66 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/66dc0b30bc7eb962eff33cd521888c91.pdf 5af68724b3ceb7c3955a9bcb0b60f6d6 PDF Text Text Underwater Archaeology in India: Initiatives of Archaeological Survey of India Aprajita Sharma (Assistant Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India) ABSTRACT India is surrounded by a vast coastline and encircled by a terrific riverine system. Due to this travellers and merchants easily managed to reach India through sea and riverine connections along with the land routes. The trade aspect enhanced other integral aspects like cultural interactions and economic exchanges which is why India is known to all other countries since antiquity. Archaeologically, a wide range of studies have been carried-out in India, however, the underwater archaeological studies are quite meagre. The history of India cannot be completed without the inclusion and proper study of its underwater cultural heritage. To complete a wide gap in underwater archaeological studies, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Ministry of Culture (MOC) has been involved in underwater explorations since the 1980s. Collaborations with the National Institute of Oceanography were done initially for studying and analysing underwater cultural heritage in India. During this period, many sites were explored along the west coast in the Arabian Sea and along the east coast in the Bay of Bengal. Sites on the west coast viz. Bet Dwarka, an island in the Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka, Sopara, Elephanta and on the east coast such as Arikamedu and Mahabalipuram was explored and investigated. Giving the subject a more serious thought, an Underwater Archaeology Wing (UAW) under the purview of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) officially came into existence in 2001. Thereby several activities commenced viz expedition at Bangaram Island, Dwarka, Mahabalipuram, Loktak Lake (Manipur), Elephanta Island, etc. The topic of this abstract fits best within session ’29. Underwater Cultural Heritage and Maritime Museums’ because it will highlight the activities of UAW carried out so far in India along with a glimpse of a maritime gallery in the Archaeological Site Museum, Goa and new initiatives and challenges in the field of underwater cultural heritage. Keywords: Underwater Archaeology, Maritime Gallery, Archaeological Survey of India, Chinese porcelain Abbreviations: Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Underwater Archaeology Wing (UAW) List of figures Figure 1 Floating huts: Loktak Lake (source: Archaeological Survey of India) Figure 2 Exploration: Elephanta Island (source: Archaeological Survey of India) Figure 3 Maritime Gallery, Old Goa (source: Archaeological Survey of India) INTRODUCTION Underwater Archaeology also known as marine archaeology is a scientific field wherein material remains of humans, and his past activities on the sea or river are studied. Worldwide, several underwater expeditions have been carried out till date, however, in India, it is still a young discipline. Considering a scientific field, it requires specialised training and expertise not only in archaeology but also in underwater related investigations. With the advancement in technology to study the underwater archaeological remains, an investigation for the submerged remnants of Pompoohar, Tamil Nadu was carried out by a team of oceanographers somewhere in 1981 (Vora 1987, 159-164). This survey is regarded as the commencement of underwater archaeological research in India. Thereafter, S.R. Rao, a retired archaeologist from the ASI started a project namely ‘Marine Archaeological Studies in Indian Waters’ (Tripathi 2020, 150). The project gained wide publicity with underwater investigations at Dwarka, Gujarat. Due to stories behind the lost city of Dwarka, underwater archaeology as a discipline became popular in India. This was the moment which became the foundation of underwater archaeology in India. As a result, scientists, oceanographers, and archaeologists of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) joined hands and thereafter collaborated for several other 1 �underwater investigations in India. On the other hand, the project also led to illegal activities and underwater treasure hunting. Even though there is paucity of underwater archaeologists in India, still, the number of works carried out by the Underwater Archaeological Wing (UAW) of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) since its inception in 2001 are noteworthy. To name a few sites related to underwater cultural heritage like Dwarka, Mahabalipuram, Loktak Lake (Manipur), Elephanta Island, etc. were extensively examined by the UAW. Considering the works of UAW, the present paper will highlight some of the significant activities and achievements of the Wing, new initiatives, and challenges in the field of underwater cultural heritage along with a glimpse of a maritime gallery in the Archaeological Site Museum, Goa. A Beginning: Underwater Archaeology Wing A wide range of archaeological studies have been carried-out in India; however, the underwater archaeological studies are quite meagre. The historical past of India cannot be completed without the inclusion and proper study of its underwater cultural heritage. Since the 1980s, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Ministry of Culture (MOC) has been involved in underwater explorations. Initially, ASI joined hands with the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) to study and analyse underwater cultural heritage in India. During this period, many sites were explored along the west coast in the Arabian Sea and along the east coast in the Bay of Bengal. Sites on the west coast like Bet Dwarka, an island in the Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka, Sopara, Elephanta and on the east coast such as Arikamedu and Mahabalipuram were explored and investigated. Giving the subject a more serious thought, an Underwater Archaeology Wing (UAW) officially came into existence in 2001. Same year, UAW carried-out its first underwater expedition in Lakshadweep. First underwater expedition in India by UAW - Bangaram Island (2001-02) After the creation of UAW, the first underwater exploration in India by this Wing was carried-out in 2001 off-Bangaram Island in Lakshadweep. The exploration led to the excavation. In May 2002, ASI collaborated with the Indian Navy for excavating a British shipwreck, Princess Royal, belonging to the 18th or 19th century which had sunk off the coast of Lakshadweep. INS Jamuna equipped with the latest survey equipment was deputed to carry out an underwater survey. The INS Nireekshak was deployed for underwater archaeological excavation. The wreck of Princess Royal was found at a depth of 54 metres (Tripathi 2004, 1246). The Indian navy showed great enthusiasm in the project and extended full cooperation. As a result, it was the first systematic underwater excavation in India conducted by UAW. The excavation was recorded through videography and photography using underwater cameras and latest available technologies like side sonar, echo sounder, magnetometer, gravimeter, and satellite navigation system. The Wing always focused on the in-situ preservation, and which is why the excavation was documented considering all the archaeological norms. This excavation yielded brown glazed pottery (martaban ware) in large numbers, Chinese porcelain along with objects of copper, iron, wood, etc. (Tripathi 2004, 1246-1250). Mahabalipuram (2004-05) Underwater exploration off Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu was carried-out in 2004. In February 2004, UAW along with the Indian Navy carried-out extensive diving and exploration here. The survey ship of Indian Navy, INS Darshak was deputed for the underwater explorations. Divers of ASI and Indian navy 2 �made extensive diving near submerged rocks near the north side of the Shore temple. Though the surveys had to be limited due to the tsunami which occurred in December 2004. In 2005, following the preliminary research UAW decided to do another round of extensive diving in Mahabalipuram (Tripathi 2007, 127-139). The Indian navy again joined hands with the ASI for the work. The entire project was well planned and documented using various means of photography. Several submerged rocks having marks of human activities and architectural members were identified and examined. Besides, areas near the shore temple were excavated wherein remains of temples were observed. The evidence like square sanctum and entrance porch emphasised a temple like structure. Interestingly, a terracotta ring well was also discovered near the temple. The excavations shed a light on change in shorelines and submergence of structures in the sea. Dwarka (2006-07) In 2006, an exploration was conducted offshore and onshore in Dwarka, Gujarat, to understand the submerged archaeological remains. The coastal areas were examined during low tide wherein sculptures, and two stone anchors were discovered. Based on explorations, underwater excavations were carried-out in 2007. The objective of the excavation was to know the antiquity of the site, based on material evidence. In this offshore excavation, the ASI’s trained underwater archaeologists and the divers of the Navy searched the sunken structural remains. Findings like submerged remains, circular structures, scattered architectural members and stones were studied and documented. Apart from underwater excavations, an area near the Dwarkadheesh temple was excavated in January 2007 (Tripathi 2013, 103-124). The entire area was full of successive structures; therefore, due care was taken to document all the features through drawings and photography. Different areas separated by structures were marked and documented in detail. The excavation yielded many antiquities which includes terracotta objects, beads, fragmented bangles, copper rings, iron ingots and pottery. Loktak Lake (2009) Figure 1 Floating huts: Loktak Lake (source: Archaeological Survey of India) 3 �The UAW in 2009 focused the attention on the north-eastern part of India. Considering it, exploration in and around the Loktak lake in Manipur was carried-out in May 2009. The objective of the exploration was to find evidence of old settlements in the lake. Dwellings on floating islands in the lake are known to be quite an old tradition. These dwellings were made of organic materials which deteriorate very fast, and it is difficult to find their remains on land. But at the same time these organic materials get preserved when buried underwater. The remains of ancient dwellings in the lake could only be found through underwater archaeological investigations. Another objective of the exploration was to study ancient sites around the lake to study the changes in the lake and its impact on communities around the lake. As per the plan for the exploration, the team (author of this paper was a part of the team) explored following areas around the Kangla fort, which includes some monuments and a site near the now dried-up Imphal River (Manipur River) where excavation was carried out by the Department of Archaeology, Manipur State. Nearby areas in Bishnupur district were also explored by the team. The most interesting part of the exploration were islands namely Karong and Thanga in the Loktak lake. These are the two most densely populated islands among the 14 islands in the lake. The floating dwellings, namely, phumdi (floating huts/ islands) were also examined and documented (fig. 1). The location of Phubala in district Bishnupur was visited by the team to document a dugout canoe used by the people in the area. Ethnoarchaeological aspects were emphasised during the exploration to understand the culture and society. Elephanta Island (2009) The area around the Elephanta in Maharashtra has a rich historical and archaeological significance. The coastline of Elephanta has evidence of foreign pottery along with ancient coins and other artefacts. Considering the possibility of locating ancient port sites and shipwrecks, the area was chosen for preliminary offshore explorations. The area mentioned in ancient records namely Rajbandar was explored in October 2009 by the UAW in collaboration with the Indian Navy. INS Sarvekshak of the Indian Navy was deputed for the exploration. Divers of the Indian Navy along with the team of ASI (author of the paper was part of the team) explored the entire area using technologies like sonar scanning survey (fig. 2). Samples were collected for further examination and documentation. Figure 2 Exploration: Elephanta Island (source: Archaeological Survey of India) Besides, explorations around the nearby villages - Rajbandar and Morabandar were carried-out wherein foreign potteries like glazed ware, Chinese porcelain, roman amphorae along with semi-precious stones, copper coin, etc. were discovered (personal record). 4 �Maritime Gallery at Archaeological Museum, Old Goa Considered a hub of maritime history, a gallery at Archaeological Museum, Old Goa was planned. It highlights a wooden model of Portuguese ship alongside narrations about the maritime trade activities between Portuguese and Indians. The gallery was made to highlight the underwater cultural heritage of Goa. Though, it is a small gallery but holds plenty of information on the trade and cultural interactions which were carried-out through maritime routes. The gallery is maintained and managed by the Goa Circle of ASI as it is a part of the museum (fig. 3). Figure 3 Maritime Gallery, Old Goa (source: Archaeological Survey of India) Challenges and achievements of Underwater Archaeology Wing UAW has taken-up a few challenging works in India as mentioned above. The hardest part was the lack of underwater archaeologists in India. However, collaborations with the Indian Navy opened a new way and as a result a lot could be done. The much challenging part remains the same – training and expertise in the field of underwater archaeology. The need for training to carry-out proper underwater expeditions have been thought-up meticulously. Considering a young brigade of archaeologists, ASI is in the planning phase of extending training to youngsters. Plan also includes practical training besides theoretical lectures. Attempts are being made to materialise the process of selection of interested candidates and further training. Besides training, the need of awareness among masses towards underwater cultural heritage has also been regarded as necessary. Keeping this aim in mind, planning to include students of archaeology from 5 �different universities for theoretical lectures has been done. This step would encourage youngsters to gain basic information on underwater archaeology which will support in understanding this subject. CONCLUSIONS After the inception of UAW, legal provisions for the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage were pipelined. It generated a huge impact on underwater archaeology as a discipline and encouraged research in the field. Carrying out underwater expeditions at several significant sites in collaboration with the India navy was another star on the hat of this Wing. The excavations led to the international conferences wherein officers from the Indian Navy, archaeologists, scientists, and oceanographers discussed best practices. During the underwater archaeological works, UAW had also trained archaeology students and enthusiasts. Though, professional training in diving is the need of hour and collaborations with other organisations to acquire it is being done. More trained professionals mean awareness of this discipline and less illegal practices. UAW established a parameter with well documented underwater explorations and excavations in India which will further be enhanced by training more archaeologists. Bibliography Tripathi, Alok. “Princess Royal – Excavation of ancient shipwreck in the Arabian Sea.” Current Science, vol. 86, no. 9 (2004): 1246-1250. Tripathi, Alok. “Offshore and Onshore Excavation at Mahabalipuram – 2005.” In India and the Eastern Seas, edited by Alok Tripathi, 127-139. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan, 2007. Tripathi, Alok. “Excavation at Dwarka – 2007.” In Maritime Heritage of Indian Ocean, edited by Alok Tripathi, 103-124. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House, New Delhi, 2013. Tripathi, Alok. “Underwater Archaeological Research and Heritage Management in India: Inter-departmental Collaboration and Utilization of State Infrastructure.” In Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on the Historic and Arabian Trade Routes, edited by Robert Parthesius and Jonathan Sharfman, 149-158. Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2020. Vora, K. H. “A Note on Geophysical Explorations for Marine Archaeology off Tamil Nadu Coast, India.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 16, no. 2, (1987): 159-164. 6 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Archaeology in India: Initiatives of Archaeological Survey of India Description An account of the resource India is surrounded by a vast coastline and encircled by a terrific riverine system. Due to this travellers and merchants easily managed to reach India through sea and riverine connections along with the land routes. The trade aspect enhanced other integral aspects like cultural interactions and economic exchanges which is why India is known to all other countries since antiquity. Archaeologically, a wide range of studies have been carried-out in India, however, the underwater archaeological studies are quite meagre. The history of India cannot be completed without the inclusion and proper study of its underwater cultural heritage. To complete a wide gap in underwater archaeological studies, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Ministry of Culture (MOC) has been involved in underwater explorations since the 1980s. Collaborations with the National Institute of Oceanography were done initially for studying and analysing underwater cultural heritage in India. During this period, many sites were explored along the west coast in the Arabian Sea and along the east coast in the Bay of Bengal. Sites on the west coast viz. Bet Dwarka, an island in the Gulf of Kachchh, Dwarka, Sopara, Elephanta and on the east coast such as Arikamedu and Mahabalipuram was explored and investigated. Giving the subject a more serious thought, an Underwater Archaeology Wing (UAW) under the purview of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) officially came into existence in 2001. Thereby several activities commenced viz expedition at Bangaram Island, Dwarka, Mahabalipuram, Loktak Lake (Manipur), Elephanta Island, etc. The topic of this abstract fits best within session ’29. Underwater Cultural Heritage and Maritime Museums’ because it will highlight the activities of UAW carried out so far in India along with a glimpse of a maritime gallery in the Archaeological Site Museum, Goa and new initiatives and challenges in the field of underwater cultural heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aprajita Sharma Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Sharma, Aprajita . 2023. “Underwater Archaeology in India: Initiatives of Archaeological Survey of India.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Arjun Rao. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2027 Asia-Pac Session 22 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/67ccaefb8cbdbe664c12284fdea22254.pdf ab92a936444d082a36c4ed8cd4d80d3c PDF Text Text Underwater Archaeology in México: From the Bottom of the Sea to the Crater of a Volcano Pilar Luna Erreguerena Abstract Over thirty years, underwater archaeology division at Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has gone through diverse stages and fulfilled assorted projects in marine waters, in cenotes (sinkholes) and inundates caves, at the lagoons in the crater of a volcano, and in a beach in Baja California searching for the remains of a Manila Galleon cargo. Amazing discoveries include bones of extinct animals, skeletons and ashes dating from more than ten thousand years ago, hundreds of pre-Hispanic Maya skulls, and shipwrecks ranging from the 16th to the 21st centuries. Since the beginning national and international collaboration has been the key. Being part of the group of experts who worked for the elaboration of the text of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage paved the way for Mexico being one of the first State Parties in ratifying this Convention; this also led to become one of the initial group that integrated the Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB). Instruments like the Convention and the ICOMOS International Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage are crucial in helping to win the battle against the permanent pressure of treasure hunter groups in countries like Mexico, which has a leading role as pioneer in the protection of the underwater cultural heritage and the development of underwater archaeology in Latin America. Together with UNESCO, INAH Mexico organized in 2010 the course “Research and Management in Underwater and Maritime Archaeology”, in which 27 specialists from 14 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean participated. The future looks promising for this region. Introduction Over the span of thirty one years, Mexico’s underwater archaeological division at the InstitutoNacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH, National Institute of Anthropology and History),has gone through several stages and fulfilled a myriad of projects in diverse sites such as marine waters,cenotesor sinkholes, lagoons insidethe crater of a volcano at 4,200 meters above sea leveland in a beach of Baja California,searching for the remains of a Manila Galleon. Mexico is a country with a rich past andabundant cultural heritage along its seas, rivers, lakes, springs, and also in the thousands of water bodies spread in the Yucatan Peninsula. All this, a valuable testimony of what human beings are capable of achieving in order to live, to communicate with other lands, worship their deities and express themselves through art. In February 2011, Mexican underwater archaeology celebrated 31 years ofresearch, preservation, conservation and sharing through diverse means what the waters have kept for over more than 10,000 years. Since its creation in February 1980, INAH’s underwater archaeology division decided to undertake projects with a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional, and international cooperation approach. With the support of Dr. George F. Bass, considered the “father of underwater archaeology in the world” and Dr. Donald H. Keith, both from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at that time, Mexican archaeologists began to learn how to do archaeology in a new way. Since then, national and international collaboration has been the key. �Obviously, at first in Mexico we were land archaeologists. Going from surface to underwater archaeology is not an easy thing. Research topics can be unique and quite different from those investigated on land. Underwater projects happen in a completely different environment to ours, which entails certain challenges. Besides the fact that archaeologists cannot go to the site as often as in land, or remain there as much time to fulfill tasks, there are challenging circumstanceslike treacherous currents, dangerous animals, and diving accidents among others.It is worth pointing out, that underwater archaeology in Mexico hasfocusedprimarily on the location and recording of sites, as well as the analysis of objects in context. In some cases, sample pits and trenches have been excavated, but no thoroughexcavation project has been undertaken yet. First Projects The first underwater projects in Mexico took place between 1980 and 1990 in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and in a spring located in the state of San Luis Potosí, central Mexico.The story began in 1979, in the Cayo Nuevo Reef, Gulf of Mexico,where two sites dating from the 16th and 18th centuries, were discoveredthanks to a report from two American sport divers. A cannon engraved with the year 1552 was identified as the oldest bronze cannon ever recovered in the Western Hemisphere (Luna Erreguerena1982), and nowadaysexhibited in the Museo de San José el Alto, in Campeche City.This was a fortunate event,as it helped to push INAH’s authorities to finally take the decision to create an underwater archaeology department within the Institute.From then on, we have had the invaluable support of Mexican institutions and individuals, as well as many colleagues from the United States, Canada, the Cayman Islands, and more recently, from Argentina, England and Spain. All of them have become part of a wonderful and supportive team who has played, and continues to do so, a significant role in the development of Mexican underwater archaeology. After the project in the Gulf of Mexico, in 1981 and 1982 we carried out a combined underwater and land archaeology project at the Media Luna Spring, where abundant pre-historic and pre-Hispanic materials were recorded, in spite of the fact that it has been continuously looted since the 1950’s.In 1984, the Caribbean gave us the opportunity to do experimental archaeology.After being contacted by Michael Creamer, an American captain living in Isla Mujeres, we decided to attemptto confirm his hypothesisthat El Castillo (The Castle), the main structure in the archaeological site of Tulum, Quintana Roo, was used as a“lighthouse” in pre-Columbian times, but also as a warning system. In his report, Creamer refers that Sabloff and Rathje “based their conclusion on Spanish accounts of the Maya lighting fires atop the towers as beacons to warn the island’s inhabitant of invasion” (Creamer 1984). In order to demonstrate this, two archaeologists climbed to the upper part of El Castillo with two gas lamps, while the rest of the team was in a boat navigating towards the beach. In the exact moment that the light of the first gas lamp was visible through one of the two small windows in the structure, the boat prepared to turn, and immediately after the second light appeared through the other window, �the boat was able to enter safely through a natural cut in the reef (Luna Erreguerena1982). The experiment was a success, and it has been repeated twice since then: in 1998 for Discovery Channel and in 2009 for History Channel.It helped to demonstrate that Maya structures along the coast of Quintana Roo were used as navigational aids,a fact that is corroborated by the modern lighthouses built quite near some of these ancient structures (Luna Erreguerena 1982). During the 2009 recreation, it was also proved that El Castillo served as a navigational aid not only when the artificial lights are seen from a boat at sea through the two small windows in the upper part, but also when the sun light can be seen from the two windows located in the lower part of this Maya structure, which does not have a roof. Today, thanks to this discoveryfishermen and navigators in the area use this system to go in and out of the reef in total confidence. This is a modest example of how archaeology, a social science, can bring social benefits. The last project, in what we call the first stage of Mexican underwater archaeology, took place in 1990 at the Chitales Reef, off Cancún, in the southeast part of Mexico, with the support of Dr. Donald H. Keith and the team fromShips of Exploration and Discovery Research, based in Texas. This was a multidisciplinary project aimed at documenting a 16th century shipwreck, in which biologists from the Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México (UNAM, National Autonomous University of Mexico) worked shoulder-to-shoulder with archaeologists. Once the excavation area had been determined, biologists collected all living corals and replanted them when the archaeological work was finished. They monitored the site over a year, until the area recovered. One of our goals is to respect and protect the natural heritage in which cultural heritage is immersed. Renewed or Die As mentioned before, the transition from land to underwater archaeology is not an easy task.By 1992, most of our few archaeologists had decided to go back to their terrestrial projects.This was a turning point for Mexican underwater archaeology suddenly threatened to disappear. However, if one is able to see that whenever a door closes another one opens up, things keep on flowing.In 1994, the first master level course on underwater archaeology was taught in Mexico with a field school in the Caribbean.Thirty professors from Mexico, the United States and Canada participated in the six-month course, and twenty archaeology and conservation students, graduated rekindling the fire of the discipline in Mexico. The 1630-1631 New Spain Fleet Then, in 1995, the big door opened for us: INAH’s Department of Underwater Archaeology was promoted to a vice directorate and the most ambitious project ever fulfilled began to take shape: the investigation of the New Spain Fleet that lost several of its ships in the Gulf of Mexico during a storm in 1631, while on route to Havana bound for Spain as final destination. Fleets, created in the 16th century, �were in some way an extension of the Spanish empire that traveled to a different continent but were ruled by the same laws (Trejo Rivera 2003: 22). Intense research on archives took place in Mexico, Spain and Cuba. Documents and maps from the 17th century were consulted, analyzed, and transcribed. After months of dedication to this endeavor, an area was selected in the Sound of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico, to start looking for the fleet’s vessels lost during the storm, mainly one of the two flagships,NuestraSeñora del Juncal (Luna Erreguerena2008: 57).The first field season took place in 1997.In sixteen days of survey, 24 sites were located and recorded. The discovery of these sites led us to create a parallel project: the Inventory and Diagnosis of Submerged Cultural Resources in the Gulf of Mexico, where 179 sites have been integrated to this day, with shipwrecks and isolated elements ranging from the 16th to the 20th centuries. An increase in the number of sites located in the Gulf of Mexico has been occurringmainly due to two reasons: 1)the work done with fishermen, divers and natives who have led us to several shipwrecks and other cultural vestiges, above all in coastal waters; and 2) the support received in 1998 from the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit of the United States National Park Service to design a remote sensing system to be used in Mexican waters.The search for NuestraSeñora del Juncal continues, and this year the archival research has taken a new turn, asnew specialists from Mexico, the United States and Spain have been integrated to the team in charge of this project, As we speak, the team is working planning an intense field season for 2012. Cenotes and Inundated Caves A universe of its own are the cenotes and inundated caves of the Yucatan Peninsula, where amazing discoveries have been made since 1999, when INAH’sSubdirección de ArqueologíaSubacuática (SAS, Vice Directorate of Underwater Archaeology) received several reports from cave divers regarding the finding of prehistoric and pre-Columbian materials. Thousands of years ago, these caves were dry and served as an ideal shelter for animals and human beings alike.Since the sea level in this part of the Caribbean has increased more than 60 m in the last 10,000 years, the caves are now totally covered by water.Discoveries include bones of extinct animals, skeletons and ashes dating from more than ten thousand years ago;hundreds of pre-Hispanic Maya skulls, some of them with intentional cranial deformation; ceramic from the same period; and some elements from colonial times, as rifles used in the “Caste War” or Guerra de Castas, a wideMaya rebellionagainst the white elite (criollos and mestizos) of the colonial government in Yucatán,that lasted from 1847 to 1901. The existence of several cave divers groups in the Yucatan Peninsula has been a decisive factor for these findings. Cave diving organizations in Yucatan and Quintana Roo calculate in thousands the number of cenotes and inundated caves in this region, many of which contain cultural vestiges. INAH’s division of underwater archaeology works very closely with most of these divers, offering them special courses like the one from the Nautical Archeology Society (NAS) to teach them how to behave in the presence of cultural remains and how to help �archaeologists to record this material in a proper way. Since cave diving is an extreme type of diving which requires special training, sophisticated equipment and a constant practice,in Mexico there are not many archaeologists who can do this job, therefore, the work with these groups has proved quite positive for underwater archeology in such peculiar and dangerous bodies of water. Five Important Programs Sometimes, when you begin to work towardsa dream, time goes by and you don’t realize how big your dream has grown. This happened to us in Mexico, when we became suddenly aware that besides the projects carried out, there were many things we were doing at the same time that needed to be introduced into a proper structure. This is how a new project was born: Special Programs of the Vice Directorate of Underwater Archaeology, which includes five components: 1) Attending reports of underwater cultural heritage findings and their legal protection; 2) Training; 3) Divulgation; 4) Conservation of materials recovered from aquatic environments; and 5) National and international collaboration. Each year, we travel to different parts of the country in order to attend reports of archaeological material findings. Through these inspectionswe have also contacted different authorities and began raising consciousness about the value and importance of such finds. Significant achievements have been obtained with local authorities and members of the communities with jobs related to the underwater cultural heritage, like fishermen, divers and tourist guides. Among the most significantdiscoveries made through fishermen in the coastal waters of Champotón, Campeche, is a 18th shipwreck known as “El Pesquero,” probably of British origin (BarbaMeinecke 2008). Also, last year, port authorities in Veracruz asked INAH to survey the area where they were planning to extend the port facilities. Archaeologists from the Vice Directorate found and recorded hull remains from an 18th century ship, as well as ceramics and glass materials. Traininghas been a permanent concern. Researchers from INAH receive constant courses on topics like geophysics, recording, videography, diving, etc. In this regard, national and international support still isa determinant factor. Specialists from Mexico and abroad participate each year in our field seasons, sharing their experience and knowledge, not only with researchers but also with archaeology and conservation students, diving instructors, and local people interested in the preservation of the underwater cultural heritage.Together with training, dissemination has been a permanent commitment. All researchers from SAS/INAH participate in symposiums, presentations, lectures and interviews both in academic and public forums. This program includes itinerant exhibitions, mainly in towns and cities around the places where archaeological work is being done, as well as video documentaries and publications. Regarding the conservation of materials recovered from underwater sites, one of our policies has always been not to recover any object if its conservation cannot be guaranteed and only to recover those elements that serve our research objectives or those in danger of destruction or looting. In this program, we have received the invaluable support from different laboratories within INAH in Mexico �City and Campeche, and the Corrosion Laboratory from the Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC, Autonomous University of Campeche). The Manila Galleon Project Even if the main part of our archaeological work has taken place in the area of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula, in 1999 researchers Edward von der Porten and Jack Hunter started a project in Baja California, searching for the remains of one of the Manila Galleons that traveled between America and Asia from 1565 until 1815.The Baja California Peninsula occupies 33% of Mexico’s total coast. This peninsula is full of historic events related to the sea: the search for new territories and routes; the passage of pirates, buccaneers and corsairs; scientific expeditions; establishment of ports and Japanese fishing communities; the pearl industry; maritime accidents through the 19th and 20th centuries, and of course, the Manila Galleon route (Mejía 2007). It was during the 1970’s that American beachcombers began reporting findings of porcelain fragments in some beaches of Baja California, especially in the area of Ensenada. Some years later, news reached a group of researchers who immediately knew the potential of these findings. The University of Santa Clara in California and the National Institute of Anthropology and History, through its Centro INAH Baja California and the Vice Directorate of Underwater Archaeology, were invited to participate in this multidisciplinary project, which includes archaeologists, geophysicists, historians, geologists,art historians, and conservators. Field seasons have been short and not sufficient, due to oceanographic and climatic adverse conditions, and financial limitations.In spite of this, results have been fruitful. Archaeologists have surveyed the area, both land and underwater, using metal detectors, remote sensing equipment, and GPSs.An important collection of shards of Chinese porcelain has been collected, together with beeswax blocks, stoneware fragments,a Fu dog bronze sculptureand some coins, among other elements. Preliminary analyses indicate that these objects date from the late 16th centuryand were part of the cargo of a Manila Galleon. The next field season will take place in 2012. The Nevado de Toluca Volcano An hour West from Mexico City there is a volcano known as the Nevado de Toluca, that rises to 4,600 metersabove sea level. In its crater, there are two cold lakes— named Luna and Sol (Moon and Sun)—where pre-Columbian groups depositedofferings to fertility deities, and from where divers in the 1950’s, 1960’s and 1970’s recovered rare serpent shaped wooden objects and incense cones and spheres (Luna Erreguerenaet al 2009: XIV). In May 2007, thanks to a donation given by Mr. Richard Siegel and a complementary funding from the Goldsbury Foundation—both received through archaeologist Johan Reinhard—researchers from INAH carried out a field season focusing mainly in the smallerLuna Lake. While some archaeologists worked �underwater, a professor and a group of students from the EscuelaNacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH, National School of Anthropology and History) did some excavationpits on the shore.Findings were similar to those recovered some years ago: wooden objects shaped like serpents; 75 cones and spheresof a type of incense known as copal still inuse today, plus cactus plants used for self-penitence (Junco 2009: 26). Travelling exhibitions, together with a documentary film and a book entitled Celestial Waters. Nevado de Toluca, have beenpresented in many of the little towns around the volcano, especially among elementary and high school students. Besides, schools have received a copy of the book entitled“Under de sea, there are more than fishes…” designed especially for children and youth to raise awareness about the Mexican underwater cultural heritage and the importance of its preservation. This year, INAH will publish a comic book, which tells the story of the volcano and the archaeological work carried out, aimed at those people who don’t like to read books. Management of Sites Management of underwater cultural heritage is something relatively new in Mexico. INAH participates in management programs in two protected areas: a park integrated by 23 reefs in Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico, and the Chinchorro Bank Biosphere Reserve situated in the Mesoamerican Reef, the second largest in the world, after the Australian Great Barrier. In both cases, INAH is working very closely with CONANP, an official branch of the ministry in charge of the environment, to protect the underwater archaeological heritage (Luna and Carrillo 2005). Last August, a joint mission UNESCO-ICOMOS-UICN made an inspection visit to Chinchorro, after INAH and CONANP presented a technical file for the nomination of this reserve as a Mixed Site to be included as part of the world heritage. It would be the first Mixed Site (natural and cultural) for Mexico, and the first in the world with an underwater cultural component. Besides its wonderful ecological diversity, this place contains shipwrecks and isolated elements dating from the 16th century to the present. So far, INAH has located and recorded 68 sites. Presence in International Forums Being member of national and international councils dedicated to underwater archaeology and the preservation of the underwater cultural heritage, has allowed Mexico to be in constant contact with specialists from all around the world, as well as being part of a global effort to fight treasure hunters and to have a voice in the making of public awareness and policies regarding this legacy.Mexico was part of the group of experts who worked for the elaboration of the text for the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Thispaved the way to be one of the first State Parties to ratify theConvention in July 2006 after a long and complex process that involved academic, legal and �technicalauthorities. Being one of the first twenty State Parties that ratified the Convention allowedMexico to become one of the eleven membersof the initial group that integrated the Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB). Legal Aspects Mexico has fought a constant battle against treasure hunters. The infiltration of these groups into political spheres has made things even more difficult. However, based on the Ley Federal sobreMonumentos y ZonasArqueológicos, Artísticos e Históricos (Federal Law on Archaeological, Artistic and HistoricalMonuments and Sites) (INAH 1972) and theDisposicionesReglamentariaspara la InvestigaciónArqueológica en México (Regulations for Archaeological Research in Mexico) (INAH 1977), among other laws, these attempts have been stopped successfully. INAH has an ArchaeologyCouncil whose duty is to receive, evaluate, approve or reject all archaeological projects pretended to be carried out in Mexico, be on land or underwater. When the Council receives an underwater archaeology project, it calls the Vice Directorate of Underwater Archaeology for an opinion. In this way, many requests—some of them disguised as “research projects”—from treasure hunters have been detected and rejected. Instruments like the UNESCO 2001 Convention and the ICOMOS International Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage are crucial in supporting countries that do not have a law to protect their underwater cultural heritage and those whose laws are weak in this regard; even thosewho havespecific laws can find reinforcement through these international agreements. Regional and International Cooperation A golden formula is to give back to life what you have received from it, hence the importance of education that is crucial in the development of underwater archaeology and the preservation of the underwater cultural heritage. A good way is to join efforts and design regional courses directed to underwater archaeologists and specialists belonging to related disciplines. In 2010, UNESCO’s Secretariat for the 2001 Convention andthe National Institute of Anthropology and History organizedthe course “Research and Management in Underwater and Maritime Archaeology”, which took place in the Mexican port of Campeche with the attendance of 27 specialists from 14 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.One of its main achievements was the creation of the OrganizaciónLatinoamericana de ArqueologíaSubacuática (OLAS, Latin American Organization on Underwater Archaeology). Currently, INAH’s Vice Directorate of Underwater Archaeology, with the special collaboration of Mexican historian Flor Trejo and Spanish professor Fernando Serrano Mangas, is organizing the course “Specialization in underwater archaeology of the Carrera de Indias and the recognition of the underwater cultural heritage (late 15th and early 19th centuries), which will take place in 2012 atthe National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico City. �Conclusion In conclusion, I want to express my gratitude for this invitation to share Mexico’s experience in the field. Our experience in thirty-one years has been full of learning and growing, of challenges and achievements. Today, Mexico has a leading role as pioneer in the protection of the underwater cultural heritage and the development of underwater archaeology in Latin America, even though we have never excavated intensively a shipwreck or lifted a whole ship from the bottom of the sea, or count witha state of the art conservation laboratory for materials recovered from aquatic environments. Many of our projects were born from reports of archaeological findings, some due to the pressure of treasure hunters, and others based on research goals. Our work has been steady and according to the possibilities and priorities of the moment, never imagining the option of negotiating a legacy that is irreplaceable and non-renewable, which is valuable beyond economic considerations and that does not only belong to the nation in whose waters it is found, but to all human kind. Modern times have witnessed a paradox in history. Many of those countries with wonderful ancient cultures belong today to the so called “third world”; therefore, they do not have the financial resources, advanced technology nor the specialists needed to investigate and preserve the remains of those cultures that lay in the bottom of their seas or in their rivers and lakes. Some of the countries in the Asian Pacific region, as well as Mexico, are good examples of this. On the other hand, many of the so-called “first world countries” have the resources, but they do not possess the cultural richness that our countries have. Maybe this is the reason why some of the main groups of treasure hunters come precisely from these rich countries with no strong bonds toward their past and their ancestors. All countries have the right and the responsibility to preserve their underwater cultural heritage in accordance with their own idiosyncrasy and circumstances, which are different and unique. Underwater cultural heritage has remained stable and preserved over hundreds or even thousands of years in its aquatic context. There is no hurry and no justification to recover it, if one doesn’t have the proper resources and meet the international standards clearly established in the ICOMOS Charter and the 2001 UNESCO Convention.Maybe one of the great lessons we have learned in Mexico is the fact that you can create your own reality, and begin working in the preservation and research of the underwater cultural heritage even if the feeling is that there are not enough means, because the only thing that is needed is to have a burning passion in your heart, and to believe that this portion of human history deserves to be preserved and investigated properly. Look then for the right people in your own country and the support of your own authorities; then, look for the assistance and cooperation of those countries and colleagues that have already walked a similar path and who have proved that it doesn’t matter what you have, but how you use it. �Bibliography Meinecke, Band Elena, M., 2008 Arqueología subacuática en la costa de Campeche: El caso del pecio “El Pesquero, Champotón.” Primeros acercamientos en torno a su investigación. Unpublished paper presented at the Sixth World Archaeological Congress, Dublin, Ireland. Creamer, M., 1984 Pre Columbian Aids to Navigation. A Mariner’s Perspective. Unpublished internal report to the Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática, INAH, Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia., 1972 Ley Federal sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicos, Artísticos e Históricos. (Diario Oficial, 6 de mayo de 1972) INAH/SEP. México, D.F. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia., 1977 Disposiciones Reglamentarias para la Investigación Arqueológica en México. INAH/SEP. México, D.F. Junco, R., 2009 “Arqueología subacuática: descifrando los misteriosdel Nevado de Toluca”. In Luna Erreguerena, Pilar, Arturo Montero and Roberto Junco (coords.) Las Aguas Celestiales. Nevado de Toluca. INAH-Concepto Editorial. Mexico, pp. 23-31. Luna Erreguerena, P., 1982 La arqueología subacuática.Professional ENAH/UNAM. Mexico. thesis. Luna Erreguerena, P., 2008 “The Submerged Cultural Heritage in Mexico”, in (eds.) Margaret E. Leshikar-Denton and Pilar Luna Erreguerena, Underwater and Maritime Archaeology in Latin America and the Caribbean. Left Coast Press, Inc. One World Archaeology 56, Walnut Creek, CA. pp. 55-65. Luna Erreguerena, P., 2009 “Introducción”, in Pilar Luna Erreguerena, Arturo Montero and Roberto Junco (coords.) Las Aguas Celestiales. Nevado de Toluca, INAH-Concepto Editorial, México. Luna Erreguerena, P. and Carrillo Márquez, L., 2005 “Banco Chinchorro: Retos en torno a la conservación manejo y disfrute del patrimonio mixto (natural y cultural)”. Hereditas, Año 4, Vol. 11, abril, CONACULTA-INAH, México. pp. 26-39 Mejía, L. M., 2007 Arqueología subacuática en Baja California. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historiaviewed 23 August 2011, http://www.subacuatica.inah.gob.mx �Sabloff, J.A. andRathje, W., 1975 "The Lost Worlds of the Ancient Maya," Oceans Vol. S8: pp. 56-59. Trejo Rivera, F. (Coord.)., 2003 La Flota de la Nueva España: Vicisitudes y naufragios. Colección Obra Varia, INAH, México, D.F. UNESCO., 2001 La Convención de la UNESCO sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático. París, Francie, viewed 25 August 2011, http://portal.unesco.org � https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b69a183b0af21a620d8cc640170c4ab0.jpg 91129dec1b4a1cf169a08c464f2db353 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 667 Height 429 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String caption: IPTC Array a:1:{s:7:"caption";s:31:" ";} https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/4c724cd01c002619bd401e714e9d69de.jpg 81e025d785bc18a2e765763709fae2da Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 287 Height 324 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String caption: IPTC Array a:1:{s:7:"caption";s:31:" ";} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Archaeology in México: From the Bottom of the Sea to the Crater of a Volcano Subject The topic of the resource Keynote Speaker Description An account of the resource <p>Over thirty years, underwater archaeology division at Mexico&rsquo;s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has gone through diverse stages and fulfilled assorted projects in marine waters, in cenotes (sinkholes) and inundates caves, at the lagoons in the crater of a volcano, and in a beach in Baja California searching for the remains of a Manila Galleon cargo. Amazing discoveries include bones of extinct animals, skeletons and ashes dating from more than ten thousand years ago, hundreds of pre-Hispanic Maya skulls, and shipwrecks ranging from the 16th to the 21st centuries. Since the beginning national and international collaboration has been the key. Being part of the group of experts who worked for the elaboration of the text of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage paved the way for Mexico being one of the first State Parties in ratifying this Convention; this also led to become one of the initial group that integrated the Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB). Instruments like the Convention and the ICOMOS International Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage are crucial in helping to win the battle against the permanent pressure of treasure hunter groups in countries like Mexico, which has a leading role as pioneer in the protection of the underwater cultural heritage and the development of underwater archaeology in Latin America. Together with UNESCO, INAH Mexico organized in 2010 the course &ldquo;Research and Management in Underwater and Maritime Archaeology&rdquo;, in which 27 specialists from 14 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean participated. The future looks promising for this region.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pilar Luna Erreguerena Roberto Junco Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Keynote https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/15c86d3d8f69546a25fd2f6985e84956.pdf c1660bdd220e4aab7f83daa0900d6312 PDF Text Text Underwater Archeological investigation of Bushehr coastlines in Persian Gulf Hossien Tofighian Iranian center for archaeological research (ICAR) htofighian@yahoo.com Ramin Adibi Archaeological Maritime Landscape Online Magazine Ramin.adibi2012@gmail.com Abstract: When the Research Department of the University of Medical Sciences of Bushehr was studying marine biomedicine around the Bushehr peninsula they inadvertently discovered some pottery fragments. They then reported it to the Bushehr province Cultural Heritage organization. In the summer of 2016, the underwater archaeology group of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) surveyed the Bushehr coastlines for a month. During this field research, we identified and recorded the distribution of Sassanid pottery over approximately one kilometer square in the seabed around the Bushehr peninsula. Based on findings of pottery assemblages consisting of fragments of food storage vessels, Torpedo amphora, and turquoise ceramic glaze; it was assessed that this archaeological site represents the cargo of a shipwreck which sank in shallow water near the coastline. Over time, the cargo then spread across the seabed. We can observe the shipwreck processing in this case. At the first season of this field research, we could not identify the remains of the shipwreck hull but lots of fragments of torpedo shaped ceramic vessels were recored. Relative dating proved that all of the ceramic findings are related to the Sassanid era (224 to 651 CE). The quantity of sherds found proved that this is in fact a shipwreck site. Identification of the archaeological sites with torpedo shaped ceramic vessels distributed around the Persian Gulf indicate that regional maritime trade was widespread, in particular the Sassanid wine trade, and that seafaring practices were occurring in one of the ancient canals of Indian ocean. In this article, we explain about underwater archaeological investigations of Bushehr coastlines and outstanding ceramic findings including torpedo shaped ceramic vessels and turquoise �ceramic glaze wares that were used in maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the Sassanid and early Islamic periods.. Keywords: Persian Gulf, underwater archaeology, Bushehr port, Sassanid era, torpedo – shaped ceramic and turquoise ceramic glaze. 1. Introduction The Persian Gulf (also Persian Sea), is a crossroad connecting all civilizations,which is also a place of shipwrecks. Over recent years and as a consequence of underwater archaeological investigations in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, a number of historical areas and wrecked ships have been identified (Tofighian, 2014, 2014a, 2014b, 2016, 2017). Bushehr Port is one of those underwater archaeological areas in which historical ships have wrecked. This area has a special significance for researchers. During the field study, a number of dragon-shaped jars, pottery containers, glazed pottery parts, and a stone anchor were found. This underwater area, which was first identified by researchers of the Marine Medical Center affiliated to the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, is within 500 meters of the shoreline of Bushehr Port and from the Customs wharf to the building of Bushehr City Council. The site covers a spread of pottery containers at a depth between 3 to 6 meters. Before starting underwater investigations, the objects found were documented by the Marine Medical Center affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Given that some part of the explored pottery containers had been identified by researchers of the Marine Medical Center, no information of exact location of the underwater objects was at hand, but big jars for water and food storage informed the researchers that a ship had wrecked on the seabed. Only does the diversity of the explored containers and their abundance show the existence of a large and important underwater archaeological site. In addition, big jars of water and �food storage signify the existence of a shipwreck in the seabed. The efforts exerted by a group conducting underwater investigations and explorations were successful in spite of difficult conditions caused by insufficient underwater visibility and significant destruction having imposed to the underwater area. As a result, underwater archaeologists succeeded to explore a number of dragon-shaped jars and turquoise glazed pottery in the seabed . 2. The research area Bushehr Port is the capital of Bushehr Province, one of the Iranian southern provinces. "Nadir Shah Afshar" re-boomed the current Bushehr port in 1736. The name of this port was "Rishahr" in the ancient times. The foundation and construction of this port date back to "Ardeshir" I of the Sassanid. The resources referring to "Ardeshir" the Unifier mention a port called "Bokht Ardeshir". Those resources, along with other documents, show the significance of the Persian Gulf for the early Sassanid kings. The significance of Bushehr Port was so great that "Bokht Ardeshir" was connected by a road to Kazeroun and Shiraz through which exported goods were transported to other areas. But the current Bushehr Port with a history of 300 years was founded by Abu Mahiri, the son of Shaikh Nasser Khan Al-Mazkur (the shipmaster of Nadir Shah and the founder of Al-Mazkur dynasty) in 1735. The reason for the foundation of this city was that Nadir Shah wanted to construct a port in the south of Iran and establish navy. This port became so prosperous that was considered as rival to Basra (Fig. 1 & 2) Traces and works dating back to pre-history (such as "Tal sabz or Tal Pitel", the Elamite period (Lian), and the Sassanid and Islamic periods can be observed in Bushehr Peninsula. The Castle and Port of "Rishahr", the Sassanid Cemetery in "Shoghab", and the Sassanid "Hezar Mardan" Port are some of the monuments in this �area. The underwater ancient area studied in the present research is located at a distance of 500 meters from the shoreline of Bushehr Port and between the customs dock and the building of Bushehr City Council. This area is located at a depth of three to six meters under the sea covering an area about 700 meters along the shore and an approximate width of two hundred and fifty meters on the sandy bed of shallow body of water of Bushehr Peninsula. This area has been severely destroyed because of its proximity to the shore and the expansion of customs docks on the one hand and military maneuvers on the other hand . Fig.1 Location of Bushehr and the surrounding archaeological site. (Tofighian, 2016) �Fig.2: Location of the Underwater Archaeological site (Tofighian, 2016) 3. Methodology The explored underwater objects are the most important instruments for underwater investigations (Maarleveld, 1987: 35). But in investigating shores of Bushehr Port, lowest light and water clarity was available for divers. The area for investigations identified by the research team of the Marine Medical Center (Fig. 3) was drawn on a base map. This area with seven hundred meters long and two hundred and fifty meters wide was investigated. To begin underwater investigations, the team had to identify the starting and ending points on the seabed. With regard to permanent water movements, identification of the points were possible only via a few floating watermarks attached to heavy weights. The starting point of the investigation was recorded by GPS on a boat and the first buoy was fixed �in the area. To start underwater investigations, the two following methods were employed: Fig.3: The underwater archaeological team. (Tofighian, 2016) 1 .The beginning and the end of the area was determined by two buoys (watermarks). Then, the investigators started searching along the rope and after finishing this search round, the two buoys were displaced in the width direction of the area and the other part of the seabed as searched . 2 .Appropriate spots of the study area were recorded by buoys and GPS. Then, a rope was fastened to a buoy and divers started searching around this point in circularly. After completing each round, the radius of this circle got opener and a larger area was investigated. With regard to severe underwater streams, diving was impossible without the rope and buoys. In the second method, the second part of the area was conducted and all investigated spots were recorded via GPS and drawn on the basemap . In modern methods, the seabed are scanned via devices and techniques such as Sonar; then the obtained pictures are interpreted on a monitor via which underwater topologies and cultural phenomena are identified. �Nowadays, Iranian archaeologists have no access to efficient and advanced underwater equipment . For better understanding of the conditions of the shores of the study area and the possibility of identifying the potential shipwreck with regard to the shallow body of water, the investigators imaged the study area employing a quadcopter. Imaging from a low height in the shallow shores of the area and with regard to possible penumbras can be effective on identifying the traces of docks and debris of historical harbors. Thus the investigators tried to identify possible evidence and historical findings via the quadcopter. However, the taken pictures were not effective on underwater archaeological investigations in Bushehr shores. In addition, the study area was investigated via the Sonar Scanner Finger Feeder installed on a boat. But due to smoothness of sandy shallow seabed in Bushehr shores, the pictures obtained from Sonar were not effective. Therefore, the only possible method for investigating those shores was that professional divers search the seabed with under the supervision of the Marine Medical Center of Bushehr. This method was also conducted with difficulties . 4. Findings The results obtained from survey investigations of the dispersion of broken and intact pottery as well as the stone anchor indicate the existence of an area belonging to a shipwreck in the shallow part of Bushehr Peninsula. The objects were obtained in different time intervals and no unity was found among them. The dragon-shaped pottery containers were in fact middle-sized jars with horizontal handles and a number of turquoise glazed jars as well as a number of small deposited containers made dating the site possible (Fig. 4-6 ( �Fig. 4 (left): The remains of torpedo amphorae in shallow water around the southern of Bushehr Peninsula. (Tofighian, 2016) Fig. 5 (below): The remains of second torpedo amphorae in shallow water around the southern of of Bushehr Peninsula. (Tofighian, 2016) Fig 6 (above): Glazed pottery, recovered from the southern coast of busher. (Tofighian, 2016) �Dragon-shaped pottery jars dated back to late Parthian period to Sassanid period as well as the two first centuries of the Islamic period in maritime trading of the Persian Gulf for shipping valuable liquids such as olive oil, salty fish, wine, and seeds from Iranian ports to Arabian ports of the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, East Asian and East Africa with bitumen-painted inside surfaces for making them water-resistant. In addition, turquoise and green glazed pottery, as the most significant pottery of the Sassanid period, were observed among the explored objects which in addition to historical Iranian ports and areas of the Persian Gulf, have been found Arabic shores, East Africa, Indian subcontinent, and East Asia. It shows the expansion of the trading network of the Sassanid era in the Persian Gulf . One of the most important findings obtained from archaeological investigations in the shallow bodies of water in Bushehr Peninsula was a piece of oval rock with three holes (Fig.7). Unfortunately, no trace of a shipwreck was observed. Thus only its severely destructed and sporadic shipments were identified. Doing complementary investigations can significantly contribute to better understanding of the real nature of this underwater area . �Fig .7: A stone anchor with three holes from Bushehr. (Tofighian, 2016) Analysis and comparison of the pottery explored from the underwater area in Bushehr Port A large variety of pottery related to the Sassanid period were identified in the areas around the shores of the Persian Gulf. The most important explored pottery were the elegant orange painted pottery (Namard), grey small pottery, kneading pottery, big ornate jars and jugs for water and food storage, and more frequently, dragon-shaped and glazed pottery. Pottery with honeycomb decorations are other types of the Sassanid potteryobserved frequently in Siraf, but dating those potteryhas been doubted by a number of archaeologists (Simpson, 1992: 296 .) In archaeological investigations and identifications of the shores of Bushehr Port, three intact dragon-shaped jars with bitumen glaze inside them and a more number of broken pieces of dragon-shaped jars were explored. In this investigation, a number of glazed pottery containers dating back to the Sassanid era were explored as well. Dragon-shaped �pottery explored in Bushehr Port are comparable with the instances obtained from the Sassanid areas of the northern and southern shores of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the number of Monochrome glazed pottery containers can be observed among the underwater findings of shores of Bushehr Port. This type of Sassanid pottery is comparable with a lot of pottery obtained from Sassanid areas of the Persian Gulf as well as other areas summarily discussed as follows. 4.1 Dragon-shaped pottery One of the most important findings of the studies conducted on the pottery is that all pottery obtained from northern and southern shores of the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, and East Africa have been originally Iranian. This pottery is mainly dragon-shaped (Simpson, 1992: 291). The clay of those pottery in which bind materials such as abundant sand and fine dense sand grains are used are yellow or fallow. The external surface of containers are decorated and the inside surface is bitumen-glazed (Connan et al. 1998). Another main characteristic of this pottery type is its coils, cylindrical body without a neck, and a long and hollow insole (Adamz, 1970: 100). This pottery type is also called Torpedo Fuse Point. The bottom of this dish is called Spizfuss (Finster & Schmidt, 1976: 92) All in all, dragon-shaped jars (Torpedo) refer to those jars that have sharp bases and relatively open mouths. They were appropriate for carrying liquids in maritime trading. Those jars were made in different dimensions. Their inside surfaces were all bitumen-glazed in order that nothing can penetrate into the containers and spoil liquids. The arrangement of amphora were very easy because of sharpness of their bases, openness of their mouths, and the lack of necks in such a way that they did not shake by ships’ shaking. According to archaeological studies, dragon-shaped jars in the Persian Gulf date backs the early Parthian period to the early �Sassanid period and the two first Islamic period (about one thousand years) (Simpson, 1992: 291) This pottery of has been identified in most parts of northern and southern ports in the Persian Gulf as well as trans-coastal areas such as areas in "Bandar Rig", "Mahrouyan", "Siniz", "Hezar Mardan", "Gurestan Shoghab", "Rishahr", and southern shores of Bushehr Peninsula such as areas of "Jalali", "Siraf", historical shop of Siraf, and Nay "Band" Bay. In addition, some samples in trans-coastal areas such as Shush, Mianab Plain of Shushtar, Galalak of Shushtar, a sample in Museum of Ancient Iran, two samples in the Museum of London, and other samples of dragonshaped jars are comparable to those explored from underwater areas of Bushehr Peninsula (Tofighian, 2014). In southern shores of the Persian Gulf such as areas of Maliha, Eddor, Sohar, Jazirat al-Ghanam, Qana in Yemen, Kush and Al-Qosur in Kuwait, East Africa, and Indian subcontinent, dragon-shaped jars were explored (Tofighian, 2014). 4.2 Turquoise monochrome glazed pottery Well-baked glazed pottery with pepper paste and cream color made of binders of sand and better glaze is one of the main characteristics of the Sassanid pottery mainly made in Mesopotamia and Khuzestan (Mason & Keal 1991: 52). Glazed pottery of the Sassanid period, particularly turquoise pottery, are mostly observed in the Persian Gulf ports of the Sassanid and early Islamic periods. In "Mahrouyan" (Tofighian & Esmaeili, 2010: 275), the area of "Jaborj" near "Genaveh Port", "Rishahr", "Najiram (Bataneh)" (Tofighian, 2009), Siraf and a number of areas in "Hormozgan" such as "Ramchah", "Rigo", and "Soza" in "Qeshm" Island (Khosrowzadeh, 2006), instances of the Sassanid turquoise pottery were explored. In shores of the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and East Asia, some instances of monochrome glazed pottery have been explored. They can �be comparable with the glaze pottery explored in underwater areas of Bushehr Port . 5. Conclusion By doing underwater archaeological investigations and explorations of shores of Bushehr Peninsula, the following results were obtained: in shallow water in opposite Bushehr Port, an ancient site at a depth of 3 to 6 meters was identified. During investigations and with regard to exploration of dragon-shaped jars used for carrying wine, it was identified that the site is probably the place of an ancient shipwreck . In addition, investigations conducted on the broken and intact pottery as well as a stone anchor, the following results were obtained: a .Three intact dragon-shaped jars in different sizes in which were bitumen-glazed were explored. In addition, more numbers of broken pieces of dragon-shaped jars indicate a large number of jars in the explored area. In fact, the large number of dragon-shaped jars in those shores have been explored by local fishers. This jars can belong to the identified ancient area in Bushehr Peninsula . b. A big glazed jar with turquoise green, some smaller jars mainly with pale glaze, and some unglazed small to moderate jars with four handles were explored . c. A large number of broken and deposited pieces were also explored. The diverse shapes of those broken jars show the abundance of pottery containers in that historical wrecked ship. d. A stone anchor with three holes on its body were explored as well. This anchor remained in the seabed because of its high weight and big size . �According to initial studies on the pieces of explored pottery, especially turquoise green dragon-shaped ones rooted in the Sassanid period, dating this area may refer to the Sassanid and early Islamic periods. According to the evidence obtained from the stone anchor, small and moderate containers for food and water storage, and identification of a diverse number of dragon-shaped jars, the explored area may belong to maritime a cargo ship having been wrecked in that site. A large number of the jars were arranged in the cargo carrying valuable liquids such as oils and wine from Iranian ports to other destinations. Better understanding of this area and access to their real identity require more field studies in future . References Ataei, M. T. (2005). An Archaeological report on Rishahr shore in Bushehr Peninsula. Journal of Archaeology, 1(1); 85-93. Daryaei, T. (2004). The Sassanid kingdom. M. Saghebfar (Trans.). Tehran: Qoqnoos Publication . Daryaei, T. (2007). The Persian Gulf maritime trade at the end of the ancient period. H. Kian Rad (Trans.). Irnonology Foundation. Pp. 97-122 . Estakhri, A. E. (1989). Ways and nations. I. Afshar (Trans.). 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Biography Hossein Tofighian Ph.D., A member of faculty and assistant professor of Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT). His field of study is about Sassanid period around Persian Gulf. He has been working on maritime archaeological studies in Iran particularly underwater cultural heritage of Persian Gulf for 15 years. Ramin Adibi M.A., M.A. in archaeology and a member of 'PADI', focused on Caspian Sea as "maritime archaeological studies", especially about Maritime Cultural Landscape of Caspian Sea. Runs a magazine called "Archaeology of Maritime Landscape". � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 5: Iran's Maritime Cultural Landscape Description An account of the resource The country of Iran benefits from having a long coastline. Sea spaces and coastlines were attractive settlements for humans throughout history. These extensive maritime landscapes have resulted in interactions between human and sea along the northern (Caspian Sea) and southern (Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman) coastlines of Iran. Iran’s rivers and lakes contain a great deal of evidence of human habitation and interaction. Due to the country’s long history of maritime culture, we can also observe sea effects on coastal communities in Iran. Maritime archaeological studies in Iran, however, are at a nascent stage. In the 1990’s, a small group of archaeologists from the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) investigated in the north of Persian Gulf to decode its unknown history. In 2000, the first coherent and planned activities of that group produced the "Underwater Surveys around the shores of Siraf Port in Bushehr Province". After that, the team surveyed "Bandar-e Rig"(Rig port), Portuguese castles in Siraf port, Southern Shores of the Bushehr Peninsula in the Persian Gulf. The team has worked on sites from "Shushtar’s Band-e Mizan"(Shushtar barrier), "Takht-e Suleiman" Lake, and the Amir Abad and "Zaghmarz" shipwrecks; the "TammÄ«sheh and Gorgān" Underwater Walls, and the "Ghorogh" and "Rudsar" shipwrecks. These projects were published in Persian by a domestic magazine. The team then prepared and distributed a booklet titled of "Iran, Underwater Cultural Heritage and It's Share in Maritime Archeological Studies" for the annual meeting of States Parties of The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2016. Next, UNESCO and ICHTO held "Training Workshop on Underwater Archaeology with a Focus on the UNESCO 2001 Convention" in Iran. These activities are continuing and we hope for some continued progress in maritime archaeological studies and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hossien Tofighian Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT), Iran Ramin Adibi Higher Institute of Marlik University, Iran Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Archeological investigation of Bushehr coastlines in Persian Gulf Description An account of the resource When the Research Department of the University of Medical Sciences of Bushehr was studying marine biomedicine around the Bushehr peninsula they inadvertently discovered some pottery fragments. They then reported it to the Bushehr province Cultural Heritage organization. In the summer of 2016, the underwater archaeology group of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) surveyed the Bushehr coastlines for a month. During this field research, we identified and recorded the distribution of Sassanid pottery over approximately one kilometer square in the seabed around the Bushehr peninsula. Based on findings of pottery assemblages consisting of fragments of food storage vessels, Torpedo amphora, and turquoise ceramic glaze; it was assessed that this archaeological site represents the cargo of a shipwreck which sank in shallow water near the coastline. Over time, the cargo then spread across the seabed. We can observe the shipwreck processing in this case. At the first season of this field research, we could not identify the remains of the shipwreck hull but lots of fragments of torpedo shaped ceramic vessels were recored. Relative dating proved that all of the ceramic findings are related to the Sassanid era (224 to 651 CE). The quantity of sherds found proved that this is in fact a shipwreck site. Identification of the archaeological sites with torpedo shaped ceramic vessels distributed around the Persian Gulf indicate that regional maritime trade was widespread, in particular the Sassanid wine trade, and that seafaring practices were occurring in one of the ancient canals of Indian ocean. In this article, we explain about underwater archaeological investigations of Bushehr coastlines and outstanding ceramic findings including torpedo shaped ceramic vessels and turquoise ceramic glaze wares that were used in maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the Sassanid and early Islamic periods. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hossien Tofighian Ramin Adibi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Hossien Tofighian Ramin Adibi Asia-Pac Session 5 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/4a7edba3b2da138bda2e045999964d04.pdf b6106d02afdf2015792221e5cc9a6113 PDF Text Text Underwater Cultural Heritage and Fishing Communities: safeguarding heritage and safeguarding fishermen Ben Ferrari (Lloyd’s Register Foundation Heritage Education Centre, Senior Advisor) Antony Firth (Historic England, Head of Marine Heritage Strategy) David Gregory (National Museum of Denmark, Senior Researcher and Honorary Professor) Louise Sanger (Lloyd’s Register Foundation Heritage Education Centre, Head of Research, Interpretation & Engagement) ABSTRACT This paper proposes that development of a fit-for purpose management to protect underwater cultural heritage from negative impacts caused by fishing gear requires three elements; evidence-based characterisation of impacts; understanding of the pressures and constraints acting upon fishing communities; commitment to engagement with fishermen and industry associations. A new study is introduced, ENDURE, that will help to characterise and quantify damage caused by fishing gear to archaeological material as part of a broader study of site formation and preservation in situ. The work of Lloyd’s Registry Foundation on fishing safety is presented as a contribution to the design of appropriate management regimes – it is emphasised that fishing is already inherently dangerous and that dislocation from traditional fishing grounds caused by exclusion or limitation of fishing in certain areas can exacerbate occupation safety challenges; the work of Historic England in is described as a case study of liaison with fishermen to safeguard heritage and the need for broad. The need for commitment to a broad programme of engagement with fishermen, industry associations and responsible agencies is illustrated. The paper concludes that the vital role of fishing in maintaining the stability of coastal communities must be recognised while seeking arrangements that minimise risk to heritage on the seabed. Key Words: Impact , Preservation in situ, Safety, Engagement Abbreviations ALDFG - Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear CFP - Common Fisheries Policy DEFRA - the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs FIPAD - Fishing Industry Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries FMP – Fisheries Management Plans HAZ - Heritage Action Zone / High Street Action Zone HE - Historic England HPMA – Highly Protected Marine Area IFCA - Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority LRF Lloyd’s Register Foundation MPA – Marine Protected Area MMO - Marine Management Organisation (MMO) UCH – Underwater cultural heritage UKMA – UK Marine Area 1 �INTRODUCTION This paper addresses three areas of endeavour central to managing the impact of fishing activity on Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). There are more than three million shipwrecks estimated worldwide according to UNESCO (Croome 1999, 49-52). The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage encourages in-situ preservation and states that wrecks older than 100 years count as a cultural heritage site. This encompasses many metal shipwrecks, including World War 1 casualties and gives rise to significant conflicts of interest (Firth 2018, 8-9). They are habitats for marine life, enhancing biodiversity and biomass (Bałazy et al. 2019, 1-2). They can also pose environmental pollution threats, especially if they contain hazardous substances such as oil, chemicals, or munitions (Ndungu et al. 2017; Szafrańska et al. 2021). Marine spatial planning issues often arise as wrecks interfere with the ever-increasing offshore sub-sea engineering efforts, such as the installation of cables, pipelines, or wind farms (Papageorgiou 2018, 195-196). Shipwrecks are also treated as geohazards and obstacles to marine engineering, posing risks to navigation or safety through unexploded ordnance. The impact of fishing activity must therefore be considered in the context of a complex marine management and stewardship environment. The first section deals with the need for evidence-based characterisation of the impact of fishing that is integrated into wider consideration of site formation dynamics. A major European Research Council research programme, ENDURE, is introduced. Based at the National Museum of Denmark, ENDURE aims to disentangle natural and anthropogenic decay processes and determine their cumulative effects on UCH. The aim is to validate the efficacy of in situ preservation.1 The following sections develop the proposition that the application of such foundational work on new management regimes will be compromised in the absence of full appreciation of the pressures operating on the fishing industry and without concerted effort committed to close engagement with fishermen. Not all fishing activity poses an equal threat to UCH, and it is critical that an understanding of material differences in impact shapes management solutions. The second section introduces the work of Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF) - shaping a future for the fishing industry that is safe for all fishers working in a sustainable ocean economy. Today’s fisheries are part of a highly stressed marine system, and the human cost of fishing is appallingly high. LRF’s work will help inform proposals for protection of UCH that avoid exacerbating occupational safety challenges. The third section presents work undertaken by Historic England (HE) to engage with fishermen to mitigate damage to UCH and develop fit-for-purpose management regimes. It emphasises the need for broad engagement with agencies as well as industry bodies and communities. CASE STUDIES Out of sight but not out of mind - Sustainable preservation of underwater archaeological sites Given the scale of the heritage management challenge – a wide range of site types in complex, dynamic environments - a desk-based approach for assessment of the most significant site formation processes is urgently needed. Rapidly progressing marine remote sensing techniques allow effective non-intrusive detection, characterisation, and monitoring of underwater sites (Plets et al. 2011, 87-88; Westley et al. 2019, 3629-3632). The remote characterisation and monitoring of change at individual sites (Quinn & Boland 2010, 2938-2940; Brennan et al. 2016, 82-84) includes environmental factors to understand physical formation processes in control of site preservation (Smyth & Quinn 2014, 221223; Fernández-Montblanc et al. 2016, 240-242; Quinn & Smyth 2018, 1429-1432; Geraga et al. 2020, 1210-1215; Majcher et al. 2021, 1-4). Gregory and Manders (2015, 7-10) formed a baseline process-based approach to control, assess and achieve in-situ preservation, and one of its central points is the assessment of the most significant chemical, biological and physical threats to the site. Understanding the formation of underwater sites also enables more accurate archaeological interpretation. Assessing environmental factors can not only 1 Project ENDURE https://www.endureerc.com. 2 �lead to better understanding of events that caused the sinking of the vessel but it also helps to predict pathways of future deterioration. This enhances understanding of potential pollution and fishing hazards and address UCH management needs. In ongoing work (Gregory et al, forthcoming) baseline post-depositional site formation processes for more than 500 shipwreck sites located in the North and Baltic Seas are being examined. Multi-beam bathymetry data supplied by the marine survey company (JD-Contractor A/S) are integrated with multiple environmental and anthropogenic influenced data layers sourced from open-data portals. The sites were manually classified using a revised form of Muckelroy’s (1977) approach and subsequently, statistical correlation analysis was used to determine the most significant variables. Fishing activity was assessed through inclusion of variables representing fishing efforts. EMODnet (2023)2 provides a variety of quantified fishing activities in the Baltic and North Seas. Only the fishing methods entailing direct contact of the fishing gear with the seabed were relevant. Bottom seiner, beam and otter trawler fishing data were downloaded from the EMODnet portal, representing fishing intensities averaged across three years. However, caution is required as there is on-going research into the footprint and actual impact of fishing on seabed habitats (McConnaughey et al. 2020, 325-30). Although the study presents a simplified, preliminary approach it serves as a big-data-driven attempt to assess the predominant basin-scale post-depositional site formation factors acting at UCH sites. Water depth, bottom fishing intensity and oceanographic variables like salinity have significant influence as well as the expected correlation between the age of a wreck site (sinking date) and its current preservation state. These aspects are being further developed in the ENDURE project addressing the following key knowledge gaps: 1) the efficacy and long term sustainability of ‘in-situ preservation’; 2) what to preserve and why; 3) a comprehensive understanding of decay processes (including their rates) and how and in what circumstances these can be mitigated for; 4) the invisible and inaccessible nature of these sites and how such a large resource can be effectively monitored; 5) the increasingly dynamic and changing nature of the marine environment due to both natural and anthropogenic drivers; and 6) the lack of integration of UCH management with other disciplines and end users of the marine environment. RESOURCES The world’s most dangerous industry The damage caused to UCH by trawling activity cannot be ignored by responsible Government agencies and Lloyd’s Register Foundation3 (LRF) is committed to supporting the safe and effective management of UCH. However, attempts to develop better management regimes for UCH located on or near fishing grounds will be compromised without a high-level of awareness of challenges faced by the fishing community. Accordingly, LRF Heritage Education Centre has launched the Learning from the Past4 programme to help generate insights that contribute to fisher safety. It will also help archaeologists and historians to communicate with fishermen and policy makers to limit harm to both the natural and historic marine environments. Illegal fishing, climate change, weak governance, poverty, and reduced fish stocks all contribute to make fishing one of the world’s most dangerous professions. Recent work by the FISH Safety Foundation indicates that over 100,000 fishing-related fatalities occur annually with the majority in the developing world.5 Negative health effects on industry participants in general and fatalities greatly 2 https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/fishing-intensity-data-set-extended-additional-sea-regions https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/ 4 https://hec.lrfoundation.org.uk/get-involved/introducing-learning-from-the-past-236 5 https://www.the-human-cost-of-fishing.org/ 3 3 �exceed those in the wider shipping sector.6 In Bangladesh, over 1,350 fishermen die at sea every year, often in boats without the most basic safety equipment.7 LRF has launched several initiatives, such as FishSafe2025, to help assure fisher safety through training and awareness.8 The highly influential Insight Report on Safety in the Fishing Industry (Attwood 2018) stressed the need to improve safety in ways that are appropriate for local communities. The Foundation has also supported development of new safety technology—for example SeaWise®, a tablet-sized device that monitors the stability of smaller fishing vessels.9 These outputs contain many insights that may be valuable in designing new UCH management regimes—especially in inshore waters. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and latterly, Highly Protected Marine Areas (HPMAs), will be a key tool in both marine nature and heritage conservation but displacement of fishers from familiar grounds, whether through creation of MPAs or other processes, can carry a cost that must be recognised and addressed in planning stages. The LRF funded film Two Kinds of Water10 tells the story of fishers in Africa’s most vulnerable fishing communities. Displaced from their traditional fishing grounds into stormier waters, fishers are forced to venture further and stay at sea longer in poorly adapted vessels. Larger, mechanised fishing vessels now compete with artisanal fishers for fish and pose a safety threat to their more fragile, smaller craft. Fishing communities also face disruption around the UK. Fishers have been moved from traditional shore facilities due to redevelopment. The UK Government plans for new, HPMAs,11 may also deny fishers access to traditional inshore grounds. UK sea fisheries associations have warned of a looming displacement crisis with lasting harm to coastal communities.12 The UK Government has consulted extensively on proposed HPMAs and eventually refused two of the proposed designations. The needs of fishing communities were prominent in the published rationale for rejection.13 For Lindisfarne, reasons included residents’ concerns about losing their heritage, community, and cultural identity through losing fishing and their health and safety concerns, including mental health. The Inner Silver Pit South designation was refused on the basis that the relatively high costs to fishermen would not be offset by the potential benefits from its designation as a HPMA. FRAMEWORK Protecting England’s Maritime Heritage and fishing community engagement Fishing in English waters, using both mobile and static gear, involves a variety of complex interactions with UCH. Fishing has given rise to important heritage both underwater and along our coastlines, but fishing can also cause damage to UCH. Fishing is often a source of information about UCH – in the form of new discoveries – even where those discoveries are a consequence of fishing impacts. 6 https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/seafarer-fatalities-shows-shipping-mustdo-more.html 7 https://www.fishsafety.org 8 https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/impact-stories/saving-lives-of-the-worlds-poorest-fishermen/ 9 https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/impact-stories/hook-marine 10 https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/news/keeping-fishers-safe-at-sea/ 11 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/highly-protected-marine-areas-hpmas-review-2019 12 https://www.nffo.org.uk/spatial-squeeze-report-parliamentary-launch/ 13 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/highly-protected-marine-areas/highly-protected-marine-areashpmas#an-overview-of-the-pilot-hpma-selection-process 4 �Historic England (HE) is the government’s advisor on the historic environment in England, including in the UK Marine Area (UKMA) off England14, encompassing the territorial sea to 12 nautical miles (nm), and the UK Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone to median lines with neighbouring countries or to the boundary of national jurisdiction (200 nm) in the southwest. HE’s capacity to designate sites under heritage legislation is limited to the territorial sea but HE advises government on a range of other powers relating to resource use, the environment and fishing that apply to the full extent of national jurisdiction. For fisheries management, another key boundary lies at six nm, which is the outer limit of areas administered by Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCAs). Beyond six nm, fisheries management is subject to the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union (EU). Since the UK left the EU, fisheries off England beyond six nm are now administered by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO), one of the family of public bodies sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). HE, including through its precursor English Heritage, has been engaging with fisheries for many years. It commissioned a wide-ranging examination of fishing and the historic environment that encompassed the contribution of fishing to the historic environment as well as direct and indirect interactions, both positive and negative (Firth et al. 2013). The report spurred further investigations and continues to provide evidence to support advice to government. In the 1990s, ‘fishermen’s fasteners’ were included among the core data recorded in the national inventory, now known as the National Marine Heritage Record. Fasteners are places where fishermen have noted snags to their gear which, in several cases, proved to be historic wrecks. Whilst fasteners indicate potential UCH, their actual character is unknown. This and several other ambiguities prompted a project led by Sussex IFCA to better understand fasteners and their heritage implications, including testing whether the survey methods used by IFCAs for fisheries and habitat mapping could also be used to examine fasteners. The project, which included dialogue and joint fieldwork with fishermen, confirmed the continued importance of fishermen’s fasteners as a source of information (Firth & Dapling 2020). The project also flagged the safety issues presented by cultural heritage to fishing insofar as some fishing vessels, and fishermen’s lives,15 have been lost from snagging obstructions and other historic material such as ordnance.16 The potential for IFCAs to use habitat survey methods to examine UCH was further explored in a project led by Isles of Scilly IFCA with the University of Plymouth (Firth et al. 2020). In 2012-13, HE funded a pilot project to encourage fishermen to report their discoveries of UCH through a Fishing Industry Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries (FIPAD) (Davidson 2013). FIPAD was further developed with the support of the National Lottery Heritage Fund and Sussex IFCA in 2016-18.17 Notwithstanding these positive instances of collaboration, fishing is still a cause of impacts to UCH, including to highly significant historic wrecks designated under heritage legislation. Several instances of documented damage are currently being investigated as heritage crimes and in other instances, fieldwork has been commissioned to remove Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) that is obscuring designated sites and presenting a hazard to licensed divers. Whilst damage is a criminal offence, fishing as an activity is not restricted on these sites. Consequently, and in addition to pursuing criminal damage, HE efforts are twofold: working with the fishing sector to discourage the use of potentially damaging methods in the vicinity of important sites; whilst also exploring the use of fisheries management measures to formally restrict fishing. New fisheries legislation, the Fisheries Act 2020, was introduced to accompany the UK leaving the EU and encompasses ‘features of archaeological or historic interest’ within the scope of the marine and aquatic environment that can be conserved, enhanced, and restored through financial assistance, regulations, or conditions on sea fishing licences. It was confirmed by the Minister in Parliament that regulations for conservation 14 Cultural heritage and fisheries in the UK are both devolved matters: distinct arrangements apply in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 15 https://www.gov.uk/maib-reports/capsize-and-sinking-of-beam-trawler-noordster-off-beachy-head-englandwith-loss-of-3-lives. 16 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/galwad-y-mor-report-published. 17 https://fipad.org/ 5 �purposes may be used to amend or introduce legislation to protect features of archaeological or historic interest individually or collectively.18 Exclusion of fishing activity from limited areas around specific heritage sites is a residual option if the risk of impact cannot be reduced through other means, but it is not the starting point. As noted earlier, fishing is a valued part of our heritage, contributing to the character and sense of place of coastal communities, including people who work in them or visit. Often, UCH is itself the heritage of fishing generally but also of the fishermen themselves: numerous fishing vessels lie wrecked in English waters, not least from the First and Second World Wars when fishing vessels and fishing crews served in the hazardous role of minesweeping. HE has supported the contribution of fishing heritage to regeneration of coastal communities through Heritage Action Zones (HAZs) and High Street Action Zones (HAZs). Examples of this include the ‘Kasbah’ at the heart of Grimsby’s historic fishing industry,19 and the Whapload Road area of North Lowestoft (Bristow 2019). HE is carrying out a thematic assessment of heritage relating to steam fishing, encompassing heritage assets on land and at sea. HE continues to explore how heritage contributes to the sustainability of fishing, reducing impacts to UCH but potentially contributing to the wider sustainability of our continued use and enjoyment of our seas. HE is supporting and co-supervising a new PhD starting in October 2023 on using cultural heritage proactively to help manage UK marine fisheries in conjunction with Heriot Watt University and the University of Exeter as part of the Centre for Doctoral Training in in Sustainable Management of UK Marine Resources (CDT SuMMeR). The research will examine how the legacy of cultural heritage embedded in the practice of small-scale fishing – traditional ecological knowledge, maritime landscapes, historic landing places, traditional vessels, and all their associated skills and material culture – can be used to drive greater sustainability within fisheries management. Historic England continues to engage with Defra and the MMO on major changes to fisheries management introduced by the Fisheries Act 2020. The new Joint Fisheries Statement (JFS)20 – which sets out the overall direction of fisheries management across the UK –acknowledges that the seafood sector is an important part of the economy of coastal communities and has a rich cultural heritage from which many of those communities draw a sense of place and identity. There is work to do, however, on detailing how this rich cultural heritage is to be conserved and enhanced through the JFS. Historic England is engaged on the practical implications of the Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) that support the JFS through binding obligations and identified measures for dealing with individual fish stocks, types of fishing and geographic areas. The introduction and implementation of FMPs provides a key opportunity to flag the impacts of specific fisheries and how they can be reduced, but also the positive contribution that heritage can make to the long-term sustainability of fishing and coastal communities. CONCLUSION Unhelpfully, some commercial salvage companies have used the threat of trawl damage to justify the commercial salvage and sale of valuable materials from historic wreck sites—a line of argument that must be refuted through evidence led approach to the actual nature and scale of impacts created by different types of fishing gear in different locations. Fishing is also an inherently hazardous occupation and the fact fishing communities represent intangible cultural heritage values is increasingly recognised in consultations21 and programmes supporting the regional socio-economic 18 https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2020-09-15/debates/a7b42ae4-819e-45c7-a0d6fc32b494aacf/FisheriesBill(Lords)(FifthSitting)#contribution-FCA4B1FA-E107-4602-B34C-E9AF6F80A30F 19 https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/heritage-action-zones/greater-grimsby/ 20 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/joint-fisheries-statement-jfs 21 https://www.theheritagealliance.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Heritage-in-the-Marine-Environmentpaper.pdf 6 �role of fisheries.22 Heritage agencies have worked successfully with fishing communities to explore collaborative management approaches. Indeed, examples exist of fishing communities recruited and trained specifically to assist with monitoring and conservation of UCH. 23 However, much more effort is needed to develop ways to balance the needs of fishers with preservation of nature and heritage. Lloyd’s Register Foundation will continue to support such efforts. Bibliography Attwood, D. Insight report on safety in the fishing industry: a global safety challenge [online] Lloyd’s Register Foundation. Available at: https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/publications (2018) Bałazy, P., Copeland, U., & Sokołowski, A. “Shipwrecks and underwater objects of the southern Baltic—Hard substrata islands in the brackish, soft bottom marine environment”. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 225 (2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019. 05.022 Brennan, Michael L., Dan Davis, Robert D. Ballard, Arthur C. Trembanis, J. Ian Vaughn, Jason S. Krumholz, James P. Delgado. "Quantification of Bottom Trawl Fishing Damage to Ancient Shipwreck Sites." Marine Geology 371 (2016): 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.11.001. Bristow, M. 311 – 333 Whapload Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk: Historic Area Assessment, No. 57–2019; Research Report Series. Portsmouth: Historic England, 2019. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/7747/311%E2%80%93333WhaploadRoadLowestoftSuffolk%E2%80% 93HistoricAreaAssessment Croome, A. “Sinking fast.” New Scientist 161, no. 2169 (1999): 49-52. Davidson, S. Fishing Industry Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries: Final report, 73271.04. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology, 2013. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/6952/FishingIndustryProtocolforArchaeologicalDiscoveries Fernández-Montblanc, T., A. Izquierdo, R. Quinn, and M. Bethencourt. "Waves and Wrecks: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Study in an Underwater Archaeological Site." Ocean Engineering 163 (2018): 232-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.062. Firth, A. Managing shipwrecks. London: Honor Frost Foundation, 2018. https://honorfrostfoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/07/BRIJ5800-Multiwreck-A4-Report-WEB-0419-UPDATE.pdf Firth, A., and Dapling, T. “Fishing for heritage: A project to better understand ‘fishermen’s fasteners’ off the coast of Sussex”. Historic Environment Research 15 (2020): 38–45. https://historicengland.org.uk/imagesbooks/publications/historic-england-research-15/he-research-15/ Firth, A., Hooper, T., and Sheehan, E. “Fish and ships: Integrating heritage with habitat surveys off the Isles of Scilly”. Historic Environment Research 15 (2020): 46–53. https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/historic-englandresearch-15/he-research-15/ Firth, A., McAleese, L., Smith, R., and Woodcock, T. Fishing, and the historic environment, EH 6204. Bath: Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd, 2013. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/6951/FishingandtheHistoricEnvironment Geraga, Maria, Dimitris Christodoulou, Dimitrios Eleftherakis, George Papatheodorou, Elias Fakiris, Xenophon Dimas, Nikos Georgiou, et al. "Atlas of Shipwrecks in Inner Ionian Sea (Greece): A Remote Sensing Approach." Heritage 3, no. 4 (2020): 1210-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040067. Gregory, D., and M. Manders. Best practices for locating, surveying, assessing, monitoring, and preserving underwater archaeological sites, SASMAP Guideline Manual 2, European Union, (2015): 1-107. http://sasmap.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/temasites/sas_map/pdf/SASMAP_guideline_02_LR.pdf. 22 23 https://www.cabfishman.net https://risingfromthedepths.com/blog/marovany-4/ 7 �Gregory, D., Dam, M, Majcher, J., Matthiesen, H., Normann-Andersen, G., Quinn, R. (forthcoming) Using open-data portals, remote sensing, and computational modelling to investigate historic wreck sites and their environments: 45 years on from Muckelroy. To be submitted to International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. Majcher, Jan, Rory Quinn, Ruth Plets, Mark Coughlan, Christopher McGonigle, Fabio Sacchetti, and Kieran Westley. "Spatial and Temporal Variability in Geomorphic Change at Tidally Influenced Shipwreck Sites: The Use of Time‐ Lapse Multibeam Data for the Assessment of Site Formation Processes." Geoarchaeology (2021): 1-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.21840. McConnaughey, R. A., Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Pitcher, C. R., Kaiser, M. J., Suuronen, P., & Hilborn, R. (2020). Choosing best practices for managing impacts of trawl fishing on seabed habitats and biota. Fish and Fisheries 21, no. 2 (2020): 319-337. Muckelroy, K.. "Historic wreck sites in Britain and their environments." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 6, no.1 (1977): 47-57. Ndungu, K., et al. “Petroleum oil and mercury pollution from shipwrecks in Norwegian coastal waters.” Sci Total Environ 593-594 (2017): 624-633. Papageorgiou, M. “Underwater cultural heritage facing maritime spatial planning: Legislative and technical issues.” Ocean & Coastal Management 165 (2018): 195-202. Plets, R., Quinn, R., Forsythe, W., Westley, K., Bell, T., Benatti, S., McGrath, F., Robinson, R. “Using Multibeam Echo‐ Sounder Data to Identify Shipwreck Sites: archaeological assessment of the Joint Irish Bathymetric Survey data.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 40, no. 1 (2011): 87-98. Quinn, R., and D. Boland. “The role of time-lapse bathymetric surveys in assessing morphological change at shipwreck sites.” Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 11 (2010): 2938-2946. Quinn, R., and T. A. G. Smyth. "Processes and Patterns of Flow, Erosion, and Deposition at Shipwreck Sites: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, no. 6 (2018): 1429-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0468-7. Smyth, T. A. G., and R. Quinn. "The Role of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Understanding Shipwreck Site Formation Processes." Journal of Archaeological Science 45 (2014): 220-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.025. UNESCO “2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage,” Records of the general conference: Resolutions 31st session, Vol. 1, edited by UNESCO, Paris: UNESCO, (2001):50–61. https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000124687.page=56 Westley, K., Plets, R., Quinn, R. “Optimising protocols for high-definition imaging of historic shipwrecks using multibeam echosounder.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 7 (2019): 3629–3645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520019-00831-6 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 13: Major Threats to Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Papers presented at Session 13 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Session 13 papers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage and Fishing Communities: Safeguarding Heritage and Safeguarding Fishermen Description An account of the resource This paper proposes that development of a fit-for purpose management to protect underwater cultural heritage from negative impacts caused by fishing gear requires three elements; evidence-based characterisation of impacts; understanding of the pressures and constraints acting upon fishing communities; commitment to engagement with fishermen and industry associations. A new study is introduced, ENDURE, that will help to characterize and quantify damage caused by fishing gear to archaeological material as part of a broader study of site formation and preservation in situ. The work of Lloyd’s Registry Foundation on fishing safety is presented as a contribution to the design of appropriate management regimes – it is emphasized that fishing is already inherently dangerous and that dislocation from traditional fishing grounds caused by exclusion or limitation of fishing in certain areas can exacerbate occupation safety challenges; the work of Historic England in is described as a case study of liaison with fishermen to safeguard heritage and the need for broad. The need for commitment to a broad program of engagement with fishermen, industry associations and responsible agencies is illustrated. The paper concludes that the vital role of fishing in maintaining the stability of coastal communities must be recognized while seeking arrangements that minimize risk to heritage on the seabed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ben Ferrari Antony Firth David Gregory Louise Sanger Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ferrari, Ben, Antony Firth, David Gregory, and Louise Sanger. 2023. “Underwater Cultural Heritage and Fishing Communities: safeguarding heritage and safeguarding fishermen.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Charlotte Jarvis, and Ole Varmer. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1903 Asia-Pac Session 13 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/14a22bbdef906f20b90585d8b01a489d.pdf ef7d221a7079bbb5e0f64cb5d7d1da36 PDF Text Text Underwater Cultural Heritage Conservation and the Convention Practice in China Fan Yiran National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Beijing People’s Republic of China, 100029 Email: fanyiran@vip.sina.com Abstract China has large number and various types of underwater cultural heritage resources, which altogether forms an essential part of China’s cultural heritage. In order to manage such valuable cultural resources, the nation has been playing the most important, leading role and this state-led working mode is enabled through supports from all aspects: organizational, legal, financial and institutional. Starting from 1970s, underwater archaeology went from foreshore to coastal waters then to high seas. Currently, more than a hundred wreck sites have also been located in Chinese waters. Several submerged ancient town remains and burial sites were also discovered. UCH conservation is entering into a spanking new stage of expanding and transformation. Through years of learning, comparison and practical experiences, one has to admit that China has done quite a good job in preserving its underwater cultural heritage resources. However, problems also exist. By now, China’s policy towards UCH conservation is “centered on coastal areas, underline inshore waters, begin surveys in internal waters and get ready for high seas. China sincerely hopes to facilitate more international cooperative projects, and actively take part in the global UCH conservation campaign. Keywords: UCH, Underwater Cultural Heirtage, UCH in China, Convention Practice, Nanhai I, Nan’ao I, Underwater Archaeology, White Crane Underwater Museum Introduction As we all know, China is famous for her long and brilliant culture. Possesses over 18000 kilometers’ coastline, nearly 300 square kilometers’ coastal areas and territorial sea and more than 30 square kilometers’ inland waters, China is a nation with great sea power. Its long navigation history and developed water transportation and trade system, as well as the world famous Grand Canal and Maritime Silk Road, made China a country of abundant underwater cultural heritage. At the present day, we are gradually developing a proper way of UCH protection in China. Current situation of UCH Conservation in China In China, conservation and management of UCH is led by the central government, with 1 �support from authorities of all levels. Cross-sector cooperation is also pervasive in this process. However, the real business started rather late, in March 1987, state administration of cultural heritage directed the establishment of the underwater archaeology team, with support from various relevant governmental department and organizations. Later in November, a research department on underwater archaeology was formed within the National History Museum of China (Wu, 2007). The country’s underwater archaeology began from that moment. At the same time, relevant laws and regulations provided all actions a solid legal basis. In 1989, following the “Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics”1, the state council enacted the “Regulation Republic of of the Peoples China on Conservation and Management Fig. 1 Recent Underwater Archaeological exploration 2 organized by the Center. (National Center of Underwater of Underwater Cultural Relics” , Cultural Heritage) which has been the foundation of all UCH conservation works in China for more than 20 years. As the situations are becoming different day by day, relevant authorities are working actively for an updated version of the regulation. All this time, the government has obtained great results in fighting criminals since a range of activities fighting against looting and vandalism according to the regulation has been proved effective. In today’s China, the State Administration of Cultural heritage3 (SACH) is the leader of UCH conservation team, while the National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Fig. 1), directly under SACH’s leadership, is the only national and newly established research organization specially focusing on underwater archeology and UCH conservation. The National Conservation Center for Underwater Cultural Heritage was established in 2009 (National Center of UCH of China , 2013), consisting of the Administration Office (Secretary Office), Technique & Equipment Department, Institute of Underwater 2 �Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Relics Protection and Conservation Department, branch organizations are also under construction in Ningbo, Qingdao, Wuhan and Fujian. The Center nicely played its function, actively developed UCH conservation, research and excavation projects, and got fully confirmations from SACH, and local governments and institutes. It marked that UCH has got a new position as the important content of the national cultural heritage and museum undertakings, and a new chance of focused promotion and rapid development. Generally, the Center is responsible for the works below: - Undertakes daily communication and coordination among ministries for national UCH conservation issues; - Organizes, coordinates and implements national UCH surveys, excavations, conservation, preservation, scientific research and trainings; - Draws up national UCH conservation plans, undertakes researches on related legislation, protocols standards; - Undertakes the management, research and development of UCH conservation technical equipment; - Carries on the management of the Nanhai UCH base and Xisha Archaeological Workstation, and provides guidance on professional works of local UCH offices; - Facilitates and enables public outreach, international exchange and cooperation of UCH conservation; - Carries on other tasks assigned by SACH. Other than the Center, a national level organization, most coastal provinces have established their own institutions and organizations working for underwater archeology and UCH conservation, like the well-known Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum 4 and the Quanzhou Maritime Museum in Fujian Province 5. As components of the UCH protection army in China, all these organizations and institutions greatly improved our professional abilities and standards. The government also paid great attention to professional training. SACH has held 5 professional underwater archeological training courses successively before 2009. And in more recent time, in order to satisfy this expanding field, the Center has helped SACH with one underwater archeology training courses and two relic preservation 3 �training course (Fig. 2). As a result, there are now over 100 underwater archeology professionals and over 40 restoration/preservation professionals. They work in different coastal cities, but can be gathered together when needed, which buys insurance for the overall UCH conservation work. Financially, the state government has always been very generous in funding works related to conservation and management of UCH. Local government also often paid big money since they consider successful conservation and management of native cultural heritage underwater is in Fig. 2 First Underwater Archaeological Training a way an effective method to Programme. (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage) uncover local history, enhance local identity and pass on significant cultural remains to future generations. And a fund guarantee mechanism where the central government dominants and local government facilitates has been well established. Aiming at bring UCH business forward; China funded its very first underwater archaeology work ship in 2011. The SACH and the Center organized and coordinated the design and the construction of the ship. This ship, with a displacement of 930 tons and designed draft of 2.7 meters, is going to have its maiden trip in April 2014 (Fig. 3). Development of such a wide range field needs insight on international trend, which, China has always been paying attention to. For 20 years, China has been actively working with countries like Korea, Japan, Italy, France and Indonesia and so on. During the process of international cooperation, our research ability has been greatly improved and professional team strengthened. Experts from abroad were often invited for talks, conferences and projects. UCH Conservation in China: The Convention Spirit Practitioner The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, published on 2 Nov, 2001, provided worldwide UCH conservation a scientific and formal reference, 4 �and oriented its development international cooperation. towards The convention is also significant in terms of its philosophy: emphasizes the transformation of underwater archaeology into underwater cultural heritage; draws attention to public education; underlines the importance of in-situ conservation and minimal intervention as well as pays respects to human remains. Although currently not being a contracting party of the convention, China, nevertheless, has already taken part in conserving underwater cultural heritage. With quite a few major UCH projects undertaking, this country is a true practitioner of the convention as it will be outlined in the following Fig. 3 Underwater Archaeology Workshop. (National Center of Underwater Cultural In-situ Practice in China: The White Crane Heritage) section. Underwater Museum6 An outstanding example of in-situ UCH conservation is the construction of the White Crane Underwater Museum in Chong Qing (Fig. 4). This museum is by far the only museum built in-situ built on a submerged site. Visitors can get 40 m underwater through a corridor. Neither the site nor its surrounding environment had been greatly changed, and this practice was widely recognized. The Ridge of White Crane (Baiheliang), a naturally formed sandstone bridge, locates in Yangzi River and can only be seen in winter. It shows us 72 years of water level from 763 AD over 1200 years from now. In order to keep the site original and integrated, we successfully made the museum despite of the difficulties (Gao, 2012). Practice on Increasing Public Awareness. Following the convention’s notion of increasing public awareness, Chinese put lots of efforts in presentation and interpretation of UCH through effective management approaches. The convention requires UCH to be made accessible for the public, 5 �especially for school education, and that is exactly what they did for the late Song dynasty wreck South China Sea I. The Maritime Silk Road Museum7 of Guangdong is a museum themed on this wreck and associated remains, since its opening in 2009; it has welcomed over a million visitors of different types, making it a definite landmark of the community. Authorized Salvage Excavation: Salvage as a Whole and In-situ Excavation Although the Convention believes insitu conservation is the first option, but first choice does not necessarily to be the priority. If the reason is sufficient and urgent, partially or fully excavation becomes a priority ahead of in-situ conservation. Because of illegal Fig. 4 The White Crane Underwater Museum. smuggling and destruction associated (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage) with these illegal practices, we conducted the scientific excavation by the authorization of the government, and creatively began the method of “salvage as a whole and exhibit and excavate in-doors” of large shipwrecks. “Nanhai I” was found in 1989 during the China-Japan cooperated investigation of shipwrecks in South China Sea (Fig. 5). It is one of the few Song dynasty ship found well preserved, thus with significant historical value. However, because it was located in the open sea, and it was difficult to monitor, it had been looted and partially destroyed over the years. The successfully salvage of “Nanhai I” as a whole was a good attempt of the comprehensive implementation of underwater archaeology, relic conservation and maritime engineering. It is a strong evidence of the multi-fields, multi-departments UCH cooperation in China, as well as the best interpretation and scientific development of authority and integrity (Wei, 2008). “Nan’ao I” was located in “Nan’ao” waters of Guangdong, miles from the seashore (Fig. 6). Since it had been looted and destroyed for many times in the past, we decided to do the excavation. The project started in Sep. of 2009, though excavations happen in 6 �2010/2011 and 2012. More than 30 underwater archaeologists and over 10 specialized conservators cooperated to finish the work, 3 professionals from Korea were also invited. The team had mastered the distribution of the shipwreck and the structure, the shipwreck heads north, leans east, 2485 cm in length, widest section was 750 cm, 25 boards. Cargos involve pottery and ceramic, metallic and organic relics. The basic structure is complete, 26 thousands artifacts were lifted, sampled big amount of different soils, remains of animals and plants, metal goods, and etc., did the comprehensive research of scientific archaeology, animal archaeology and plant archaeology. The maritime geological environment was mastered though sonar scans. The team established an iron conservation frame after the excavation was over in 2012, to conserve the main body of the site in-situ (Chen, 2012). Fig. 5 “Nanhai I” Shipwreck inside Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong. (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage) Fight against Commercial Speculation and Trade Chinese government actively carries out underwater cultural heritage protection; 7 �meanwhile contribute to manage multi-sectorial cooperation, to crack down on destruction of the underwater cultural heritage, such as looting activities. antiques Due to the flourishing of market in China and worldwide, the illegal activities such as smuggling and looting of underwater cultural relics have gone from bad to worse among Chinese coastal areas. Fig. 6 Brown Glazed Porcelain from “Nan’ao I” wreck site. To relieve the serious (National Center of Underwater Cultural situation, Heritage) Chinese government has taken a variety of methods. In recent years, in Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian province, the local police uncovered several crimes on underwater cultural heritage. For instance, in Pingtan county of Fujian province, the local police uncovered 11 cases of relics crimes, detained 40 people believed to be involved in the operations, and recovered 1700 pieces of historical artifacts, namely porcelain. In 2010, Chinese State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the State Oceanic Administration signed "The cooperation framework agreement of underwater cultural heritage protection”, the two sides will jointly carry out eight aspects actions, such as underwater cultural heritage protection strategy and planning, underwater archaeology, underwater cultural relics law enforcement patrol and so on. At the same time we also actively explore the integrated use of modern technology, including GPS, GIS and RS technology, security and monitoring technology. In 2010, for example, we launched China's first underwater cultural heritage monitoring security pilot project – Banyang reef I unmanned monitoring system, in which Buoy monitoring system, sit bottom monitoring, the anti-frogman sonar and unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative monitoring, 3G network monitoring, passive sonar underwater monitoring technology solutions were proposed (Fan, 2013). At the same time the system discussed the combination of technology defense and human defense, as well as the improvement of laws and regulations. The system laid a solid foundation of underwater cultural heritage monitoring, to strengthen the importance of 8 �security monitoring work in underwater cultural heritage protection. Conclusion Currently, more than a hundred wreck sites have been located in Chinese waters. Several submerged ancient town remains and burial sites were also discovered. UCH conservation is entering into a promising new stage of expansion and transformation. We can summarize this process into five aspects: 1. Academic and practical development from underwater archaeology alone to sophisticated UCH conservation and management (Ding and Fan, 2013); 2. Working area getting from foreshore to coastal waters then to high seas; 3. Projects implementation starting to include more stakeholders, departments and organizations; 4. UCH conservation turning from academic and governmental behavior into a business involving the public; 5. Developments emphasizing on diversified and in-depth international cooperation Through years of learning, comparison and practical experiences, one has to admit that China has done quite a good job in preserving its underwater cultural heritage resources. However, problems also exist. Firstly, top-down system and professional training makes UCH conservation easy to manage. But traditional maritime culture and outdated legal protection somehow negatively affect our work. Secondly, the concept of underwater archaeology and underwater cultural heritage has not been clearly defined, which led to bias in actual field work. At the same time, ideas and philosophies of the Convention have not draw enough attention in Chinese academia. Third, in terms of research method and theories on UCH conservation and management, there is still a big gap between Chinese and advanced international standards. Meanwhile, diving skills received too much attention from professionals. Balance should be achieved although current results are encouraging. Finally, in spite of being a focus of attention worldwide, China’s UCH conservation and management works have not become an organic component of this multinational field of study. By now, China’s policy towards UCH conservation is “centered on coastal areas, underline inshore waters, start surveys in internal waters and prepare for high seas. China sincerely hopes to facilitate more 9 �international cooperative projects, and to actively take part in the global UCH conservation campaign. Acknowledgement Sincere thanks to the conference committee for inviting and providing an opportunity for me to share the ideas and knowledge of UCH conservation business in China with experts and professionals from different countries. Also I would like to thank my colleagues, Liu shuguang, Chai xiaoming and Sunjian and so on, they gave me huge support in writing this article. So as my daughter and husband, I would not be able to spend time and energy in work without their care and understanding. Endnote 1 See English version here: http://www.sach.gov.cn/art/2007/10/29/art_1591_58336.html See English version here: http://www.law-lib.com/lawhtm/1989/6039.htm 3 See website here: http://www.sach.gov.cn/ 4 http://www.msrmuseum.com/index.aspx 5 http://www.qzhjg.com/ 6 http://www.cqbhl.com.cn/ 7 See: http://www.msrmuseum.com/index.aspx 2 References Chen, R., 2012. Nao'ao I in Eyes of Site Manager Cuiyong. Ding, J., and Fan, Y., 2013. A Few Issues on Underwater Archaeology. China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research . Fan, Y., 2013. Safty Monitoring of UCH in China. Cultural Relics in Southern China . Gao, Y., 2012. Constructon of the White Crane Museum and UCH Management. Journal of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (Social Sciences Edition) . National Center of UCH of China. 2013. Introduction to National Center of UCH of China, retrieved 01 20, 2014, from Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage: http://www.cach.org.cn/tabid/169/InfoID/577/frtid/167/Default.aspx Wei, J., 2008. "Nanhai I" Shipwreck Archaeology and UCH Management. Cultural Heritage . Wu, Chunming., 2007. Maritime Archaeology. Beijing, Science Press China. Biography Fan Yiran worked as a news reporter, and started to cover live broadcast of underwater cultural heritage conservation fieldwork since 2000. She changed her career later in 2005 and stepped into UCH business in 2009. She is now working in the National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage as the director of the general office. Yiran is the first female underwater news reporter in China. And after her transformation into an underwater archaeologist, she participated in various UCH conservation projects including “Nanhai I” and “Nan’ao I” wreck sites and has led series of UCH survey project in Liaoning, Tianjin and Hebei. 10 �11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 9: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Interview with Session 9 chair Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource East Asia is rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Not only conventional shipwrecks or submerged archaeological sites but also stone tidal weirs or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones have extensively been identified by many researchers. Most countries have just started in directing the heritage management in order to preserve them well, but the process of trial and error is still going on. In addition, no Asian nation, except for Cambodia and Iran, has ratified the UNESCO’s 2001 convention yet, partly because of territorial disputes over the sea among several East and Southeast Asian governments. It would be foolish to rule out political considerations when we study maritime or underwater archaeology in Asia. This session showcases papers about the history and current trends of maritime or underwater archaeology around East Asia. It may includes papers focusing upon historical backgrounds or wakeup calls of underwater cultural studies, ongoing excavations, grass roots movements, legislation efforts, contemporary political matters, and so forth. In 1890 an Ottoman frigate sunk within Japanese territorial waters; her wreck has lately been salvaged by foreign hunters who disregard its domestic law for the protection of cultural properties, while Japanese academic institutions or underwater archaeological organizations have been kept away from the excavation activities. Papers on points raised from such case studies will also be welcomed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage Conservation and the Convention Practice in China Description An account of the resource China has large number and various types of underwater cultural heritage resources, which altogether forms an essential part of China’s cultural heritage. In order to manage such valuable cultural resources, the nation has been playing the most important, leading role and this state-led working mode is enabled through supports from all aspects: organizational, legal, financial and institutional. Starting from 1970s, underwater archaeology went from foreshore to coastal waters then to high seas. Currently, more than a hundred wreck sites have also been located in Chinese waters. Several submerged ancient town remains and burial sites were also discovered. UCH conservation is entering into a spanking new stage of expanding and transformation. Through years of learning, comparison and practical experiences, one has to admit that China has done quite a good job in preserving its underwater cultural heritage resources. However, problems also exist. By now, China’s policy towards UCH conservation is “centered on coastal areas, underline inshore waters, begin surveys in internal waters and get ready for high seas. China sincerely hopes to facilitate more international cooperative projects, and actively take part in the global UCH conservation campaign. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fan Yiran, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 9 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/526c1e26f4035d512d3f23e17eed5be4.pdf 8e2bd41bdc9aa8b361f844057c8a5ad7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 2: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 2 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. 2023 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage Culture Routes: Green Island Lighthouse and SS President Hoover Shipwreck as Examples Description An account of the resource All underwater cultural heritage sites are related to people in land. To promote and demonstrate the protection of valuable and important underwater cultural heritage works, is not only to establish museums, organize exhibitions, produce films, or publishg related publications, but also can combine elements with the people, things, and affairs related to the land area. Examples such as the lighthouse on the beach, the residents on the shore, the recovery of underwater objects, and the underwater archaeology sites can be used to develop into ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage Culture Routes (UCHCR)’, so that everyone could use the planned ‘UCHCR’ to have a deeper understanding of the ins and outs of the entire underwater cultural heritage and complete historical stories. In 1937, the SS President Hoover sank in Zhongliao Bay of Green Island, which was on an important international waterway in the western Pacific, East of the city of Taitung. In order to thank the local residents that helped rescue the victims, the Green Island Lighthouse was built by the American Red Cross the following year. We intend to use the Green Island Lighthouse and the SS President Hoover Shipwreck as an example to plan the ‘UCHCR’, combined with the Green Island Lighthouse, the Green Island Visitor Center, and the Green Island Underwater Archaeological Station to tie all the shipwrecks’ story around the island. Because the island is famous for its clear water and good visibility, richness in corals, diversity of maritime life, and its abundance of underwater cultural heritage, we could also plan for divers the in situ diving guide routes and enlist the local divers to guard the site as volunteers, in order to let the shipwreck site not be a single underwater cultural site, but to enrich the tourist oriented activities and the interest in the island traveling. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tung Ying-Ying Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Tung, Ying-Ying. 2021. “Underwater Cultural Heritage Culture Routes: Green Island Lighthouse and SS President Hoover Shipwreck as Examples.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/676 Asia-Pac Session 2 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/79c4cd74769497f978fd08f24c312040.pdf 8cfa80b495ffaf05bdc643fbe226cf97 PDF Text Text Underwater Cultural Heritage Management and Capacity Building in the Pacific Islands Akatsuki Takahashi UNESCO Office for the Pacific States Samoa Email: a.takahashi@unesco.org Abstract This paper begins with introducing UNESCO’s Conventions focusing on different forms of heritage, namely land-based, underwater, movable, immovable, tangible and intangible, including the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH Convention) adopted in 2001. The paper then presents progress in activities under the three key Conventions, namely, the UCH Convention, the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention (ICH Convention), in the Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Notable progress in UCH-related activities includes the enhanced awareness of the importance of UCH to SIDS sustainable development through the explicit reference to UCH in the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway outcome document of the 3rd UN SIDS Conference (Samoa, 2014) and a call for the development of comprehensive strategies to raise awareness of the natural and cultural significance of the ocean at the UN Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 14: Conserve and Sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (NY, September 2017). Taking into account of these developments and based on good practices identified through the promotion and implementation of the World Heritage Convention and the ICH Convention in Pacific SIDS, the paper aims to present an implementation strategy for the effective support to UCH-related activities and the promotion of the UCH Convention among Pacific SIDS as a way forward. �Key words: UNESCO, UCH Convention, World Heritage Convention, Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention, The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, SDGs Introduction The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is one of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations (UN). Among its broad mandate, UNESCO is recognized as a leader in the international cooperation in culture. The Culture Programme of UNESCO consists of two pillars of Heritage and Creativity. By safeguarding heritage in all forms, namely, land-based, underwater, movable, immovable, tangible and intangible, and promoting arts and cultural/creative industries, the Culture Programme of UNESCO aims to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions for sustainable development and peace in the world. Over the years, UNESCO adopted seven conventions in culture. All together, they provide a comprehensive coverage of the culture sector. Among them, the following five Conventions directly concern cultural heritage; i) Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003), ii) Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), iii) Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), iv) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property (1970), �v) Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) and its first Protocol (1954) and the 2nd Protocol (1999). It must be noted that these Conventions provide important guidelines and principles for the heritage safeguarding that could help member states build and develop the national systems – policy, strategy, management tools such as heritage registers and inventories, infrastructure, capacities, etc. – necessary for heritage safeguarding. Some of the Conventions establish international lists through intergovernmental process. The World Heritage List established by the World Heritage Convention is one of the examples. The objective of this listing system is to enhance the protection and visibility of heritage that meet specific criteria set out in the operational guidelines of the respective Convention through international cooperation. The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflicts adopted in The Hague in 1954 is the first Convention that UNESCO adopted after World War II. It is the first international treaty addressing the cultural property protection both at peace time and during conflicts. The definition of cultural property under the Hague Convention is broad, covering both movable and immovable, including not only cultural heritage sites, but also cultural institutions such as libraries, museums, and archives. After the end of the Cold War in 1990s, cultural heritage became a target of intentional attack and some iconic heritage such as Mostar Bridge in Bosnia and Herzegovina was destroyed during the civil war. At the request of member states calling for more effective heritage protection, UNESCO launched a process to elaborate the 2nd Protocol to the Hague Convention, which was adopted in 1999. The 2nd Protocol establishes the Enhanced Protection system. The Hague Convention played a pioneering role in promoting the concept of “Cultural �heritage of all mankind” and in entrusting the international community with the responsibility for its protection. With the increasing number of thefts and pillage of archaeological sites and museums as background, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property was adopted in 1970. The 1970 Convention regards cultural property as an embodiment of cultural identity and aims to facilitate their return to the countries of origin. This Convention, however, does not apply to the cases of illicit traffic that occurred before 1970. Therefore, the Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in case of Illicit Appropriation (ICPRCP) was established in 1978 with the aims to provide an international forum to promote the return and restitution of cultural property for the cases before 1970 and in the process of colonization. Increasing needs of the protection of movable cultural property were identified not only for land-based heritage but also underwater heritage. For a long time, historical and cultural objects that were found in submerged shipwrecks have been dispersed due to the application of the law of finds to sunken and abandoned vessels under which the finder is granted ownership of the objects. The advancing technology has increasingly made the access to submerged shipwrecks easier, making them more vulnerable to commercially driven “treasure hunting” activities. The United Nations Convention on the Low of the Sea (UNCLOS) adopted in 1982 includes two provisions concerning UCH. However, these provisions were felt by cultural experts to be incomplete without providing details of the protection measures. With this as background, the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted in 2001. Article 4 of the UCH Convention states that “Any �activities relating to UCH to which this Convention applies shall not be subject to the law of salvage or law of finds, unless it; (a) is authorized by the competent authorities, and (b) UCH Convention protects UCH from being commercially exploited for trade or speculation, and (c) ensures that any recovery of the UCH achieves its maximum protection”. In this way, the UCH underlined the importance of in situ preservation of UCH, prohibiting UCH from being commercially exploited for trade or speculation. The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, known as the World Heritage Convention, was adopted in 1972. Behind its adoption was the global interest in and movement for the protection of environment. The World Heritage Convention combined the protection of cultural heritage and natural heritage, establishing a more comprehensive system for international cooperation for the heritage safeguarding. The World Heritage Convention presents the concept of “Common heritage of humanity”, and the responsibility for future generations. The World Heritage Convention primarily addresses issues related to tangible cultural heritage and natural heritage. The Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) Convention was adopted some 30 years after the adoption of the World Heritage Convention. The ICH Convention addresses the need of the urgent safeguarding of ICH or “the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their heritage.” (Article 2 of the ICH Convention). The ICH Convention underlined the importance of the participation of community and ICH holders/practitioners in establishing community-based ICH inventories �with “Free, Prior, and Informed Consent”. The ICH Convention is characterized by the respect for the communities’ decision, and equality among diverse cultures. Despite the initial issues over its coherence with the existing heritage concept, the ICH Convention has received growing support of member states in particular in Africa and Asia. UNESCO Office for the Pacific States based in Samoa is one of some 50 field offices of UNESCO. The Office in Apia is in charge of 16 member states and 1 associate member. The priority group is the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Pacific, most of them are young nations and facing development challenges that are specific to SIDS. The key objective of the culture programme of the Office in Apia is to assist Pacific SIDS to develop and upgrade their national systems based on the guidelines provided by the Conventions to strengthen the culture sector through technical assistance and capacity building. Progress related to UCH Convention At present, most of Pacific SIDS are parties to the World Heritage Convention and the ICH Convention, while none of them are parties to the UCH Convention. Despite slow progress in terms of ratification, however, there have been progress in the awareness raising on the importance of UCH for SIDS sustainable development. UNESCO organized a series of activities on UCH during the 3rd UN International Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Samoa, 1 – 4 September 2014). These activities resulted in a partnership with the Pacific Island Forum (PIF) and its Pacific Ocean Alliance (POA). The goals of POA are to reinvigorate the commitment to and implementation of the Pacific Island Regional Ocean Policy composed of six areas of cooperation including “Culture and Identity”. �A new network called Pacific UCH Partnerships (PUCHP) was also agreed upon at the expert meeting held during the SIDS Conference as an open-ended network with universities, regional intergovernmental agencies, specialized institutions and centres, NGOs and other civil society organizations in the areas related to UCH protection and management. As its first assignment, and in response to the request by Pacific member states and in cooperation with UNESCO, PUCHP carried out a research project in 2015 with the following objectives; i) to have a better understanding of issues surrounding WWII remains in the Pacific, ii) to identify good practices in the protection and management of these remains to reduce the impact on the environment and human safety, and iii) to identify areas of international cooperation. A final report is expected to be available before the end of 2017. Importantly, the outcome of the SIDS Conference titled Samoa Accelerated Modality of Action (SAMOA) Pathway reaffirms that SIDS remain a special case for sustainable development, recognizing SIDS’s ownership and leadership in overcoming challenges specific to SIDS. The SAMOA Pathway paragraph 54 supports SIDS’s efforts to conserve their UCH and paragraph 58 (j) supports States to consider becoming parties to the UCH Convention. This was the first time that UCH was mentioned in the outcome documents of the SIDS Conference. The summary of UCH-related activities at the SIDS Conference was published by UNESCO as an e-document (UNESCO 2014). The document was officially launched at the inaugural POA Meeting held in Suva in May 2015. �Fig.1: Flyer on Pacific Ocean Alliance. (© PIF) Another important document was adopted at the UN Conference to support the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (the UN Ocean Conference) at the UN in NY (New York) in June 2017. The Conference’s outcome document is titled “Our Ocean, our future: call for action” and paragraph 13 (d) in the document states “develop comprehensive strategies to raise awareness of the natural and cultural significance of the ocean, as well as of its state and role…”. As background, SDGs are the goals that the international community agreed to achieve towards 2030 in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted in November 2014. The 2030 Agenda has 17 SDGs and 169 targets. Culture plays a transversal role in achieving all the SDGs, and directly concerns some of the SDGs, notably, SDG 11 on �Sustainable Cities and Communities to protect worlds’ cultural/natural heritage (Note that Government budget per year for heritage safeguarding is mentioned as a basis to provide SDG Indicator 11.4.1), SDG 4 on Quality Education through the education and appreciation of cultural diversity, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth through employment in the sector of cultural and creative industries and tourism. Progress related to other Conventions in Culture With regard to the World Heritage Convention, the Pacific member states managed to meet at a Pacific World Heritage Workshop on a regular basis with funding from development partners and UNESCO (UNESCO 2012 and 2014). This allowed the region to develop a medium-term Pacific World Heritage Action Plan since 2000. The Action Plan identifies priority actions; both at national and regional levels and currently Pacific SIDS are implementing the Pacific World Heritage Action Plan 2016-2020. Thanks to this successful regional cooperation, all Pacific SIDS except two countries are now parties to the World Heritage Convention and over ten sites in Pacific SIDS are inscribed on the World Heritage List. As for the ICH Convention, UNESCO launched a global capacity building programme in 2011. Under this programme, UNESCO trained a corps of trainers, developed learning materials and standard programmes of workshops focusing on ratification, implementation, community-based ICH inventorying, safeguarding plan development, and nomination development. This programme was benefitting from a significant amount of voluntary contributions from member states and development partners. Mention should be made about so called “ratification workshop” and its impact. This category of workshop is a multi-stakeholder workshop bringing together government officials, ICH practitioners and holders, �community leaders, NGOs, researchers and academics involved in ICH safeguarding. The government officials participating in this workshop typically come not only from the cultural authorities but also from other Ministries such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs which is usually a focal point for international conventions and the UN-related matters, Attorney General’s Office that provides legal advice when countries make a decision on ratification, the Ministry of Commerce which is in charge of the Intellectual Property Rights (IRP) protection of cultural production. Participants in this workshop have the opportunity to learn the history and background of the adoption of the ICH Convention to learn why this Convention was needed, examine the key provisions of the Convention to learn what the benefits and obligations are as well as the national process towards ratification. The workshop creates a group of ICH champions who would continue to engage in the safeguarding activity in each country. The government officials trained in this workshop have obtained an ability to prepare an information paper to a Minister for his/her submission to the cabinet for a decision, or, depending on governance system, to a relevant committee attached to the parliament for its presentation at the parliament. The ratification workshops were held both at national level and also regional level. The regional ratification workshops were attended by delegates both from states parties and state-non-parties so that delegates could have an opportunity for information sharing and mutual learning among themselves. Conclusion As underlined at the beginning, the UNESCO Culture Conventions provide internationally recognized guidelines for developing national systems for heritage safeguarding and for the culture sector. Ratification of these Conventions itself should not be considered as the end in itself. �Pacific SIDS are relatively young nations and most of them are still in the process of developing their own national systems for heritage safeguarding. The guidelines and principles enshrined in these Conventions are useful in their efforts in developing national systems. The progress and experience in the promotion and implementation of the key Conventions illustrated above provide good practices in UNESCO’s normative actions for Pacific SIDS which might be applied to the promotion of the UCH Convention among Pacific SIDS. The good practices identified so far are the following; i) The advocacy for cultural heritage, its historical, cultural and scientific significance and its contribution to sustainable development through the participation in multi-sectoral platform and regional policy development, ii) The preparation of a medium-term strategy and action plan both at national and regional levels for prioritization and coordination, iii) The organization of a regional forum on regular basis for information sharing and mutual learning, iv) The development of a capacity building programme addressing the specific needs under different phases of the life cycle of the Conventions. Obviously, the heritage safeguarding is a long-term process, and the success stories in the past have owed their success to the commitment of member states and stakeholders as well as the support of funding from development partners. Therefore, it is also critically important to �strengthen resource-mobilizing efforts for the promotion of the UCH Convention by all parties involved. As a way forward, UNESCO in Apia is organizing the next regional workshop that will take place in Koror from 30 August to 1 September 2017 as “Pacific Heritage Workshop”. The focus of this Workshop remains the information sharing on the implementation of the Pacific World Heritage Action Plan 2016-2020, but the Workshop will include a session dedicated to the UCH Convention and the Hague Convention as well. It will bring together not only government officials in charge of heritage but also, UCH experts as resource person and partners in Asia and the Pacific region. It is hoped that this first “Pacific Heritage Workshop” will be an effective forum, leading to the concrete result of ratifications of the UCH Convention by Pacific SIDS. Endnote For the Hague Convention and the 1970 Convention, UNESCO in Apia organized the Melanesia Workshop on the Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property (Vanuatu, 2015) and the first ever Pacific Workshop on the Hague Convention and its Protocols (Fiji, 2016). Final reports of these workshops were published as an e-document and available online. References UNESCO, 2012, Final Report, UNESCO Pacific World Heritage Workshop (Apia, Samoa, 5 – 9 September 2011), UNESCO, Apia. UNESCO, 2014, Pasivika - Islands Connected through Heritage, UNESCO, Apia. UNESCO, 2015, Underwater Cultural Heritage and Small Island Developing States: 3rd UN International Conference on Small Island Developing States (Apia, Samoa, 1 – 4 September 2014), UNESCO, Apia. �Biography Akatsuki Takahashi (高橋 暁), BA in international relations (Tsuda College, Tokyo), Diploma in education (International Christian University, Tokyo), PhD in cultural heritage risk management (Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage at Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto) has been the Programme Specialist for Culture at the UNESCO Office for the Pacific States � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 1: Underwater and Maritime Archaeology and Capacity Building in the Pacific Islands Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) spanning human history from the Stone Age to the atomic age. Since the first Pacific UCH Workshop held in Solomon Islands in 2009, the Pacific island nations have been progressing in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme by awareness raising, research and capacity building activities through inter-disciplinary cooperation and promoting synergy with the Pacific World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Programmes. Notable progresses include, among others, the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Outcome Document of the 3rd UN International Cooperation on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Samoa, 2014) that contains references to the importance of UCH for sustainable development of SIDS and SIDS ratification of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), as well as the enhanced cooperation between universities in the Pacific islands and professional training institutions through UNESCO University Twinning and Networking Programme (UNITWIN) for Underwater Archaeology. With this as its background, the session “Underwater and maritime archaeology and capacity building in the Pacific Islands” will be held with the aims to: i) share information on recent progress in awareness raising, research and capacity building activities in underwater and maritime archaeology in the Pacific Islands, ii) identify priority actions, iii) foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. The session especially welcomes presentations focusing on the protection and management of UCH belonging to indigenous community shared UCH in the Pacific, addressing challenges and opportunities facing Pacific SIDS in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme and the promotion of the UCH Convention, presenting good practice in ensuring the effective engagement of Pacific island countries and community in UCH management for their sustainable development, and proposing collaborative projects in this area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akatsuki Takahashi UNESCO Office for the Pacific States, Samoa Andrew Viduka, Maritime and Commonwealth Heritage, Australian Government, Nicolas Bigourdan, Western Australian Museum Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage Management and Capacity Building in the Pacific Islands Description An account of the resource This paper begins with introducing UNESCO’s Conventions focusing on different forms of heritage, namely land-based, underwater, movable, immovable, tangible and intangible, including the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH Convention) adopted in 2001. The paper then presents progress in activities under the three key Conventions, namely, the UCH Convention, the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention (ICH Convention), in the Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Notable progress in UCH-related activities includes the enhanced awareness of the importance of UCH to SIDS sustainable development through the explicit reference to UCH in the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway outcome document of the 3rd UN SIDS Conference (Samoa, 2014) and a call for the development of comprehensive strategies to raise awareness of the natural and cultural significance of the ocean at the UN Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 14: Conserve and Sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (NY, September 2017). Taking into account of these developments and based on good practices identified through the promotion and implementation of the World Heritage Convention and the ICH Convention in Pacific SIDS, the paper aims to present an implementation strategy for the effective support to UCH-related activities and the promotion of the UCH Convention among Pacific SIDS as a way forward. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akatsuki Takahashi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Akatsuki Takahashi https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/09ac67266fac09766d2c26c224cfb08e.pdf 3b109969f7676a9e4620421fe9446940 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 2: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 2 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. 2023 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on In-Situ Preservation and Training Courses for Diving Community in Taiwan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pin-Wen Chenn Tzu-Chia Huang Chen-Fen Huang Jin-Yuan Liu Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Chenn, Pin-Wen, Tzu-Chia Huang, Chen-Fen Huang, and Jin-Yuan Liu. 2021. “Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on In-Situ Preservation and Training Courses for Diving Community in Taiwan.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/667 Description An account of the resource The awareness of protecting the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) has grown over the past decades around the world as well as in Taiwan. In-Situ preservation is the international principle of management and protecting the site. Following the UNESCO 2001 UCH Convention, Taiwan passed the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act in 2015. Since then, there have been 6 listed shipwrecks and over 90 potential targets were found by the underwater archaeology team of Academia Sinica. Different approaches in each sites’ management depend on the environment and material such as wood, metal or even bones, and as the result, a practice of setting up an environmental database, implementation of a regime of regular underwater observation by divers or unmanned underwater vehicles, and oceanic dynamic monitoring should be adopted. In 2020, despite many difficulties, a research project focused on these related issues for scuba diving instructors took place in Taiwan. This included a 4-day workshop, during which time the instructors had access to Professor David Gregory via webinar. This article aims to present the result of the research and the result of the training workshop. Asia-Pac Session 2 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/21b1bf0c98cf18209f394405ec4ce71a.pdf 0a7d1c6cf2380361f979188e350df95f PDF Text Text Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan Sangjun Park (Curator of the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT In Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, explorations and underwater excavations have been conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage since 2021, and a total of 570 artifacts have been recovered. This study introduced limitations and problems stemming from investigation progress and method. The characteristics of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan were identified through analysis on the recovered artifacts. Based on the exploration conducted in 2021 and the contents of the excavation in 2022, the progress of the examination for the entire sea area, and the limitations and problems stemming from the examination method were identified. Through the analysis of the distribution patterns, types, and periods of recovered artifacts this study established the date and characteristics of the remains, and the direction for future investigations. A significant area where the artifacts are estimated to be buried, has not been investigated so results may change in future. The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been frequented by ships from the past. Many pottery sherds, wooden structures constituting ships, and daily items on ships, have been excavated. A minimum of two ships are believed to have sunk in this area based on artifacts from various periods (i.e. Three Kingdoms to the Joseon). Currently, only about one per cent of the total investigated area are dredged, so future work will likely reveal maritime exchanges centered on the Gogunsan Islands. Keywords: Gunsan, Gogunsan Archipelago, underwater excavation, exploration List of Tables and Figures Table 1 Status table of artifacts recovered from underwater excavations in the Sea of Gogunsan Archipelago, Gunsan in 2022 Figure 1 Underwater dondition of the bundles of celadons Figure 2 Recovered all artifacts from Seonyudo OVERIVEW OF THE INVESTIGATIONS Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan is an archipelago located in the southern part of the West Sea of Korea and consists of 63 islands including Seonyudo, Munyeodo and Shinsido. The name, Gogunsan Archipelago, was derived from the central island, Seonyudo. Seonyudo has been called Gunsando since the Goryeo Dynasty, and during the reign of King Taejo of the Joseon Dynasty, a naval base called Gunsanjin was established to defend against Japanese invaders along the west coast. Later, during the reign of King Sejong, as Gunsanjin moved to the mainland, the name of this area was prefixed with the Chinese character '古', which means old times, and it was called Gogunsan Archipelago. Gogunsan Archipelago played an important role as a port of call on the route with China's Song Dynasty during the Goryeo Dynasty. According to Seonhwa Bongsa Goryeo Dogyeong of Seo Geung, who came as an envoy from the Song Dynasty in 1123 (the first year of King Injong), in Gunsando, there was a building called Gunsanjeong, which was used as a reception hall for envoys, and it was recorded that there were government office buildings and Buddhist temples. Waters where the investigation was conducted is located on the eastern side of Seonyudo, the central island of the Gogunsan archipelago. The remains became known in December 2020 when a report was received that a diver who was working on a dive in the waters of Seonyudo Island found pottery and hull fragments. Afterwards, the location was reported by the reporter, and in 2021, an exploration of the entire sea area of the Gogunsan Islands, including Seonyudo, was conducted. The exploration was targeted on a wide area around Seonyudo and Munyeo Islands, including the reported points, to find out whether there were ancient ships, whether or not artifacts were buried, and the distribution range. As a result of the investigation, about 200 artifacts such as pottery and anchor stones were recovered from the entire Gogunsan Islands area, and it was confirmed that various artifacts from different eras were distributed. 1 �In particular, around the reef on the eastern side of Seonyudo, 81 pieces of celadon bowls and plates were found in the form of stacked cargoes, and tools used by ships such as wooden anchors, oars, and anchor stones presumed to be lost at the time of the wreck were found. Judging from these aspects, it is estimated that the possibility that an ancient ship was wrecked in the vicinity is very high. From April to October 2022, a full-scale excavation was conducted in the waters of Seonyudo to confirm the concentration of artifacts and the sunken ancient ship. INVESTIGATION DETAILS The excavation was conducted in the eastern waters of Seonyudo from April 19 to October 22, 2022. In the exploration of underwater cultural property in 2021, a range of 500 m from north to south and 500m from east to west was set as the investigation area, centering on the area where a bundle of celadon and a large number of artifacts were identified, and the total area is measured to 235,00 m². As for the total investigation range, 25 zones with a size of 100 × 100 m were set and named as A to Y zones, and 100 grids of 10 × 10 m units were set in detail for each zone. As the targeted area is shallow and has reefs, it is difficult to anchor the Nurian, an underwater excavation vessel. Therefore, a barge exclusive for underwater excavation equipped with the necessary equipment for the survey was used, and the Nurian served as a support ship providing board and lodging for the investigators. The excavation was aimed to identify the distribution patterns of artifacts widely identified in the investigated waters, and concentrated artifacts burial sites and sunken ships. To this end, after installing a 1m-wide reference line for dredging in each grid, a trial excavation was conducted along the line to a depth of about 1m. According to the distribution of artifacts and the quality of the soil, full-scale dredging was carried out simultaneously, and a dredging pump installed on a barge for underwater excavation investigation was used. In the south of the soil investigation area and on the east side of Seonyudo, a RIB (Rigid inflatable boat) was used for search, and the distribution of artifacts was identified. For search, a search line was installed, circular and zigzag methods were used along the line, and the search was conducted using a probe rod. The investigated area is a partial grid of area M and L. Initially, the investigation was intended to be conducted around area L, where bundles of celadon, ship accessories, and a large amount of pottery were found, but the investigation was conducted around area M, as the cruise ship route was formed around the area. In the areas L, Q, and V, where cruise ship routes are located, investigations were conducted only temporarily for two months (September-October) with the cooperation of shipping companies and people of the fishing village, and it is now in progress. Along with the excavation survey, exploration was conducted in the sea area outside the total range of 500 × 500 m using Seamuse, an underwater cultural property exploration ship. In this exploration, not only were Seonyudo, but also the Gogunsan Archipelago, such as Sinsido and Munyeodo, investigated with expanded scope of the exploration. In the meantime, in order to overcome the poor marine environment and conduct efficient investigations during the excavation, state-of-the-art marine exploration equipment such as scanning sonar, which can identify abnormalness in dark underwater visibility, and USBL (Ultra Short Base Line), which can accurately measure the location underwater were used. In addition, parametric sub-bottom profiler investigations were conducted on the surrounding waters by Seamuse to detect abnormal points, and detailed investigations and diving investigations were conducted on the points. The investigation found that most of abnormal bodies were marine waste including discarded fishing gear, but a small amount of ceramics were confirmed at some points. RECOVERED ARTIFACTS In 2002, a total of 286 artifacts were recovered through an underwater excavation in the waters of the 2 �Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan. Ceramics, which account for the largest number of recovered artifacts, are mainly from the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, with celadon being the most common, and plates and bowls being the main ones. In addition, white porcelain cups, pottery bottles, and pottery kettles have been identified, and one piece of Naesommyeong Buncheongware, which was also identified in the underwater excavation of Mado no. 4 shipwreck, was recovered. Moreover, during the exploration, the plate of earthenware, which is presumed to be from the Three Kingdoms period, was also found. As for stone materials, one anchor stone was found and 100 stone tools presumed to be grinding stones were excavated in the form of shipments. They are long rod-shaped artifacts of fine-grained sandstone or rhyolite, similar to whetstones, but without signs of wear or grinding. As for metals, coins, bronze spoons, and iron pots for cooking were identified as metal items, and anchor branches were extracted from wood items. The fact that a large amount of pottery has been found is proof that pottery carriers or cargo ships frequently came and went in the past. In particular, the excavated Naesommyeong Buncheongware shows the possibility that ships from the Joseon Dynasty may have sunken. In addition, anchor stones, bronze spoons, and anchor branches among those excavated are shipboard items used on ships, which also show that there is a possibility that ancient ships were sunken in the waters of Gogunsan Archipelago. Table 1. Status table of artifacts recovered from underwater excavations in the Sea of Gogunsan Archipelago, Gunsan in 2022 Ceramics Stone Materials Metals Wood Project Total BunchWhite PotAnchor Whetstone Co Iron materName Celadon Spoon ials eong porcelain tery stone (?) in pot Underwater excavation of Gogunsan Islands 2022 78 16 63 21 1 100 1 Figure 1. Underwater condition of the bundles of celadons 3 4 1 1 286 �Figure 2. Recovered all Artifacts from Seonyudo CONCLUSIONS The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been recorded as a sea area frequented by ships since the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Goryeo Dynasty, there was Gunsanjeong where envoys from the Song Dynasty were accommodated, and in the Joseon Dynasty, a naval base was installed to prevent invasion by Japanese raiders. Demonstrating it as proof, various artifacts such as anchor stones, anchor branches, bronze spoons, and iron pots presumed to have been used in ships along with a large amount of pottery artifacts were recovered during the excavation and exploration. The point where the artifacts are mainly identified is near the reef, about 300 m east of Seonyudo. Including this reef, large and small reefs are scattered all over the waters of the Gogunsan Archipelago, which is a major danger to navigation even today. In the past when navigation technology was less developed than now, these reefs can be seen as the cause of many ships sinking, indicating the possibility that ancient ships may have sunk in this area. In the investigation until 2022, only 1,955 m², less than one per cent of the total area of 235,000 m², was investigated after dredging due to various limitations. Large and small pebbles are widely distributed throughout the seabed, which makes it difficult to dredge, and some of the major excavation points have not yet been investigated because some of the investigation ranges overlap with the route of the cruise ship. In particular, the area near the coast of Seonyudo where Naesommyeong Buncheongware was identified and the point where bundles of celadon were excavated should be investigated through fullscale dredging. Fortunately, with the cooperation of Gunsan City and the shipping company, an agreement was reached to change the route of the cruise ship from 2023, and it is possible to investigate major points from the 2023 investigation. If the full control of the main finds, excavation point is made through continuous investigation in the future, it is expected that traces will be discovered that will more clearly identify the nature of the underwater ruins in Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, including the ancient ship. Bibliography NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No.4 Underwater Excavvation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 40. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2016 (In Korean). Roh, Kyeong-jung. “Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan.” The 10th International Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage of Korea and China, (2022): 3-20 (In Korean). 4 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan Description An account of the resource In Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, explorations and underwater excavations have been conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage since 2021, and a total of 570 artifacts have been recovered. This study introduced limitations and problems stemming from investigation progress and method. The characteristics of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan were identified through analysis on the recovered artifacts. Based on the exploration conducted in 2021 and the contents of the excavation in 2022, the progress of the examination for the entire sea area, and the limitations and problems stemming from the examination method were identified. Through the analysis of the distribution patterns, types, and periods of recovered artifacts this study established the date and characteristics of the remains, and the direction for future investigations. A significant area where the artifacts are estimated to be buried, has not been investigated so results may change in future. The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been frequented by ships from the past. Many pottery sherds, wooden structures constituting ships, and daily items on ships, have been excavated. A minimum of two ships are believed to have sunk in this area based on artifacts from various periods (i.e. Three Kingdoms to the Joseon). Currently, only about one per cent of the total investigated area are dredged, so future work will likely reveal maritime exchanges centered on the Gogunsan Islands. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sangjun Park Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Park, Sangjun. 2023. “Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1927 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c0ad6b5f6dcd7ceca973467b768d82f3.pdf 1af71639c6dffb615eb99711239f3cc7 PDF Text Text Underwater Survey at the Ruins of Nan Madol, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia Tomo Ishimura Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara 630-8577, Japan Email: tomoishi@nabunken.go.jp Kyushu Institute for Technology, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan E-mail: ura@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp Akira Asada University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan Email: asada@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp Fumitaka Maeda Toyo Corporation, Tokyo 103-8284, Japan Email: maedaf@toyo.co.jp Ken’ichi Sugimoto Windy Network, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan Email: sugimoto@windy-net.co.jp Toshihiro Ogawa, Akio Hikoyama, Yoshinori Matsumoto, Yusuke Sugimoto Windy Network, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan Email: ogawa@windy-net.co.jp; Email: hikoyama@windy-net.co.jp Email: y-matsumoto@windy-net.co.jp; Email: y-sugimoto@windy-net.co.jp Charles Brennan R2 SONIC, Austin, Texas 78735, USA Email: cbrennan@r2sonic.com Tomomi Haramoto TokyoNational Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo 110-8713, Japan Email: haramoto@tobunken.go.jp Augustine Kohler Office of the National Archive, Culture, and Historic Preservation, FSM National Government, Pohnpei, The Federated States of Micronesia, FM 96941 Email: kusgoose@hotmail.com Abstract In this paper we demonstrate the results of underwater survey at Nan Madol, Federated States of Micronesia. Nan Madol are the ruins of a megalithic civilization composed of 95 small to large artificial islets made mostly of basalt, situated on a shallow water of Pohnpei Island. The site is now on the Tentative List of the UNESCO World Heritage Site submitted by Federated States of Micronesia. Protection of the site is comprised of both these basaltic islets and the water surrounding them. In addition, there is an oral tradition that a sunken city named Kahnihmweiso is located underwater near the site. The goal of our investigation is to make a map of underwater topography that is 1 �expected to be utilized for the site documentation and the setting of core and buffer zones. The investigation was carried out by using multi-beam sonar and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), as well as manual survey by scuba diving gears. Research has revealed that there is no clear evidence of artificial constructions under the water; however, a detailed map of underwater topography around the site was obtained. Our research also stresses the significance of the sea area as a resource of legends and a component of the intangible cultural heritage of Nan Madol. Key words: Oceania; Federated States of Micronesia; Nan Madol; Multi-beam sonar; Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Background Heritage Management and Underwater Cultural Heritage in Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is a grouping of 607 small islands in the Western Pacific just north of the equator. They are spread over an area of 2,700 km 2. They consist of four States: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae (from west to east). Their land area is quite small, amounting to approximately 700 km 2. The capital is Palikir, and the largest city is Kolonia; both are located on the island of Pohnpei. All land area is the result of volcanic activity occurred millions of years ago resulting in islands and atolls of incredible variety. Each of the four States constitute one or more main high islands, and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying atolls. Each of them has its own culture and traditions, nevertheless, common cultural and economic bonds are centuries old. Together with the Republic of Palau, the FSM forms the group known as the Caroline Islands and in association with the Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands and Kiribati they form the group today known as Micronesia. The maritime history of Micronesia spans nearly 4,000 years and is inextricably linked with the wider cultural region. Initial settlement of the area is approximated at 3,500 years based on linguistic, archaeological, and anthropological evidence (Rainbird, 2004). It suggests that the area was first inhabited by groups of Austronesian-speakers who arrived in ocean-going canoes. The inhabitants of each island group developed their own variations of watercraft based on their needs for procuring food and inter-island travel. The people of Micronesia are known to have been some of the most knowledgeable and skilled navigators of the Pacific, a tradition which continues today. 2 �The people of the FSM have a strong bond with their land, sea and reefs. This is evident through the wealth of heritage sites that entail a spiritual association with the sea, which encompasses stories and the determined ownership of the land and water. Many sea and landscape features provide deep-seated connections to history, mythology and settlement of the islands, submerged heritage sites being a powerful and tangible part of society. The variety of submerged cultural heritage also reflects the broad range of activity which occurred in these island states. Shipwrecks from many time periods are known to lie in its waters, as do the remains of maritime infrastructure such as piers, wharves and landings. To date only a few submerged sites have been investigated historically and archaeologically such as the Yap fish weirs (aech) and the World War II relics of Chuuk Lagoon. Among the most exciting and culturally significant partially submerged sites are the indigenous ruins of Nan Madol in Pohnpei (Mckinnon, 2010: 37-42). The ruins of Nan Madol, which belong to a megalithic culture, are composed of 95 small to large artificial islets made of basalt and spread over a rectangular area approximately 1.5 km by 0.7 km. Its construction is said to have begun around 500 AD and continued to around 1600 AD, with royal palaces, temples, royal tombs, and residential districts integrally forming a city complex (Fig. 1). As the largest cultural heritage site in FSM, it is also a precious tourist resource. However, notwithstanding its extremely high significance in terms of academic value and as a tourism resource, no full-scale initiatives have been implemented to date to protect the ruins. Within the Pacific island countries (except New Zealand), there are only five UNESCO cultural heritage sites as of 2013. Even among the countries in the region, FSM is particularly eager to have Nan Madol inscribed on the World Heritage List, as it Fig. 1 Artificial islets of Nan Madol. (T. Ishimura) has no sites on the list at present. The UNESCO Office for the Pacific Region (Apia, Samoa), acknowledging that international support is needed to protect and inscribe the site on the World Heritage List, approached the Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural 3 �Heritage (henceforth JCIC-Heritage) regarding the possibility of its cooperation in sending a Japanese survey team to assess the present state of the Nan Madol, as no surveys have so far been conducted regarding its condition and the framework required for its protection. In response to this request, JCIC-Heritage sent a survey team to Micronesia to conduct a survey of Nan Madol in 2011. The team of JCIC-Heritage carried out a survey to assess the present state of Nan Madol, including its preservation condition and the status of policy framework in February 2011 (Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage, 2012). Based on this survey, we have presented an overview of the present state of the Nan Madol ruins, and have discussed the framework of the FSM for preserving the site, as well as the results of interviews with relevant stakeholders. When considering the ruins as cultural heritage that is intimately associated with the history and traditional culture of the island of Pohnpei, it is extremely important to avoid development for the sake of tourism, but to promote measures for maintaining this heritage in a sustainable manner while respecting the living culture of the local residents. At JCIC-Heritage, we have continued our cooperation in response to the request of FSM, based on proposals derived from the results of this survey. As a result, certain achievements have been made, and local initiatives for protection of Nan Madol have made steady progress. As a supplement, we introduce the cooperation we have extended based on the results of the 2011 survey. As proposed in light of the survey results, the formulation of a management plan based on a consensus of all local stakeholders is of foremost importance in the effort to protect Nan Madol. To help the stakeholders achieve consensus, a workshop was held in November, 2011 in Kolonia, Pohnpei (Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage, 2012: 41). It focused on three main objectives: (1) to gather all stakeholders; (2) to share information on the present state of protection of Nan Madol among all stakeholders, and (3) to provide an understanding of future efforts that need to be made by each stakeholder. In addition to JCIC-Heritage, a Japanese experts team (funded by the Japan Foundation), the FSM HPO and UNESCO (UNESCO/Japan Funds-in-Trust) cosponsored the workshop and fulfilled their respective tasks. The workshop was extremely meaningful in the sense that by bringing together all stakeholders, it allowed 4 �everyone to share information, gain proper understanding of proposals put forth by experts from in and outside FSM as well as tasks needed in future activities, and to mutually verify their concurrent commitment to move forward their initiatives for protection of Nan Madol. However, now that a consensus has been achieved, activities for protection of the ruins and inscription of the site on the World Heritage List are expected to advance steadily. Subsequently, the State Party of FSM submitted a Tentative List including the ruins of Nan Madol to the World Heritage Centre in February 2012, and launched its nomination process for its inscription on the List of UNESCO World Heritage. Through the survey and workshop above, it has been stressed that the establishment of zoning (core/buffer zones) based upon an accurate site map is needed in order to protect the site and implement site management. Following this recommendation, the Japanese team organized a technical consultation workshop for capacity building on site documentation of Nan Madol in Kolonia, Pohnpei in September, 2012, funded by the Japan Foundation (Ishimura, 2013). In this consultation meeting, it has been pointed out that the sea area around the site of Nan Madol should be protected properly and the potential of neglected underwater cultural heritage existence must be scientifically confirmed. Since the artificial islets of Nan Madol were constructed in the inter-tidal zone of a reef flat along the shores of Temwen Island located in the southeastern part of Pohnpei, the gradually submerging monuments, the sea and its landscape are essential components to the sites’ protected heritage. In addition, there is a legend of an underwater city named Kahnihmweiso, sunken in the harbor of Nahkapw, a deep area approximately 50m in depth Fig. 2 Aerial photo of Nan Madol and surrounding area. (T. Ishimura, based on the images from GoogleEarth). in the northeast of Nan Madol (Fig. 2). 5 �Legendary Underwater City in Nan Madol According to the local legend, below Nahkapw Harbor there is the secret “City of the Gods” built before the people of Pohnpei arrived. Nan Madol, the city above water, is actually quite recent, built by two legendary brothers that came from across the sea from the southeast region. One day, “the brothers climbed the mountain to get a view of the country to find a suitable site for their capital city. When they looked into Madolenihmw Bay, they saw the ancient city of the gods, Kahnihmweiso. Here was an important sign to the two brothers.” The brothers then decided to build the city nearest to the one below the harbor in order to be nearer to the gods. Ancient Pohnpeian legend says the builders of Nan Madol selected the site because they saw the submerged ruins of Kahnihmweiso from a high cliff above Madolenihmw Bay, which is between Temwen Island and Nakapw Island. To the east of Nahkapw Island, in about 60m of water, are the ruins of the castle of KahnihmwNankhet, well known to the natives of Pohnpei, but none of the submerged ruins are talked about for fear of spirits who would punish them. For decades divers have reported submerged megalithic ruins of the legendary cities Kahnihmweiso and KahnihmwNankhet, such as some of the megalithic columns and pillars which still stand erect, rising up to 9 m above the sloping sea floor. The possibility of underwater construction at Nahkapw Harbor was first explored by the team of Dr. Arthur Saxe in 1978 (Saxe et al., 1980). Conducting a series of diving surveys, they reported that there were a number of tall stone pillars covered in coral growth which stand some 6 m tall, 0.9-1.2 m wide, at depths of over 25 m and one that even supposedly stood on a "pedestal." The presence of stone pillars is a style of construction which only appears below water surrounding the city in the harbor, and not within any part of the city above. Saxe also wrote about the many legends on the island of two sacred underwater cities believed to exist in the harbor, one called Kahnihmweiso, and the other KahnihmwNamkhet which exists somewhere further east of the reef (Saxe et al., 1980: 47-55). In this report Saxe also explained the mechanism why the city of Kahnihmweiso had been sunken in the sea, referring to the “Blue Hole” hypothesis (Saxe et al., 1980: 126-129). A “Blue Hole” is basically a limestone cavern whose roof has fallen in. The name comes from the fact that deep tropical waters 6 �appear as a darker blue than the shallower waters. In the Atlantic, where they have been studied, such as in the coral reef off Belize, the processes which result in their formation are as follows: A coral reef forms along a shore. During a glacial advance the sea levels drop due to the great amount of fresh water locked up in glaciers. The coral reef, now above sea level, becomes subject to the same processes of erosion and redeposition by fresh water that any land deposit of calcium carbonate is subject to. Rain, falling on the surface, runs underground and gradually dissolves away pockets of calcium carbonate, which is soluble in water. If this goes on long enough, huge limestone caverns can be formed. Water dripping from the roof of the cavern, containing the lime in solution, evaporates forming stalactites. The same water falling to the floor of the cavern evaporates forming stalagmites. Sometimes these meet forming continuous columns from floor to roof, sometimes not. If the process continues long enough, the roof of the cavern may collapse because of inadequate support or the deposition of added weight above the roof of the cavern. This collapse may occur before or after the sea levels rise at the end of the glacial maximum. In any case, once the sea levels are once more above the level of the coral reef, the collapsed limestone cavern appears as a “Blue Hole” from the surface. Blue holes are also characterized by numerous passages or tunnels which tended to link the various “rooms” of the cave when it was a cave. These, when re-submerged, can be subjected to strong current flows when tides are going in or out. Saxe (1980) pointed out the possibility that an earlier Nan Madol Central was built on the reef on what is now Nahkapw Harbor and that its weight caused the cavern roof to collapse. This explanation allows for both a blue hole and underwater columns. It suggests the “first city” as perhaps being Kahnihmweiso. In 1988 and 1989, the team of the University of Oregon conducted underwater investigations around Nan Madol (Ayres, 1993). They carried out an underwater survey at the location in front of Nan Mwoluhsei, a massive wall approximately 275 m long, 8 m wide and 4 to 6 m high that forms an L-shaped configuration south and east of Nan Douwas tomb. They observed that a number of basalt columns were located seaward of the standing portion of the wall. It is likely that these are lost, discarded or fallen building materials, now underwater, of the artificial islets. They also examined underwater pillars reported by Saxe. While no complex features were discovered during this survey, two 7 �clusters of columns were located. They reported that directly east of Nan Mwoluhsei the reef drops off twice, the first at approximately 2 m below the surface and the second at 7 to 10 m below the surface. After the second shelf the bottom falls away rapidly to the depths of Nahkapw Harbor which reach as much as 50 m. The first level of the reef is generally covered with columnar basalt and coral; however, this is replaced on the deeper shelf by a sandier bottom with a much sparser growth of coral. It is on this second shelf that the first of the upright columnar objects was encountered, at approximately 19 m from the north side of Nan Mwoluhsei. This object is roughly rectangular, stands 2.2 m high, and its sides 1.5 m by 0.8 m. Two other columns were located nearby. These appear to be solid coral and lie between six and nine meters below the surface. The second column, 0.9 m high with sides 0.2 m by 0.75 m, was 3.7 m from the first. The third column, 2.3 m high with sides 1 m by 1 m, was 20.3 m from the first. None of the objects had any obvious prismatic shape as would be expected from the basalt building materials of Nan Madol; however, it was possible that this feature was hidden by extensive coral growth. They used a steel bar to drill into the first and second columns in hopes of going through any coral encrustation covering stone. A penetration, approximately 20 cm deep, was made in both without striking stone. Finally, it was decided to raise the small column to the surface for detail inspection. The object was entirely of coral and therefore was not a purposefully positioned stone column. They implied that coral growth and submerged columnar basalt building material may have been interpreted and incorporated into Pohnpeian mythology, and these may have been perceived by the Pohnpeians as evidence for the presence of underwater structures inhabited by spirits. However, the surveyed areas by the team of University of Oregon were limited and their results have not fully refuted the hypothesis of “Blue Hole” proposed by Saxe. Since the legendary underwater city of Kahnihmweiso is believed to be located in the center of Nahkapw Harbor, a detail underwater topography map covering entire part of the harbor must be needed to evaluate the existence of potential underwater cultural heritage, as recommended in the 2012 technical consultation workshop. Following the recommendation, in cooperation with the Office of the National Archive, Culture, and Historic Preservation, FSM National Government, we at JCIC-Heritage experts’ team conducted an underwater survey at 8 �Nahkapw Harbor for reconnaissance of potential underwater cultural heritage in February 2013. Research Objective The main objective of our research is to produce the entire map of underwater topography in Nahkapw Harbor, in order to assess the possibility of existence of underwater cultural heritage in this location. In addition, to examine the possible anthropogenic underwater features is also an important task. Research Method First, we used multi-beam sonar (Sonic 2024) to produce an underwater topography map. The multi-beam sonar was equipped to a 25’ boat (Fig. 3). Second, we used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) (Mini ROV LBV300-5) to investigate underwater features and to carry out video recording. The ROV was controlled and monitored by another 23’ boat (Fig. 4). Third, we conducted a scuba diving survey to examine underwater features by eye observation. Fig. 3 (left) Multibeam sonar (SeaBat 8125) equipped with boat. (Y. Matsumoto) Fig. 4 (right) ROV (Mini ROV LBV300-5) in the sea. (Y. Matsumoto) Research Team Field survey was conducted by Tomo Ishimura (Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties), Tamaki Ura (University of Tokyo, at the time of field survey), Fumitaka Maeda (University of Tokyo, at the time of field survey), Ken’ichi Sugimoto, Toshihiro Ogawa, Akio Hikoyama, Yoshinori Matsumoto, Yusuke Sugimoto (Windy Network), Charles Brennan (R2 SONIC) and Tomomi Haramoto (National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo). Akira Asada (University of Tokyo) and 9 �Augustine Kohler (Office of the National Archive, Culture, and Historic Preservation, FSM National Government) contributed to the arrangement and logistics for the survey. The data obtained was processed in a laboratory by Ura, Asada, Maeda, and the team of Windy Network. The multibeam sonar was provided by Brennan and the ROV was provided by the team of Windy Network. The boats, their operators and the scuba diving gear was arranged by the Village Hotel. Period of Research The field research was carried out in the period from 12th to 16th February, 2013. Results By using the multi-beam sonar, we produced an underwater topography map in the entire part of Nahkapw Harbor, except just in front of the Nan Mwoluhsei, the massive wall and entrance to the inside of the Nan Madol complex, due to strong winds and waves. The map indicates that the bottom of the harbor is flat in a depth of approximately 40 to 50 m, and there is no noteworthy complex topography such as stalagmites, passages or tunnels, as the “Blue Hole” hypothesis had expected. In the meanwhile, occasional distributions of block-shaped features are observed along the drop-off between the reef flat and the bottom, in the depth of 20 to 30 m (Fig. 5). Afterward we used the ROV to examine the features of the block-shaped features. Monitoring by the video camera equipped with the ROV, it was clarified that most of these objects are columnar in shape, a couple of meters high with sides of approximately 1m, covered by coral encrustation. By the observation using the ROV, it was not clear whether these columns were coral or basalt, and whether anthropogenic or natural. Then we selected some locations of the clusters of the columnar objects, and carried out scuba diving survey to examine them in detail by eye observation (Fig. 6). We observed that the columnar objects were fully covered by coral encrustation and no exposed surface of basalt was noted. In this survey, no evidence of anthropogenic pillar made by basalt column was obtained. It seems that these objects are equal to the counterparts investigated by the team of the University of Oregon (Ayres, 1993). 10 �Fig. 5 (left) A part of the underwater topography map in Nahkapw Harbor, showing some clusters of features along the drop-off. (University of Tokyo and Windy Network) Fig. 6 (right) An erect, columnar object at a depth of approximately 30m. (T. Ogawa) Conclusion The results of our research do not support the “Blue Hole” hypothesis proposed by Saxe, so it is not probable that the “first city” was built on the former cavern in Nahkapw Harbor and which then sunk in the sea due to the collapse of the cavern roof by its weight. Neither does our research provide any evidence that the underwater columns are man-made structures. However, the results of our research do not necessarily deny the possibility of the existence of the legendary sunken city. The people of Pohnpei may have seen the bizarre feature under the sea and interpreted it as remains of a sunken city, and created a legend of the “City of Gods” inhabited by spirits. As a cultural heritage, the value of Nan Madol is not only limited to its tangible aspects such as architecture and archaeological remains but also in its intangible aspects such as legends and oral traditions associated with it (Hadley, 1987). The legend of Kahnihmweiso, including the story of the establishment of Nan Madol, is also an important component of the cultural heritage of Nan Madol, and the site of Nahkapw Harbor is closely associated with the legend. Therefore, the legendary site of Kahnihmweiso must also be protected as a component of intangible heritage of Nan Madol. We recommend that the sea area of Nahkapw Harbor should be included in the 11 �zoning (core/buffer zones) plans for protection and management of the ruins of Nan Madol. Acknowledgements The field research was funded by the Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage. Ken’ichi Sugimoto, the president of Windy Network and his team, and Charles Brennan from R2 SONIC, voluntarily participated the research and kindly provided their equipment. The Embassy of Japan in FSM, JICA Micronesia Office, H.E. Dr. Rufino Mauricio (Secretary, Ministry of Education, FSM National Government), and His Majesty WasalapalapaIsipahuKerpetHebel (NahnmwarkiMadolenihmw) kindly understood and supported our research. References Ayres, W. S., 1993. Nan Madol Archaeological Fieldwork. Final Report. A Research and Historic Preservation Project 1987-1990: 1-108. Mckinnon, J., 2010. Federated States of Micronesia. In U. Guérin, B. Egger and V. Penalva (Eds.), Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania, UNESCO, Paris: 37-42. Hadley, M., 1987. Nan Madol: Spaces on the Reef of Heaven. (Ed. & Tr.), Paul M. Ehrich.Nan Madol Foundation, Pohnpei: 1-126. Ishimura, T., 2013. Report of the Technical Consultation Workshop for Capacity Building on Site Documentation of Nan Madol (in Japanese). Unpublished Report, The Japan Foundation: Tokyo. 1-12. Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage, 2012. Survey Report on the Present State of Nan Madol, Federated States of Micronesia. 2010 Survey for International Cooperation Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage, Tokyo: 1-50. Rainbird, P., 2004. The Archaeology of Micronesia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1-314. Saxe, A. A., Allenson, R. A., and Loughridge, S. R., 1980. The Nan Madol Area of Ponape: Researches into Bounding and Stabilizing an Ancient Administrative Center. The Trust Territory Historic Preservation Office, Saipan: 1-145. Tomo Ishimura, the first author, is a Researcher at the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Japan. His specialty is archaeology in Oceania. He graduated from the Department of Archaeology, the Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto 12 �University in 2004. He completed Ph.D. degree in 2009. He has been in his present position since 2006 and is engaged in international cooperation projects for cultural properties in several countries including Afghanistan, Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Myanmar, and Viet Nam. Tamaki Ura is a Professor of Kyushu Institute for Technology and an Emeritus Professor of the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo. His specialty is marine engineering, especially remotely operated vehicle (ROV). He graduated from the Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo and completed doctoral degree in 1977. He held a position in the University of Tokyo from 1977 to 2013, and was a former Director of Underwater Technology Research Centre, the University of Tokyo. He moved toKyushu Institute for Technology in 2013. Akira Asada is a Professor of the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo. His specialty is marine engineering and marine acoustics. He graduated from the Faculty of Engineering, Waseda University in 1977 and had worked for Japan Coast Guard as an Investigator from 1979 to 2000. He completed doctoral degree in the University of Tokyo in 1995. He has been in his present position in the University of Tokyo since 2000. Fumitaka Maeda is a Sales Engineer of Marine and Ocean Measurement Department, Toyo Corporation, and former Assistant Professor of the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo. His specialty is marine engineering and marine acoustics. He completed MA degree in the Graduate School of Science, Osaka University in 2004, and completed doctoral degree in the University of Tokyo in 2010. He was in a position of the University of Tokyo from 2006 to 2014, then moved to present position in 2014. Ken’ichi Sugimoto is the President of Windy Network; a private company specialized in surveying, 3D scanning and underwater topography. He graduated from the Faculty of Law, Aoyama Gakuin University in 1971. His company has been engaged in a variety of UCH research, including surveys on a sunken transport craft of stones for the Edo citadel in the 17th century in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and on underwater aircraft in WW2 at the Towada Lake in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Toshihiro Ogawa is a Senior Managing Director and an engineer of Windy Network. He graduated from Hamamatsu Technical Institute for Civil Engineering in 1974. His specialty is marine engineering, especially hydrography, underwater photography and ultrasonic wave analysis. Akio Hikoyama is an Executive Director and an engineer of Windy Network. He graduated from Shimoda-Kita High School in 1982. His specialty is information and communication technology. Yoshinori Matsumoto is a Manager and an engineer of Windy Network. He graduated from the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chuo Kogakko Institute in 1994. His specialty is marine engineering, hydrography and technical diving. 13 �Yusuke Sugimoto is a Manager and an engineer of Windy Network. He graduated from the Faculty of International Information, Shizuoka University in 2002. His specialty is marine engineering and hydrography. Charles Brennan is a Chief Hydrographic Engineer of R2 SONIC, a production company of equipment for marine engineering. His specialty is hydrography, especially a creation and development of hydrographic equipment such as multi-beam sonar. He graduated from the Department of Geology, the University of South Florida, and has worked for several companies as a surveyor and hydrographic engineer since 1972. Tomomi Haramoto is a Research Fellow, Center for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage, Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Her specialty is international relations and safeguarding cultural heritage. She completed MA degree of the Graduated School of International Public Policy, Osaka University in 2004. She has been in her present position since 2009. Augustine Kohler is a National FSM Historic Preservation Officer at the Office of the National Archive, Culture, and Historic Preservation, National Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. His specialty is archaeology. He completed BA of Anthropology and Pacific Studies, the University of Auckland in 2005. He formerly worked for the Pohnpei State Historic Preservation Office, then shifted to the present position in 2011. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 4: Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 4 chair Akatsuki Takahashi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage. Underwater sites in Oceania span human history from the Stone Age to the Atomic Age. Due to the cultural richness of underwater heritage in the region and its complex history, the protection of these sites is of high importance for the region. Moreover, the potential for sustainable tourism in partnership with diving industry has been attracting a growing attention. The first UNESCO regional workshop on the Pacific underwater cultural heritage took place in December 2009 in Honiara, Solomon Islands. As possible steps towards building a capacity for managing UCH, participants at the workshop identified the following needs; systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites; exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites; and developing a training and education programme for managers. The papers presented by experts at the workshop were compiled, edited and published as "Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania" in 2010. Based on the recommendations made at the Honiara workshop, a Feasibility Study on Pacific Capacity Building Programme was prepared by Flinders University with UNESCO support. The Study recommends a possible capacity building programme to be hosted by the University of the South Pacific (USP) in Fiji. The launching of the Pacific Heritage Hub (PHH), a regional facility for knowledge management, capacity building and partnership building, at USP in 2013 presents an opportunity for the actual implementation of the capacity building programme. UNESCO is also exploring the possibility of organising regional and national consultations in the Pacific focusing on cultural policy development. The objectives of the session are to: • Enhance understanding of characteristics of UCH in the Pacific. • Identify priority actions. • Foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akatsuki Takahashi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Survey at the Ruins of Nan Madol, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia Description An account of the resource In this paper we demonstrate the results of underwater survey at Nan Madol, Federated States of Micronesia. Nan Madol are the ruins of a megalithic civilization composed of 95 small to large artificial islets made mostly of basalt, situated on a shallow water of Pohnpei Island. The site is now on the Tentative List of the UNESCO World Heritage Site submitted by Federated States of Micronesia. Protection of the site is comprised of both these basaltic islets and the water surrounding them. In addition, there is an oral tradition that a sunken city named Kahnihmweiso is located underwater near the site. The goal of our investigation is to make a map of underwater topography that is expected to be utilized for the site documentation and the setting of core and buffer zones. The investigation was carried out by using multi-beam sonar and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), as well as manual survey by scuba diving gears. Research has revealed that there is no clear evidence of artificial constructions under the water; however, a detailed map of underwater topography around the site was obtained. Our research also stresses the significance of the sea area as a resource of legends and a component of the intangible cultural heritage of Nan Madol. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomo Ishimura Akira Asada Fumitaka Maeda Ken’ichi Sugimoto Toshihiro Ogawa Akio Hikoyama Yoshinori Matsumoto Yusuke Sugimoto Charles Brennan Tomomi Haramoto Augustine Kohler, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/13/2014 Asia-Pac Session 4 2014