Early KofunPeriod (first half of) Early KofunPeriod (latter half of) Middle Kofun Period AD 250-300 Chinese bronze mirrors Later Kofun Period AD 475-575 Vertical stone chamber with wooden coffin Vertical stone chamber with wooden coffin Vertical stone chamber with stone coffin Horizontal stone chamber with stone coffin AD 300-375 AD 375-475 2 Variety of Japanese bronze mirrors Iron armors Decorated swords �CASE STUDY 1: Goshikizuka Burial Mound The Goshikizuka burial mound, which has a keyhole-shaped plan view and measures 194 meters in length (Figure 2), is believed to have been constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun period (around AD 300-375). 3 �Figure 2: Photo of the Goshikizuka Burial Mound (https://www.feel-kobe.jp/); Topographic Map around Goshikizuka; Seascape around Goshikizuka It is situated along the coastline of Honshu, the main island of Japan, overlooking the Akashi Strait (Figure 2). The location of the Goshikizuka burial mound offers a clear view from the sea (Figure 2). The Akashi Strait serves as the gateway to Osaka Bay and is known for its turbulent waters and swift currents within the Seto Inland Sea. The positioning of the Goshikizuka burial mound holds significant strategic importance along the maritime route of the Seto Inland Sea. CASE STUDY 2: Yanai Chausuyama Burial Mound The Yanai Chausuyama burial mound is another keyhole-shaped mound, measuring 80 meters in length. Its construction is estimated to have taken place during the latter half of the Early Kofun period (around AD 300-375). 4 �Figure 3: Topographic Map around Yanai Chausuyama; Seascape around Yanai Chausuyama Situated near the entrance of a channel (Figure 3), this channel served as a shortcut for maritime traffic, allowing vessels to avoid circumnavigating the Murotsu peninsula. The channel held great significance as a crucial point along the maritime routes of the time. The Yanai Chausuyama burial mound is easily visible from the sea near the entrance of the channel (Figure 3). CASE STUDY 3: Shinmeiyama Burial Mound The Shinmeiyama burial mound is a keyhole-shaped mound measuring 190 meters in length. It is believed to have been constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun period, around AD 300-375. 5 �Figure 4: Topographic Map around Shinmeiyama; Seascape around Shinmeiyama Situated near a lagoon (Figure 4), it is speculated that this lagoon served as a natural harbor in the past. The Shinmeiyama burial mound, being easily visible from offshore (Figure 4), is thought to have served as a navigational landmark, indicating the position of the port. CASE STUDY 4: Amino Choshiyama burial mound The Amino Choshiyama burial mound is a keyhole-shaped mound measuring 201 meters in length. It is believed to have been constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun period, around AD 300-375. 6 �Figure 5: Topographic Map around Amino Choshiyama; Seascape around Amino Choshiyama Situated near a lagoon (Figure 5), it is believed that this lagoon also served as a natural harbor, similar to the Shinmeiyama mound. The Amino Choshiyama mound is easily visible from offshore (Figure 5). This suggests that it, too, served as a navigational marker, indicating the position of the nearby port. RESULT Based on the four case studies presented, several outcomes can be observed. Firstly, the seashore type burial mounds were clearly visible from the sea. Secondly, these burial mounds were located at significant points along sea routes, including waterways, ports, and entrances to channels. Thirdly, it is likely that these burial mounds served as navigational landmarks. Lastly, all four burial mounds were constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun Period (AD 300-375). These outcomes collectively suggest the presence of a common factor behind the construction of these seashore type burial mounds. It is plausible to consider that the construction of these burial mounds was influenced by the political situation of the time. As monuments symbolizing the power and authority of chiefs, these burial mounds can be seen as political products. DISCUSSION The period when the seashore type burial mounds were constructed coincided with significant changes in maritime traffic, particularly the alteration of the route from the Japanese archipelago to the Korean Peninsula. The emergence of rituals on Okinoshima during this period provides valuable insights into these changes. Okinoshima, situated between Kyushu Island and the Korean Peninsula, was the site of ceremonies conducted from the latter half of the 4th century to the end of the 9th century. These rituals aimed to ensure safe voyages and involved the dedication of Chinese bronze mirrors and various treasures to the island's rocks and rock shelters. These artifacts resemble burial goods found in tombs and were primarily distributed in the Kinai region, the political center of that era. Based on this evidence, it is believed that the rituals on Okinoshima were led by an elite group from the Kinai region with the objective of establishing a new and more efficient route from the Japanese archipelago to the Korean Peninsula. The Okinoshima route offered a shortcut, compared to the previous island-hopping route via Iki Island and Tsushima Island. It is postulated that the changes occurring during this period were instigated by the political powers in 7 �the Kinai region, who sought to assert control over maritime routes. The construction of the seashore type burial mounds, as discussed in the paper, was likely undertaken by local chiefs with support from the Kinai powers. These burial mounds served to enhance and facilitate maritime routes within the Japanese archipelago. They not only acted as practical navigational markers but also visually demonstrated the control exerted over maritime traffic by the powers in the Kinai region. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hirose, K. (Ed.) The Period of Seashore Type Burial Mound. Tokyo: Doseisha, 2015. Ishimura, T. Reconstruction of Ancient Port: A Geoarchaeological Study. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2017. Mori, K. “Excavating Port and Lagoon.” In Ancient Japan 3: Interaction beyond the Sea, edited by T. Obayashi. Tokyo: Chuo Koron-sha, (1986): 39-82. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ancient Seascape of Japan: Burial Mounds as Navigation Points Description An account of the resource Research of landscape using GIS is progressing in archaeology in recent years, and the significance of the research of landscape from the sea or seascape is also being stressed. Seascape research has important implications for understanding how people perceive the sea and adapt to the sea environment and may contribute to the development of maritime archaeology. This study applies landscape research to Japanese archeology, so it fit in the session of ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’. This paper examines the sea scape of the Kofun period, from the third to sixth centuries, from the viewpoint of the location of the burial mounds and shows the possibility that some burial mounds were built as navigation points. GIS analysis and field surveys were conducted to investigate how the burial mounds located near the coast look from the sea and indicate that the burial mounds with good visibility from the sea were located at strategic points of marine routes, such as lagoons and straits. The survey also revealed that the most of these burial mounds were built in the specific period from the first to third quarters in the fourth century. This paper proposes that these burial mounds were built as navigation points to reflect the intention of the Yamato dynasty to control maritime traffics. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomo Ishimura Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ishimura, Tomo. 2023. “Ancient sea scape of Japan: Burial mounds as navigation points.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1890 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/09ec162c051d0dedc0c46186f1ddfa1d.pdf b3d31a9e18a4facc9dd4bfcb6449fff6 PDF Text Text Anthropogenic Submersion of Terrestrial Cultural Heritage sites leads to their Permanent Destruction and Demise Ms. Zhang Yue (Masters’ Student, Beijing Language and Culture University, Faculty of Foreign Studies) ABSTRACT As human societies continue to expand economically and socially in a divergent manner, the destruction of cultural heritage sites becomes almost inevitable. Since modern times in China, the construction of dams and reservoirs has led to the submersion of numerous valuable cultural relics and ancient sites, which has completely changed their living environment and caused irreversible damage. For example, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam resulted in the permanent submersion of the Fuling White Crane Ridge beneath the reservoir. Such cases are not unique to China but can be found throughout the Asia-Pacific region and even globally, as developing countries inevitably face the dilemma of prioritizing development or cultural heritage protection. If left unchecked, more terrestrial cultural heritage sites will be submerged underwater. This paper will utilize academic resources to focus on theoretical discussions, summarizing cases of anthropogenic submersion of cultural heritage sites and corresponding countermeasures and protective measures. It will further consider what types of human activities are permissible and which are ethically unacceptable when faced with both economic development and cultural heritage protection. The paper argues that when the urgency of economic development is questioned, we should prioritize the protection of cultural heritage and resist the practice of submerging cultural heritage sites underwater, which leads to their permanent destruction. Furthermore, the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage sets a time limit for the definition of UCH—at least 100 years—raising questions about the scientific basis for this limit. This paper contends that the assessment of UCH should not be limited to this 100-year timeframe but should involve multi-angle, interdisciplinary evaluations based on the scientific, artistic, and cultural value of the heritage. Otherwise, heritage sites like the White Crane Ridge, which have immense value, may not receive adequate protection if they are not promptly designated as UCH after being submerged due to reservoir construction. Therefore, this paper will delve into the ethical issues mentioned above and attempt to offer suggestions for the sustainable development of UCH in the Asia-Pacific region. Keywords: Underwater Cultural Heritage; Hydraulic Engineering; Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage; Sustainable Development INTRODUCTION Cultural heritage protection faces significant challenges during the process of economic and social development, especially in developing countries where irreversible damage often occurs in the pursuit of economic growth. This paper discusses the permanent destruction and demise caused by the anthropogenic submersion of heritage sites during the construction of dams and reservoirs and raises questions about the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the hopes of offering suggestions for the sustainable development of UCH in the Asia-Pacific region. CASE STUDIES OF HERITAGE SUBMERSION AND ITS IMPACTS During the 1950s and 1960s, China engaged in hydraulic engineering projects, resulting in the submersion of a large number of terrestrial cultural heritage sites underwater. The sudden submersion of these heritage sites due to human activities drastically changed their living environment, causing irreversible damage to the relics and ancient sites. The three gorges dam and white crane ridge The White Crane Ridge inscriptions are the largest and most extensive hydrological inscriptions in existence, known as the "world's hydrological data treasury." They record local low water levels of the Yangtze River from 764 CE to 1909 CE, as well as historical, literary, artistic, and folklore information 1 �during this period. The inscriptions serve as an essential source for the study of the hydrological history of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The White Crane Ridge inscriptions use a unique method of recording water levels based on Chinese cultural traditions, with the stone fish as the reference point and inscriptions indicating the distance from the reference point. The creators of this unique method transformed dry numerical records into artistic creations rich in cultural and artistic connotations, and combined them with local folk activities like watching the stone fish emerge from the water and predicting harvests. This not only imbues these records with historical value but also turns recording water levels into a conscious action of local people, giving it a lasting vitality. Today, when discussing the White Crane Ridge, one cannot ignore the closely related human activity—the construction of the Three Gorges Dam project. This is one of the largest power stations in China and the world, mainly serving water resource utilization, flood control, and power generation. After the Three Gorges Dam raised the water level to 175 meters, the water level along the Yangtze River significantly increased, submerging the White Crane Ridge inscriptions nearly 40 meters underwater, along with over 300 above-ground ancient sites and 400 underground ancient sites, totaling approximately 800 sites (Huang Wei 2011). Reservoir construction and submersion of ancient villages Technological advancements in the 20th century promoted industrialization, providing continuous vitality for infrastructure construction. Hydraulic engineering projects not only helped solve energy shortages but also served multiple functions such as flood control, irrigation, navigation, and employment, effectively addressing the slow economic and social development faced by developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Thus, countries in the region began to engage in hydraulic engineering projects to create economic value. Vietnam began constructing the Hoa Binh Dam in 1979, which was completed and put into operation in 1994 as the largest hydropower station in Vietnam and one of the largest reservoirs in Southeast Asia. The Sesan River Reservoir project in Cambodia, located on one of the two main tributaries of the Mekong River, started in 2012 and began operating in 2017. The Laos government, in cooperation with Thailand and China, began constructing the Pak Beng hydropower station in 2017, which remains under construction. However, while hydraulic engineering projects bring economic benefits, they also cause irreversible damage to the surrounding ecological environment and cultural heritage. Material cultural heritage, such as ancient villages, temples, ancestral halls, and other relics related to local ethnic cultures, are completely submerged with the reservoir's water storage, facing unprecedented challenges in their living environment. Underwater, cultural relics may be affected by water flow erosion, biological corrosion, and chemical reactions, further increasing the difficulty of protecting cultural heritage. From the perspective of intangible cultural heritage, the construction of hydraulic facilities forces some indigenous people to relocate. Over time, the traditional culture, lifestyle, and social structure formed by the indigenous people based on their living environment also change with the alteration of their living environment. This results in a significant loss of intangible cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation, such as social practices, conceptual expressions, and knowledge and skills. Consequently, we lose the opportunity to understand and inherit these unique cultures forever. In addition, reservoir construction disrupts river ecosystems, and water level fluctuations cause erosive geological changes. Water storage in reservoirs leads to sediment accumulation, downstream drought, and worsening saltwater intrusion, all of which negatively impact biodiversity and ecological balance and indirectly affect the preservation of local cultural heritage. 2 �BALANCING HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT AND UCH PROTECTION From the aforementioned cases, it is evident that developing countries in Asia have continued to construct hydropower projects in the past fifty years, with some completed and in operation, while others still under construction. In the process of economic development, developing countries inevitably face the dilemma of prioritizing development or cultural heritage protection. If left unaddressed, more terrestrial cultural heritage sites may be submerged during hydropower construction and left without adequate protection. Thus, this article will focus on theoretical perspectives to explore how to balance social development and cultural heritage protection, as well as how to make decisions when their interests conflict, in order to achieve sustainable development for both. Conflict between hydropower development and cultural heritage protection Firstly, hydropower development, such as dams and reservoirs, often requires construction in rivers, lakes, and other water bodies. These areas may contain sites and ancient structures of significant historical and cultural value. During hydropower construction, these cultural heritage sites may be submerged, preventing their values from being passed down. Moreover, hydropower development can alter the environment, such as water flow and levels, leading to site erosion, sediment changes, and subsequent effects on site integrity and preservation. Underwater archaeology is inherently more challenging than terrestrial archaeology, and hydropower projects further increase the difficulty and complexity of underwater archaeology conditions (Gribble 2013). The extent and completeness of underwater archaeological work directly influence the protection of UCH. In developing countries, limited economic development results in weak awareness of UCH protection among governments and the public, leading to insufficient investigation, planning, and assessment of potentially affected cultural heritage sites during the early stages of hydropower development. Additionally, limited resource allocation contributes to the challenge of initiating UCH protection efforts. Ethical considerations and UCH protection The conflicts mentioned above force us to confront a series of serious questions. How should we weigh the importance of hydropower development and cultural heritage protection when they conflict, and can their conflicts be reconciled? Through case analysis, we find that most developing countries prioritize hydropower development and seldom develop comprehensive protection plans for related cultural heritage at the early stages of construction. This is closely related to national economic strength and social context at the time. Following World War II, the acceleration of late modernity and globalization processes intensified people's linear experience of the past, resulting in increased vulnerability and uncertainty when facing crises and risks. Heritage and the past became topics of widespread public interest and concern. The heritage explosion around the 1970s further highlighted people's attention to heritage and its cultural core (Harrison 2013). However, this shift occurred during the deindustrialization period, and many already constructed industrial facilities, such as the hydropower projects mentioned in this article, had caused irreversible damage to cultural heritage. While the damage is done and cannot be reversed, it is still essential to deeply explore and analyze the ethical issues underlying this damage to provide theoretical insights for future cultural heritage protection and sustainable development. Developing countries' series of hydropower projects were initially aimed at economic growth and development. While such infrastructure has indeed had positive impacts on societal and national development, it is crucial to consider how to properly preserve and accommodate cultural heritage and historical information during the construction of these projects. Otherwise, the loss of cultural heritage and traditional customs due to human intervention is a cost that neither we nor future generations can bear. 3 �Achieving balance between economic development and cultural heritage protection Ethical considerations concerning the submersion of terrestrial cultural heritage by human intervention can be summarized into two main questions: first, is the damage caused by artificially altering the environment of cultural heritage sites justifiable? Second, has the consent of the public who value the cultural heritage been obtained before submerging terrestrial heritage sites? When conflicts arise between economic development and cultural heritage protection, the optimal solution should involve achieving a balance between the two through sustainable means. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam led to the submersion of Baiheliang, but with the growing emphasis on the cultural industry, relevant departments have made great efforts to protect this precious cultural heritage. The underwater protection project of Baiheliang inscriptions at their original site is the most challenging, technologically advanced, and heavily invested cultural heritage protection project within the globally watched Three Gorges cultural relics protection. Adopting the "pressureless container" principle and constructing an underwater museum for in-situ protection has become the world's first successful example of protecting similar cultural heritage, with UNESCO praising it as the world's first underwater site museum accessible without diving (Jiang Rui 2020). In addition, the site has carried out cultural dissemination and educational work to raise public awareness and protection consciousness for Baiheliang inscriptions. The successful protection of Baiheliang inscriptions demonstrates that although the construction of the Three Gorges Dam inevitably caused damage to cultural heritage, it is an indispensable part of national economic development. Without an economic foundation, how can cultural heritage be protected? Therefore, this article argues that when economic development becomes an obstacle to human survival and social progress, appropriate changes can be made to cultural heritage. At the same time, people should always remember the contributions of cultural heritage to human progress and provide better protection when they have the capacity. However, if the urgency of economic development is questioned, actions that submerge terrestrial cultural heritage in water against ethical principles should be firmly prevented. Furthermore, since heritage began involving the public domain (Lowenthal 1996), public participation has become an essential part of heritage protection and utilization. Decisions on whether to submerge terrestrial cultural heritage in water should not rely solely on official authorities; relevant heritage organizations should conduct thorough public surveys and listen to the opinions of the public. QUESTIONING AND REFLECTION ON THE 100-YEAR TIME LIMIT OF THE UCH PROTECTION CONVENTION This article focuses on a series of ethical issues brought about by human activities such as the construction of water conservancy projects, which cause terrestrial cultural heritage to be submerged underwater. In attempting to seek better protection for such damaged cultural heritage, legal and institutional obstacles have been encountered. The "Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Convention" passed by UNESCO in 2001 is the first international convention on the protection of UCH worldwide (Dromgoole 2013). The convention stipulates that UCH refers to all human remnants with cultural, historical, or archaeological value, such as sites, buildings, artifacts, human remains, ships, and aircraft, as well as their archaeologically valuable environments and natural environments, which have been partially or entirely underwater for at least 100 years, periodically or continuously. According to this provision, cultural heritage with significant historical, scientific, and artistic value, such as Baiheliang inscriptions, is not considered UCH under the convention's definition when submerged underwater due to human activities. Many scholars have questioned the 100-year time limit, arguing that this rigid standard lacks scientific basis and is purely for management purposes to exclude items of more recent origin. However, many countries' cultural heritage laws use this time limit (Ma Mingfei 2018). To more comprehensively and objectively assess the value of UCH, it is necessary to adopt multiple indicators rather than simply relying on the 100-year time limit. This assessment process may involve interdisciplinary collaboration, including experts in fields such as history, archaeology, art history, and environmental science (Forrest 2014). In fact, in some cases, 4 �more recent heritage may have more urgent protection needs, such as the risk of natural disasters or human destruction. Otherwise, a large number of heritage sites will be excluded and not receive effective protection. SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS This article uses academic resources to focus on theoretical discussions, summarizing cases of human-caused submersion of cultural heritage underwater and corresponding countermeasures and protection measures, and further considering what human activities are permissible and which ones are unethical when facing both economic development and cultural relic protection. The paper argues that when the economic foundation threatens human survival and social development, appropriate changes can be made to cultural heritage by fully listening to public opinion and promoting public participation, and better protection can be provided for damaged heritage when the capacity is available. However, when the urgency of economic development is questioned, we should prioritize the protection of cultural heritage and resist actions that deliberately submerge cultural heritage underwater, causing permanent damage. Furthermore, this article questions the scientific and accurate nature of the 100-year time limit for the definition of UCH in the "Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Convention," as this time limit determines the future protection of UCH. The protection of UCH faces many challenges, and seeking a balance between economic development and cultural heritage protection is a complex and important task. We need to make efforts in various aspects, such as improving policies and regulations, supporting scientific and technological research, international cooperation and exchanges, and public participation and education, to better protect and inherit these precious cultural heritages and contribute to the sustainable development of UCH in the Asia-Pacific region and the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Dromgoole, S. The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: National Perspectives in Light of the UNESCO Convention 2001, 2nd ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2006. 2. Forrest, C. International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. London; New York: Routledge, 2014. 3. Gribble, J. “The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001: An Impact Review for the United Kingdom: Project Design.” Journal of maritime archaeology 6, no.1 (2011): 77-86. 4. Harrison, R. Heritage: Critical Approaches. London; New York: Routledge, 2013. 5. Lowenthal, D. Possessed by the Past: The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. New York: The Free Press, 1996. 6. O'Keefe, P. J. Shipwrecked Heritage: a Commentary on the UNESCO Convention on Underwater Cultural Heritage, 2nd ed. Leicester. UK: Institute of Art and Law, 2014. 7. 蒋锐. “浅析水下文化遗产保护管理措施及成效——以白鹤梁题刻为例.”自然与文化遗产研究 5, no.1(2020): 114-119. 8. 马明飞. “《保护水下文化遗产公约》在我国研究的回顾与展望.” 水下考古, (2018): 256-265. 9. 黄伟. 三峡大坝建设对奉节旅游影响研究. 重庆师范大学, 2011. 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 25: Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems Subject The topic of the resource Session 25 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 25 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anthropogenic Submersion of Terrestrial Cultural Heritage sites leads to their Permanent Destruction and Demise Description An account of the resource As human societies continue to expand economically and socially in a divergent manner, the destruction of cultural heritage sites becomes almost inevitable. Since modern times in China, the construction of dams and reservoirs has led to the submersion of numerous valuable cultural relics and ancient sites, which has completely changed their living environment and caused irreversible damage. For example, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam resulted in the permanent submersion of the Fuling White Crane Ridge beneath the reservoir. Such cases are not unique to China but can be found throughout the Asia-Pacific region and even globally, as developing countries inevitably face the dilemma of prioritizing development or cultural heritage protection. If left unchecked, more terrestrial cultural heritage sites will be submerged underwater. This paper will utilize academic resources to focus on theoretical discussions, summarizing cases of anthropogenic submersion of cultural heritage sites and corresponding countermeasures and protective measures. It will further consider what types of human activities are permissible and which are ethically unacceptable when faced with both economic development and cultural heritage protection. The paper argues that when the urgency of economic development is questioned, we should prioritize the protection of cultural heritage and resist the practice of submerging cultural heritage sites underwater, which leads to their permanent destruction. Furthermore, the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage sets a time limit for the definition of UCH—at least 100 years—raising questions about the scientific basis for this limit. This paper contends that the assessment of UCH should not be limited to this 100-year timeframe but should involve multi-angle, interdisciplinary evaluations based on the scientific, artistic, and cultural value of the heritage. Otherwise, heritage sites like the White Crane Ridge, which have immense value, may not receive adequate protection if they are not promptly designated as UCH after being submerged due to reservoir construction. Therefore, this paper will delve into the ethical issues mentioned above and attempt to offer suggestions for the sustainable development of UCH in the Asia-Pacific region. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zhang Yue Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Yue, Zhang. 2023. “Anthropogenic Submersion of Terrestrial Cultural Heritage sites leads to their Permanent Destruction and Demise.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bishnu Pada Bose. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1975 Asia-Pac Session 25 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/a27063130be244b6e912d6f6b748285f.pdf a4ff15a63ab8a016d911bf273fbfc86b PDF Text Text Anthropology Museums and the Maritime and underwater cultural heritage of Capiz (Placuna Placenta) artisanal dive fishery in the Philippine Archipelago Ma. Arve B. Bañez, PhD (University of the Philippines Mindanao, mbbanez@up.edu.ph) ABSTRACT My paper examines the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Capiz (Placuna placenta) artisanal dive fishery. There are three types of collections of the material culture of the Capiz dive fishery. These include the Capiz artisanal diving fishery materials i.e., improvised diving gears and apparel; the Capiz shells and shell craft commodities classified according to use and function and other secondary data about the Philippine Capiz shell industry, and the map showing the distribution of Placuna beds around the Philippine archipelago. The string of agents, the socioecological practices and the social relations likewise encompass the material life of fishing households engaged in Capiz artisanal dive fishery. ‘Follow the thing’, a geographical approach allows me to conduct multi-sited ethnographies covering the source communities of Trapiche and Botong, Oton, Iloilo, the natural habitat of Placuna placenta. And Banica, Roxas City, Capiz’s shell craft manufacturer Kapis atbp. The museum visits and online capiz shell craft sellers encompass the diverse sites to further document and describe the uses and function of the capiz. The local ecological knowledge embodies the intangible maritime and underwater cultural heritage of Capiz artisanal dive fishery. Thus, integrating the narratives of the development of fishing households, their labour and livelihoods. To analyze the significance of anthropology museums in the preservation of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery maritime and underwater cultural heritage, I applied three theories, namely: materialism, the biographies and itineraries of things, and object-oriented ontology (OOO). Keywords: artisanal dive fishery, Capiz (Placuna placenta), anthropology museums, maritime and underwater cultural heritage List of Figures Figure 1 The distribution of Placuna beds in the Philippine Archipelago author commissioned map (Talavera and Faustino 1931). Figure 2 Placuna placenta (Linnaeus 1758) Photograph by Ma. Arve B. Bañez, March 28, 2019. Figure 3 The material objects of capiz artisanal dive fishery Figure 4 Capiz (Placuna placenta) commodities and museum material objects 1. INTRODUCTION The material life of Capiz artisanal dive fishery 'Museums are institutions devoted to the collecting, preservation, exhibition, study, and interpretation of tangible artefacts,' according to Stocking (1985 4; see Gathercole (1989), cited in Haas 1996, 11). My research focuses on the material culture of the Capiz (Placuna placenta) artisanal diving fishing as a subject of maritime and underwater cultural heritage. I propose collecting, preserving, exhibiting, studying, and interpreting material objects as well as the local ecological knowledge in the Capiz artisanal dive fishery. Capiz shell crafts, as well as the commodities and artefacts made from shells, are part of the material culture of the Capiz artisanal dive fishing. The evolution, transitions, and developments in modern diving methods, as well as the narratives of fishing households about their lives and livelihoods, compose the Capiz artisanal dive fishery's lifeworld. 1 �Figure 1 The distribution of Placuna beds in the Philippine Archipelago author commissioned map (Talavera and Faustino 1931). Placuna placenta (Linnaeus 1758) is a windowpane oyster, a bivalve marine mollusc with thin mica-like translucent shells. Capiz is a marine bivalve with high economic value for the Philippine shells and shell craft industry. (Talavera and Faustino,1931; Magsuci, Conlu, and Aypa-Moyano, 1980; Sotto and von Cosel, 1982; Young and Serna, 1982; Rosell, 1984; Woods and Wells, 1995; Adan, 2000; Floren 2003; Miagao, 2007; Laureta, 2008; Baňez, 2019) The common names of Placuna Placenta include window shell, Chinese window shell, window oyster. The local names of Placuna Placenta vary across the Philippine archipelago: in Tagalog, it is called Capiz or Kapis; Bicol, kalampinay or katipay; and lampirong in Visayan. Talavera and Faustino. (1931, 339-344). Specifically, in Capiz province, Panay Island, it is called pios. (Bañez 2021) A collection of artefacts and materials used in Capiz artisanal dive fishing contains maritime and underwater cultural heritage. The tangible objects of Placuna Placenta's maritime submerged cultural heritage can be categorized into three interwoven collections. The first set consists of the Capiz artisanal diving fishery material collection. These include improvised diving clothing and equipment such as diving fins ('panyapak'), half-masks ('tempered'), gloves ('gwantes'), and diving belts ('pamato'). The recycled 2 �materials used, the design, maintenance, and repair, as well as the predicted worth or cost, are extensive descriptions of the above. The first collection also includes the material things used to gather and harvest Capiz, such as the compressor and the makeshift breathing apparatus- hose tube pipe, the mesh net ('sibut') and the wicker basket ('bala-bala'), as well as the motorized boat used for the diving expedition. The compressor's thorough description, as well as the connected hose tube pipe’s average length, the length and dimensions of the mesh net and the wicker basket. The three varieties of dredging rakes used to collect Capiz shells in the 1990s, causing damage to the Placuna beds, are also conserved. Figure 2 Placuna placenta (Linnaeus 1758) Photograph by Ma. Arve B. Bañez, March 28, 2019. The Capiz shells and shell craft commodities are classified based on their use and function. The second set of collections includes information about international trade exports, various shells and shell craft manufacturers, and the distribution of Placuna beds around the Philippine archipelago. These data sets were gathered through archival research, the review of related literature, and online searches. The material life of fishing households is entangled in their livelihoods at sea. The socio-ecological practices, the history, shifts and changes in the diving practices, the social relations of the string of agents or the key actors, and the narratives of fishing households about their lives and livelihoods embody the lifeworld of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery. The third set of the collection represents the people, the social practices and relations; their recorded voices and fishing labour portrayed in photographs and videos. Essentially, the narratives of fishing communities that depend on the sea as a source of food and a place of labour encompass their maritime and underwater cultural heritage. According to Anita Herle (2016 6), the development of relational models within anthropology shifted the focus away from objectified and fixed entities exclusively owned by individuals and institutions to a more nuanced understanding of the dynamic links between people and things. A central premise is that entities (both people and objects) are given substance, meaning, and value through their enmeshed relations. [Emphasis mine] Rather than simply being seen as static items of material culture, objects can be understood and analyzed as materializations of social relations, a dynamic process involving interweaving human actions, beliefs, skills, and materials to create physical objects (Bell & Geismar 2009). 3 �The museum comes from the Greek ‘museion’ and its original meaning derived from the Muses, the nine sister goddesses of Greek mythology to watch over music, the arts, poetry, and the sciences. The museum was a place dedicated to the Muses (Murray 1984; Wittlin 1970 cited in Haas 1996, 11), so it seems, etymologically speaking. To muse also denotes thinking or studying. The material objects reproduce the socioecological practices, and subsequently, engender the social relations in Capiz artisanal dive fishery and vice versa. Practically, the material culture and non-material culture perpetuate the lives and livelihoods – the lifeworld of artisanal fishing communities at present and in the future. I am musing about the Capiz artisanal dive fishery, for the maritime and underwater cultural heritage preservation in the Philippines and the Asia Pacific. Figure 3 The material objects of capiz artisanal dive fishery 2. CASE STUDIES The multi-sited ethnographic case studies for consideration focused on the coastal barangays of Trapiche and Botong, Oton, Iloilo, Panay, Philippines. Primarily, I obtained the first set of data from my dissertation Unod kag Panit: The narratives of the development of the artisanal lampirong (Placuna placenta) fishery of Oton, Iloilo. The second set of data was gathered from the two source communities, namely: Oton, Iloilo and Banica, Roxas City, Capiz. I documented the benda- porma process of Capiz shell craft making at Kapis atbp., in the latter. From online research, I generated digital photographs of the Capiz shell craft items sold, recording their extensive uses, monetary price, and function. My online research resulted in a meet-up with the owner of Capiz Flowers and Antiques. They create a bouquet made of Capiz shells. The third set of data also were collected from Oton, Iloilo where I generated information about the lives and livelihoods of fishing households engaged in the Capiz artisanal dive fishery. I visited two public museums at the National Museum of Philippine Maritime History and the National Museum of Western Visayas in Iloilo City. The third museum is privately owned, the Camiña Balay na Bato, which is open to tourists and showcases the famous bahay-na-bato built with the Capiz sliding panel windows, dividers, chandelier, and other home furniture made from Capiz shells. A ‘polysemy of spaces’ of the source community Oton, Iloilo, the natural habitat of Placuna placenta; Banica, Roxas City’s Kapis atbp., the Capiz shell craft manufacturer; the public and private Museums with Placuna placenta and Capiz shell craft curated items exhibited; and cyber communities selling online Capiz shell crafts. These offline and online sites are platforms of the enmeshed relations of people, places, and 4 �the capiz (Placuna placenta). The marine bivalve metamorphoses into a maritime heritage cultural material object of the Philippine archipelago. Figure 4 Capiz (Placuna placenta) commodities and museum material objects 3. RESOURCES The resources available to conduct the research include secondary data sources, the data collected from my fieldwork in Oton, Iloilo and Banica, Roxas City, and online sources. The information on the distribution map of Placuna beds across the Philippine archipelago was based on the 1931 published journal article of Faustino and Talavera. The tables with information about the 1920s Philippine export of Capiz shells and shell craft also were based on Faustino and Talavera’s research. The social media platform Facebook carried the online pages of sellers of the Capiz shells and shell crafts. International Capiz shell craft industriesmaintained web pages that I accessed using the Google search engine. 4. FRAMEWORK My study inquiries into the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery. In particular, the maritime submerged tangible and intangible heritage of Placuna placenta and the material culture of Capiz artisanal dive fishery as a subject of anthropology museums. What comprises the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery? Why are the narratives of the development of artisanal fishing households engaged in Capiz dive fishery included in the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Philippines? What is the significance of anthropology museums in the preservation of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery maritime and underwater cultural heritage? To frame my analysis and interpretation, I am appropriating the materialism conceived by Marx and Engels (1845-6), stating, “practice, activity, production and the conditions of life are all characterized as material… real individuals, their activity and the material conditions of their life and state that by producing their means of subsistence men are indirectly producing their material life.” (31) The socioecological practices, the marine and coastal ecology, and the labour in capiz artisanal dive fishery reproduce not only the social 5 �relations of production but the material life in a fishing community. This conception of materialism is integrated, and appropriate in describing and analyzing the labour and the material objects in capiz artisanal fishery including the commodities they produce. Moreover, Marx and Engels (1845-6, 36) treat the ‘production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness’, too, as a form of societal practice. These activities are, as they put it, ‘directly interwoven with the material activity and the material intercourse of men’. Thus, the ingenious improvisation of the diving gears and apparel and the careful selection of recycled materials, the design, maintenance and repair of the compressor and hose tube pipe breathing apparatus, which are conceived from local ecological knowledge constitute the material life of capiz artisanal dive fishery. The biographies and itineraries of objects and things frame my analysis of the Placuna placenta on display at the National Museum in Western Visayas and the capiz shell crafts exhibited in the National Museum of Maritime History. Essentially, to ‘follow the thing’ permits me to conduct a multi-sited ethnography. Thus, tracing the itinerary of the submerged Placuna placenta from the seafloor to divers collecting and putting them inside a mesh net. Then, unloading the sackful of capiz shells on the seashore, the post-diving activities of shucking shells (panala), steaming, fermenting, and selling the seafood in the roadside sheds, or the intricate and laborious process of capiz shell making, selling the shell craft commodities in retail shops and online sites, export the global capiz shell craft commodities comprise the itineraries of the capiz (Placuna placenta). The capiz sliding panel window is iconic and an architectural feature of Gabaldon school buildings and the bahay-na-bato. The capiz farol/parol or lantern is a sought-after commodity during the Christmas season. Using the object-oriented ontology (OOO) theory, these material objects made of capiz shells do not only have a biography and an itinerary but possess attributes agential in character. The capiz sliding panel window evokes nostalgia for the 19th-century Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. The Gabaldon school buildings with capiz panel windows remind us of the public school system established during the American colonial period in the Philippines. The capiz parol or lantern is symbolic of the festive Christmas season in the Philippines. To summarize, three relevant frameworks apply in my analysis and interpretation of the material culture of capiz artisanal dive fishery, Marx and Engels’s conception of materialism, the biography and itinerary of things, and the object-oriented ontology theory. These theories meld a meshwork of analysis and interpretation of the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the capiz in the Philippines. 5. RESULTS The three types of collections of the material culture of Capiz artisanal dive fishery are: 1) the Capiz artisanal diving fishery materials i.e., improvised diving gears and apparel; 2) The Capiz shells and shell craft commodities classified according to use and function and other secondary data about the Philippine Capiz shell industry, and the map showing the distribution of Placuna beds around the Philippine archipelago; and, 3) The third set of the collection represents the people, the socioecological practices and social relations of fishing households engaged in Capiz artisanal dive fishery. These material collections are shown below in photographs, tables, graphs and digital illustrations and are curated with captions and descriptions. Analysis and discussion of these material cultures seek to answer the following research questions: 6 �1. What comprises the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery? 2. Why are the narratives of the development of artisanal fishing households engaged in Capiz dive fishery included in the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Philippines? 3. What is the significance of anthropology museums in the preservation of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery maritime and underwater cultural heritage? The analysis and discussion are framed according to the three theories, namely: materialism, the biographies and itineraries of things, and object-oriented ontology (OOO). ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am grateful to the fishing households in Barangay Trapiche and Botong, Oton, and Iloilo and the local government officials of the six coastal communities that participated in the study. Cynthia N. Zayas, PhD, Takashi Tsuji, PhD, Rintaro Ono, PhD and Rosalinda Tomas, PhD, Prof Tomasito T. Talledo and my panel at the Ateneo de Davao University for their steadfast support that allowed me to finish my dissertation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adan, R. I. Y. 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Talavera, F. and Faustino, L. A. Industrial shells of the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science. Vol. 45. Bureau of Science Manila, 1931. Tringham, Ruth. "Engendered places in prehistory." Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1, no. 2 (1994): 169-203. Wood, Elizabeth, and Susan M. Wells. "Sustainable utilization." In The Conservation Biology of Molluscs: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the 9th International Malacological Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1986, no. 9, p. 41. IUCN, 1995. Yano, Takao. "The prospects for fisherfolk culture in Panay. In Fishers of the Visayas. A Study of MaritimeCommunities, edited by U. Iwao and CN Zayas, 3-51. Diliman, Quezon City: College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, 1994. Young, A. E. Serna. “Country Report from the Philippines”. F. Brian Davy, and M. Graham (Eds.). In Bivalve Culture in Asia and the Pacific, Proceedings of the Workshop held in Singapore, 16-91 February, lDRC-200 e. 1982: 55-68. Zayas, CN. “Pangayaw and Tumandok in the maritime world of the Visayan Islands”. In Fishers of the Visayas. A Study of Maritime Communities, edited by U. Iwao and CN Zayas, 75-131. Diliman, Quezon City: College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, 1994 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anthropology Museums and the Maritime and underwater cultural heritage of Capiz (Placuna Placenta) artisanal dive fishery in the Philippine Archipelago Description An account of the resource My paper examines the maritime and underwater cultural heritage of the Capiz (Placuna placenta) artisanal dive fishery. There are three types of collections of the material culture of the Capiz dive fishery. These include the Capiz artisanal diving fishery materials i.e., improvised diving gears and apparel; the Capiz shells and shell craft commodities classified according to use and function and other secondary data about the Philippine Capiz shell industry, and the map showing the distribution of Placuna beds around the Philippine archipelago. The string of agents, the socioecological practices and the social relations likewise encompass the material life of fishing households engaged in Capiz artisanal dive fishery. ‘Follow the thing’, a geographical approach allows me to conduct multi-sited ethnographies covering the source communities of Trapiche and Botong, Oton, Iloilo, the natural habitat of Placuna placenta. And Banica, Roxas City, Capiz’s shell craft manufacturer Kapis atbp. The museum visits and online capiz shell craftsellers encompass the diverse sites to further document and describe the uses and function of the capiz. The local ecological knowledge embodies the intangible maritime and underwater cultural heritage of Capiz artisanal dive fishery. Thus, integrating the narratives of the development of fishing households, their labour and livelihoods. To analyze the significance of anthropology museums in the preservation of the Capiz artisanal dive fishery maritime and underwater cultural heritage, I applied three theories, namely: materialism, the biographies and itineraries of things, and object-oriented ontology (OOO). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ma. Arve B. Bañez Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bañez, Ma. Arve B. . 2023. “Anthropology Museums and the Maritime and underwater cultural heritage of Capiz (Placuna Placenta) artisanal dive fishery in the Philippine Archipelago.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Arjun Rao. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2033 Asia-Pac Session 22 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8cb2358c19528ea076a5ca02c4832296.pdf 2dd5bc09eb01eb01409102a38ebd5571 PDF Text Text Antimicrobial hydrogel patches for deacidification and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood Xiaohang Suna, Junjie Chena, Xuanwei Zhangb, Qiang Chena* a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China 519082 b Marinetime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, HVFF+3H3, Jiangcheng District, Yangjiang, Guangdong Province, China, 529536 *E-mail: chenqiang3@mail.sysu.edu.cn ABSTRACT The Nanhai No. 1 hull, a Chinese merchant ship sank during the Southern Song dynasty and excavated from the South China Sea, is an example of underwater cultural heritage waterlogged wood that has been preserved in situ for centuries. Although the overall structure of the wooden artifacts is still intact they are severely degraded and acidified. It is now urgent to explore effective approaches for its conservation, we explore the feasibility of antimicrobial hydrogel patches. Antimicrobial hydrogel patches dispersed with antibacterial and deacidification nanoparticles simultaneously deacidify, moisturize, and reinforce both antibacterial and mechanical aspects of waterlogged wood. In the construction of the antimicrobial hydrogel patches, the double network hydrogel was used to prepare the hydrogel substrate with stretch and mechanical strength. We have successfully applied the antimicrobial hydrogel patches to the waterlogged wood from Nanhai No. 1, with the support of the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong. We demonstrate here the advantages of hydrogel patches to protect waterlogged wood with testing in deacidification, compression and antimicrobial. KEYWORDS: Underwater cultural heritage waterlogged wood; Antibacterial (preserve); Nanhai No. 1; Deacidification; Antimicrobial (preventative); Mechanical support (protect against the harsh external conditions) INTRODUCTION In 2007, the 800-year-old Nanhai No.1 shipwreck hull was raised from the seabed and moved to the Marine Silk Road Museum, where it was conserved (Z. Liu et al. 2018). Early studies of the wood at the museum showed that the structural damage of the underwater cultural heritage (henceforth UCH) waterlogged wood, composed of softwoods, was severe to not withstand long-term spray deacidification and moisture retention (Huang et al. 2021; R. Li et al. 2022; Z. Liu et al. 2018; Yin et al. 2019). As the archaeological excavation continues on the Nanhai No. 1, like other conservation efforts the severe acidification and salt deposition on the surface is an important challenge for the protection of the UCH (Amornkitbamrung et al. 2015; Babiński et al. 2017; Baglioni and Giorgi 2006; Cavallaro et al. 2017; Chelazzi, Giorgi, and Baglioni 2006; Dong et al. 2010; Durán et al. 2016; Eriksen, Gregory, and Matthiesen 2017; Giorgi, Chelazzi, and Baglioni 2005; Giorgi et al. 2002; L. Liu et al. 2019; Mahltig et al. 2008; Majka, Babiński, and Olek 2017; Piotrowska and Konieczny 2015; Poggi et al. 2016; Sandström, Fors, and Persson 2003; Sandström et al. 2002; Schofield et al. 2011; Walsh-Korb 2022; Walsh-Korbs and Avérous 2019; Y. Li et al. 2022; Zelinka 2014; Zhou, Wang, and Hu 2021). Temperature, salinity, fungi, and bacteria are the cause of the severe cell wall decay (Capretti et al. 2008; Colombini et al. 2009; Hoffmann and Jones 1989. To neutralize the sulfuric acid and add antimicrobial protection for UCH waterlogged wood we prepared and applied an antimicrobial hydrogel patch. Antimicrobial hydrogel patches dispersed with antibacterial and deacidification nanoparticles simultaneously deacidify, moisturize, and reinforce both antibacterial and mechanical aspects of waterlogged wood (Gong 2014; Gong et al. 2003). This antimicrobial hydrogel patch served as mechanical support, deacidification, and antibacterial functions, during post-excavation conservation and prior to the addition of consolidates (Bai et al. 2019). We conducted 1 �a thorough literature review of shipwreck conservation of waterlogged woods; here we demonstrate in collaboration with the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong the advantages of antimicrobial hydrogel patches to protect waterlogged wood on the Nanhai No. 1 hull with testing in deacidification, compression, and antimicrobial. EXPERIMENTS Materials The UCH waterlogged wood from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck was generously provided by the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong with a maximum moisture content of around 529%. The UCH waterlogged wood was stored in 0.5wt% isothiazolinone solution and washed with excess amount of water three times prior to conservation. The following chemicals were purchased: Acrylamide (AR, 99.0%) and sodium citrate (98%) from Aladdin; Potassium persulfate (GR, 99.9%), potassium bicarbonate (AR, 99.5%), and N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine (99%) from Macklin; N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA,98%) from Maya Reagent; Silver nitrate (99%) from Alfa Aesar; Calcium Sulfate (97%) from Rhawn; and sodium alginate (AR, 98%) from RYON. All chemicals were used directly without additional purification. Method We prepared the antimicrobial hydrogel patches and performed three tests: deacidification, compression and antimicrobial. Preparation of antimicrobial hydrogel patches 12.44grams (g) of acrylamide and 1.56g of sodium alginate were dissolved in deionized water to form an acrylamide solution with a water content of 60-80 per cent by weight (wt%). After degassing the solution for one day, we added 0.0018g and 0.0036g of silver nitrate and 0.2g sodium citrate. Then we added 0.5g potassium persulfate, 0.0074g MBAA, 0.031g tetramethylethylenediamine and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) at 1.5g, 2.5g, and 3.5g. The solution was transferred to a transparent mold and exposed to UV light (254nanometers (nm), 8 watts (W) power output) for one hour. The resulting hydrogel was carefully removed from the molded and immersed in calcium sulfate solution for 20-40 minutes. Deacidification test The Nanhai No. 1 UCH waterlogged wood was wrapped for three hours with the antimicrobial hydrogel patch (see recipe above). The pH of the UCH waterlogged wood was measured by soaking 1g in 30g of deionized water for 30 minutes and measuring the pH of the soaking water (Mettler Toledo, FE28). The pH meter was calibrated with a standard solution before use. Compression test A compression test was conducted using a universal tensile tester (Haida Instrument, HD-A513). The displacement as a function of force was measured for the synthesized hydrogels with the KHCO3 concentration at 1.5g, 2.5g, and 3.5g and compression speed of 116 millimeters per minute (mm/min). Antimicrobial test The antimicrobial performance of the hydrogels was measured via disk diffusion test based on Oxford cup method. Briefly, the prepared agar medium was sterilized at 121°C for 15 minutes, and cooled to about 55-50°C before pouring into a petri dish to form the bottom layer of agar gel. Then, E. coli culture grown in sterilized lysogeny broth (LB) media was applied on the surface of the agar media. 2 �After one day when the E. coli culture completely covers the agar media, the prepared hydrogel was grinded into a flowable state and added dropwise into an Oxford cup. With 37°C and one day incubation, the antimicrobial performance was evaluated based on the zone of inhibition around the Oxford cup. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this paper, an antimicrobial hydrogel patch used in the early stages of UCH waterlogged wood conservation was prepared using weak alkaline compounds. Fig. 1a shows a sample of the waterlogged wood. Water was sprayed routinely to maintain the water content of the waterlogged wood. Waterlogged wood, on the hull of Nanhai No.1 shipwreck, in some areas show heavy precipitation and bacterial decomposition (Fig. 1b 1c and 1d). Figure 1 waterlogged wood (a) with precipitation cleaned; (b) on the hull of Nanhai No.1 shipwreck; (c) and (d) with severe bacterial decomposition. Another advantage of the hydrogel deacidification material is that it is soft and easily stretches to change shape. The tensile and compression properties were measured. Fig. 2a and 2b are photographs of released and stretched hydrogel, respectively. More than 1000% elongation was achieved with the polyacrylamide/alginate hydrogel with silver nanoparticles dispersed. 3 �Figure 2 polyacrylamide/alginate hydrogel (a) at rest; (b) tensioned and elongated; (c) graph of compression with different KHCO3 concentrations. The hydrogels with 0.5% and 2.5% KHCO3 are close in Young’s modulus, while the hydrogel with 2.5% KHCO3 has higher Young’s modulus (Fig 2c), which might be caused by the difference in ionic crosslinking of silver and potassium ions. The hydrogel with potassium percarbonate was used to wrap the waterlogged wood (Fig. 3a-c). The weak alkaline KHCO3 neutralized the sulfuric acid in the waterlogged wood, which resulted in a pH increase from 4.0 to 7.2 (Fig 3d). It was also confirmed that above 0.5% KHCO3 concentration, the increase in KHCO3 did not contribute to the pH increase remarkably. Gentle adhesion of the hydrogel to the wood neutralization occurs immediately, which lead to fast and significant pH increase. We suspect this is due to the large water content of the hydrogel, while also performing the adhesion underwater, is homogeneous. Figure 3 antimicrobial hydrogel (a) patch (b) patch and waterlogged wood (c) wrapped around waterlogged wood; (d) bar graph of pH test with different KHCO3 concentrations. The results of hydrogel antibacterial experiments proved it can protect waterlogged wood from bacterial degradation. When 30 μg/mL silver nitrate in the hydrogel was converted to silver nanoparticles, the antimicrobial properties of the hydrogels became sufficient to prevent bacterial degradation. Comparing Fig 4b and 4c, we see the increase of the silver nanoparticles from 30 μg/mL 4 �silver nitrate converted to silver nanoparticles to 60 μg/mL silver nitrate converted to silver nanoparticles had less effect on the increase in antimicrobial properties. Figure 4 antimicrobial hydrogel with silver nitrate converted to silver nanoparticles (a) control sample without;(b) zones of inhibition caused by 30 μg/mL; (c) zones of inhibition caused by 60 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using antimicrobial hydrogel patches with excellent mechanical strength for conservation of waterlogged wood. We focused our testing on antimicrobial hydrogels deacidification and antibacterial properties. We noted the prepared hydrogel patches match well with weak alkaline and high water content properties to carry out ion exchange to reduce the acidity. Double network polymer structure was utilized to increase the stretch of the hydrogel, which provides mechanical support to the highly decayed softwood. These antimicrobial hydrogel patches can perform targeted restoration and preservation as indicated by our research and testing of UCH waterlogged wood from Nanhai No.1 with the help of the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong. AUTHOR INFORMATION Mailing address: School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519082 China; Email: chenqiang3@mail.sysu.edu.cn Xiaohang Sun, Junjie Chen, Xuanwei Zhang, Qiang Chen* contributed equally to this work. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. 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Mosselmans, and Alan V. Chadwick. “Nanoparticle De-Acidification of the Mary Rose.” Materials Today 14, no. 7–8 (2011): 354–358. Walsh-Korb, Zarah. “Sustainability in Heritage Wood Conservation: Challenges and Directions for Future Research.” Forests 13, no. 1 (2022):18. Walsh-Korbs, Zarah, and Luc Avérous. “Recent Developments in the Conservation of Materials Properties of Historical Wood.” Progress in Materials Science 102, (2019): 167–221. Yin, Liuyu, Yin Jia, Mei Wang, Huanhuan Yu, Ying Jing, Cuiting Hu, Fengyu Zhang, et al. “Bacterial and Biodeterioration Analysis of the Waterlogged Wooden Lacquer Plates from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck.” Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9, no. 4 (2019): 1–13. Zelinka, Samuel L. 2014. “Preserving Ancient Artifacts for the next Millennia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 50 (2014): 17700–17701. Zhou, Yihang, Kai Wang, and Dongbo Hu. “An Aqueous Approach to Functionalize Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Followed by Improved Surface-Initiated ARGET ATRP for Maintaining Dimensional Stability.” Cellulose 28, no. 4 (2021): 2433–2443. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 14: Conservation Treatment of Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Session 14 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 14 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Antimicrobial hydrogel patches for deacidification and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood Description An account of the resource The Nanhai No. 1 hull, a Chinese merchant ship sank during the Southern Song dynasty and excavated from the South China Sea, is an example of underwater cultural heritage waterlogged wood that has been preserved in situ for centuries. Although the overall structure of the wooden artifacts is still intact they are severely degraded and acidified. It is now urgent to explore effective approaches for its conservation, we explore the feasibility of antimicrobial hydrogel patches. Antimicrobial hydrogel patches dispersed with antibacterial and deacidification nanoparticles simultaneously deacidify, moisturize, and reinforce both antibacterial and mechanical aspects of waterlogged wood. In the construction of the antimicrobial hydrogel patches, the double network hydrogel was used to prepare the hydrogel substrate with stretch and mechanical strength. We have successfully applied the antimicrobial hydrogel patches to the waterlogged wood from Nanhai No. 1, with the support of the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong. We demonstrate here the advantages of hydrogel patches to protect waterlogged wood with testing in deacidification, compression and antimicrobial. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xiaohang Sun Junjie Chen Xuanwei Zhang Qiang Chen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Sun, Xiaohang , Junjie Chena, Xuanwei Zhangb, and Qiang Chena. 2023. “Antimicrobial hydrogel patches for deacidification and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1909 Asia-Pac Session 14 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8c70732fee795a6471a4cd5110b657e2.pdf b905a878c821138380a90fc834751752 PDF Text Text Antiquities Homecoming：An Experience of Rescue Team of Cultural Relics Tsai, Cheng Chung ZhongKai University of Agriculture and Engineering aaa_maxwell@hotmail.com Shuhan Guo ZhongKai University of Agriculture and Engineering tinakashu@gmail.com Yuping Zhang ZhongKai University of Agriculture and Engineering 1239633011@qq.com Abstract Through five thousand years of Chinese culture, thereare as many ancient cultural relics as there are stars in the night sky. Much like stars, these artefacts are scattered all over the world. For this reason, we established a small antiquity public welfare organization. In this article, we will introduce some details around working in this department and explore our user experience. Some of these activites include; looking for ancient cultural relics, finding ancient cultural relics, identifying ancient cultural relics, and contacting a descendant of ancient cultural relics, and negotiating with the sellers;with the ultimate goal of sending the antiquities back to their home. We felt the sacred sense of mission by bringing antiquities home. We also began to realize the public welfare and the value of the historical relics are common to people all over the world. At present, the problem of the antiquities coming home is emerging in the various rescue operations once again. In particular, as the nation becomes generally wealthier, there is an increase in the number of transactions to acquire ancient cultural relics to obtain profits. In addition, historically, overseas organizations and foreign funding agencies have been acquiring Chinese ancient cultural relics strategically. Because of this, bringing the ancient cultural relics back to their hometown or museum, or returning them to their descendants has become even more difficult. Therefore, our team has decided to create and manage the ancient cultural relic’s rescue and homecoming project. Through which, we will advocate that the ancient cultural relic’s protection and public �welfare for ancient cultural relics is paramount. We will do our best to return these ancient cultural relics back to their hometown, and let the ancient cultural relics engage and influence the public. Key words: Cultural relics, homecoming, descendant, collections, cultural and creative industry The experience of Germany how they dispose "gray antiquities" 1.1Chippindall Law British archaeologist Christopher Chippindall and Dawid Geere began an unprecedented investigation in 2000, using 7 international collections of cultural relics in the collection system to verify the reliability of their source. Officials have the collection directory with those cultural relics, which clearly record every piece of the source. However, of the 1396 items catalogued, up to 75% of these cultural relics lack the source of written documents. They also found that there were more than 500 pieces of relics lack any historical transaction record and has been proved that no one knows why this group of cultural relics made its debut on display in the museum. That means these exhibits illegally posess potentially tomb-raided stolen goods. They have a startling discovery after compared with the same marked when the exhibits on display in different provenance. Generally, those first exhibited marked "unknown sources" cultural relics appeared again with a clear source tag, suggesting that these cultural relics may be a fake story. Their research result is called Chippindall Law. 1.2 Museum admitted "gray cultural relics" There is a hidden rule which allows cultural relics with no transparent background in the marker. A clear experience relic which we call white �cultural relic not only can check all previous possessors and where it came out of that therefore it should be legal. On the other hand, an unclear experienced cultural relic which we call black cultural relic usually came out of the grave or was stolen out of the museum or from private collectors. Actually, most traded relics in the market are gray cultural relics which we do not know where they came out but still could pull wool over some possessors’ eyes. However, archaeologists deem that gray cultural relics are equal to the black cultural relics. In the early 1960s, the British museum with a rich collection of relic objects bought from the market. In 1970, UNESCO issued a convention against cultural products illegally traded, but Germany didn't become signatories until 2007. Although Germany signed, but there were still many excuses to reject the convention, and not to return those illegal cultural relics. Germany started to implement a legislative correction as to ensure the innocence of its collections. It stipulated that acquisitions in the museum should be white relics. Baden state museum curator Eckart Cohen said "museum curator's affection and greed of collection tend to cause them to become accessories of illegal trade." he said "It is not innocent cultural relics derived from an anonymous Swiss collector". 2 Antiquities Homecoming People always marvel at the beauty of an ancient cultural relic when they see it. However, does everyone know where it comes from or who its owner is? Is this a clear origin of cultural relics? As we know the cases in Germany and UK. There are many cultural relics with unclear origins. So, a program came out .This is a program to return relics that belonged to certain families or estates. And there is an overwhelming feeling by the members of our organization that this is the right and just thing to do. We plan to return objects, may they be relics to certain descendants or �surviving families or organizations who manage familial assets we trust. There are many reasons as to why relic objects may be in disarray or disregarded. Our goal as a group is to preserve the legacy and spirit of the relic objects. In doing so, we have to secure adequate funding to purchase relic objects in existing markets that to offer prices to said objects. We plan to setup a process by which we will discern the appropriate prices and appraised value that we deem fair for purchase. We will employ a mechanism that is equitable for all parties involved. We will standard governing practices to regulate the process to ensure �stability. An issue that will be addressed in the future is the question of funding. We will establish a funding process for this project. Fig. 1: Funding Process Flowchart. 3 Antiquities homecoming evaluation criteria There are three indispensable standards for relic objects if they could be sent back home. The first step is to ensure the antiquity has a clear and �certain name. Or it has been recorded from other historical documents. Second, it could be traced to a certain dynasty. The last one is to make sure that we could find its surviving generations of the cultural relics, family ancestral hall, museum etc. According to former experiences certain relic objects such as famous calligraphy, paintings, manuscripts, imperial mandate etc. could be easily up to the three standards. After members of the project found unmistakable name on the relic object and could know its dynasty and background, and antiquary work, they may start searching whether there are descendants of the owner of cultural relic have the intention to collect the family relic from their predecessor. It could be returned to surviving consanguinity of the owners, family ancestral hall, local museums and other related parties. Project team members note the cultural relics "without surviving families" if the descendants could not be found. Then the project team members would start the next steps to find whether there are relevant museums, temples on behalf of the ancestral temple and local administration of cultural heritage that can collect it. 4 The circulation channels of cultural relic objects General, people purchase cultural relics and works of art mainly as private collections, investment of innovation company, decorations and so on. It is important to purchase cultural relics from formal circulation channels for antiquarians. There are three circulation channels to transaction relic objects beyond the seas:  Auction companies: The auction companies are considered as the secondary transaction market. It focusses on the arts trade, as they �have sensitive professional marketing orientation, and pay more attention on the objects with high benefit in a short-term.  Galleries: In the art market galleries are deemed as the primary market. The agents would sign contracts with artists strictly, and they have responsibility to the find, nurture and promote potential artists and their works. One risk of investment of arts in the galleries is the difficulty in evaluating the appreciation due to the agents would promote on its own preferences rather than market orientation.  Private procurement: The term of "private procurement" is relative to the “auction companies". Though it is often misunderstood as lack of professional evaluation, slight influence on art market and low exchange price, so far, top six paintings with astronomical price were unveiled from this channel for the low risks, fewer bidders, efficiency and privacy of transaction, personalized customer services have made it a big draw of investors. Transaction of arts and paintings in western countries compare that in China mainland, the program members could search relic objects in channels below. Fig. 2: Top six paintings with astronomical price. � Network: In the information age, the Internet takes over a large part of one's daily life so that cultural relics can be obtained from the Internet, as well as the historical background of cultural relics which help us understanding. It also became convenient sources of obtaining information of the relic objects. The following chat integrated the Internet purchasing channel for the project members to search. Fig. 3: Antique markets in the Internet. � Commercial market operations for cultural relics: This is for people who prefer to play with, understand the cultural relics in the antiquities market. Here are some famous commercial markets for cultural relics. Fig. 4: Cultural relics market in China.  Enthusiastic people informed the members: it is distinct between private contact and warm-hearted people contact report that mainly depend on the interpersonal connections of the team, like the posterity, ancestral hall, temple museum which the team service before. They will tell the project team members they inadvertently discovered the ancient cultural relics in the market, let us work together. In general, the project team members will be released out of the most important introduction of "mysterious ancient cultural relics” through the interpersonal relationships of museums, the community or union of institutions of higher learning like the ancient cultural relics and director of the famous temple ancestral temple. There are numerous propaganda ways to improve the enthusiasm of the alliance like through the network to seek the aid of enthusiasts, clubs or organizations, or through the "human flesh search", "price set". �Occasionally the team holds the club, in the form of a salon, lectures to promote communication relationship between members. 5 A homecoming case of Guo Rong’s handwritten manuscript Team members in late 2016 found a handwritten manuscript written by Guo Rong who could be dated back to Qing dynasty, named "Confucius in Hsiang-tang”, listing on the internet priced at 1500 Yuan by a relic collector from Hebei province. According to the historical recordation manifests that his family members were very famous and many of his relatives were Jinshi(official position in ancient China) ,and he was a Juren (official position )at that time in Henan province. Lest the scenario of other buyers and speculators from outside purchase this handwritten manuscript once the news of rescue and valve of this relic object has been filtered out occurred. After the agreement of buying this relic first by all the members, rescue plan of this handwritten manuscript initiated. By using all sorts of medium to contact Guo Rong’s descendants with a hope of getting this relic back to where it used to belong, members found an article on the Internet about the big honorable family and its members; released on the newspaper by Mr.Lu Meisong a former director of Research Institute of Culture and History in Fuzhou City. Through whom members found Guo rong’s great-grandson Mr. Guo Zhen, then immediately informed Mr. Guo Zhen of his great-father’s relic object and asked whether they have the intention to purchase the cultural relics, Mr. Guo Zhen first told members: “because it’s hard to know the authenticity of this undeclared cultural relic, together with many of his family cultural relics have been removed to Lin Zexu Memorial Museum, so there was no willingness to purchase it as a private collection... ”then �members tried to contact other parties of the family collections of intent, please refer to the contact members shown in the chart below. Table 1: Willingness to retrieve Guo Rong’s relic Name Identity Willingness Guo Zhen great-grandson of NO Guo Rong Guo Yongmei Guo Baiyin’s NO descendant Sina Blogger Guo of”Guo’s Baiyin’s NO descendant descendants” Lu Meisong former curator of NO Research Institute of Culture and History in Fuzhou city Chen Jiyong Lin Zexu’s NO memorial museum 6 Why relic objects may be in disarray or disregarded There is an interesting phenomenon in cultural relics market that people would buy other people's cultural relics in the commercial market rather than collect the relics of their fathers. And descendants may sell or destroy the inherited collections of cultural relics for various reasons leading to the �cultural relics ending up with vicious circle of disappear or disregarded. The ultimate purpose of establishing homecoming project by the members is to resolve the scenario of never-ending speculation by contacting the museum that could collect and display the relics, other public sectors, and conservation of cultural studies, ancestral hall and surviving generations. Project team members would try their best to preserve the legacy and spirt of the cultural relics. From what have been discussed about the Guo Rong’s case, it could now be speculated that the descendants may or may take the excuse of lacking the financial ability to afford the price. And to some extend this is also attributed to lacking a sense of recall of their old generations due to the functions of modern core families are not tightly connected as it was in hundreds years ago. At that time ancestors were highly respected and earned widely worships by their descendants. Another reason may the owner was a traitor in history, the family members might break off all relations with owner in order to evade from the punishments or outside criticism about this family. So if the descendants receive the relic object belonged to a traitor predecessor, they will bear pretty much stress form the public. The third reason may lay in the distrust the appraisal of cultural relics, as in this profit-driven society, everything could be faked let alone these cultural relics with sophisticated procedure of appraisal its value, all sorts of suspicious attitudes reflect today’s descendants pay more attention to its physical valve rather than its old glories and the meaning of educating and reminding their roots. 7 The indispensable explanation of using the fund-raising as the management costs of the non-profit organizations �All the governments in the world are making great efforts to encourage more public-interest activities and services, and also put their endeavor to develop the explicit rules and stipulations to make the charitable work more efficient and use their funds more smartly to against corruption. Taking the comparison of the two laws for example, the newly launched Charity Law of the people’s republic of China in May, 2016（ http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-03/19/content_5055467.htm) and the regulations of charitable organizations initiated in Taiwan province May, 2006 (http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=D0050138) about utilizing fund-raising in managing the charitable organizations and pay the labor costs through charitable activities and other necessary expenditures. Please look at the chart below. Table 2: Comparison of purpose and amount of charitable assets utilization in China mainland and Taiwan (province) The charity Law of the People’s Charity Donations Destined Republic of China For Social Welfare Funds Implementation Regulations(Taiwan) Chapter 6 Charitable Assets Article 5 Fund raising groups Article 51. The financial assets of as referred to by these charitable organizations include: regulations are described as (1)Founding capital from fund-raising; below: (2)Assets collected from fund-raising; (a) Public schools. (3)Other legal assets. (b) Incorporated … Administration. Article 60.Charitable organizations (c) Corporation who has shall carry out charitable activities Social welfare character. actively, use charitable assets fully (d) Corporate bodies. and efficiently, apply the most Based on considerations for necessary principles regarding social welfare, all management fees, practice frugality, agencies/levels of �and cut unnecessary expenditures. Annual expenditures for charity activities by foundations with the qualifications for public fund-raising shall be no less than 70% of the average revenue of the past three years and the annual management fees cannot meet the previous regulations due to special circumstances, the foundation shall file with which it registered and explain the situation publicly. Standards for annual expenditures and the management fees of charitable activities by charitable organizations other than foundations with public fund-raising qualifications are regulated by the civil affairs departments of the State Council together with the treasury and tax departments of the State Council according to the principles stipulated in the last paragraph. If the expenditure and management costs of an individual charitable donation activity are specified in the donation agreement, then the agreement should be followed. government shall be permitted to accept financial funds and gifts donations, bestowed by concerned person[s]; however, such donations are not permitted to be initiated by such governmental agencies. Exempted from this ruling, are incidents of major disaster [force majeure] and international rescue missions. … Article 8 All financial funds and gifts collected through donations, can and must be used only for the purposes as listed below: (a) For Social Welfare Activities. (b) For educational & cultural affairs. (c) For social charity affairs. (d) For international humanity rescue affairs. (e) Other relevant affairs recognized by central governmental agencies.。 … Article 11 If relevant documentations provided, for the application of governmental permission for charity donations, contents therein were to be found to be falsified, then previously �granted permission is to be annulled immediately. … Article 17 All necessary administrative fees/charges occurred during the conducting of charity donations activities, shall following the tabulation limits as described below: (a) Total solicited donation amount under NT$10,000,000.00: 15%. (b) Total solicited donation amount between NT$10,000,000.00 NT$100,000,000.00: Basic toll of NT$1,500,000.00 + 8% of remaining amount over 10 million NTDollars. (c) Total solicited donation amount over NT$100,000,000.00: Basic toll of NT$8,700,000.00 + 1% of remaining amount over 1 Billion NTDollars. If solicited charity donations are physical items [instead of cash funds], then relevant tabulation should be based on the "then" current market prices of the items concerned. We will standard governing practices to regulate the process to ensure stability. An issue that will be addressed in the future is the question of �funding. We will establish a funding process for this project. Introducing the club membership system might be a suitable way of adjusting to this circumstance mentioned above in its future development: one has to register a membership of the relic home returning organization and then provide the historical information of their predecessors. Doing by this at least shows their willingness to buy their own relics. All the information provided will be recorded in our file system. Members have the priority when we scrutinizing thousands of relics in this huge relics market and then match to their owners. When undergo the scrutiny in the selecting procession a series of reduplicative and automatic works in matching and confirming relics and their owners and time waiting for their willingness of buying their dispersed relics can be saved by this targeted combing progress. Reference Gray, B., 1964. The export of Chinese porcelain to India.Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, Vol. 36: 21-37. Tsai, Cheng Chung，2012. Compare present situation and analysis the development of charitable trust in the social among British，America and Japan，social Welfare（The theory of version），12-21 Yuan Yuan. Germany attaches great importance to the source of legitimacy of cultural relics to say no "gray cultural relic",. Xinhuanet http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-01/22/c_127407612.htm Zong he. Gauguin painting "when will you get married" $300 million,http://epaper.bjnews.com.cn/html/201502/09/content_561752.htm?div=-1 Beijing newspaper, The phenomenon of "hyping art works http://finance.qq.com/a/20150413/005044.htm Biography in the market " �Tsai, Cheng Chung (1975-): Taiwan Kaohsiung, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering Department of social work department, the People's Republic of China Ministry of civil society social work research center special researcher, expert committee member of Guangdong Provincial Civil Affairs Department social work professional team construction, master Mentor, doctor of law, psychological counselor. The main research direction: medical social work. Tel: 13640211648. Shuhan Guo (1995- ): Hunan, China. Graduate student of Zhongkai University of agriculture and engineering, bachelor’s degree, President of Social Work Association in ZhongKai University of Agriculture and Engineering. The main research direction: non-government organization management and social work Tel: 18813754680, Yu-ping Zhang (1996- ), Xingning. Guangdong, China Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong ,China. Job: Project Team Responsible Person. The Assistant Head of the Department of Social Work and Social Policy. The first Vice President of Social Work in association in ZhongKai University of Agriculture and Engineering. The main research direction: Medical social workers and Charity management.Tel:188-19493890, wetchat: yp1239633011, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 4: Ensuring a Sustainable Future for UCH: Museums and Public Engagement Description An account of the resource Cultural heritage derives its value from societal contexts, and so public engagement plays an important role in growing support for, and interest in heritage. Engagement may take many forms, from awareness-raising to formal learning programmes to creating platforms for public participation in the process of heritage conservation, governance, and/or interpretation. Papers bridging theoretical and practical approaches to engagement with UCH are particularly welcome, as are papers which offer collaborative and/or participatory models, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building and development, approaches to the particular challenges of engagement with underwater cultural heritage vs other kinds of cultural heritage. Of course heritage exists in a variety of cultural frameworks, and ensuring sustainability requires approaches to engagement to be both responsive and sensitive to the overlapping cultural contexts in which UCH may exist. As a culturally diverse region, the treatment of heritage must be also tailored to cultural definitions, heritage management frameworks and conventions which may, in some cases, differ across jurisdictions/countries and their interests. The panel will also attempt to explore the ways in which UCH is managed within diverse cultural frameworks, and invites papers to examine topics including contested UCH, ownership, security, etc. The panel invites papers exploring significance within local, national and transnational historiographies and the implications for funding and management of UCH. UCH includes material that has been deposited on the seabed as a result of warfare and catastrophe, so papers which explore and/or engage with topics including loss, warfare, conflicted significance and contested heritage are particularly welcome. Other relevant sub-themes include: * Public engagement in the management of UCH * Interpreting maritime cultural heritage for non-specialist audiences * Significance, interpretative potential, stakeholders and support/sustainability * Museums, Education, Outreach and Conservation * Memory, memorials and memorialisation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raphael Igombo National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Michelle Damian Monmouth College (IL), USA Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Antiquities Homecoming: An Experience of Rescue Team of Cultural Relics Description An account of the resource Through five thousand years of Chinese culture, thereare as many ancient cultural relics as there are stars in the night sky. Much like stars, these artefacts are scattered all over the world. For this reason, we established a small antiquity public welfare organization. In this article, we will introduce some details around working in this department and explore our user experience. Some of these activites include; looking for ancient cultural relics, finding ancient cultural relics, identifying ancient cultural relics, and contacting a descendant of ancient cultural relics, and negotiating with the sellers;with the ultimate goal of sending the antiquities back to their home. We felt the sacred sense of mission by bringing antiquities home. We also began to realize the public welfare and the value of the historical relics are common to people all over the world. At present, the problem of the antiquities coming home is emerging in the various rescue operations once again. In particular, as the nation becomes generally wealthier, there is an increase in the number of transactions to acquire ancient cultural relics to obtain profits. In addition, historically, overseas organizations and foreign funding agencies have been acquiring Chinese ancient cultural relics strategically. Because of this, bringing the ancient cultural relics back to their hometown or museum, or returning them to their descendants has become even more difficult. Therefore, our team has decided to create and manage the ancient cultural relic’s rescue and homecoming project. Through which, we will advocate that the ancient cultural relic’s protection and public welfare for ancient cultural relics is paramount. We will do our best to return these ancient cultural relics back to their hometown, and let the ancient cultural relics engage and influence the public. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tsai, Cheng Chung Shuhan Guo Yuping Zhan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Tsai, Cheng Chung Shuhan Guo Yuping Zhan Asia-Pac Session 4 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese: Being a Translation of Kitab al-Farawa’id fi usul al-bahr wa’l-qawa’id of Ahmad b. Majid al-Najdi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G.R. Tibbetts Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Royal Asiatic Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author G.R. Tibbetts Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Place London Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Royal Asiatic Society Title A name given to the resource Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese: Being a Translation of Kitab al-Farawa’id fi usul al-bahr wa’l-qawa’id of Ahmad b. Majid al-Najdi India Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George F Hourani John Carswell Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Princeton University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author George F Hourani John Carswell Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Place Princeton, N.J Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Princeton University Press Title A name given to the resource Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times India Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arab Trade with Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula from the 8th to the 16th Century Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource di Meglio, R.R D.S. Richards, ed Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bruno Cassirer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author di Meglio, R.R Editor D.S. Richards, ed Item Type Book Section Book Title Islam and the Trade of Asia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Place Oxford Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bruno Cassirer Title A name given to the resource Arab Trade with Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula from the 8th to the 16th Century Southeast Asia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arabia to China: The Oriental Traditions Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeremy Green Robert Gardiner Arne Emil Christensen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Naval Institute Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Jeremy Green Editor Robert Gardiner Arne Emil Christensen Item Type Book Section Book Title The Earliest Ships: The Evolution of Boats into Ships Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Pages Chapter 6 Place Annapolis, Md. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Naval Institute Press Title A name given to the resource Arabia to China: The Oriental Traditions China