63 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c1911ffb22873facef72e97fe653babf.pdf 0e15027a469c16a698f7b1dff1d6db27 PDF Text Text Conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of balochistan Mr. Tajammal Abbas Rai (PhD Scholar, Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Pakistan) ABSTRACT This paper will focus on conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of coastal villages of Balochistan from Goth Haji Alano near Sindh border to Jiwani near Iranian Border. To take environmental implications of underwater heritage important sites will be mapped through recent regional surveys and new approaches will be suggested to save it. On the other hand this coastal area has been populated from prehistoric times to till now. Indus valley civilization Alexander’s expeditions in the region up to now and the whole historical period is full of accounts of these ports and fishermen. The current research project comprises wide-ranging survey and mapping of cultural heritage around these coastal villages and coastline at some selected using ArcGIS. A field survey was conducted in September and October 2022 in order to collect archaeological, botanical zoological material and also GPS-generated tracks and locations were produced. The results show at some sites from two to four overlapping periods in different regions. Primarily, sites identified near associated villages and also coastal areas date back to circa 2700 BCE. This paper will highlight the forms evolving from the research and field data and propose interpretation of both environmental and archaeological heritage. Keywords: Mangroves, Climate, Environmental heritage, Balochistan, Pakistan LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Base map of pakistan and its neighbouring countries including arabian and study area Figure 2 Base map of coast of balochistan showing study area sites Figure 3 Chib village north of gwadar town Figure 4 Shell middens near cape gaddani Figure 5 Damb village very close to famous of dolphins view INTRODUCTION AND RELEVANCE TO THE SESSION The project aim is to understand the important role of traditional knowledge systems of marine conservation and management found in coastal tribal communities. The coastal tribes believe that marine conservation is like saving their own children from danger, because they consider it the only source of their survival in the region. They try to save the ecosystem as it is the key to protect fish, shrimp, shellfish, mangroves and migratory and resident birds which used to catch and sell for their livelihood. The project position is that it is important to understand and then develop from their knowledge new approaches for sustainable ecosystem management that will control underwater and coastal degradation and protect cultural heritage. The approach and methodology for the project has been designed to reveal this traditional knowledge base and propose how it can aid maritime conservation and management in the future. CASE STUDY AREA Geographically, the coastal region of Balochistan can be distributed into two subdivisions for better understanding of the region. The first section is the coastal area of Lasbela districts, starting from the mouth of Hub River near Sindh to the western side of Ormara beach close to the Basol River. The second section has a very beautiful landscape of mountainous Makran coast, extending from Basol River to the west of Dasht River near the Iranian border. The coastline is characterized by long beaches, small bays and large lagoons and lakes such as Khor Kalmat lagoon, Miani Hor and Siranda Lake. The Makran Mountains come down close to the coastline in parts of the study area near Jiwani, Pasni and Gwadar with a series of rivers and many streams run down to the sea. 1 �Figure 1 Base Map of Pakistan and its neighbouring countries including Arabian and Study area The coast stretches across 770 km, and provides a shallow water habitat which is rich in marine resources, particularly fish stocks and shrimp (IUCN 2000). Figure 2 Base Map of Coast of Balochistan showing study area Sites The beaches have great biodiversity value because they serve as nesting grounds for endangered red green turtles. The coast is also home to mangrove ecosystems supporting a diverse array of fish, shrimps, birds, and marine mammals such as humpback dolphins found at Miani Hor. Also, the mangrove ecosystems serve as a source of fuelwood for local communities and offer fodder for camels and buffaloes. (MFF Pakistan 2014). PAST OCCUPATION OF THE COASTAL AREA Previous surveys of the coastal region of the district lasbela, Balochistan unveil a long sequence of occupation. Biagi (Biagi 2014) surveyed the eastern part of the coastline and found two important archaeological sites where he collected Shell middens and stone tools. First site is Lake Siranda near Damb and Sonmiani. This is a shallow water lake dependent on seasonal water and sometimes monsoon rain. 2 �Figure 3 Chib village north of gwadar town It remained populated during different periods from the eighth millennium BP to the fifth millennium BP. The sites of cape Gadani and cape Phuari are dated from the fifth millennium BP to the second millennium BP on the basis of cultural material which are stone tools and potsherds. Figure 4 Shell middens near cape gaddani In the district of Gwadar and Kech In 1928, Sir Aurel Stein conducted an archaeological survey and explored archaeological sites including Sutkagan Dor near Jiwani of Makran coast which was later called Sea Port of Harappan period. After the discovery of Sutkagan Dor, George F. Dales started a survey in October and November 1960 and discovered another important Harappan period site called Sokhta Koh. He did excavation and Sutkagan Dor and declared both Sutkagan Dor and Sokhta Koh Harappan period ports, which were used to trade goods with Mesopotamia (Dales 1962). The area remained populated throughout the history as the Achaemenid Empire captured the area and included it as its satrapy and then again during Alexander’s expeditions one of his admiral Nearchus crossed the Makran coast and called these people fish eaters. Ottomans also ruled here indirectly. In the fifteenth century Portuguese attacked the locals and looted them. The eighteenth century Arabs of present Oman, captured the area and ruled until 1958. There are some interesting tangible heritage of Omani rule still existing in Gwadar. Shahi Bazar is in old Gwadar city and needs conservation as it has many important historical buildings such as Om Mandir and Old Fort of Gwadar. Gwadar is still the heart of coastal people. 3 �TRADITIONAL COASTAL FISHING COMMUNITIES There are 35 fishing communities residing along the Balochistan coast, taking advantage of the natural harbors formed by bays and headlands and the population of the area is around 400,000. The most famous and largest fishermen tribe is Meds. They are living all around the coast, there are many clans in this tribe. The Med are among the earliest settlers of the Makran coast; they speak Balochi, and they identify themselves as Baloch but generally, they are considered as a distinct tribe in both Makran and Las Bela areas of the coast. They, like other tribes, still use both traditional methods like nets and fishing rods along with other generally used methods. The second famous fishermen tribe are Siddis. They are not indigenous they came with the arrival of Islam, it is believed they were soldiers of Muslim attackers in this area but most of them decided to settle here and adopted this occupation for living. After these tribes there, many other tribes living along the coast of Balochistan are associated with fishing. These tribes do fishing but some of them usually do fishing some do it occasionally and the last of them have a very low percentage of fishermen. Tribes are fishermen but do fishing in different villages Raeis, Zangi, Kalmati, Birdi, Baloch (a small clan in coastal area also called them Baloch, these are separate from Baloch nation), Sangur tribes who 20 percent to 25 percent do fishing. Gourgej, Hoot, Shahzada, and Sabra tribes who have less than 15 per cent fishing. Above mentioned all tribes are living in different villages and towns along the coast of Balochistan. Figure 5 Damb village very close to famous of dolphins view Famous Towns and Associated Villages These towns and villages were visited by researchers in a 2022 survey of coastal areas from Dasht River to Hub River on the border of Sindh. Jiwani Town Jiwani town is the last town on the makran coast near Dasht river and the Iranian border in the west. The villages like Bandri Okaar, Panwan, Ganz, Passo and a larger village Pishukan are associated with this town of Jiwani. Gwadar Town There are many villages associated with Gwadar town but the researchers visited only four famous and very close to the coastal region villages. These are four villages Sur Bnadan, Dour, Kappar and Chur. 4 �Pasni Town Pasni town also has some important villages around with a good number of fishermen. These are Shadi Kaur, Kalmat, Makola and Basol. Ormara Town There are few important villages here; one of the most important is Kund Malir. Gaddani Town and World’s third Largest Shipwreck Yard This town is famous because it remained the world's largest shipwreck yard until the 1980s having thirty thousand employees and 132 ship-breaking plots. Now it is the third largest, after Alang in India and Chittagong in Bangladesh. There are few very important villages around it. These are Damb, Winder, Sonmiani, Adam pir, Goth sumar khan and Ghulam wadera. Migration from Villages to Coastal Towns There are many reasons for this migration from coastal villages to coastal towns particularly in Gwadar. These people came from different villages because most of the villages do not have basic facilities like schools, rural health centers, roads, and water. Fishermen from different tribes are at top in the list of migrated people because they are deprived of better fishing facilities in villages along with the above mentioned necessities. Culturally religiously important places along the coast There are many famous places that people used to visit, some of them are very important for Hindus but Muslims also visit them and maintain the decorum of the religious places. Hingol Mud Volcanoes There are around ten mud volcanoes in Hingol National Park but the most important of all of them is Chandergup 1. It is an active volcano and people from different communities used to visit it particularly from Balochistan and Sindh. The Hindus considered it an important religious place and call it Baba Chandragup. They throw coconut fruit into the active volcano and focus on their wishes and their wishes come true. They believe that it is the first place to visit before entering into Hinglaj Mata Mandir. Hinglaj Mata Mandir It is also in the Hingol National Park and is the most visited Mandir in Pakistan. During every spring more than 25,000 Hindus take part in a pilgrimage of it, called Hinglaj Yatra. Ibn e Qasim Martyrs Monument This monument is also in Hingol national park and people believe these graves are of Muhmmad bin Qasim’s soldiers. MARITIME HERITAGE ON THE COAST OF BALOCHISTAN Along the coast tangible maritime heritage of the past consists of the archaeological sites discussed above which exploited the coastal resources as can be seen from the finds and, in particular, the frequent shell midden deposits. Built heritage of the present consists only of the typical houses and structures of fishermen in coastal villages. These have not been documented or studied to better understand the social and economic structure of these communities. 5 �The spatial distribution of fishing communities and the patterns of their villages in the coastal landscape will be investigated as well as their adaptation to seasonal use of off-shore waters and marine resources. Research will focus on several aspects of the traditional knowledge and skills of these coastal tribes: 1. Boat building methods and materials and styles of boats 2. Traditional fishing techniques such as Chatt bait fishing 3. Traditional ecosystem management for sustainability RESEARCH QUESTIONS A group of research questions are guiding this project: 1. How have maritime oriented groups adapted to and exploited the marine ecosystem through time? 2. Are present groups continuing this adaptation and is it endangered by modern large-scale fishing fleets, tourism development along the coast and construction of a major port at Gwadar at the eastern edge of the study area? 3. What can modern nature and heritage conservation learn from their accumulated knowledge of how to sustainably manage maritime resources and associated intangible and tangible heritage? Can their traditional knowledge contribute to solutions to issues of climate change and coasts? METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT The approach of this project is multidisciplinary and employs a combination of tools including: 1. Desk based research – previous archaeological survey and excavation; anthropology studies; map and satellite remote imagery analysis; creating an historical timeline 2. GIS Mapping and documentation of traditional coastal fishing communities and their adaptation to maritime environment to highlight known sites of existing fishing communities and of past archaeological sites. 3. Mapping of identified traditional coastal villages and documentation of traditional skills and lifeways 4. Carrying out Cultural Mapping at villages in the study area to record intangible traditional knowledge and skills and material culture related to their maritime adaptation 5. Oral histories with community elders to record changes in environment and their lifestyle. EXPECTED RESULTS OF THE PROJECT The project will propose measures for the future conservation and management of the tribal maritime heritage of the Balochistan Arabian Sea coast. These recommendations will be presented under an umbrella proposal for a Coastal Marine Park for this area like the UNESCO Surin Islands Project in coastal south Thailand where the Moken “Sea Gypsies”, maritime adapted peoples, have been made the managers of a large coastal marine park that has been their home for centuries; which they manage using their traditional approaches and methods (UNESCO 2001). Our project will result in a clearer understanding of how maritime oriented groups have used the coastal resources of southern Balochistan, how people have distributed themselves within this environment and adapted to the coastal landscape and seascape through millennia. Looking to the past, this knowledge can help interpret how traditional skills and material culture relate to past adaptations as we see in the archaeological remains. Looking forward, their adaptation and the tools they have used for centuries can help us find more effective ways to safeguard the living, archaeological and natural marine heritage of the coastal area. 6 �BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ahmed, Manzoor, and Gulawar Khan. "The History of Baloch and Balochistan: A Critical Appraisal." A Research Journal of South Asian Studies January-June (2017): 40-43. 2. Baloch, Ghulam Farooq, Waheed Razzaq, Shakir Naseer, and & Saeeda Mengal. 2015. "A Brief Survey of the Archaeological Sites of District Lasbela, Balochistan: A Descriptive Approach." UoB, Quetta (Pakistan) XXXII,no.1 (2015): 40-46. 3. Biagi, Paolo."Shell Middens of the Coast of Balochistan." Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2014): 3-5. 4. Biagi, Paolo, and Reneto Nisbet. "The Archaeological Sites of Gadani and Phuari Headlands (Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan)." (2014): 4-7. 5. Dales, George F. "Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast ." Antquity, XXXVI (1962):86-91. 6. Didier, Aurore, and Benjamin Mutin. "The Kech-Makran Region in Protohistoric Times ." In Lost and Found: Prehistoric Pottery Treasures from Baluchistan, by Ute Franke and Elisa Cortesi. Berlin: Museum of Islamic Art Pergamon Museum.(2015): 297-318. 7. Paolo, Biagi, and Renato Nisbet. "The Archaeological Sites of Gadani and Phuari." n.d. 8. Rasool, Fayyaz, Shahzadi Tunio, and Syed Ali Hasnain. "Mangrove conservation along the coast of Sonmiani, Balochistan, Pakistan ." Springer-Verlag (2002): 214-216. 9. Shahrukh, Naufil, Shahzad Hussain, Tuba Azeem, and Samand Khan. "Coastal Communities of Balochistan vis-à-vis CPEC: Mapping Perceptions and Socioeconomic Issues." Policy Perspectives (2020): 53-56. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 25: Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems Subject The topic of the resource Session 25 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 25 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of balochistan Description An account of the resource This paper will focus on conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of coastal villages of Balochistan from Goth Haji Alano near Sindh border to Jiwani near Iranian Border. To take environmental implications of underwater heritage important sites will be mapped through recent regional surveys and new approaches will be suggested to save it. On the other hand this coastal area has been populated from prehistoric times to till now. Indus valley civilization Alexander’s expeditions in the region up to now and the whole historical period is full of accounts of these ports and fishermen. The current research project comprises wide-ranging survey and mapping of cultural heritage around these coastal villages and coastline at some selected using ArcGIS. A field survey was conducted in September and October 2022 in order to collect archaeological, botanical zoological material and also GPS-generated tracks and locations were produced. The results show at some sites from two to four overlapping periods in different regions. Primarily, sites identified near associated villages and also coastal areas date back to circa 2700 BCE. This paper will highlight the forms evolving from the research and field data and propose interpretation of both environmental and archaeological heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tajammal Abbas Rai Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Rai,Tajammal Abbas . 2023. “Conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of balochistan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bishnu Pada Bose. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. 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Title A name given to the resource Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tansen Sen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Tansen Sen Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Place Honolulu Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press Title A name given to the resource Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 China India Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Umi O Koete No Koryu Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Taryo Obayashi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chuo Koronsha Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Taryo Obayashi Item Type Book ISBN 412402536X Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... Edition: Shohan. Language: Japanese (Show non-Roman characters) Geographic: East Asia -- Relations -- Japan. Japan -- Relations -- East Asia. Japan -- Civilization -- Asian Influences. Note(s): Includes index. Class Descriptors: LC: DS518.45 Responsibility: Obayashi Taryo hen. More Records: Show record information Entry: 19860701 Update: 20080829 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 372 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chuo Koronsha Series Nihon no kodai ;; 3; Title A name given to the resource Umi O Koete No Koryu Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/5df9542e49a1a96ed071953c9f25e37e.pdf 4b58a84e44c5e29fe9889c508195279c PDF Text Text The Cultural Property of Military Forts on the Sea or Kai-hou in Tokyo Bay: From the viewpoint of underwater cultural heritage Tatsuya Nakada Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, 108-8477 Email: picono@kaiyodia.ac.jp Toshiaki Hayashibara Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology,Fukuoka, Japan, 812-0041 Email: underwater03@gmail.com Abstract At the end of the 19th century the Japanese government built several military forts on the sea or artificial islands inside Tokyo bay in order to defend its capital from foreign sea powers. Three outer forts or Kai-hou, which were between the cape of Kannon, the cape of Huttsu, and Saruis land, formed the first naval defensive line. The first fort started to be constructed in 1881, and then finished in 1890. The second was built between 1889 and 1914, and the third between 1892 and 1921. Among three, only the third one does not exist anymore. In 2000 the governmental demolition project of the third fort began mainly because of the congested seaborne traffic, and was completed in 2007. During the work, some of its building materials were salvaged, which have been exhibited in a city park since 2006; they are now Yokosuka-City-Designated Important Cultural Properties. The underwater structures of the fort were also removed and reconstructed in a council owned ground; in 2013 they were also registered as the above-mentioned cultural properties. On the other hand, the first fort is now owned and charged by the ministry of finance and the second by the ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism. Although both have already been registered as Sites Which Contain Buried Cultural Properties by the local educational committee, the governmental restoration work of the second fort is under way without any legal procedures in conformity with the Japanese domestic law of Act on Protection of Cultural Properties. Key words: Kai-hou, Tokyo Bay, Taisho Period, Protection of Cultural Properties, Archaeological Heritage Site Introduction Kai-hou means fort on the sea. On the same ground that in the last period of Edo gun batteries on the sea called O-daiba (o is an honorific title which is added before noun for shogunate or its related organizations or facilities) was constructed to defend the capital, Meiji Government constructed three Kaihous on the sea located in the middle of Tokyo Bay. They could be regarded as Underwater Cultural Heritage. As two kaihous of three are designated as archaeological Heritage Sites in accordance with Act on Protection of 1 �Cultural Properties, the treatment of them shall be abided by the Act. Kai-hous in Tokyo bay (Military Forts on the Sea or Kai-hous) They are artificial islands on the sea with defensive facilities including gun batteries constructed to defend Tokyo from Meiji to Taisho period (the late 19th century to the early 20th century). After three forts on the sea were built, the army had resided there. never fired in the actual war. The cannons were After the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923, the alteration of national defensive policy made Kai-hous unnecessary. They have been let Fig. 1 A Bird's Eye View of Tokyo Bay. (T. Hayashibara) alone for a long time. The Construction Technology of Kai-hou in Tokyo Bay Perceived foreign vessels had come to frequently appear offshore Japan at the end of Edo period; the necessity of coastal defense was urged. Particularly Perry's squadron’s visit to Uraga obliged Edo Shogunate to defend Tokyo bay. The first defensive and inspection line from Cape Kenzaki to Cape Sunosaki intended to confirm the purpose of arrival of ships and ordered them to expel from Edo bay, and the second defensive line from the cape Kannon to the cape Huttsu intended to sink them simultaneously by all forts around the line in case of invading across the line (Fig. 1).The first artificial fort (Shinagawa O-daiba) was constructed near the coastline of Edo Castle. Though at first 12 forts were scheduled to be construct, only 6 forts were built due to finance and technical problems. The line between the cape Huttsu in Chiba Prefecture and the cape Kannon in Kanagawa prefecture “to repel” foreign vessels at the end of Edo Period had geopolitical merits of the narrowest sea area in Tokyo bay. Meiji government had also determined to construct artificial lands or forts on the sea. The each distance among forts called Kai-hous was approximately 2.5 km considering shot-range at that time. Having been used enormous amount of stone or sand, they were gathered and transported from Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures. A variety of techniques such as construction technology of Shinagawa O-daiba, traditional masonry technique and most 2 �advanced engineering works or diving technology (such as helmet type of diving apparatus) were used at the construction. Because of deep water (about 40m around the third Kai-hou) and too fast current, construction work sometimes ran into difficulties and took a toll of lives. However it took 43 years for the construction of Kai-hous to complete works. The History and Situation of Kai-hous in Tokyo Bay The first Kai-hou is located at the westward 2.3km offshore Futtu city of Chiba prefecture, and belongs to the Ministry of Finance. Its area is 23,000m 2 at high tide. The depth of water is around 1-3 m. As it is not preserved, sand used as its base appears exposed and neglected; some structures have collapsed (Fig. 2 and 3). The second Kai-hou is located at the further westward offshore 2.5 km from the first Kai-hou offshore the Cape Futtsu. Its area is 41,000m2 at high tide. The depth of water is around 8-10 m. The second Kai-hou also seems to have been neglected. Having been equipped with radar and used for emergency drills, recently the ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism (hereinafter MILT) has maintained and reused the second Kai-hou. Fig. 2 The Whole View of the first Kai-hou. Fig. 3 Several Parts of Military Facilities (Google Earth) Collapsed on the Side of the first Kai-hou. (T. Hayashibara) The third Kai-hou is located at the northward offshore 2.5 km from the Cape of Kannon. Its area was 26,000m2 at high tide. The depth of water is the deepest of all Kai-hous at around 40m. Although it took 30 years to complete the construction, one third of the third Kai-hou was submerged due to Great Kanto earthquake of 1923. Since these became obstacles on navigation route, the removal project was implemented in 2000- 3 �2007. All structures seen on the surface of the sea were moved away. Though we cannot confirm, underwater remains (basic parts of the structure) appear to be intact. Act on the Protection of Cultural Properties and Kai-hous Archaeological Heritage Site Act on the Protection of Cultural Properties (1950) adopted the legal terminology “buried cultural property” for the first time as a conception including ruins or relics. As long as underwater objects are found within the territorial sea, raised objects or artifacts could be treated as “buried cultural property” (Cabinet Legislation Bureau, September 18th, 1960). Then archaeological heritage sites would be delimited by arbitrary zoning around the areas which could contain “buried cultural property” or ruins. In case of the first and second Kai-hous, historical facts are evident. Among Shinagawa O-daibas which is historically and technically relevant to Kai-hous, the third and sixth O-daibas were designated as National historic site in 1926 by Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law (1919). In 1995, the Agency for Cultural Affairs referred to heritage of industrial modernization as a type of cultural property due to a revision of the criteria of the designation for Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument. Therefore the legal range of cultural property was extended from mid-Meiji era to end of WW II. In August 1 of 2002, Cultural Properties Department proclaimed that it surveyed to register Tokyo bay gun battery ruins as heritage of industrial modernization. It selected Motosu gun battery, the first and the second Kai-hous from a body of Tokyo bay gun battery ruins as “heritage of industrial modernization”. Research products could nominate as national historic site. In April 30 of 2003, Futtsu City Council of Cultural Property confirmed that the proposal of designation of historic sites should be embodied within the year on the memorandum titled “Respecting the Protection and Practical Utilization of the first Kai-hou and the Cape Futtsu” (Kosaka, 2004). Although more than 20 years have elapsed since then, the report is yet to be published. According to “the distributive map of ruins in Futtsu City” made in March 1975 for the first time, all Motosu gun batteries, the first and second Kai-hous weren’t registered as archaeological heritage sites. It was not until 1987 that the first and second Kai-hous were not only registered in “Map of Ruins,” but also Motosu gun Battery was registered in “the map.” Motosu gun battery, the first and second Kai-hous 4 �were registered in “the distributive map of ruins in Chiba prefecture” (March2000). Consequently the construction works shall be notified within 60 days in compliance with articles 92-95 of Act on Protection of Cultural Properties. In July 2010, it turned out that a branch office of MILT destroyed considerable parts of the second Kai-hou registered as archaeological heritage site. Worried the second Kaihou might collapse by typhoon or earthquake, the construction began in 2007 so as to remove obstacles on navigation routes. A section chief of Tokyo Bay Waterway Office told that no report was given from Third Regional Coast Guard Headquarters who owns the second Kai-hou, we didn’t perceive the second Kai-hou was included in Archaeological Heritage Site. In the meantime it was revealed that the construction was the whole renovation of the second Kai-hou, and Futtsu City Council of Cultural Property held an urgent meeting in July2010.We inquired the Chiba Prefecture Board of Education about this problem, and the Board replied as follows. First concerning the well-known archaeological heritage site registered as “the second Kai-hou,” the construction had been carried out without any notification or consultation for both prefecture and city Board of Education. Secondly, as regards the third Kai-hou, Tokyo Bay Waterway Office removed the sunken rocks and tried to record the state of ruins and to open the information to the public 2000 to 2007. Thirdly, as regards the construction of the second Kai-hou, a request paper (August 11, 2010) which stipulated the fact that many people in Futtsu committed to this construction was submitted to Tokyo Bay Waterway Office. The Different Treatment of Kai-hous by Different Administration Both the first and second Kai-hous have the Futtu city’s land register. These registers were decided as the matter respecting the jurisdiction of Kai-hous (decree 72) (Takahashi, 2004a). The third Kai-hou belonged to Yokosuka city. When sunken rocks were removed due to safe navigation, its land register was erased prior to the construction. Since 35% of the third Kai-hou became sunken debris, the underwater structures up to the depth of 23m from the surface were removed in 2007. This construction raised so called “Large-sized Barracks” from plenty of remains in February 2005. This was transported to Umikaze Park owned by Yokosuka city in February 2006, it is 5 �permanently open to the public since March 1 of 2006 (Fig. 4). A Body, which developed into NPO in February 2009, posed a problem about the conservation of the third Kai-hou remains in January 2007. There were some remains raised other than “Large-sized Barracks.” The Body held a symposium on the relocation to Oppama of other remains of the third Kai-hou in July 2007. “Large-sized Barracks” was designated as important cultural properties by Yokosuka city in March 10 of 2009. Regarding this chance as the best timing, the NPO consulted with MILT about the treatment of remains of third Kai-hou. Thus three remains named Observation Station, Searchlight and Side Storage Room were determined to be selected and relocated them to City Ground in Natsui land. After this construction was carried out in 2010, three underwater remains were open to the public in April in the following year. Then the NPO moved to get the designation of remains exhibited at Oppama as important cultural property. Designation of cultural properties by Agency for Cultural Affairs is of great use when citizens make applications for subsidy. Consequently three structures were additionally designated as important cultural properties. It is worthy of notice that Tokyo Fig. 4 Large-sized Barracks of the 3rd Kai- Bay Waterway Office was willing to disclose houRaised in February, 2005 is Permanently Open to the Public in Umikaze Park of their own actual conditions exposed by the Yokosuka City. (T. Nakada) removal construction to citizens. This suggests that the office recorded certainly information of building technology through observing remains raised (Takahashi, 2004a). “The construction History of the Third Kai-houin Tokyo bay” (a volume of 630 pages) published in March2010 by Tokyo Bay Waterway Office based upon lots of information is the precious and exhaustive document record. World Heritage and Kai-hous Etuko Takahashi who was one of authors of “The construction History of the Third Kaihou in Tokyo bay” stated that though a body of gun batteries in Tokyo bay including Shinagawa O-daiba deserved World Heritage, the current state remained seriously critical (Asahi Shimbun, 2009). Such a point of view is extremely significant. Because 6 �viewing or estimating Kai-hous in light of world heritage never permits different treatment of remains by the different authorities. Moreover from a view of World Heritage, historic remains including Kai-hous must be perceived as “in totality; the conditions of integrity to properties” (Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage Convention, para. 89). In fact, the first, second and third Kai-hous are constructed like arc shape between Cape Huttu and Saruis land. This could be overviewed as a landmark of the entrance of Tokyo bay, as Sumihisa Takahashi (1927-2005) emphasized repeatedly. He proposed the first Kai-houand Motosu gun battery at the end of the Cape Futtsu be regarded as Historic sites (Takahashi, 2002). In this sense, the expression of “Kai-hou three brothers” by the chief Kazuo Kosaka of Tokyo Bay Fort Fan Club is very symbolic. As regards the raised relics other than remains transported to Umikaze park, he stated it was desirable that Futtsu city conserve the rest of the raised relics which have historical relation with the first, second and third Kai-hous. This shows eloquently his deep insight. The idea of Kosaka and World Heritage Convention seems almost the same. The subjects of the convention are monuments, architectural works, elements or structures of an archaeological nature etc., which are of “outstanding universal value” from the historical point of view (articles 1 and 2). The Basic scheme of the Convention is to draw up the World Heritage List (article 11). The registration of the list is examined and decided based on applications by each state parties. The World Heritage Committee were created in order to examine such applications in detail. The World Heritage Committee drew up the global strategy in 1994. It mentioned new types of heritage such as cultural landscape, industrial heritage and modern architecture that had not ever been designated. Japan also added a new type of cultural property called cultural landscape to Act on the Protection of Cultural Properties in April2005. Its definition articulates “indispensable subjects to understand our lives or livelihood selected from lives or livelihood of people living in the region and landscape formed by its cultural climate” (article 2.1.5). Japanese provisional list have been drawn up by Agency for Cultural Affairs based upon the opinion of Council for Cultural Affairs. World cultural heritage special committee has made reference to the operational guidelines accepting proposals of prefectures and municipalities since 2007. It is 7 �expected that such selection is based on not political but purely archaeological examination. Fig. 5 The Whole View of the 2nd Kai-hou in Fig. 6 The Whole View of the second Kai-hou. (S. February, 2000. (Tokyo Bay Fort Fan Club) Takayama) Administrative tasks about Kai-hous The proposal to the First and the Second Kai-hous Before the destruction of considerable parts of the second Kai-hou was revealed, in the regular prefectural assembly in 2008 Mitsuru Yoshimoto proposed that the first and second Kai-hous be world heritage. In the assembly, when he questioned about survey of Agency for Cultural Affairs, the chief of board of education replied that although the first and second Kai-hous were selected as one of 50 sites and indeed the research was carried out, the report remains to be published as of February 2004. When Yoshimoto questioned whether a body of Tokyo bay forts should be registered and conserved as world heritage, the chief of board of education replied that the registration of world heritage needed the designation of national historic in advance (Yoshimoto, 2008). In the assembly in December 2010 soon after the destruction of the second Kai-hou was revealed, when Yoshimoto inquired whether the report was published, the chief of board of education replied that as of February 2011 it had not been published. Though Chiba Prefectural Board of Education alleged the report would decide the significance of the first and second Kai-hous (Yoshimoto, 2011), as of January 2014 it has yet to be published. The Present Conditions and Problems on the Second Kai-hou As the second Kai-hou has let alone for about 70 years since its abandonment, it has fallen into ruin (Fig. 5). The revetment protection and restoration works were 8 �implemented as “Renewal Project” by MLIT in 2007, some works were completed in 2013 (Fig. 6). However, in the construction, due to insufficient cooperation between project executors and administrative officers, the advance archaeological research was not implemented in conformity with Act on the Protection of Cultural Properties (Tokyo Bay Waterway office). When we participated in a marine inspection in 2012, we confirmed the state covered with concretes to rivet the coastline. The fact that the legal archaeological research was not implemented means that regardless of registration of archaeological heritage sites, “the degree of importance as cultural heritage” is never verified. Therefore researches to get hold of the current state and pick up poor information of remains is strongly required. It is desirable that such researches be carried out and the researchers publicly disseminate their products. The Treatment as Cultural Property of Parts of Foundations Left behind under the Third Kai-hou The depth of water of the third Kai-hou is around 40m. That of the second Kai-hou is only 1-4 m. The construction period of the third Kai-hou was much longer than that of the second Kai-hou. The amount of stones and sand used by the construction was approximately 16 times larger than that of the first Kai-hou, and about 4 times larger than that of the second Kai-hou. It is remarkable that underwater basic structures are still left behind on the seabed. Although we have not confirmed, it would be natural that the underwater basic parts be preserved in situ. Nobody can mention this information. Though Board of Education of Yokosuka city seems unaware of the fact, these remains are underwater cultural heritage. These remains were constructed about 120 years ago. These structures should be valued as not separate remains but integral part of the third Kai-hou. Such an understanding would enable us to learn the actual conditions of marine engineering works. However, it seems difficult that we implement archaeological researches to confirm the actual state. Because the sea area of the third Kai-hou is important point due to heavy traffic, and the depth of water is about 40 m. Accordingly we require the authorities to recognize underwater basic remains. Conclusion At the opening of a NHK TV program (August 31 of 2013) titled “Megaquake: the revival of Great Kanto earthquake,” “an artificial island” from the sky view was introduced as a marine important place for seismic observation or anti-terrorism policy. Seemingly the 9 �foundation of the island was covered with sand, so never did we dream that the island is underwater cultural heritage. However we assert the island is none other than the second Kai-hou. The fact that this historically important island was introduced as quite different island seems to have changed even the original value of the island. The construction technology of Kai-hous under turbulent times in the early years of Meiji era was excellent enough to have been required the transfer to the United States when it planned to construct Kai-hou in Chesapeak bay (Committee for Publishing a Construction History of Tokyo bay the third Kai-hou, 2005). A document titled “Matters respecting the construction of Kai-hou in Tokyo bay: An inquiry from US ambassador” (July 1906) was found in Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Japan inquired whether US also own the document in reply. That’s why an unknown history between Japan and US was revealed. In July 2003, Tokyo Bay Waterway Office found the official document in the US National Archives and Records Administration. These facts show that an appraisal which Japan solely devoted itself to import is not necessarily right. Japan had already exported the world highest level of technology to the US at that time. Yokosuka city consulted with the Agency for Cultural Affairs in May 2013 to designate Saruis land as national historic site based on Act on the Protection of Cultural Properties. The city has been trying to maintain it as a park since it was transferred from the government in 2007. As Takahashi and Kosaka pointed out, if we regard a body of batteries including Kai-hous as one package “in totality”, the designation of only one part as historic site could also contribute to “the totality” provided in the World Heritage Convention. A statement on national historical site submitted to the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2014 is expected. References The Asahi Shimbun., August 25th, 2007, (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun., November 12th, 2009, (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun; Chiba(Ed.), July 29th, 2010, (in Japanese). Odawara Modern History Study (Ed.), 2012.Regional History of the South Kanto in Early Modern Japan: from the Perspective of Sun-Zu-So. Iwata Shoin, Tokyo, (in Japanese). Kosaka, K., 2004. Response of the Futtsu city to Tokyo bay Kai-hou. Journal of Tokyo 10 �Bay Science, Vol.2 (2): 65-66, (in Japanese). Tokyo Bay Waterway Office (Ed.), 2003. Mio (Fairway): the Changing Tokyo bay. Tokyo Bay Waterway Office, Yokosuka, (in Japanese). Committee for Publishing a Construction History of Tokyo bay the third Kai-hou (Ed.), 2005. Construction History of the third Kai-houin Tokyo bay. Tokyo Bay Waterway Office, Yokosuka, (in Japanese). Tokyo Bay Waterway Office (2013). Homepage, retrieval December 15, 2013. Fromhttp://www.pa.ktr.mlit.go.jp/wankou/jigyou_syoukai/dai2kai.htm. Liberal Democratic Party of Chiba (Ed.), January 14th, 2008. To Register the first and the second Kai-hou on the World Heritage List, Yoshimoto Mitsuru Prefectural Assembly Report, Chiba, (in Japanese). Liberal Democratic Party of Chiba (Ed.), February 1st, 2011. Revetment Repair Construction of the second Kai-hou is Being Enforced, Yoshimoto Mitsuru Prefectural Assembly Report, Chiba, (in Japanese). Johoji, A., 1971. Fortification History in Japan. Hara Shobou, Tokyo, (in Japanese). Takahashi, S., 2002. KyouSho(a memorial writing) for Professor Numata Makoto, the Chairman of the Society for Tokyo Bay Science. Journal of Tokyo Bay science, Vol. 1 (6): 184-85, (in Japanese). Takahashi, S., 2004a.A Thought on Kai-hou viewed Tokyo Bay Science. Journal of Tokyo Bay science, Vol. 2 (2): 48-49, (in Japanese). Takahashi, S., 2004b.the Cape Futtsu is Kai-mon (sea gate) of Tokyo Bay. Journal of Tokyo Bay science, Vol.2 (3): 108, (in Japanese). Chiba Prefectural Board of Education (Ed.), 2000.A Distributive Map of Buried Cultural Property in Chiba (4 volumes), Nagareyama, (in Japanese). Nagai, N., 2013. Shinagawa Daiba as Underwater Cultural Heritage. Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology (Ed.), The Database of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Promotion of Underwater Archaeology: the Pacific Ocean. The Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Fukuoka, (in Japanese). Futtsu City Board of Education (Ed.), 1987.the Distribution Map of Buried Cultural Property in Futtsu city. Futtsu, (in Japanese). Yokosuka City (Ed.), 2009. The New History of Yokosuka City: Special Edition Cultural 11 �Heritage. Yokosuka City, (in Japanese). Yokosuka City (Ed.), 2012. The New History of Yokosuka City: Special Edition Military Affairs. Yokosuka City, (in Japanese). Biography Tatsuya Nakada (b. 1969) is an associate professor of Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. He is a member of the board of Association for regional and Cultural Studies. His specialty is International Law, inter alia Law of the Sea. His main themes most particularly include “Fishery Subsidies and International Fisheries Law” and “Archaeological Heritage Management and UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage”. In the process of emerging of international community laws, recently he has been always considering how well such laws should be incorporated into Japanese legal system. Toshiaki Hayashibara (1960) has completed master's degree at Graduate School of Literature of Toyo University. He is a member of the board of Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology. His specialty is archaeology; his main themes include Japanese prehistory bronze ware research, underwater cultural heritage and Archaeological Heritage Management. In the process of participating in underwater cultural heritage research all over Japan, he has most gradually come to have his doubts about treatments of underwater cultural heritage by Japanese management of archaeological heritage. Recently he has been actively giving presentations on underwater cultural heritage and Archaeological Heritage Management. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 9: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Interview with Session 9 chair Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource East Asia is rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Not only conventional shipwrecks or submerged archaeological sites but also stone tidal weirs or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones have extensively been identified by many researchers. Most countries have just started in directing the heritage management in order to preserve them well, but the process of trial and error is still going on. In addition, no Asian nation, except for Cambodia and Iran, has ratified the UNESCO’s 2001 convention yet, partly because of territorial disputes over the sea among several East and Southeast Asian governments. It would be foolish to rule out political considerations when we study maritime or underwater archaeology in Asia. This session showcases papers about the history and current trends of maritime or underwater archaeology around East Asia. It may includes papers focusing upon historical backgrounds or wakeup calls of underwater cultural studies, ongoing excavations, grass roots movements, legislation efforts, contemporary political matters, and so forth. In 1890 an Ottoman frigate sunk within Japanese territorial waters; her wreck has lately been salvaged by foreign hunters who disregard its domestic law for the protection of cultural properties, while Japanese academic institutions or underwater archaeological organizations have been kept away from the excavation activities. Papers on points raised from such case studies will also be welcomed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Cultural Property of Military Forts on the Sea or Kai-hou in Tokyo Bay: From the viewpoint of underwater cultural heritage Description An account of the resource At the end of the 19th century the Japanese government built several military forts on the sea or artificial islands inside Tokyo bay in order to defend its capital from foreign sea powers. Three outer forts or Kai-hou, which were between the cape of Kannon, the cape of Huttsu, and Saruis land, formed the first naval defensive line. The first fort started to be constructed in 1881, and then finished in 1890. The second was built between 1889 and 1914, and the third between 1892 and 1921. Among three, only the third one does not exist anymore. In 2000 the governmental demolition project of the third fort began mainly because of the congested seaborne traffic, and was completed in 2007. During the work, some of its building materials were salvaged, which have been exhibited in a city park since 2006; they are now Yokosuka-City-Designated Important Cultural Properties. The underwater structures of the fort were also removed and reconstructed in a council owned ground; in 2013 they were also registered as the above-mentioned cultural properties. On the other hand, the first fort is now owned and charged by the ministry of finance and the second by the ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism. Although both have already been registered as Sites Which Contain Buried Cultural Properties by the local educational committee, the governmental restoration work of the second fort is under way without any legal procedures in conformity with the Japanese domestic law of Act on Protection of Cultural Properties. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tatsuya Nakada Toshiaki Hayashibara, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 9 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8d6bcbc8f46d9f25cfa7a83eb32ca618.pdf fbf56d842c6260969ff09f88aa9a870e PDF Text Text Discovery of Ceramics from the Koh Sdach Shipwreck, Koh Kong province, Cambodia Tep Sokha Royal University of Fine Arts, 72 str. 19 Phnom Penh, 1200 Cambodia Email: tepsokha81@yahoo.com Abstract In February 2006 fishermen discovered a shipwreck off the southwest coast of the Kiri Sakor district, Koh Kong province in 30 m of water approximately 20 km west from Koh Sdeach. Charred timber found at the shipwreck site and large irregular globs of melted metal which encase pottery pieces appear to indicate that the ship burned before sinking. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and the Shipwreck Research and Salvage Committee obtained the collection, which includes cooking pots with lids, storage jars with four loop-handles of different sizes, basins, bottles, kendi, dishes, plates, mortars and porcelain and celadon bowls. During our examination of the collection we selected a representative sample of 88 pieces of ceramics. Among the recovered material we found two pieces of lacquered covered box. While the designs on the lacquered surfaces were quite faded, the basketry core was in perfect condition. The calibrated date was from 1428 to 1482 AD (95% probability). The preliminary analysis of ceramics indicates that they could originate from the Mae Nam Noi kilns in Singbori province and the Si Satchanalai kilns in Sukhothai province, both in Thailand. Furthermore, the same type of storage jars with four handles has been found in the Cardamom Mountain, in Cambodia, where they have been used for burials. In this presentation I will discuss the preliminary analysis of the material and the different ways in which the site is connected to maritime trade routes in the gulf of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia. Key words: Cambodia, Post-Angkor, Cardamom, Maritime trade, Ceramics, Burial jars, Koh Sdach Introduction In February 2006 fishermen discovered a shipwreck off the southwest coast of the Kiri Sakar district, Koh Kong province in 30 m of water approximately 20 km west from Koh Sdach Island. Charred timber found at the shipwreck site and large irregular globs of melted metal which encase pottery pieces appear to indicate that the ship burned before sinking. His Excellency Ly Yong Phat funded the recovery of some 900 pieces of complete ceramics, various artifacts and a pile of broken ceramics. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MoCFA) and the Shipwreck Research and Salvage Committee 1 �obtained the collection, which includes cooking pots with lids, water jars, storage jars with four loop-handles of different sizes, basins, bottles, Kendi, bowls, plates, mortars, porcelain and celadon bowls. The material is currently stored at the Provincial Court in Koh Kong. During our examination of the collection we selected a representative sample of 88 pieces of ceramics. Among the recovered material we found two pieces of lacquered covered box. While the designs on the lacquered surfaces were quite faded, the basketry core was in perfect condition. The radiocarbon dating was done by Nancy Beavan and its calibrated date ranges between 1428 and 1482 AD (95% probability) (Beavan et al., 2012b). The preliminary analysis of ceramics indicates that they could be derived from two sources of ceramics kiln sites: Mae Nam Noi kilns or Bang Rachan kilns in Singburi province and Si Satchanalai kilns in Sukhothai province, Thailand. Furthermore, the same type of storage jars with four lug handles has been found in the Cardamom Mountain, in Cambodia, where they have been used for burials. In this presentation I will discuss the preliminary analysis of the material and the different ways in which the site is connected to maritime trade routes in the gulf of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia. Collection of Ceramics from Shipwreck near Koh Sdach Island Discovery of Ship sunk near Koh Sdach Island so far only one shipwreck has been located in Cambodia. This ship sank near Koh Sdach Island. The main cargo was of Thai ceramic production and various artifacts. According to local villagers some of ceramics and valuable objects were looted though the extent of the looting has not been quantified. Additional researches of underwater archaeology suggest that there may be around 15 shipwrecks according to local people in Kompot, Sihanouk village, Kep and Koh Kong province (UNESCO, 2011), but no evidence of their location has been found yet, further work will be done in the future lead by UNSECO in Cambodia and Department of Underwater Archaeology under Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. According to initial reports, the estimated ship dimension is 30 m long and 8 m wide (Chuch Phoeurn, 2006). The location of the shipwreck is between the mainland and Koh Sdach Island. The popular name of the closest harbor is the “Japanese Port”. This may indicate evidence of maritime trade around area near Koh Sdach Island between Cambodia and Japan. 2 �Transportation and Storage Ceramics, boards of ship, ivories, ingots, one small canon, bamboo lacquer cover boxes, and various artifacts were moved and lifted from the ship by Russian divers. At first, all the collection was stored in a Russian ship, but after the salvage operations ended, the collection was moved and stored in a room that belonged to H.E. Ly Yong Phat, who extended funding support for the operation. Cambodian Royal Government has no funds to lift the shipwreck, an operation that was estimated to cost around one million US dollars. Consequently, the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, and National Museum in Phnom Penh proceeded to make an inventory of the ceramics and various artifacts. These were labeled as “KK.2006.0001”, abbreviation of KK “Koh Kong”. In the project I am currently working on, there are plans to build storage, cabinets, and carry out ceramics conservation such as desalination of soluble salt, assembling of broken ceramics, writing the number in correct place, make description, photography for database, etc. We will classify the ceramics in groups of large storage jars, medium storage jars, small storage jars, cooking pots, water jars, bottles, stoves, motors, basins, and so on. Ceramics Conservation We are carrying out technical methods of ceramic conservation for conservation problems such as waterlogged ceramics in salt water, flaking glaze, powdery clay of earthenware, cracking lines and broken in pieces, problem of storage, numbering in the wrong place, and dirty.  Technical desalination: soak ceramics in fresh water for 24 hours, or three days, or one week. Test the salt in the water carried out by Conductivity Meter that will indicate its scale microsum (µ). Soak it in water time and again until measurement of soluble salt to degrees down around 100 µ. This process will stop the clay turn powdery and prevent further cracks in the ceramics.  Cleaning dirt and shells: at this point, we must learn how to work out a problem of pot stains dirt and shells attached with the ceramics. We can remove some part of shells attach on pot at any area is occurred the deteriorative issue and look conspicuously, we keep in mind that shell remains is on pot could help us to 3 �identify evidence of source where pots found. We can apply sponge, dental brushes, bamboo stick, and scalpel to clean the ceramics.  Consolidation of flaking glaze: adhesive Acryloid B-72 and B-48 dissolve in pure acetone about 5-10 percent to drop on the glaze flaking with painting brush for three or four times. Carrying out this method can help glaze strongly. Normally, the problem of glaze flaking also occurs with soluble salt which thins the glaze and cracks the glaze is getting weak and then it flicks off.  Consolidation of powdery clay: we can apply consolidation as glaze flaking, but this method could make clay to gain a dark color. In any case, desalination of salt may help pot clay in good condition. We know this problem often occurs with low fired pots.  Assembling of pots: use adhesive Acryloid B-72 and B-48 in pure acetone, these types of adhesive is adopted for the climate in Cambodia, the glass transition temperature change is higher than 400C. Before joining shards, we must consolidate the edge of shards three to four times, which strengthens the edge and makes it safer when we press it together. Apply adhesive on one edge of shard and press both shards together, and then pull it to see adhesive to fill in completed hole.  Previous numbering was in the wrong place and also the size of the letter used on small objects was too big. We will remove and number at the right place. Normally, when numbering the objects we must think about where we should write. We make a lined coat and remember not to write direct on pots since ink stains on the pot are difficult to clean. The technical method used for numbering on the pots, is by making a coat with thick liquid of adhesive Acryloid B-72 and then we write the number on the coat, last point, we cover on top with thick liquid adhesive Acryloid B-67, this method, it can protect from scratching of numbering. As for, large jars can write number at low part of body and high from base 5 cm, make layer or coat with Acryloid B-72, size of letter should be 1 cm high. Medium size of storage jars and small jars must number smaller and smaller. Furthermore, cooking pots, water jars, Kendi, basins and various objects should number at a side of flat base in a section that will not be suffering friction from the floor, board 4 �and storage compartment. We must make sure this area is not scratched when we move object.  Ceramics storage: It is really important for management of artifact collection in Museum and Gallery. All of the ceramics derived from the Koh Sdach shipwreck are currently not in a good condition of storage, as we can see from the pile of ceramics and fragments (Fig. 6). Examination of ceramics indicates that many pots were recently broken in pieces, scratched lines of the clay and glaze, and chipped the edge of the shard. This happened due to weight compression from material stored on top. In my project, this year I am working on complete ceramics and I am planning on moving them to the Department of Culture and Fine Arts. I have some funds allocated to build the storage in order to store ceramics on shelf. Conclusion The Koh Sdach shipwreck was transporting cargo following a coastal route but never managed to reach its destination, as it sunk off the coast of Cambodia and currently lies underwater at 32 m of depth. Various researchers have thought this was a Chinese junk, but this assertion requires further study of the planks. A proof of iron melting wrap around ceramics appears to indicate that the ship may have been burnt due to an act of piracy or by accident. This ship was found on February 2016 by fisherman. Ceramics and various archaeological artifacts were brought up from the sea by Russian divers supported by H. E. Ly Yong Phat. Most of the storage jars originated from Mae Nam Noi kilns in Thailand and Radiocarbon date suggest 1428-82 CE old. Furthermore, we found some Si Satchanalai celadon plates, Chinese blue and white porcelain plates, low fired wares such as cooking pots, water jars, stoves, kendis and basins. The discovery of Mae Nam Noi storage jars which highland people used for funerary practices in valley or on the hills of Cardamom Mountain in Thma Bang and Sre Ambel districts, Koh Kong province indicate that the trade routes taken by these materials was mainly coastal. The jar burial sites in the Cardamom Mountains show the common use of Mae Nam Noi Jars that have had the necks of the jars knocked off, and a hole was drilled on the bottom. These jars were used to store human bones in a secondary deposition. The jars were then placed in a natural rock ledge along the range of Cardamom Mountain (Beavan, 5 �2012a). We also found the celadon plates in this context; therefore it is possible that they were used for food offering during ceremonies. In my project have planned for three years of ceramics conservation and management, at first year, I am going to focus on earthenware which researchers have been focused on the stoneware in Southeast Asia; At second points, I am going to focus on the stoneware and third point, I am going to conserve all of broken ceramics in pieces. We are going to build storage for ceramics from the shipwreck and management. Therefore, we expect cultural heritage treasures in Cambodia, were derived from the shipwreck are going to conserved and preserved in good condition. In the near future, we hope UNESCO and other organization will help to build the museum for collection found in Koh Kong province. 6 �Catalogue Notification of ceramics is classified into 12 functions such as storage jars, bottles, jarlets, basins, Kendis, celadon bowls, blue and white Chinese porcelains, cooking pots, water jars, lids of cooking pots and water jars, stoves, and mortars. Additional point, they have slightly different dimensions and decoration. Radiocarbon dating on bamboo box with lacquer has provided the date between 1428 and 1482 CE. 1. Storage Jar (Fig. 1) with thick four lug handles, black and green glaze in the lower part of body, vertical neck, profile lip and flat base. Many jars found having dimension of H: 50-66 cm, Diam: 40-45 cm. Fig. 1 2. Jarlets (Fig. 2) with two handles and green glaze, reddish tan clay. These types of jarlet were produced in Si Satchanalai kiln around 15th -16th centuries. Jarlet was formed shape as gourd, they perhaps use for liquid container. Normal glaze is green glaze that we call Celadon ware to focus on clay object with green color, but soluble salt is made flake and changed color of glaze. Measurements: H: 10.5 cm, Diam: 7cm; and Cat: 13, H: 7 cm, Diam: 8cm Fig. 2 3. Si Satchanalai Celadon Bowls (Fig. 3) Some celadon bowls found in the pile of ceramics which stylistic data of celadon; they were produced in the late period of Si Satchanalai. Bowl Fig. 3: H: 6-7.5 cm, Diam: 23-25 cm Fig. 3 7 �4. Blue and White Porcelain Bowls (Figs. 4-5) with blue cloud design at exterior and Chinese letter “Fu” at center of bowl interior, ideogram for happiness. Dimension H: 7 cm, Diam: 14.5 cm; Bowl Fig. 5 with cobalt blue glaze at exterior and Chinese letter “Fu” but different style of writing than Fig. 4 Dimension H: 4.5 cm, Diam: 9.5 cm Fig. 4 Fig. 5 5. Cooking Pots (Fig. 6) has an ellipsoid shape, short neck, large mouth, and round base, impress design on entire body. This type of traditional cooking pot was made by paddle and anvil, it appears like Thai production and many storage jars of various sizes were exported. There are 30 complete pots we counted and some of them were broken. Dimension of cooking pot Fig. 6 H: 31 cm, Diam: 22 cm Fig. 6 6. Water Jars (Figs. 7-8) Based on the style of tradition of water jars in Cambodia, we call this type of pots “Water Jar” though it does not only refer to water container but it could also be used for various purposes. In this shipwreck, water jars are more in number than cooking pots. Many water jars are of the same dimension: H: 16-17cm, Diam: 20-22 cm; there is only a large water jar, dimension: H: 29.5 cm, Diam: 33 cm. Decoration of pots indicates impression of paddle pattern such as illustration of incised lines on the wood pattern Fig. 7; and pattern of X with fish eggs at upper part of water jar Fig. 8. Fig. 7 Fig. 8 8 �7. Group of lids (Figs. 9-10) with dome shape, handle at center, they may be lids for the water jars. Dimension H: 2-4 cm, Diam: 9 – 15 cm; Four lids with dome shape and unglazed cylindrical shape, Thai earthenware also found at Rang Kwein ceramics (Brown, 2009), H: 711cm, Diam: 23-33 cm Fig. 9 Fig. 10 8. Stove and Mortar (Fig. 11) there are several mortars amongst the items recovered from the ship; it seems under fired clay, this type of object is used for pounding hard foods for cooking. Mortar has ellipsoid shape, stamp foot, and reddish clay. The mortar has the following dimensions H: 10 cm, Diam: 17cm. A stove was also found amongst the material recovered. Fig. 11 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to the committee of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage who has supported me; Veronica Walker, and others of the publications committee who has assisted in the reviewing the article, Joyce Clark, and Helen Jessup from Friends of Khmer Culture (FOKCI), Lisa Sardegna, Dr. Nancy Beavan, Dr. Louise Cort, and Atthasit Sukkham. I would like to dedicate this article to Bonnie Baskin and late Roxanna Brown. 9 �References Beavan, N., Halcrow, S., McFadgen, B., Hamilton, D., Buckley, B., Sokha, T., Shewan, L., Sokha, O., Fallon, S., Miksic, J., Armstrong, R., O’Reilly, D., Domett, K., Chhem, K. R., 2012a. Radiocarbon dates from Jar and Coffin Burials of the Cardamom mountains reveal a unique mortuary ritual in Cambodia’s late to post-Angkor period (15th to 17th centuries AD). Radiocarbon, Vol. 54 (1): 1- 22. Beavan, N., et al. 2012b. Field note: A Radiocarbon date for the Koh S’dech Shipwreck, KohKong Province, Kingdom of Cambodia. Smithsonian Freer Sackler Gallery online resource. Site visited on the 26th March 2014, available at: https://www.academia.edu/2066819/Field_note_A_Radiocarbon_Date_for_the_Koh_Sd ech_Shipwreck_Koh_Kong_Province_Kingdom_of_Cambodia Brown, R., 2009. The Ming Gap and shipwreck ceramics in Southeast Asia: towards a chronology of Thai trade ware. River Books, Bangkok. Chuch, P., 2001. The Preliminary Cartography of Cultural Underwater Heritage in Cambodia. UNESCO, Phnom Penh. Tep Sokha is an archaeologist specialized in Southeast Asian ceramics and ceramic conservation. He graduated from the Royal University of Fine Arts (RUFA), where he established a small ceramics conservation workshop and was involved in student training in conservation and ceramic analysis. Tep has some ten years of experience on various ceramic conservation projects and organizing exhibitions including for the Khmer sites of Preah Vihear, Phum Sophy, and Kuk Patri. Tep is currently the Chief Ceramics Conservator for the Living in the Shadow of Angkor project for the jar burials of the Cardamom Mountains and the study of the ceramics from the Koh Sdach shipwreck. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discovery of Ceramics from the Koh Sdach Shipwreck, Koh Kong province, Cambodia Description An account of the resource In February 2006 fishermen discovered a shipwreck off the southwest coast of the Kiri Sakor district, Koh Kong province in 30 m of water approximately 20 km west from Koh Sdeach. Charred timber found at the shipwreck site and large irregular globs of melted metal which encase pottery pieces appear to indicate that the ship burned before sinking. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and the Shipwreck Research and Salvage Committee obtained the collection, which includes cooking pots with lids, storage jars with four loop-handles of different sizes, basins, bottles, kendi, dishes, plates, mortars and porcelain and celadon bowls. During our examination of the collection we selected a representative sample of 88 pieces of ceramics. Among the recovered material we found two pieces of lacquered covered box. While the designs on the lacquered surfaces were quite faded, the basketry core was in perfect condition. The calibrated date was from 1428 to 1482 AD (95% probability). The preliminary analysis of ceramics indicates that they could originate from the Mae Nam Noi kilns in Singbori province and the Si Satchanalai kilns in Sukhothai province, both in Thailand. Furthermore, the same type of storage jars with four handles has been found in the Cardamom Mountain, in Cambodia, where they have been used for burials. In this presentation I will discuss the preliminary analysis of the material and the different ways in which the site is connected to maritime trade routes in the gulf of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tep Sokha, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/17da064c70e0bf02c849889d0eb9784a.mp4 f168785de45fa2be83ebfcb366608037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 1: Underwater and Maritime Archaeology and Capacity Building in the Pacific Islands Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) spanning human history from the Stone Age to the atomic age. Since the first Pacific UCH Workshop held in Solomon Islands in 2009, the Pacific island nations have been progressing in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme by awareness raising, research and capacity building activities through inter-disciplinary cooperation and promoting synergy with the Pacific World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Programmes. Notable progresses include, among others, the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Outcome Document of the 3rd UN International Cooperation on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Samoa, 2014) that contains references to the importance of UCH for sustainable development of SIDS and SIDS ratification of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), as well as the enhanced cooperation between universities in the Pacific islands and professional training institutions through UNESCO University Twinning and Networking Programme (UNITWIN) for Underwater Archaeology. With this as its background, the session “Underwater and maritime archaeology and capacity building in the Pacific Islands” will be held with the aims to: i) share information on recent progress in awareness raising, research and capacity building activities in underwater and maritime archaeology in the Pacific Islands, ii) identify priority actions, iii) foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. The session especially welcomes presentations focusing on the protection and management of UCH belonging to indigenous community shared UCH in the Pacific, addressing challenges and opportunities facing Pacific SIDS in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme and the promotion of the UCH Convention, presenting good practice in ensuring the effective engagement of Pacific island countries and community in UCH management for their sustainable development, and proposing collaborative projects in this area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akatsuki Takahashi UNESCO Office for the Pacific States, Samoa Andrew Viduka, Maritime and Commonwealth Heritage, Australian Government, Nicolas Bigourdan, Western Australian Museum Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 1 Introduction Video Description An account of the resource Andrew Viduka introduces Session 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/29/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Asia-Pac Session 1 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In Little Need of Divine Intervention: Takezaki Suenaga's Scrolls Mongol Invasions of Japan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Conlan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available East Asia Program, Cornell University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Thomas Conlan Item Type Book ISBN 188544544X Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Library Catalog 128.125.253.52 Library Catalog Num Pages 302 Place Ithaca, N.Y Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available East Asia Program, Cornell University Series Cornell East Asia series Short Title In Little Need of Divine Intervention Title A name given to the resource In Little Need of Divine Intervention: Takezaki Suenaga's Scrolls Mongol Invasions of Japan Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Early Swahili History Reconsidered Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Spear Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Thomas Spear Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Issue 2 Pages 257-90 Publication Title International Journal of African Historical Studies Title A name given to the resource Early Swahili History Reconsidered Volume 33 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Building the Reed-boat Prototype: Problems, Solutions, and Implications for the Organization and Structure of Third-Millennium Shipbuilding Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tom Vosmer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Tom Vosmer Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Pages 235-39 Publication Title Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies Title A name given to the resource Building the Reed-boat Prototype: Problems, Solutions, and Implications for the Organization and Structure of Third-Millennium Shipbuilding Volume 31 India