6 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/fac8d9e7b4c36736c1fbc7414db4c723.pdf 896e782881c861489ec3a72f1b9da7b9 PDF Text Text Identifying ‘Islamic Motif’ on Chinese blue and white Porcelain recovered from the 15th century shipwrecks in the Philippines Andrea Natasha E. Kintanar Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman Philippines Eamil: andreakintanar@gmail.com Abstract This research is based on the raw data of a Master’s thesis that aims to identify Islamic motifs on Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from the 15th century archaeological sites in the Philippines. A stylistic analysis of Chinese porcelains recovered from both underwater and terrestrial sites will be conducted so that the main aims of the thesis will be attained. The Master’s thesis aims to answer questions that concern: a) the participation of the Philippines during the 15th century maritime trade; and b) determine the possible indications of the presence and/or absence of the porcelains. Large amounts of Chinese ceramics have been found in Philippine sites dating from the late 9th to the early 12th centuries, and the 14th-18th centuries. Some Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from Philippine archaeological sites were preliminarily identified to have Islamic motifs, however these were only initial descriptions. The Master’s thesis aims to verify the preliminary analyses. The main objective of this paper is analysis the blueandwhite porcelains recovered from following shipwrecks of the 15th century: Lena Shoal shipwreck, Española underwater site, and Pandanan shipwreck in Palawan, Philippines as well as Santa Cruz shipwreck in Zambales, Philippines. Using the collated motifs from already established ‘Islamic’ art a criteria and checklist was formulated to illustrate the presence of the motifs in Chinese blueandwhite porcelain from the abovementioned underwater sites. The initial results of this research will reveal that porcelains recovered in the Philippines are comparable to those found in West Asia, contrary to some past studies. Key words: Maritime Silk Road, Maritime trade, Islamic, Porcelain, Shipwreck Introduction The Philippines is an archipelago located near the South China Sea, suitable for ancient and present maritime trade. In consequence, the region is home to noteworthy underwater cultural heritage (Orillaneda, 2011). Evidenced by historical and archaeological data, such as the discovery of plank-built and edge-pegged wooden boats and shipwrecks dated from the 14th to the 18th century (Dizon and Ronquillo, 1 �2010; Orillaneda, 2013), the Philippine islands is known to have been involved in the Southeast Asian maritime trade and shipping network beginning the 9th century throughout the following centuries (Goddio, 2002; Guy, 1980). Chinese annals documented during the Song period (950-1279), that the Philippines engaged in long distance trade of porcelain and other goods (Beyer, 1947; Wu, 1959), where the South China Sea and Malacca Straits played a big role in this maritime interaction (Guy, 1980; Junker, 2000; Wu, 1959). Trade route diversion occurred due to the ‘inoperable’ state of the Silk Road caused by the “disintegration of overland commercial networks” (Orillaneda, 2013: 1). From then, a Maritime Silk Road was born, which connected the Mediterranean and South China seas (Hall, 2011; Orillaneda, 2013). Centers of Southeast Asian complex societies which progressed during the 12th-15th centuries became the heart and core of trade in the Maritime Silk Road (Hall, 1992; Orillaneda, 2013; Wade and Sun, 2010). Scholars claim that the Philippine Islands were merely a crossroad and only acted as a peripheral destination between Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Dizon and Ronquillo, 2010; Guy, 1980; Medley, 1976). With recent archaeological research, it may be argued that the Philippines participated more closely to this Maritime Silk Road than past studies would allow. In the most recent research on this matter, Orillaneda (2013) presented that Philippine society during the 15th-17th centuries utilized traded items and in turn played roles in their cultural fabric. The maritime polities in Manila, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Cebu, for example (Junker, 2000), were competitive when it came to raiding and trading internally, and the goods of this interisland trade also came from overseas or maritime trading elsewhere (Junker,2000; Orillaneda, 2013). One of the major components of this trade is Chinese porcelain. However, Medley (1976) and Macintosh (1994) observed that porcelains bound to Southeast Asia and the Philippines, during the 13th-15th centuries, were simpler compared to those sent to bigger kingdoms (so to speak) or what they would call Islamic nations in West Asia. Medley (1976) pointed out that pieces in the Philippines were more modest in design and smaller - jarlets or small plates - based on her research on the Topkapi Saray and Ardebil Shrine museum collections. Macintosh (1994: 18) stated that when the inhabitants of the Philippines came to like the blue-and-white porcelain, “they therefore 2 �ordered a quantity of small, sturdily potted wares that could be used in the export trade to the southern seas”. Such pieces were produced without care and decorated only in “a sketchily drawn style” as compared to those found in West Asia or Islamic sultanates (Macintosh, 1994: 18). This paper investigates Chinese blue and white porcelains recovered from selected underwater sites in the Philippines as it is possible that those ceramics also depict the same designs seen on porcelains brought to West Asia or Islamic lands. Contrary to accounts of Macintosh (1994) and Medley (1976), the Philippines served more than just an area for cheap trade materials and porcelains recovered from the shipwrecks bare comparable motifs to those found in the Islamic Sultanates of the West Asia. Objectives This paper is the raw data of the author’s thesis. It discusses the initial results gathered from artifact analysis of four underwater sites in the Philippines. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a stylistic analysis on the blue and white porcelains recovered from the following 15th century underwater sites (Fig. 1): Lena Shoal shipwreck, Española underwater site, Pandanan shipwreck, and the Santa Cruz shipwreck, Philippines. Using the collated motifs from already established ‘Islamic’ art (e. g. ceramics, bronze wares, and architecture), this paper presence of illustrates the the on motifs Chinese blue-and-white porcelains from abovementioned concretize author the the sites. To analysis, the formulated a criteria based on earlier studies done on Islamic motifs and Chinese porcelains. The four underwater sites were selected for their time period, i.e. the 15th century. This is a relevant period related to the proposed ‘Age of Commerce’ by Reid (1990) and part of the time when new maritime patterns and ship 3 �technology was being developed in Southeast Asia (Hall, 2011). Sites in the Philippines were mentioned by scholars to have been part of the maritime trade network during the 15th century CE (Junker, 2000; Hall, 2011). Stylistic analysis of Chinese blue and white porcelains will enlighten us on this maritime trade. Exploring the presence of ‘Islamic’ motifs on the recovered Chinese blue and white porcelains will also give an explanation of the term that scholars used in the past Fig. 2a Large dishes with Arabesque Scroll, Lena Shoal Shipwreck. (A. N. for describing Kintanar) decorations Fig. 2b Large dishes with Cloud Collar, Lena Shoal Shipwreck. (A. N. found in porcelain which were Kintanar) from the 15th century (Aga-Oglu, 1951; Crick, 2002; Krahl, 1986; Medley, 1973-1976; Orillaneda, 2008). The Master’s thesis of the researcher will answer more inferences. Discussion of method and criteria The criteria formulated serves as a checklist (Fig. 1) to inspect for indicative design elements considered as ‘Islamic’. This is based on features Medley (1975), Krahl (1986) and other art historians identified as Islamic. Two major characteristics being studied specifically are design elements and forms. When dissected, these may be divided to: a) arabesque; b) cloud collar; c) symmetry or pattern; d) heavy or dense decorations on space; and e.) form or size of wares. Design Elements Islamic decoration had a keenness to elaborate surfaces, where there were layers of decoration, as opposed to the adherence of Chinese potters to simplicity (Bloom and 4 �Blair, 1997; Medley, 1975). The main design elements considered as Islamic are the arabesque (Burckhardt, 1976) and cloud collar (which is still questionable). The arabesque (Fig. 2a) is “an ornament in stylized plant forms, strictly geometrical”, like a vine with leaf-scrolls and branches (Burckhardt, 1976: 56). The arabesque began as a sprawling plant ornament which was characteristic of Sassanian art forms strictly calibrated into lines of grapevine shoots with stylized images of fruits, animals, or people (Piotrvskii, 2006). After the 11th century, the arabesque became a stable characteristic of Islamic art (Piotrovskii, 2006). It became “integral in every Islamic work of art, which evolved to different patterns. In later periods it came to dominate decorative arts around the world”, including some blue and white porcelains (Bloom and Blair, 1997: 283). The cloud collar (Fig. 2b) is considered questionable because opposing sources say its origin is either Mongol or Persian (Orogo 1, 2011; Orinllaneda, 2006; Esguerra, 2004). The cloud collar is “a decorative form possibly derived from the Fungus or Ling Chih as the ‘Plate of Long Life and Immortality’ [But], this decorative motif may also have a Persian or Mongolian origin” (Orogo, 2011). However, Gray (1963) mentioned that the cloud collar could be Mongolian since the same design can be seen in both Persian and Chinese clothing about the same period the Mongols were in control of Central Asia. This design was literally used as a collar in most royal clothing in the Mongolian court and then adapted by the Chinese and the Persian in most of their art (Gray, 1963). Nevertheless, this design was rendered in Persian, Mongolian and Chinese art; ceramics included. It seemed to be more prevalent in ceramics that were produced during the Yuan (1279-1368 AD) and Ming (1368-1644 AD) Dynasties, as seen in the porcelains recovered from underwater sites in the Philippines. Other features under design are pattern and heavy decoration. Scholars like Carswell (2000), Macintosh (1994), and Medley (1973-1976) out that obvious influence pointed the most Islamic seen in Yuan and Ming wares 5 Fig. 3 Collated photographs of ‘Concentric Bands’. (Medley, 1975) �is the heavy and elaborate way the white porcelain was painted. Medley (1975-1976) discovered a pattern most Islamic ceramics display in Yuan and Ming wares. Since scholars mentioned that numerous ceramics found in Islamic nations portray geometric designs (Curatola, 2006; Philon, 1980), it should follow that even the pattern of decorations is geometric, a.k.a. ‘concentric pattern’ (Medley, 1975).Chinese potters made sure there was harmony in porcelain decoration (e.g. bigger feasting plates had to be decorated with organized balanced). Early Islamic metalwork was brought to China as reference for new forms of porcelain (Bennett, 2005; Carswell, 2000; Crick, 2002; Curatola, 2006; Gray, 1963; Medley, 1973-1976; Soucek, 1999). In these references the Chinese potters discovered a systematic way to decorate wares that were new to them. The solution to the Chinese potters’ problem was to render the same concentric pattern in bands or strips (Fig. 3) which Medley (1975) pointed out by showing a picture of one of the collections from the Ardabil Shrine. Form Examples of forms copied from early Islamic metal work are the ewer or crescentshaped kendi (Bennett, 2005). Different forms are dishes, kendis, ewers, and boxes. Large dishes “appear to be derived from a metal prototype possibly of Islamic origin,” (Macintosh, 1994: 13) since West Asians normally used large dishes (diameter 30-46 cm) for feasting or communal eating (Bennett, 2005; Casrwell, 2000; Medley, 1975; Park, 2012). The introduction of large saucers was in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) marked by a better relationship between China and the West being the “largest continuous land empire ever existed” (Park, 2012: 91). Before this, Chinese dining style was to serve in individual plates. The crescent-shaped kendi’s form is obviously Islamic. “The elegant shape of this pouring vessel imitates the bronze water containers of Persia and Mughal India, Indian metal versions originally derived from animal hide drinking flasks” (National Art Gallery of Australia website, 2010). The purpose of the kendi in Islamic rituals is for ablution - the ritual washing of a priest's hands or of sacred vessels (Foo and Teo, 2007).Another form is the pen/covered box. Muslim metalworkers are known to have produced large numbers of pen boxes decorated with inlays of gold and silver (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011). In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), numerous pen boxes similar to a typical medieval Islamic calligrapher's pen box were created. 6 �Site information and Presentation of Data Pandanan Shipwreck Pandanan shipwreck is in the southernmost tip of the mainland of Palawan, 250 m from shore, with a depth of 40-42 m (Alba, 1996; Dizon, 1996). It is a Chinese junk due to the use of iron nails connecting the keel to the hull (Dizon, 1996). Total artifacts count is 4,722, consisted of metals, beads, and ceramics. One of the Chinese coins showed that it was from the reign of Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1402-1424) and 70% of ceramics is Vietnamese (Dizon, 1996). In this site, 21 blueandwhite porcelains were examined as these were the ones available for research. Only one could be considered as Definitely Islamic, but 9 pieces have Islamic design elements. A summary of the findings of all the four sites will be seen at the end of this section. Española Site This site is located in Sofronio, Española, southeast Palawan, about 166 km south of the capital, Puerto Princesa. Although there were fragments of wood found in the site, this was not enough to qualify for a keel (Dizon et al., 2000). No parts of a ship were found. The total number of artifacts is 652, majority identified as Thai stoneware jars with only 7 blue and white porcelains detailed in Table 2 (Dizon et al., 2000). Lena Shoal Shipwreck Located off the island of Busuanga, northwest Palawan, the shipwreck at Lena Shoal was found 48 m deep, where excavations revealed a part of the bottom of the ship’s hull (Goddio, 2002). The total number of artifacts is 4,789, where 2,084 are blue and white porcelains, the rest are celadon, earthenware, and Sawankhalok wares (National Museum of the Philippines, 1997). Analysis of the ceramics places the shipwreck during the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor (1488-1505) (Crick, 2002). Contrary to the Pandanan shipwreck, the Lena Shoal shipwreck was identified as part of the South China Sea shipbuilding tradition - fusion of Southeast Asian and Chinese shipbuilding techniques (Orillaneda, 2013). With the time and availability of the wares, 62 pieces were closely examined. Santa Cruz Shipwreck The shipwreck was 32 m below sea level, in Santa Cruz, Zambales, North Luzon. The artifact count in this shipwreck is marginally larger with 14,965 pieces, 97% high-fired 7 �ceramics (Orillaneda, 2008). Most numbered ceramics are celadon with 2,512, followed by 1,769 blue and white porcelains (Orillaneda, 2008). The ship is estimated to be from the South China Sea shipbuilding tradition, most probably from Thailand (Orillaneda, 2008). Discussion The Española Report dates the site to 15th century; however, Brown (2004) suggested it could be 16th century. Given that there was no sign of a ship, the artifacts are assumed to be jettisoned cargo (Brown, 2004; Dizon et al., 2000). The bulk of this is large stoneware jars, proposed to be Sawankhalok Fig. 4 Two pieces from the Española site with Arabesque Scrolls. (National Museum of the (National Museum of the Philippines) Philippines, 2000). Both Pandanan and Española sites offer us with more brown glazed wares and Southeast Asian ceramics, while more blue and white wares or Chinese ceramics were recovered from Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz. This may be approached with the factor of time since the Pandanan site is dated mid-15th century (Brown, 2004; Diem, 1996; Dizon, 1996), while both the Santa Cruz and Lena Shoal junks are proposed to have sunk late 15th century (Brown, 2004; Goddio et al., 2002). No other interpretations of Española will be made since the whole assemblage is not present and it is possible that the period is outside the paper’s scope. But it is interesting to note that there are two pieces decorated with an Islamic design element (Fig. 4), however the form and other decoration of these two wares do not make it ‘Definitely’ nor ‘Quasi Islamic’ since the pieces look more Sawankhalok than Chinese. Pandanan reveals that only one ware can be considered as ‘Definitely Islamic’, with 9 pieces with Islamic motifs. Since Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz have more blue-and-white porcelain, more samples were studied. Both wrecks from the late 15th century, tell us of change in traded goods, or a new trend of Chinese ceramic production - a change in how Chinese ceramics 8 �were decorated over time - since 50% of Lena Shoal porcelains can be considered as ‘Definitely Islamic’ while Santa Cruz has almost 40%. Examples of these are heavily decorated, large dishes (Fig. 2a and 2b), crescent-shaped kendi (Fig. 5a), ewer (Fig. 5b), and covered boxes (Figs. 5c and 5d). The growing polities in the Philippine archipelago during the 15th century were most probably the intended market of these shipwrecks; however this could be proven more surely with a comparative analysis of underwater and terrestrial artifacts. These underwater sites were excavated more recently than studies by Medley (1973-1976) and Macintosh (1994), examples of scholars who wrote that Chinese ceramics recovered in Southeast Asia were scantily designed and lower in quality compared to those sent to West Asia. Naturally, earlier claims of scholars could be updated with more recent research. As evidenced by the cargo of Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz, these are comparable to export porcelain described by Medley (1975) West Asia. The area or population does not necessarily have to be a marginally Islamic kingdom for wares with Islamic motifs to be sent or sold. It would be well to update initial claims that the Philippines was not a recipient of elaborately designed export porcelains (Macintosh, 1994; Medley, 1976). 9 �Fig. 5a Crescent-shaped Kendi, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Fig. 5b Ewer, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Fig. 5c Pen box, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Fig. 5d Covered Box, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Conclusion Since the data is raw, examining more specimens will definitely allow more interpretation. But so far, the objectives of this paper have been met. The different cargoes of the shipwrecks reveal the different time when these sailed and got wrecked. They also reveal a change in supply and demand of trade goods. The Philippine archipelago was also a recipient of porcelains decorated with Islamic motifs and it did not have to be a largely Islamic population. The Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz sites are effective for testing the checklist formulated, which can explore more closely what others reported regarding the ceramics found in these shipwrecks (Crick, 2002; Orillaneda, 2008).Research is in session for the main thesis where a comparison of porcelain from underwater and terrestrial site is being conducted to further prove that wares with Islamic motifs indeed reached Philippine shores. 10 �Table 1. Criteria/Checklist of characteristics formulated for the purpose of identifying Islamic designs motifs on porcelain. (A.N. Kintanar) Table 2. Summary of findings based on the checklist. (A.N. Kintanar) Acknowledgements Special thanks to Bobby Orillaneda, Emil Bersamira, Vergil San Mateo, Allan Quinto, Clyde Jago-on, Paolo Tabirao, Larry Alba, Amelia Alhambra, Louise Bolunia, and E. Z. Dizon of the National Museum of the Philippines for their assistance and encouragements and Dr. Grace Barretto-Tesoro, Kate Lim, Anna Pineda, EnaLuga and especially Derek Sta Ana for the advice and support. Endnote 1A diagram and list of symbols on Chinese porcelain was presented to me by Mr. Fred Orogo from the Archaeology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. It is a photocopy of an index of terms from a book which Mr.Orogo has forgotten, for this reason, I am citing him as my source. References Aga-Oglu, K., 1951. Blue-and-white Porcelain Plates made for Moslem Patrons. Far Eastern Bulletin, Vol. 3 (3): 12-16. Alba, L. A., 1996. Pandanan Underwater Archaeological Report, Pandanan Island, Balabak, Palawan: The Third Preliminary Report. Manila: UWA Division, National Museum of the Philippines, (Unpublished). 11 �Bennett, J., 2005. Crescent Moon: Islamic art and civilization in Southeast Asia. National Art Gallery of Australia, Australia. Beyer, H. Otley., 1947. Early History of Philippine Relations with Foreign Countries Especially China. National Print Co., Manila. Bloom, J., and Blair, S., 1997. Islamic Arts. Phaidon Press Ltd., London. Brown, R. M., 2004. The Ming Gap and Shipwreck Ceramics in Southeast Asia. (PhD Dissertation), University of California, Los Angeles. Burckhardt, T., 1976. Art of Islam: Language and Meaning. World Islam Festival Publishing Company, London. Carswell, J., 2000. Blue and white Chinese Porcelain around the World. British Museum Press, London. Crick, M., 2002. “Traditions and Transitions: Chinese Ceramics at the end of the 15th Century” in Lost at Sea: The Strange Route of the Lena Shoal Junk. Periplus Publishing London Ltd., London. Curatola, G., 2006. Persian ceramics: From the 9th to the 14th Century. Skira, Milan. Dizon, E. Z., 1996. Anatomy of a Shipwreck: Archaeology of the 15th century Pandanan Shipwreck. In The Pearl Road, Asiatype, Inc., Philippines. Dizon, E. Z., Conese, E., Cuevas, M., and Jago-on, S. C., (2000). Caranasan Underwater Archaeological Excavation Project, site Report. UWA Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Unpublished, Manila. Dizon, E. Z., and Ronquillo, W. P., 2010. Maritime and underwater archaeology in the Philippines. In A Passage to Asia, Exhibition “A Passage to Asia”: 25 Centuries of Exchange between Asia and Europe, Brussels: 201-213. Esguerra, Arnulfo N., 2004. Analyses of the painting styles and decorative motifs on Ming blue and white ware with references to ceramic cargoes of Lena and other shipwrecks. Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Foo, Check-Teck., and Teo Khay-Chuan., 2007. Contextualizing the design mind of an ancient potter: a case study of the religious context of Islam and Ming Kendi. Leinden Journal of Pottery Studies, Vol. 23: 178-188. Goddio F., M., Crick, P. K. Lam., Pierson, S., and Scott, R., 2002. Lost at Sea: The Strange Route of the Lena Shoal Junk. Periplus Publishing London Ltd, London. 12 �Gray, B., 1963. Persian Influence on Chinese Art from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries. Iran, Vol. 1: 13-18. Guy, J., 1980. Oriental Trade Ceramics in Southeast Asia 10th to 16h century. National Gallery of Victoria, Australia. Hall, K. R., 1992. The Economic History of Southeast Asia. In N. Tarling (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol.1: From Early Times to 1800 AD. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hall, K. R. 2011. A History of Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., UK. Junker, L. L., 2000. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Philippines. Krahl, R., 1986. Export Porcelain Fit for the Chinese Emperor: Early Chinese Blue-andWhite in the Topkapǐ Saray Museum, Istanbul. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1: 68-92. Macintosh, D., 1994. Chinese Blue-and-white Porcelain. Book Marketing, Hong-Kong. Medley, M., 1973. The Yuan-Ming Transformation in the Blue and Red Decorated Porcelains of China. Ars Orientalis, Vol. 9, (Freer Gallery of Art Fiftieth Anniversary Volume): 89-101. Medley, M., 1975. Islam, Chinese Porcelain and Ardabil. Iran, Vol.13: 31-37. Medley, M.. 1976. The Chinese Potter: a practical history of Chinese ceramics. C. Scribner, New York. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, retrieved March 11, 2013 from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/51.53 National Art Gallery of Australia., 2011. Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Provence, China found in Bukittingi, West Sumatra, Indonesia, retrieved 17 March 2011 from, http://nga.gov.au/CrescentMoon/details/kendi.cfm. National Museum of the Philippines., 1997. Specimen Inventory Record of the Lena Shoal Underwater Archaeological Project. Underwater Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila. National Museum of the Philippines., 2000. Specimen Inventory Record of the Caranasan Underwater Archaeological Project. Underwater Archaeology Division, 13 �National Museum of the Philippines, Manila. Orillaneda, B. C., 2008. The Santa Cruz, Zambales Shipwreck Ceramics: Understanding Southeast Asian Ceramic Trade during the Late 15th Century CE. Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Orillaneda, B. C., 2011. Protecting and Preserving the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Philippines. In Mark Staniforth, Jennifer Craig, Sheldon Clyde Jago-on, Bobby Orillaneda, Ligaya Lacsina (Eds.), Proceedings on the ASIA-PACIFIC regional conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila: 86-102. Orillaneda, B. C., 2013. Maritime Trade in the Philippines during the 15th century CE, paper presented in the 2013 SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology, Bangkok. Park, H., 2012. Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Premodern Asia. Cambridge University Press, New York City. Philon, H., 1980. Early Islamic ceramics: ninth to late twelfth centuries. Islamic Art Publications, London. Piotrovskii, M. B., 2006. ‘Introduction’ to Beyond Palace Walls: Islamic Art from the State Hermitage Museum, Islamic art in a world context. In M. B. Piotrovskii and Anton D. Pritula (Eds.), National Museums of Scotland Publishing, Edinburgh. Reid, A., 1990. An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 24 (1): 1‐30. Soucek, P., 1999. Ceramic Production as Exemplar of Yuan-Ilkhanid Relations. Anthropology and Aesthetics, No. 35: 125-141. Wu, Ching-Hong., 1959. References to the Philippines in Chinese Sources. Philippines Social Science and Humanities Review, Vol. 24 (January-June): 1-181. Biography Andrea Natasha Kintanar is a Master of Arts in Archaeology student in the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program. Currently, she is in the process of completing her Master's thesis while working as a part-time lecturer in two progressive colleges in Manila. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the University of the Philippines. Her research interests are maritime trade, ceramics, historical archaeology and Islamic art. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Identifying 'Islamic Motif' on Chinese blue and white Porcelain recovered from the 15th century shipwrecks in the Philippines Description An account of the resource This research is based on the raw data of a Master’s thesis that aims to identify Islamic motifs on Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from the 15th century archaeological sites in the Philippines. A stylistic analysis of Chinese porcelains recovered from both underwater and terrestrial sites will be conducted so that the main aims of the thesis will be attained. The Master’s thesis aims to answer questions that concern: a) the participation of the Philippines during the 15th century maritime trade; and b) determine the possible indications of the presence and/or absence of the porcelains. Large amounts of Chinese ceramics have been found in Philippine sites dating from the late 9th to the early 12th centuries, and the 14th-18th centuries. Some Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from Philippine archaeological sites were preliminarily identified to have Islamic motifs, however these were only initial descriptions. The Master’s thesis aims to verify the preliminary analyses. The main objective of this paper is analysis the blueandwhite porcelains recovered from following shipwrecks of the 15th century: Lena Shoal shipwreck, Española underwater site, and Pandanan shipwreck in Palawan, Philippines as well as Santa Cruz shipwreck in Zambales, Philippines. Using the collated motifs from already established ‘Islamic’ art a criteria and checklist was formulated to illustrate the presence of the motifs in Chinese blueandwhite porcelain from the abovementioned underwater sites. The initial results of this research will reveal that porcelains recovered in the Philippines are comparable to those found in West Asia, contrary to some past studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrea Natasha E. Kintanar, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/9af8c7bf965d9778065867f0566f88e1.pdf 1a79f3e9f9bffb35bcff7651df05d282 PDF Text Text The Australian Historic Shipwreck Protection Project Peter Veth, Andrew Viduka, Mark Staniforth, Ian MacLeod, Vicki Richards and Anthony Barham Abstract Australian wooden shipwrecks represent significant submerged heritage sites with huge potential to inform on historic connections, technological innovation and early colonial behavioural systems. Their archaeological potential is unfortunately often under severe threat from natural and human impacts. The Australian Historic Shipwreck Protection Project has recently been granted a large Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage grant to investigate the excavation, reburial and in-situ preservation of wrecks and their associated artefacts, which are at risk. This project will focus on Clarence (1850), a historically significant colonial wooden trading vessel, and brings together the disciplines of behavioural archaeology, maritime archaeology, conservation sciences and maritime object conservation. The vessel lies in Port Phillip Bay in Victoria only a few hours from Melbourne by boat and by land. The overarching theoretical focus will be on shipwreck site formation models as well as the potential of wooden historic wrecks and assemblages to elucidate early colonial history and shipbuilding. One of the main aims of the project is to try and develop a protocol for the rapid excavation, detailed recording and subsequent in-situ preservation of significant shipwrecks and their associated artefacts, at risk. This work will foster the development of a consistent national methodology for shipwreck and artefact storage and preservation underwater and assist in developing a strategy for the in-situ preservation of endangered historic shipwrecks. This work will also be critical to the future development of national, and possibly international, policy and technical guidelines for site managers of historic wrecks. The project will run for a period of three years. During the field work components the investigators from the University of Western Australia (UWA), the Australian National University (ANU), Monash University and the Western Australian Museum (WAM) with support from research associates and practitioners from the ten partner organisations will operate from a jackup barge located over the site including purpose built laboratories where they will excavate circa 25-50% of the Clarence site, conduct imaging (x-ray and optical) of recovered artefacts, conserve at-risk materials (where required) and rebury structural elements and associated artefacts using a combination of in-situ preservation techniques and initiate a long-term monitoring programme for the site. Excavation methodology will be overseen by Mark Staniforth, Peter Harvey (Heritage Victoria) and Peter Veth; conservation and in-situ preservation protocols, analyses and pre- and post-reburial monitoring by Ian MacLeod and Vicki Richards; imaging co-ordinated by Dudley Creigh (and colleagues) and Andrew Viduka; geoarchaeology and Geographical Information systems (GIS) by Tony Barham and Masters of Archaeological Science candidates. Introduction Australia is a maritime nation and much of its early history is represented by the cultural heritage of its maritime zone – most notably shipwrecks. More than 7,500 shipwrecks are known to lie within Australian waters which have unrivalled archaeological potential to provide information on social and economic history, cross-cultural exchanges and the early role of Australia within the Asia-Pacific region (Staniforth and Nash 2006). This maritime cultural heritage is under threat due to development work programs and the ravages of climate change and extreme weather events that lead to scouring and sudden exposure of buried elements. The management of underwater cultural heritage has demonstrably not kept pace with accelerating offshore exploration for gas and oil reserves, �pipeline construction and port-related facilities. Never has there been a greater need for a unified approach as to how to best manage and mitigate this irreplaceable record (Evans, et al. 2009). The Australian Historic Shipwreck Protection Project has recently been granted a large ARC Linkage grant to investigate the excavation, reburial and insitu preservation of wrecks and their associated artefacts, which are considered to be at risk. This project brings together the disciplines of behavioural archaeology, maritime archaeology, conservation sciences and maritime object conservation. One of the main aims of the project is to develop a protocol for the rapid recovery (excavation), detailed recording and subsequent reburial, as well as the in-situ preservation of significant shipwrecks and their associated artefacts. This work will foster the development of a consistent national, and contribute to the international, methodology for shipwreck and artefact storage and preservation underwater (Bergstrand 2002; Björdal & Nilsson 2008; Curci 2006; Gregory 1998). Furthermore it will assist in developing strategies for the insitu preservation of endangered historic shipwrecks. This work will be critical to the future development of national, and possibly international, policy and technical guidelines for site managers of historic wrecks. It is clearly in the national interest that a cost-effective management and mitigation strategy for historic shipwrecks impacted by natural or human actions is developed as a national priority. This project will develop a model for state and federal government collaborative research and policy development and offers an ideal pathway for developing a national collaborative approach to the sustainable management of maritime cultural heritage. Background to the project The idea of a national collaborative research project arose, in part, from the 2008 review of the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Program (HSP). The report suggested that the federal nature of Australian politics has meant that after 16 years the HSP had not developed nationally standardised processes and procedures and no official national collaborative project had ever been successfully initiated. Maritime archaeology projects in Australia certainly have been collaborative in their nature but this has been largely based on personal relationships between people and usually not between organisations. Three examples of collaborative projects that were largely based on personal commitments to collaboration were the excavation and research conducted on HMS Pandora, Sydney Cove and HMS Sirius (Nash 2007; Henderson and Stanbury 1988). And yet, despite increased impacts and loss of shipwreck site integrity in marine precincts, there has been no large-scale maritime archaeological excavation in Australia for more than a decade – since HMS Pandora – which was heavily subsidized by the philanthropic sector. There are three main reasons for a previous lack of national collaborative projects:  the lack of proposed projects relevant to all organisations; � the extreme difficulty in persuading States and Territories with limited budgets to participate in projects where the majority of benefits are indirect and short term; and  the difficulty in coordinating and developing such a proposal. In addition, there has been no significant increase in funding from the Commonwealth government for 20 years and under the current economic climate it is unlikely that an increase will occur in the near future. As a result there is a clear need to identify other funding options to meet organisational and research needs. Most jurisdictions in Australia have either remained at funding and staffing levels or decreased with operational money becoming scarcer in successive financial years. Furthermore, there is an ageing population of senior maritime archaeologists with a wave of newer maritime archaeologists coming into the field. Some of these younger professionals have not been involved in major excavation projects and lack the technical experience of their later career counterparts and the opportunity to develop these skills. The profile of historic shipwrecks as a national program has not greatly expanded over the years and our challenge is to engage a new generation of Australians to generate respect for our maritime heritage and an understanding of why it should be protected and conserved for the future. There is a need for national policy and standardised operational guidelines for site management to meet current needs in the workplace for cultural resource managers. To address some of these issues, this project brings together, for the first time, 10 partner organisations in Australia representing government heritage agencies, museums and the peak avocational body – the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA). It will focus on a particular site at risk, the Clarence shipwreck. This project will have three main components focusing on:  developing a world-class, and best-practice, protocol for the rapid recovery, recording and reburial of artefacts from historic shipwrecks;  in situ preservation of historic shipwrecks at risk from natural and human impacts; and  adding to the knowledge base of Australian colonial wooden ship-building. Australian wooden shipbuilding Australian wooden shipwrecks represent significant submerged heritage sites with considerable potential to inform on historic connections, technological innovation and early colonial behavioural systems. Their archaeological potential is, unfortunately, often under severe threat from natural and human impacts. This project will focus on Clarence (1850), a historically significant colonial wooden trading vessel, which lies in Port Phillip Bay in Victoria only a few hours from Melbourne by boat and by land. The project will build on the significant work carried out on Clarence during the 1980s by Staniforth, Harvey and others and contextualise this within the national knowledge base that has developed at the national level over the last 25 years. �In 1995 the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH) commissioned the Historic Shipwrecks National Research Plan (HSNRP), which identified Australian shipbuilding as a research theme of national importance (Edmonds, et al. 1995). Clarence (Victorian Heritage register S127) is considered ideal for this focused reburial study for a number of reasons. This early colonial built vessel has already been extensively monitored and test excavated (Harvey 1989; Coroneos 1991). Clarence was one of the first Australian built vessels to be extensively surveyed (in the 1980s) and remains one of the best documented shipwrecks in Australia, which will allow comparison of data from the site over more than a 25 year time period (Figure 1). While protected by the Victorian Heritage Act 1995, it is subject to continuing anchor damage and is considered at risk. Clarence is very accessible as it lies in 5m of water at a location close to the major population centre of Melbourne, which will also help to make the work economically viable. The shallow depth allows for unlimited bottom time for the diving teams, which will help to maximise the productivity of the field work components and finally, it is also amenable to reburial. Figure 1. Recording on the Clarence wreck site in 1986 (photo courtesy of Heritage Victoria) Clarence is representative of the majority of Australian-built vessels, which were small coastal traders that were often unregistered and therefore largely unrecorded. 2,786 Australian built vessels are recorded as having been wrecked on the Australian coastline. The available databases indicate that only 271 vessels have been located to date (approximately 10% of the total number wrecked) and that only 14 Australian-built vessels have been properly surveyed and/or excavated with the results published. This project will build on the long- �standing interest of Australian maritime archaeologists in the origins and development of colonial shipbuilding (Coroneos 1991; Harvey 1989; Nash 2004 2007; O’Reilly 1999; Staniforth 1984). While research into pre-1900 colonial shipbuilding has been conducted for more than 20 years, the colonial shipbuilding industry overall, is relatively poorly understood. This is argued to be a consequence of research being largely conducted on a case-by-case site basis within different jurisdictions and lacking any comparative component. Rapid recovery, recording and reburial What the proposed rapid recovery, recording and reburial protocol relies on are understandings of archaeological site formation models – generally for all sites – and specifically for wooden vessels in maritime contexts. While different aspects of maritime site formation models have been developed and profiled over several decades (Godfrey, et al. 2005; Richards, et al. 2009; Ward, et al. 1999) their longitudinal evaluation via excavation, reburial and monitoring (including coring and minimally intrusive sampling after reburial) has yet to be properly trialed in Australian waters. It is now accepted that sites pass through many stages of deterioration towards eventual quasi-equilibrium – and that these processes are structural/physical, chemical and biological in nature. What is less well understood is the cyclical nature and reversibility of these taphonomic processes in contexts where the sedimentary budget may vary widely due to natural systems (such as episodic scouring) and cultural impacts such as dredging or changes in the morphology of shorelines and the construction of port facilities and the like. The detailed mapping of seabed contours, recording of three dimensional (3D) relationships of artefacts and ship’s structure, x-ray and optical imaging and the analysis of the physico-chemistry, geochemistry and microbiology of the site by the team during the recovery and reburial phase in Year 1 and subsequent monitoring phases in Years 2 and 3 will represent the first multi-decadal longitudinal monitoring at this important site – for which there are benchmark studies arising from the 1980s excavation programs. This current work will represent the beginning of long-term phyico-chemical and microbiological environmental studies of the site. The reburial methodology will subject all excavated artefacts and objects to a sophisticated, forensic documentation prior to their reburial. Rapid documentation includes two dimensional (2D) to 3D imaging of all retrieved artefacts in a special purpose built chamber with rotating stage as well as laser imaging and morphometric and geochemical recording conducted on the working barge-platform. This approach maximises information gain, while minimising deterioration. Documentation such as stereo optical recording of all objects will be entered rapidly into a GIS database allowing unprecedented sophistication in how information is handled. This has not been previously achieved in maritime archaeology. Documentation will include non-invasive analytical methodologies such as X-ray imaging of smaller objects and possible imaging of larger elements at the Australian Synchrotron and portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, where applicable. �At the Clarence site some of the assumptions of these varied site formation models will be examined via detailed visualisations of the sea bed (staff from University of New South Wales and Port Melbourne); GIS-enhanced logging of wreck structures, fittings and objects (Mark Staniforth, Peter Harvey, Andrew Viduka and others); and laser and synchrotron 3D images of smaller artefacts and larger elements (Dudley Creagh, David Hallam and colleagues). Sacrificial samples will be placed on-site for continued future analysis and environmental changes in the reburial mound will be monitored over time by measuring the pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen content and sulphate/sulphide, concentrations (see Godfrey, et al. this volume for details) in the sediment with micro-electrodes and other wet chemical techniques (Vicki Richards and Ian MacLeod). Sediment core samples will be collected both on and off site to: a) describe bedloads across the site; b) model sedimentary trends: c) establish control on facies development: d) assess any environmental changes that occur once the site is reburied; and e) assess the consolidation of the sediments. Terrestrial signatures may occur in the form of pollen, dust, insect remains and similar fossils, as well as non-living traces, such as sediments and dung (Tony Barham and Masters candidates). On prehistoric and historic vessels these properties can be highly informative about voyaging tracks, ports of call and previous cargos. In short, the efficacy of reburial as opposed to excavation and conservation – as a viable intervention needs to be tested. This will be judged on the actual conservation outcomes obtained through time, research insights afforded against opportunity and cost, the robustness of the protocol used to decide whether materials are conserved or reburied and the research ethics associated with excavation, recovery and conservation versus rapid recovery, recording and reburial. In situ preservation The coming into force of the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2001) and the ICOMOS Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage (ICOMOS 1996) have focused attention on in situ preservation as the preferred method for the long-term preservation of underwater cultural heritage (Broadwater and Nutley 2009; Carducci 2006; Manders 2006; Oxley 1996; Panter 2006; Staniforth 2006). Thus these conventions set a political framework for the in situ protection of submerged cultural heritage. A properly planned reburial should eventually provide a storage option for archaeological material in a similar or improved environment to that which was responsible for its preservation in the first place. Reburial is a technique that should involve minimal continuing maintenance costs and also allow access to the reburied materials if necessary in the future. Martijn Manders (et al. 2008), and Staniforth and Debra Shefi (2010) have provided overviews of some of the methods of in situ preservation that have been applied to submerged sites over the years. �Reburial of an archaeological site and/or artefactual material may be an appropriate means of stabilising and decreasing the overall deterioration rate of our underwater cultural resource by limiting dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chemicals and so forth and minimising water movement which will, in turn, decrease physical, chemical and biological degradation of the site and associated artefacts. Unfortunately in the recent past, when sites or artefacts were reburied there was often little, if any, subsequent monitoring to determine the effectiveness of the technique (Gregory 1998). It is imperative that there be a holistic approach to the study of the environment, pre- and post-burial to gain a full understanding of the changes occurring in the local reburial environment and the associated deterioration of archaeological material (Caple 1994; Hogan, et al. 2002). This, in turn, will allow the accurate assessment of the success or failure of the adopted remediation strategy on the long-term preservation of the site (Nyström Godfrey, et al. 2009; Richards, et al. 2009). In order for any in situ preservation strategy for an underwater cultural heritage site to be successful the following points must be addressed in the management plan:  Ascertain the extent of the site;  Assessment of the pre-disturbed local burial environment and the major factors affecting the long-term stability of the site;  Assessment of the most significant physical, chemical and biological deterioration processes occurring on the site;  Identification of the major material types present on the site and their extents of deterioration;  Implementation of an appropriate in situ preservation strategy or combinations thereof, to mitigate continued deterioration and stabilize the site long-term;  Implementation of a long-term monitoring program to evaluate the efficacy of the implemented in situ preservation strategy;  Provision of alternative plans and procedures if the implemented in situ preservation strategies are unsuccessful; and  Conservation of recovered artefacts. Australia, in general has been involved with in situ preservation and site stabilisation work for more than twenty-five years. A few of the more notable projects include the William Salthouse (Hosty 1988; Harvey 1996; Moran 1997; Staniforth 2006) and Cerberus wrecks in Victoria (Figure 2) and the ex-slaver James Matthews in Western Australia (Godfrey, et al. 2005; Richards, et al. 2009; Winton and Richards 2005; MacLeod 2010; MacLeod and Steyne 2011). �Figure 2. Divers measuring corrosion potentials on anodes treating gun barrels in-situ from HMVS Cerberus in 2009 (photo courtesy of Heritage Victoria S117). Conclusion Excavation and reburial is likely to become an increasingly important technique in the preservation of archaeological materials and underwater cultural heritage sites despite the current uncertainties surrounding such methods. Current and future reburial projects must continue and provide information that will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the associated benefits and disadvantages of this in-situ preservation technique. To this end the proposed in-situ preservation and reburial study on the Clarence (1850) will significantly contribute to this knowledge base and will make an interesting comparison with past and present reburial projects. This project will be critical to the future development of Australian national, policy and technical guidelines for site managers of historic wrecks as well as at an international level. It is clearly in the national interest that a cost effective management and mitigation strategy for historic shipwrecks impacted by natural or human actions is developed as a national priority. This project will develop a model for state and federal government collaborative research and policy development. This project offers an ideal pathway for developing a national collaborative approach to the sustainable management of maritime cultural heritage. �Acknowledgements The Australian Research Council (ARC) and the state and territory institutions for the provision of funding that have made this project possible -The Western Australian Museum, Heritage Victoria, The Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, Arts and Sport, Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management, NSW Department of Planning, Norfolk Island Government, Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA), Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water, Parks and Environment, The Australian National Maritime Museum and the Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC). 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Robert Grenier, David Nutley and Ian Cochran, Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts. International Council on Monuments and Sites, Paris, pp. i-ii. Historic Shipwreck the Clarence (1841-1850), Coroneos, C., Conservation plan, Unpublished report, Victoria 1991 Archaeological Survey, Melbourne. Curci, J., "The reburial of waterlogged archaeological wood in wet environments", in Technical Briefs in Historical 2006. Archaeology, 1, pp. 21-25. �Edmonds, L., Kenderdine, S., Nayton, G. and Staniforth, M., 1995 Evans, A.M. Firth, A. and Staniforth, M., 2009 Historic Shipwrecks National Research Plan May 1995, Department of Communications and the Arts, Canberra. "Old and New Threats to Submerged Cultural Landscapes: Fishing, Farming and Energy Development", in Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 11,1, pp. 44–54. 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Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia, University of Nash, M., (ed.), 2007 Western Australia Press, Nedlands, WA Nyström Godfrey, I., "Reburial and analysis of archaeological remains – The Berstrand, T., RAAR project. Project status and cultural heritage Gjelstrup Björdal, C., management implications based on the first preliminary Nilsson, T., Bohm, results" in (eds.) Kristiane Straetkvern and Dirk J. C., Christenssen, E., Huisman, Proceedings of the 10th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Gregory, D., Amsterdam, 10-15 September 2007, Rijksdienst voor Peacock, E.E., Richards, V., Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten (RACM), MacLeod, I.D., Amersfoort, pp. 169-196. 2009 ICOMOS, 1996 MacLeod, I.D., 2010 �O’Reilly, R., 1999 Oxley, I., 1996 An assessment of Australian built wooden sailing vessels (constructed between 1850-1899) operating the South Australian intrastate trade: methods and materials, Honours Thesis, Flinders University, Adelaide. "The in-situ preservation of underwater sites" in Preserving Archaeological Remains in situ: Proceedings of the Conference of 1st-3rd April 1996, Museum of London Archaeology Service, pp. 159-173. Panter, I., "In situ preservation versus active conservation: are we 2006 prepared for the deluge?", in (eds.) Julie Satchell and Paola Palma, Managing the Marine Cultural heritage: defining, accessing and managing the resource, CBA research Report 153. Council for British Archaeology, Oxford, pp. 59-62. "In situ monitoring and stabilisation of the James Richards, V., Matthews site", in (eds.) Kristaine Straetkvern and Dirk J. Godfrey, I., Blanchette, R., Held, Huisman, Proceedings of the 10th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, B., Gregory, D., Amsterdam, 10-15 September 2007, Rijksdienst voor Reed, E., 2009 Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten (RACM), Amersfoort, pp. 113-160. Notes on a comparative approach to 19th century Staniforth, M., Australian shipbuilding, Unpublished report, Victoria 1984 Archaeological Survey, Melbourne. Staniforth, M., "In situ stabilization: the William Salthouse case study", 2006 in (eds.) Robert Grenier, David Nutley and Ian Cochran, Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: managing natural and human impacts, UNESCO, Paris. pp. 52-54. Available at: http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2006/index.html Staniforth, M., and Maritime Archaeology: Australian Approaches, Plenum Nash, M., (eds)., Press, New York. 2006 Staniforth, M., and "Protecting underwater cultural heritage: A review of In situ preservation approaches to underwater cultural Shefi, D., heritage and some directions for the future", in 2010 2010 World Universities Congress Proceedings Volume II, Canakkale Onseklz Mart University, Cannakale, Turkey, pp, 1546-1552. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural UNESCO, Heritage, Paris. 2001 Ward, I., Larcombe, "A new process-based model for wreck site formation", in Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 26, pp. 561-570. P., and Veth, P., 1999 �Winton, T., and Richards, V., 2005 "In-situ containment of sediment for shipwreck reburial projects", in (eds.) Per Hoffmann, Kristaine Strætkvern, James A. Spriggs and David Gregory, Proceedings of the 9th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Copenhagen, 7-11 June 2004, The International Council of Museums, Committee for Conservation Working Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials, Bremerhaven, pp. 77-89. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Australian Historic Shipwreck Protection Project Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 Preservation and conservation of wet archaeological materials and site management Description An account of the resource Australian wooden shipwrecks represent significant submerged heritage sites with huge potential to inform on historic connections, technological innovation and early colonial behavioural systems. Their archaeological potential is unfortunately often under severe threat from natural and human impacts. The Australian Historic Shipwreck Protection Project has recently been granted a large Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage grant to investigate the excavation, reburial and in-situ preservation of wrecks and their associated artefacts, which are at risk. This project will focus on Clarence (1850), a historically significant colonial wooden trading vessel, and brings together the disciplines of behavioural archaeology, maritime archaeology, conservation sciences and maritime object conservation. The vessel lies in Port Phillip Bay in Victoria only a few hours from Melbourne by boat and by land. The overarching theoretical focus will be on shipwreck site formation models as well as the potential of wooden historic wrecks and assemblages to elucidate early colonial history and shipbuilding. One of the main aims of the project is to try and develop a protocol for the rapid excavation, detailed recording and subsequent in-situ preservation of significant shipwrecks and their associated artefacts, at risk. This work will foster the development of a consistent national methodology for shipwreck and artefact storage and preservation underwater and assist in developing a strategy for the in-situ preservation of endangered historic shipwrecks. This work will also be critical to the future development of national, and possibly international, policy and technical guidelines for site managers of historic wrecks. The project will run for a period of three years. During the field work components the investigators from the University of Western Australia (UWA), the Australian National University (ANU), Monash University and the Western Australian Museum (WAM) with support from research associates and practitioners from the ten partner organisations will operate from a jack-up barge located over the site including purpose built laboratories where they will excavate circa 25-50% of the Clarence site, conduct imaging (x-ray and optical) of recovered artefacts, conserve at-risk materials (where required) and rebury structural elements and associated artefacts using a combination of in-situ preservation techniques and initiate a long-term monitoring programme for the site. Excavation methodology will be overseen by Mark Staniforth, Peter Harvey (Heritage Victoria) and Peter Veth; conservation and in-situ preservation protocols, analyses and pre- and post-reburial monitoring by Ian MacLeod and Vicki Richards; imaging co-ordinated by Dudley Creigh (and colleagues) and Andrew Viduka; geoarchaeology and Geographical Information systems (GIS) by Tony Barham and Masters of Archaeological Science candidates. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Peter Veth Andrew Viduka Mark Staniforth Ian MacLeod Vicki Richards Anthony Barham Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 7 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c10727548255ef684893c8b5fb14df5e.pdf f8bbc7114ce6f4f7c858cd4eff06ebe4 PDF Text Text Building Capacity in the South West Pacific – The Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeological Association Andrew Viduka PhD Student University of New England akudiv@gmail.com Abstract: The Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy administers the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 and the National Historic Shipwrecks Program. This Program enables the Department to work with the States, the Northern Territory and Norfolk Island to protect historic shipwrecks. With the wealth of maritime history on Norfolk Island and the strong associations with Pitcairn Island, the potential for involving the broader community in documenting and protecting Norfolk Island's wonderful maritime heritage is significant. In 2010, at the request of the Norfolk Island Delegate, the first in a series of community focussed capacity building activities in maritime archaeology was conducted on the island. These activities resulted in the creation of the Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeological Association (NIMAA), Australia's newest maritime archaeology association. This paper briefly outlines the history of maritime archaeological associations in Australia and their engagement with management agencies. As a case study for other small island communities, the paper highlights some of the activities of NIMAA since its creation, issues faced for participants and the management agency and the potential for NIMAA into the future. Key words: NIMAA, Norfolk Island, maritime archaeology associations, public archaeology, community engagement, historic shipwrecks Introduction The management of shipwrecks in Australia balances protecting historic shipwrecks with maintaining public access for recreational, scientific and �educational purposes. Objectives of the 1983 Historic Shipwrecks Program (HSP), the vehicle to coordinate the national collaborative administration of the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 (the Act), include: the support of an informed public for historic shipwrecks as a cultural resource; undertaking fieldwork including shipwreck survey, excavation and monitoring; and community engagement (Viduka, 2012). This provision has been echoed in Article 20 of the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Of Australia’s approximately 7500 - 8000 protected Historic Shipwrecks, 23 lie within protected or no-entry zones without permit (Historic Shipwrecks Protected Zones 2017). The remaining sites can be dived without permit if that activity does not cause damage, disturbance or removal of material from the site. Divers are encouraged and can use wreck sites for recreational purposes but the physical fabric of the wreck must not be disturbed and relics must not be removed from the site without a permit (Viduka, 2015). Due to the small number of professional maritime archaeologists and the vast amount of coastal waters around Australia, it has always been obvious that little can be done by the professional maritime archaeological community alone to: locate; document; assess the significance of; monitor; protect; stabilise and research this large distributed assemblage. A core reality of underwater cultural heritage management in Australia is that community support and community participation in the monitoring or discovery of vessels is critical to achieving the objectives of discovering and protecting underwater cultural heritage. To support such an outcome, strong community based programmes that improve the public’s access to, knowledge and enjoyment of their underwater heritage is vital (Hosty, 1987; McCarthy and Garrett, 1998; Nutley, 1998; Smith, 2006; Styne, 2010; Viduka and Raupp, 2008). �Management agencies around Australia have developed a range of different communication and engagement strategies to facilitate public access and inform the public of their heritage. These strategies include: online databases (with detail on the history, location and diving conditions of each site) (NSW Maritime Heritage Database, 2017; WA Shipwrecks Database, 2017; Vic Heritage Database, 2017; SA Shipwrecks Database, 2017; Australian Government Shipwrecks Database, 2017); websites, brochures, posters and books (Nash, 2007; Henderson, 1986 and 2016); accurate historical and site data provided to commercial dive charter industries; community based interactive programs (NSW Wreckspotters, 2015; Queensland Survey, 2015; Viduka and Raupp, 2008); and the development of dive trails (Philippou and Staniforth, 2003). A fundamental element in the strategy of promoting community participation is the development and support for vocational maritime archaeology groups. Maritime Archaeological Associations in Australia Australian management agencies initially put significant time and resources into fostering the establishment of local maritime archaeological associations. The 1994 Australian Government Guidelines for the Management of Australia’s Historic Shipwrecks includes details on how to foster and support the development of archaeological associations. The 1996 Australian Government Public Access Guidelines, specifically state that community groups can undertake disturbance activities subject to meeting specific criteria in training in maritime archaeology. This extended to private and public groups and institutions including local historical and archaeological societies, regional community museums and affiliated groups under the direction of a person qualified in maritime archaeology (Australian Government, 1996). �Given the strong contemporary policy framework in Australia limiting the granting of permits for the recovery of relics by private individuals or groups without conservation and collection management resources, many community groups, often known as Maritime Archaeological Associations, focused their activities into locating shipwrecks and or survey of known resources. Many of these groups were instrumental in a jurisdiction being able to undertake more extensive fieldwork activities, such as excavation, but under the direction of a qualified maritime archaeologist. Over time, many of these associations not only planned and undertook their own research, but also became the backbone of their jurisdiction’s fieldwork program, supplying divers with: practical, historical and nautical knowledge; a vast depth of diving experience; boat handling skills; medical and safety skills; and training in archaeological methodology. Notable amongst these groups is the Maritime Archaeological Association of Victoria (MAAV, 2017) and the Maritime Archaeological Association of Western Australia (MAAWA, 2017). The relationship between management agency and community group was so symbiotic, that at times, the strength of a jurisdiction’s management was indicated by the activity of the local community group. Other maritime archaeological associations existed in: South Australia (Society for Underwater Historical Research) (SUHR) which was renamed the South Australian Archaeology Society in 2012; Tasmania (Maritime Archaeological Association of Tasmania) (MAAT) (Lester, 1983a, 1983b); and Queensland (Maritime Archaeological Association of Queensland) (MAAQ, 2015) however these are no longer active. A common thread amongst all these groups was some level of active involvement or support by the relevant State Historic Shipwrecks Practitioner. �A feature of the last decade or so is that new groups have appeared on their own volition, with a specific area of research interest. Southern Ocean Exploration (SOE, 2017) and the Sydney Project (Sydney Project, 2017) are notable examples of groups who like both technical diving and discovering shipwrecks. Other groups such as Wreck Check Incorporated are interested in searching for, locating and documenting underwater cultural heritage related to or shared with Australia (Wreck Check, 2017; Fortuyn Project, 2017). Unlike other Australian jurisdictions Norfolk Island has never had the permanent support of a local professional maritime archaeologist. The Delegate for the Historic Shipwrecks Act, who is located within the Norfolk Island Museum, has relied on external organisations or individuals to assist them in undertaking their delegated responsibilities to sites and associated recovered artefacts. Recognising a need for a local capacity to assist in the delivery of day to day delegated responsibilities, the Norfolk Island Delegate supported the idea of building maritime archaeological capacity within the local community. The value of such an approach was immediately recognised as delivering positive outcomes on three principle levels: community engagement, management and museological. Harking back to the earliest model of fostering a community maritime archaeological association to support a jurisdiction’s management goals, in 2012 Australia’s most recent Maritime Archaeological Association was formed, called the Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeological Association (NIMAA). Norfolk Island – a maritime landscape Norfolk Island is located in the Southwest Pacific approximately 1700 kilometres northeast of Sydney, at 167°57'E, 29°02'S. The island has an approximate area of 37 km2 and a population estimated between �2000 to 3000 individuals. To the south of Norfolk Island are two smaller islands, Nepean and Phillip (Fig. 1). All the islands are formed from horizontal sheets of basalt with Mount Bates on Norfolk Island as the highest point, rising to 319 metres above sea level (Geosciences Australia, 2017). Fig. 1 (left): Map of Norfolk Island. (naming bays and locations mentioned in text) (Australian Government) Norfolk Island has several phases of occupation. Excavations around Emily Bay, on the south-central coast, identified occupation of the island by people of Polynesian ancestry circa the 13th/14th through to the 15th century AD (Anderson and White, 2001). The island was located by Captain James Cook in 1774 and was identified for its strategic value and economic potential in timber and flax. In the 19th century a British penal settlement was established near Emily Bay now known as the UNESCO World Heritage listed Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area. After the �closure of the penal settlement in 1855 the island was subsequently occupied in 1856 by people relocated from the Pitcairn Islands. With the arrival of the Pitcairners, many with Tahitian ancestry, Norfolk Island again became a community thread in the tapestry of Pacific Island cultures. Today, many Norfolk Islanders are intrinsically a part of the Pacific with strong cultural and familial links. The mid to late 19th and early 20th century Norfolk Island population comprised of subsistence farmers, whose only hope of deriving an income was through exporting agricultural products predominantly to either mainland Australia or New Zealand. Intermittent services by shipping companies, further exacerbated by the First World War, often resulted in total spoilage and loss of products. Other than agriculture the only major industry on the island was shore based whaling which occurred between 1858 and the early 1950’s. In 1942 at the height of World War II in the southwest Pacific, the island became a strategic airbase and was occupied by New Zealand troops. A radar station was located on Mount Bates. Prior to the airbase’s construction shipping was the only transport to and from the island. Fishing from rocks and boats remains a very popular activity both for food and recreation. The underwater cultural heritage resource and community engagement In 2009, recognising the operational limitations on the Historic Shipwrecks Delegate, the Department engaged Cosmos Archaeology to undertake a desktop review of shipwrecks around Norfolk Island for updating records in the Australian National Shipwrecks Database (ANSDB) (Luckman and Viduka, 2013). Prior to this desktop survey, most maritime archaeological activity had focussed on the National Heritage listed site of HMS Sirius (1790), unofficial flagship to Australia’s First Fleet, and its associated �artefacts on display at the Norfolk Island Museum (Henderson and Stanbury, 1986; Stanbury, 2002 and 2007). Through the desktop project new information, media and archival material was collated for several sites. The ANSDB now includes approximately twenty-six sites around Norfolk Island which are recorded as sinking from 1790 – 1960’s (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Map indicating the distribution of the known shipwreck resource around Norfolk Island and their approximate locations. (Australian Government) To help build an informed and supportive community group who could assist the Delegate, an Australasian Institute of Maritime Archaeology modified Nautical Archaeology Society (AIMA/NAS) training course part 1 (Nautical Archaeology Society, 2013; Philippou and Staniforth 2003) was delivered to 25 participants. The AIMA/NAS course was presented in 2010 by Cassandra Philippou, Sarah Ward and myself (Fig. 3) (Norfolk Island Museum, 2017; AIMA, 2017; AIMA NAS, 2017). This course was very successful in bringing many individuals of the community together on a subject of shared interest. The enthusiasm of the individuals involved led directly to their creation of NIMAA. This paper looks at NIMAA and the �challenges for that group as a case study for other small island communities. Fig. 3 (left): AIMA/NAS training 2D survey. (Andrew Viduka) A shaky start Following the creation of NIMAA, economic downturn on the island drove many diving members to the Australian mainland or elsewhere for work opportunities. At the request of the Delegate, who recognised that the group’s existence was immediately imperiled, from 22 February to 1 March 2013, a small team of maritime archaeologists were engaged to work with NIMAA members and undertake a maritime archaeological survey of Ball Bay and other coastal sites around Norfolk Island. The maritime archaeology team comprised Dr Brad Duncan (State Maritime Archaeologist, New South Wales), Mr Amer Khan (Maritime Heritage Officer South Australia) and myself (Australian Government). 2013 NIMAA Ball Bay Survey Due to the limited anchorage or landing options at Norfolk Island, Ball Bay is constantly being considered for future development by Norfolk �Islanders. To assist development consideration and for science based heritage management decision making an understanding of the potential for underwater cultural material in Ball Bay was required to be made. To that end a physical and remote sensing survey of the bay was planned. The intent of this collaboration with NIMAA was fourfold:  to help inform discussion and decision making on Norfolk Island regarding this site so the Delegate could be well placed to protect the maritime heritage of the island if present;  provide further practical archaeological training for NIMAA in underwater and terrestrial archaeological field techniques;  empower NIMAA to continue archaeological surveys around the island and lead in the recording of previously undocumented heritage sites; and  to galvanize activity in NIMAA. Historically known activities in Ball Bay include a shore-based whaling station from 1935-39. Remains of the processing plant are still in situ. However, the bay has a longer history of use, starting circa 1788/9 when Captain Philip Gidley King, then lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island, attempted to build a pier. Anecdotal accounts suggest even an earlier use of the bay by Polynesians. The Director of the Norfolk Island Museum reported anecdotal accounts of the recovery of some Polynesian cultural material, possibly dating to the pre-history settlement period (Pers com Lisa Richards 17 May 2012). Due to bad weather, only two days of underwater surveys could be completed in Ball Bay though some in water survey training was conducted in the calm of Emily Bay and an inspection snorkel over the site of HMS Sirius was achieved with NIMAA members (Fig. 4). Activity �switched to teaching and doing oral history recordings with locals. Selected individuals who were described by Dr Duncan as having ‘deep familial and direct knowledge of sites’ and other island maritime industries on boat building, defence, whaling and transport were interviewed (Duncan 2012) (Fig. 5). Further, several sites were surveyed and recorded including: the Mt Bates Military Radar Defence Station; an incised marking on stone associated with HMS Calliope’s visit in 1888; and a World War II bunker in Anson Bay overlooking the landing point of the 1902 telegraph cable that connected Canada and Australia. Fig. 4: HMS Sirius (1790) last anchor on site relocated and inspected by NIMAA members. (Andrew Viduka) �Fig. 5: Oral history interview on Norfolk Island whaling heritage in Ball Bay. (Andrew Viduka) 2013 NIMAA Cascade Bay In the perennial search for improved lightering or anchorage conditions on Norfolk Island, in May 2013, at the request of the administration of Norfolk Island who were considering possible improvements to Cascade Pier, NIMAA undertook an underwater survey for cultural material in the proposed development and associated works footprint. Cascade Pier is located on the northern coast of Norfolk Island in an unsheltered bay. Due to the rugged coastal conditions, all produce and supplies must be lightered to and from vessels anchored off shore. Cascade Bay is one of two contemporary locations used on Norfolk Island, the other being Sydney Bay/Slaughter Bay. Both are subject to weather. NIMAA planned, coordinated and carried out the survey with available diving members. The survey was conducted on Sunday 19 May 2013. Based on a brief supplied by Alan McNeil, Manager, Land Use & Environment, Administration of Norfolk Island, the area to be surveyed �was identified using Global Positioning equipment and marked with ropes and buoys which were used as reference points. While no artefacts were found in the area surveyed, NIMAA divers on SCUBA methodically searched the designated sea floor (Fig 6) (Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeology Association 2013). NIMAA’s work contributed directly to a positive community outcome and the Pier upgrade commenced in 2016 (Norfolk Island News, 2017). Fig. 6: NIMAA members first sweep swimming north on the eastern side of survey area 40 M off the pier. (Courtesy of NIMAA) Since 2013 NIMAA members have been involved in other terrestrial projects than those mentioned in this paper including a remote sensing archaeological survey project led by Dr Duncan and Dr Martin Gibbs (University of New England). However, outside of externally generated projects or terrestrial and museological activity little has been reported that suggests NIMAA remains an active underwater group driven by internal initiative. Potential for NIMAA into the future �As with many other small island communities, the remoteness of the island has been the primary cause of much joy and difficulty for Norfolk Islanders and it is this thread that may be best exploited to deliver an exciting project for NIMAA that will engage the broader community. Certainly, the success or not of NIMAA resides with its members, their individual enthusiasm and the support they receive from the Historic Shipwrecks Delegate and, in general, the Australian Government’s Historic Shipwrecks Program. As outlined above, volunteer associations are vulnerable to change and will cease to operate. In the case of the MAAQ, which ceased to operate in 2016, changing demographics of the group, few new members, the ability of existing members to volunteer time and insurance issues restricting fieldwork all combined to make the group inoperable (Pers Com Paddy Waterson 6 June 2017). It is worth highlighting that Queensland is Australia’s 3rd most populous state and most popular dive tourism location for domestic and inbound tourism. Yet, even in this setting, a maritime archaeology volunteer association withered and collapsed. On Norfolk Island, NIMAA has many keen and capable members. The entire island is a maritime landscape and everyone is intrinsically a part of that story. However, it is not yet certain if their individual enthusiasm will result in a coordinated community approach to projects of shared interest. The greatest hope for the longevity of NIMAA is with the strong and ongoing support of the Norfolk Island Museum, which has undergone recent organisational change and restructuring, and the Norfolk Island Historic Shipwrecks Delegate. Separate to the activities that NIMAA members themselves may pursue in regards to whaling and military heritage, other opportunities do exist to engage participants in their underwater heritage. �Collaboration with other researchers Collaboration with other maritime archaeological groups or seeking opportunities to join projects in other jurisdictions is open to NIMAA members. One example of this is a project proposed by Wreck Check Inc, chaired by Graeme Henderson. Wreck Check will collaborate with NIMAA in 2017/2018. This project proposes to reassess why was the Sirius wrecked? Arguably the infant Australian colony’s most threatening single incident. NIMAA members will be doing photogrammetry of the Sirius ballast mound for calculation of the residual weight (Fulton et al 2016) and approximate determination of stowage area in the vessel. This data will be used to consider the potential impact of insufficient ballasting as a contributing factor to the vessel’s loss. Other future project – Resolution? As briefly described earlier, to break their isolation from external markets and remedy the lack of reliable shipping services to Norfolk Island, circa 1917 the Norfolk Island Shipping Company purchased the ketch Warrigal (ANSDB Shipwreck ID 7958). After one successful voyage, the vessel was lost with all hands in a cyclone. This vessel has not been relocated. Still faced with the same isolation and lack of reliable shipping issues, in 1923 the Norfolk Island Farmers and Growers Association resolved to build their own ship which they named Resolution. The Norfolk Island Museum describes the construction of the vessels: “It was difficult to source the resources needed to build a boat. Men searched the valleys for timbers with natural bends to make the stern and ribs. A Norfolk Island Pine was selected for the keel, providing a 20-metre log that was dragged to the building site at Emily Bay. There it was pit-sawn, adzed to shape and squared up. Norfolk Pine was also used for the keel and planking, while the framing was of island grown olive and ironwood. She was built as �a stout auxiliary schooner of about 60 tons and more than 18 metres in length.” (Norfolk Island Museum, 2017) Sadly, for the Norfolk Islanders the Resolution, which was launched in December 1925 and subsequently fitted with a diesel motor, was sold in 1927 to Burns Philp (South Seas) due to their financial inability to operate the vessel. For the next 20 years, the Resolution worked on the Tonga, Fiji and New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) trades. In March 1948, the vessel was disabled by a cyclone and in 1949 Resolution sank at moorings in the harbour at Port Villa in 36 meters. While the site has been actively and continuously pillaged by recreational divers, this site is one of many shared heritage sites between Norfolk Island/Australia more broadly and Vanuatu that could form the basis of a collaborative maritime archaeological project between NIMAA members and the people of Vanuatu to the benefits for both island communities. Conclusion and observations It is an established truism that community engagement in heritage is vital for better heritage management outcomes. Certainly the creation of NIMAA by interested individuals on Norfolk Island has stimulated activity and greater knowledge in the community. While it is dangerous to extrapolate too much from this singular example, certain observations warrant consideration for their potential value to others who are considering developing a community based underwater cultural heritage capacity in a small island community. Threats All volunteer groups face a common threat, competing activities for the attention of members. While this is not unique to small island communities, a complication for individuals on small islands, in particular, �is that they are often involved in multiple concurrent positions to derive an income/subsistence. Financial support Financial support will assist any group to continue to operate. Without some form of financial support being available, any group’s personal resources may not be able to sustain activity over the long term. In a small island community where individuals may have less income, external funding is vital. For NIMAA members, they are fortunate in that they have two options for funding assistance, via the Delegate or through competitive grants offered to small community museums through the Australian National Maritime Museum. Without the opportunity to obtain external funding, the long term viability of NIMAA would be in serious doubt. A local champion/s Two types of champions were required to create and sustain NIMAA. In the first instance it was the support of the Delegate who championed the creation of NIMAA. The Delegate recognised the need to have an engaged and empowered community on Norfolk Island to participate in underwater cultural heritage. Once NIMAA was created it was important that individuals within NIMAA took a leadership role and championed activities within the group. Based on observations with NIMAA, it is important to recognise that the role of the Delegate who initially championed the creation of NIMAA does not cease. Their active and ongoing support is required to sustain an individual’s enthusiasm and or the group’s effectiveness. Further, the leadership role within a group should be shared otherwise this becomes a constraining factor to the groups effectiveness. �Links to a cultural institution/management agency At least initially, the group would benefit from being linked to an appropriate institution so that their activities have some oversight and official support. This not only helps build trust between individuals responsible for the protection of underwater cultural heritage but ensures the group’s ethical development. It advantageously also assists the group to seek funding support for their activities. Research potential – an active program A critical element to maintaining activity is to have projects that are initiated by the group, achievable and interesting to the individuals in the group. While Norfolk Island has enormous research potential, it is yet to be ascertained if NIMAA members will develop their own research program. Acknowledgements: Thanks to the wonderful Norfolk Islanders who I have met over the years. Particular thanks to Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeology Association Members - Dean Burrell, Steve and Sandy Nutley, Doug and Eve Creek, Rick and Kally Peay, Don and Sue Brian, Rossco Quintal, Brad O’Hare, Bob Tofts - Norfolk Whaling Author, Herbert (Wiggy) Knapton – (exwhaler), Jimmy Christian (ex- whaler), the late Byron Burrell and Ralph Weslake (WWII Defence). Lisa Richards – previously Norfolk Island Museum Director. Janelle Blucher and Jeanine Snell – Heritage Management, Norfolk Island Regional Council. Cassandra Philippou and Sarah Ward who participated in delivering AIMA/NAS training. Lastly, thanks Brad Duncan and Amer Khan. References �Anderson, A., and White, P., 2001. Prehistoric Settlement on Norfolk Island and its Oceanic Context. Records of the Australian Museum (Supplement 27): 135–141 https://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/17923/1348_complete .pdf accessed 11 June 2017. Australian Government, 1994. Guidelines for the Management of Australia’s Historic Shipwrecks. Australian Government, 1996. Public Access Guidelines. Duncan, B., 2013. Norfolk Island Fieldwork 2012, in Newsletter of the Australian Society for Historical Archaeology, June 2013 Vol. 43 (2): 2021. http://www.asha.org.au/pdf/newsletters/ASHANewsletter432_2013.pdf Fulton, C., Viduka, A., Hutchison, A., Hollick, J., Woods, A., Sewell, D., and Manning, S., 2016. Use of photogrammetry for non-disturbance underwater survey: an analysis of in situ stone anchors detailed archaeological analysis of finds and cultural heritage management purposes, in Advances in Archaeological Practice, Vol: 4 (1): 17-30. Henderson, G., 1986. Maritime Archaeology in Australia, University of Western Australia Press, pp 33-66. Henderson, G., and Stanbury, M., 1987. Australian Bicentennial Authority Project 1987 Expedition Report on the Wreck of HMS Sirius (1790), The Australian Bicentennial Authority, Sydney, NSW. Henderson, G., 2016. Swallowed by the Sea – The story of Australia’s Shipwrecks, National Library of Australia. Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 (Commonwealth) Hosty, K., 1987. Historic shipwreck legislation and the Australian diver. Past, present and future. The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Vol: 11.1: 21-25. Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeology Association (NIMAA) 2013, Cascade Pier Underwater Survey Report (Unpublished Report). �Luckman, G., and Viduka, A., 2013. The Australian National Shipwreck Database, Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 37: 76-86. McCarthy, M and Garratt, D., 1998. Western Australian Maritime Museum wreck access and outreach program, Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 22: 127-132. Nautical Archaeology Society, 2013. What is the NAS training programme? Nash, M. (ed.), 2007. Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia. University of Western Australia Press. Nedlands, WA. Nutley, D., 1998. Ten years of shipwreck access and management practices in NSW, Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 22:115-118. Smith, T., 2006. Deep wreck technical diving: the new management frontier, Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 30: 14-24. Stanbury, M., 2002. HMS Sirius 2002 Expedition Report, Report – Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum, No. 167, July 2002. Stanbury, M. 2007. Sirius 1790 relic of the First Fleet, in Nash, M. (ed.), Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia (pp. 25 – 38). University of Western Australia Press. Nedlands, WA. Steyne, H., 2010. Managing invisible sites: Developing a management approach or inaccessible shipwreck sites, Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 34: 50-56. Philippou, C., & Staniforth, M., 2003. Maritime heritage trails in Australia: An overview and critique of the interpretive programs. In J. Spirek, D, & D. Scott-Ireton, A., (Eds.), Submerged cultural resource management: �Preserving and interpreting our maritime heritage, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: 135-149. UNESCO, 2001. UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Paris: UNESCO. Viduka, A., and Raupp, J., 2008. Research, heritage tourism and diver education – The Undersea Explorer Expedition 2007. Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 32: 20-26. Viduka, A., 2012. 1976 and beyond – managing Australia’s underwater cultural heritage, presented at IKUWA4 Managing the Underwater Cultural Heritage, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia from 29 September to 2 October 2011, Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Ed. Jeremy Green and Myra Stanbury, Vol: 37: 1-9. Viduka, A., 2015. The Preservation and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Australia, in papers from The Preservation and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage-Theories, Methods and Practices, Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Republic of China (Taiwan), October 4th to 6th 2015, Taichung City, Taiwan: 14 – 41. Websites AIMA 2017, Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology Homepage, accessed 11 June 2017, http://www.aima-underwater.org.au AIMA NAS 2017, AIMA/NAS Training, accessed 11 June 2017, http://www.aima-underwater.org.au/parts-i-iv/ Australian Government Shipwrecks Database 2017, Australian National Shipwrecks Database, accessed 10 May 2017, https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/historic-shipwrecks/australiannational-shipwreck-database ANSDB Shipwreck ID 7958, accessed 10 May 2017, https://dmzapp17p.ris.environment.gov.au/shipwreck/public/wreck/wreck .do?key=7958 �Fortuyn Project 2017, Accessed 11 June 2017, http://wreckcheckinc.org Geosciences Australia, Accessed 9 June http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-locationinformation/dimensions/remote-offshore-territories/norfolk-island 2017, Historic Shipwrecks Protected Zones 2017, Australian Government, Australia, accessed 7 March 2017, http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/historicshipwrecks/historic-shipwreck-protected-zones MAAV 2017, Maritime Archaeological Association of Victoria, accessed 11 June 2017, http://home.vicnet.net.au/~maav/ MAAWA 2017, Maritime Archaeological Association of Western Australia, homepage accessed 11 June 2017, http://www.maawa.net MAAQ 2015, Maritime Archaeological Association of Queensland, homepage, accessed 6 August 2015, http://www.maaq.org.au/ Norfolk Island Museum 2017, Report on the Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeological Association, accessed 11 June 2017, http://norfolkislandmuseum.blogspot.com.au/2010/09/maritimearchaeology-on-norfolk-island.html Norfolk Island News, accessed 5 June 2017, http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/non-lead-stories/cascade-pierupgrade-has-begun-by-betty-matthews NSW Wreckspotters 2017, New South Wales government web pages for Wrecks potters program, accessed 11 June 2017, http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/MaritimeHeritage/whatsnew/wrecks potters.htm NSW Maritime Heritage Database 2017; accessed 11 June 2017, http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/maritimeheritageapp/WebsiteSearc h.aspx Queensland Survey 2015, Report an historic underwater wreck or artefact/Queensland Historic Shipwreck Survey, accessed 7 October �2015, https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/heritage/archaeology/shipwrec ks/ SA Shipwrecks Database 2017, NatureMaps, accessed 10 May 2017, http://spatialwebapps.environment.sa.gov.au/naturemaps/?locale=enus&viewer=naturemaps&runWorkflow=ZoomToFullExtentShipwreck SOE 2017, Southern Ocean Exploration Homepage, accessed 11 June 2017, http://www.southernoceanexploration.com Sydney Project 2017, http://www.sydneyproject.com/ accessed 11 Jun e2017, Vic Heritage Database 2017, Victoria’s significant heritage places and objects, accessed 10 May 2017, http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/ WA Shipwrecks Database 2017, Wrecks, accessed 10 May 2017, http://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/wrecks Wreck Check 2017, accessed 10 May 2017, http://wreckcheckinc.org/ Biography Andrew Viduka is a maritime archaeologist and conservator employed by the Australian Government as the Assistant Director Maritime Heritage. In this role he leads Australia’s consideration of ratification of the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Andrew is actively involved in maritime archaeological projects and or capacity building training in Australia, the Pacific and the Mediterranean Regions. Andrew’s research currently focuses on linking community outcomes with the discovery and protection of Australia’s underwater cultural heritage, shared heritage management and international capacity building �projects. He is a foundation member of the research group Wreck Check Inc. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 1: Underwater and Maritime Archaeology and Capacity Building in the Pacific Islands Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) spanning human history from the Stone Age to the atomic age. Since the first Pacific UCH Workshop held in Solomon Islands in 2009, the Pacific island nations have been progressing in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme by awareness raising, research and capacity building activities through inter-disciplinary cooperation and promoting synergy with the Pacific World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Programmes. Notable progresses include, among others, the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Outcome Document of the 3rd UN International Cooperation on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Samoa, 2014) that contains references to the importance of UCH for sustainable development of SIDS and SIDS ratification of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), as well as the enhanced cooperation between universities in the Pacific islands and professional training institutions through UNESCO University Twinning and Networking Programme (UNITWIN) for Underwater Archaeology. With this as its background, the session “Underwater and maritime archaeology and capacity building in the Pacific Islands” will be held with the aims to: i) share information on recent progress in awareness raising, research and capacity building activities in underwater and maritime archaeology in the Pacific Islands, ii) identify priority actions, iii) foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. The session especially welcomes presentations focusing on the protection and management of UCH belonging to indigenous community shared UCH in the Pacific, addressing challenges and opportunities facing Pacific SIDS in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme and the promotion of the UCH Convention, presenting good practice in ensuring the effective engagement of Pacific island countries and community in UCH management for their sustainable development, and proposing collaborative projects in this area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akatsuki Takahashi UNESCO Office for the Pacific States, Samoa Andrew Viduka, Maritime and Commonwealth Heritage, Australian Government, Nicolas Bigourdan, Western Australian Museum Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Building Capacity in the South West Pacific - The Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeological Association Description An account of the resource The Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy administers the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 and the National Historic Shipwrecks Program. This Program enables the Department to work with the States, the Northern Territory and Norfolk Island to protect historic shipwrecks. With the wealth of maritime history on Norfolk Island and the strong associations with Pitcairn Island, the potential for involving the broader community in documenting and protecting Norfolk Island's wonderful maritime heritage is significant. In 2010, at the request of the Norfolk Island Delegate, the first in a series of community focussed capacity building activities in maritime archaeology was conducted on the island. These activities resulted in the creation of the Norfolk Island Maritime Archaeological Association (NIMAA), Australia's newest maritime archaeology association. This paper briefly outlines the history of maritime archaeological associations in Australia and their engagement with management agencies. As a case study for other small island communities, the paper highlights some of the activities of NIMAA since its creation, issues faced for participants and the management agency and the potential for NIMAA into the future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrew Viduka Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Andrew Viduka Asia-Pac Session 1 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f442cf2b7289382513ef47d05e696daf.pdf 777827d8cdd46663b118b2c89983b62e PDF Text Text Non-intrusive conservation focussed monitoring of underwater cultural heritage by the public Gathering Information via Recreational and Technical (GIRT) Scientific Divers Andrew Viduka PhD FSA M.ICOMOS-ICUCH Archaeology Department, University of New England, Australia ORCID 0000-0002-0348-4544 Phone: +61 456265470 / Email: girtscientificdiver@gmail.com / http://www.girtsd.org ABSTRACT The no-impact maritime archaeological conservation-focused citizen science program Gathering Information via Recreational and Technical (GIRT) Scientific Divers formally started in January 2019, after an approximately six-month pilot project in South Australia. GIRT Scientific Divers was designed and developed to encourage interested people, businesses, and groups to have an active and positive underwater archaeology role. Launching in New Zealand and across Australia, GIRT has expanded to include members in ten countries. From a 2020/21 survey of member motivations and characteristics, GIRT has been demonstrated to be a gateway into maritime archaeology for previously non-engaged individuals. However, GIRT is very much still an evolving citizen science program, and this paper discusses some of the key learning outcomes the author has gained from developing and training members of the public in GIRT over the last five and half years. The paper candidly looks at challenges experienced by GIRT to maintain an engaged and active membership specifically addressing the key issues of time and funding, IT, the andragogical methodology used, and survey structure and complexity. Lastly, drawing from recent training activities in late 2022-2023, the paper highlights changes to the teaching program and survey structure that occurred in early 2022, with the introduction of a scaffolded learning approach and a rapid GIRT survey option to enable members to develop confidence and build from success. Keywords: Citizen science, site monitoring, conservation, underwater cultural heritage management List of figures Figure 1 Greenpeace MV Rainbow Warrior I (1987), Cavalli Islands, North Island, New Zealand. Figure 2 Screenshots of the GIRT Scientific Divers website and the GRT Scientific Divers Sketchfab pages. Figure 3 Post processing collected data from fieldwork on the Othello at Kaipipi Shipyard Figure 4 Screenshot of photogrammetry of the Othello wreck generated by two trainees on their first effort 1. INTRODUCTION Gathering Information via Recreational and Technical (GIRT) Scientific Divers is a conservation focused no-impact citizen-science project. It aims to train members to systematically document observable physical and natural features of historic shipwrecks, submerged aircraft and other submerged underwater cultural heritage (hereafter referred to as UCH) to facilitate the site’s ongoing protection and management. The focus of the GIRT citizen science project is to both encourage interested people to have an active and positive public archaeology role and to enable better understanding of the condition of UCH and the factors driving its preservation or deterioration (Viduka 2021a, 1-2; 2021b, 2; 2021c, 44). Through the public’s voluntary participation in GIRT, they can assist others, especially non-divers, to see the condition or threats to UCH from natural or human activity more easily (Figure 1). GIRT members (individuals, groups and businesses) ‘adopt-a-site’ that is of interest to them and agree to monitor the site periodically using the GIRT survey methodology, outlined in more detail below. By surveying the same site systematically and periodically, members can, at a minimum, directly compare photos of up to 10 survey points for change, as well as site sketches for new or changed detail. Undertaking the full survey, members can also compare qualitative and quantitative site environmental data, video transects, photogrammetry, and marine life survey data. 1 �Figure 1 Greenpeace MV Rainbow Warrior I (1987), Cavalli Islands, North Island, New Zealand, surveyed 2019 and 3D model produced in 2020. This 3D model was the first GIRT photogrammetry model to include site condition photos to assist in site condition interpretation (Viduka, Sutton and Hutchison 2021, 10). An important element of GIRT is to encourage communication and information sharing between GIRT members and persons responsible for managing such heritage in the relevant jurisdictional waters. As GIRT members are able to download a PDF version of their submitted data into the GIRT relational database, each GIRT member can choose to share their data with the relevant site manager for the purpose of the information becoming a part of the site’s formal condition record (Figure 2). This can contribute directly to science-based decision making by UCH management agencies and potentially the prioritisation of activities by these relevant authorities to protect or undertake rescue archaeology of submerged sites. Figure 2 Screenshots of the GIRT Scientific Divers website and the GRT Scientific Divers Sketchfab pages. Starting in the first year of observations, GIRT members are asked to also identify potential or known threats to their site, and to estimate the likelihood and consequence of those threats. Based on member’s subjective data, and sometimes following moderation discussions with a GIRT instructor, members allocate a ‘traffic light’ indication of threat to their adopted site’s preservation (Green, Yellow, Orange, Red). GIRT member’s indications of threat are shown on the publicly viewable adopted sites map as their site’s location icon. This can be viewed at https://www.girtsd.org/wrecks. 2 �All survey records entered by members through the Survey Reporting tab in the internal members pages of the GIRT website are linked to the names of the members who undertook the survey and their adopted site. Once data has been collected, GIRT members are encouraged to compare their results with other members, lead the analysis of aspects of research (i.e. site formation, marine life, correlation of storm data with observed sediment movements, modelling observed change to other proximal sites…..) or simply conduct further archival research on their adopted site, and present the results of their surveys or broader analysis of data to dive clubs or at conferences. Separate to their initial training, GIRT members are ongoingly supported through three options. The first option is a regularly updated version of a guidance document which can be downloaded, with current survey sheets, at the register to JOIN page on the GIRT website ( https://www.girtsd.org/register ). The second option is through content added in the members internal TRAINING pages. The third option is by being able to contact local GIRT instructors through the members BLOG pages, via email or via phone. 2. RESOURCES In order to collect data on a site, besides standard dive gear, members need: ● access to a camera with an underwater housing; ● 30m fibreglass tape; ● at least three photogrammetry scales; ● one photography scale; ● slate and pencil; and ● relevant GIRT monitoring templates printed on waterproof paper. In addition, members need access to a computer and the internet. 3. FRAMEWORK - KEY LEARNING OUTCOMES The GIRT citizen science program has now been taught for five and half years. In that time, the author has gained a better understanding of issues faced by the public to be an engaged and active citizen science member and of in-built barriers in the initial design, architecture and teaching of GIRT to their active and fulfilling participation. Below, I highlight some of the key issues encountered. Time and Funding The two biggest issues which crosscut and exacerbate all other problems are the classic, time and money. GIRT remains a very small citizen science program predominantly led solely by the author. Time constraints are real issues to building the program. While efforts are underway to bring in GIRT instructors (see below), issues around insurance and work-place health and safety make it necessary for any potential GIRT instructors to deliver the training under their existing workplace arrangements. Equally, as a full-time employee in a busy role, GIRT is very much managed around the margins of daily life with an occasionally focussed training activity. 3 �Money is always the main problem in small projects. Currently, funding for GIRT is mainly covered by myself and my wife (please don’t tell her!). Periodically, GIRT is partially compensated to deliver training in a particular country or jurisdiction. This funding typically does not cover the cost of delivery, or the time of the instructor to prepare, travel and deliver the training. In business terms, a fairly non-sustainable product. IT The website and relational database in GIRT are key to the programs objectives of recognising the public's input, connecting members with each other, and making collected data saved, searchable, comparable, and openly accessible to all (Viduka, Illukkumbura and Abeygunawardena 2020, 7-8). Another facet of the impact of the lack of money and time is delayed development of the IT infrastructure. This has been perhaps the most problematic aspect of running the project in the terms of making the project fulfilling for members, and an issue that is not fully resolved to date. Members who have undertaken surveys and who have their data, have struggled to enter the data into the SURVEY REPORTING tool because of IT issues. This has resulted in frustration for all and certainly impacted enthusiastic ongoing member participation. Maintaining the website, and developing and refining the survey reporting tool and associated relational database, so it aligns with the latest version of the survey sheets, takes development time. As a non-IT developer, I am currently totally reliant on working with free or very cheap third parties to deliver changes, including updating features of the website that annually need refreshing. The andragogical methodology GIRT was developed as an adult based learning programme. This is because GIRT is targeted at individuals over 18 years of age who have more than 50 logged dives. Adult learning (androgogy), as different to children focussed learn (pedagogy), recognises that adult learners bring their varied experience and are more self-directed and self-motivated. Adult learning also has a focus on hands-on learning (learn through play). Since 2018, GIRT has been taught in several ways to meet community interest to dive with a purpose and monitor underwater cultural heritage sites. Initially GIRT was only taught as a one-day face-to-face program. The GIRT one-day training sought to explain why members should participate, what would be the value of their contribution, and then how to apply the methodology. The choice of one-day teaching was initially driven by financial expediency and available time. The one-day training program quickly evolved into a two-day training program, with the second day focused on using the GIRT method as a team. This was in recognition of the need to reinforce class-based learning with hands-on activities. In all training options, GIRT is taught as an activity broadly comprised of three parts: 1. planning and preparing for a survey activity; 2. doing the survey activity, and saving and labelling the data on the day; and 3. post-processing the collected data and entering it as a report. The reason it was taught in this way was to emphasize the importance of each stage and to assist members to recognise that the survey is not finished until a survey report is submitted. During COVID, GIRT training was delivered online, with an adaptation of the original one-day workshop delivered during two blocks of three hours over two days. It was recognised at the time that this was not the ideal for teaching GIRT however it was seen as an opportunity to offer 4 �something to the community during COVID, an opportunity to promote GIRT, raise broader awareness of the threats to underwater cultural heritage, and to identify people who wished to participate who could receive further support in the future. Retrospectively, both the one day intensive and online teaching versions were found to be simply too much information for participants with very little ongoing activity by individuals who took part in this type of training. In addition, several factors, which in hindsight are key to adult participation, were not sufficiently initially highlighted in the teaching of the program. These include: the need to focus on promoting working with a group (make it a friends based activity); being inclusive of people with a marine science focus (broadening the groups knowledge base and ensuring site and environment are equally considered); the rule of three parts to a survey (recognising that planning, doing and post fieldwork data processing all require time); and highlighting the need to plan a diving day to leave sufficient time to save, label data and backup results. Survey structure and complexity The GIRT survey requirements were initially based on what a non-impact maritime archaeological conservation survey of a site would endeavour to do to obtain a baseline of date for longitudinal site monitoring. Early on in the process of delivering GIRT, and with good advice from other people who deliver citizen science programs, it became evident that the initial structure of the GIRT survey methodology in totality, was too much for most new members who had little scientific diving background. 4. RESULTS - CHANGES TO THE TEACHING PROGRAM AND SURVEY STRUCTURE While no change has occurred to the issues of IT, or time and money, since 2022 GIRT Scientific Divers has operated within a Pty Ltd company structure, with a constitution that only allows the company to pursue charitable purposes. The GIRT Director is now supported by three other Board members who separately specialise in law, IT, and public archaeology. The andragogical methodology updated In 2022, significant adjustments were made to the training presentations and a restructuring of the survey activity, reflecting a response to the issues outlined above. To support members, the GIRT guidelines were also updated to the currently available version 3. The new guidelines outline the updated GIRT teaching program approach, which will hopefully go some way to remedy the issues of the identified critical need to immediately reinforce learning activities through doing, and making the initial learning outcomes more achievable so that people can build from success. To better understand who is interested to participate in GIRT, why, and what it is they seek to get out of their participation, a survey was sent out to the first 119 people who undertook training. Prior to the survey’s close on 30 June 2020, 100 people responded providing information about the demographics of participants, their background in heritage and protection, diving, science and conservation, and volunteering. Survey results show that GIRT is acting as a gateway into maritime archaeology for previously non-engaged individuals (Viduka and Edney 2021a, 14). This further emphasises the need to re-scale initial expectations of a citizen scientist to a more achievable level for a group largely previously not engaged by other public archaeology programs. The new teaching approach recognises that many people trained to be GIRT members to date, have not yet completed a survey report. Putting IT issues aside, which are anecdotally the most explained reason, this still leaves the majority of members not having completed a survey and or not attempting to input the data. 5 �While a number of people outside Australia continue to request the online training option, the updated GIRT teaching program solely incorporates the two-day GIRT training model and re-structures the curriculum, so it is more achievable for members. A key facet of the two-day program is post-processing collected data to finalise a clean site sketch, save Figures, video and data and label everything properly immediately after diving (Figure 3). Since its implementation, the two-day training program has been trialled in Norfolk Island, Australia (20-21 August 2022), Adelaide, South Australia (17-18 September 2022), and Rakiura/Stewart Island, New Zealand (25-26 February 2023) (Figure 4) with increasing success demonstrated by participants at Stewart Island completing the training having done the rapid survey elements and all four additional survey activities. Another significant recent development is endeavouring to have regionally located GIRT instructors to drive training and engagement with divers locally and to amplify opportunities for interested people to be trained. The first dedicated GIRT Instructor training occurred on 18 February 2023 in Auckland, New Zealand with Dr Kurt Bennett. GIRT is still in discussions with Kurt’s employer to ascertain if he can deliver GIRT training as a workplace activity so as to get around the current GIRT insurance/workplace health and safety/funding Gordian knot. Figure 3 Post processing collected data from fieldwork on the Othello at Kaipipi Shipyard, Raikura/Stewart Island, New Zealand, February 2023 and an early screen shot of the developing 3D model from images collected by participants in the training event. 6 �Figure 4 Screenshot of photogrammetry of the Othello wreck generated by two trainees on their first effort and processed by Dr Andrew Hutchison. GIRT Rapid Survey In the updated guidelines a scaffolded learning approach is outlined for the survey activity. This approach aims to systematically build on a members’ experiences and knowledge so they can learn new skills more comfortably. The scaffolded learning program uses the original GIRT survey components however it breaks the learning down to a small core survey component (GIRT rapid survey), that can be more easily done underwater and followed with simple and quicker post processing of data requirements before successfully submitting a survey report. Up to four additional survey activities are then outlined. These additional survey activities can be undertaken to any scale and in any combination, subject to a members’ knowledge level, comfort, interest, the environmental conditions, diving safety parameters and commitment. The GIRT rapid survey is designed to be completed in one or two dives by a buddy pair and is less complex and time consuming both underwater and during data post-processing for members. This rapid survey comprises completing a site identification sheet, a site sketch sheet, and a photo condition sheet. Members joining GIRT, and who do not bring experience in collecting data, should first use the GIRT rapid survey method until they are comfortable with the in-water survey process, post-diving data management, post-survey data processing and submission of their survey report. Once a member is comfortable with undertaking a GIRT rapid survey and can complete all aspects, members are then encouraged to choose to undertake one, some, or all of the four additional survey activities: a video-transect survey; photogrammetry of features/site; collecting additional site and conservation data; and or undertaking a marine-life survey. Survey sheets for the video-transect survey; photogrammetry survey and site and conservation data survey are available to be downloaded from the GIRT website at https://www.girtsd.org/register. Any data collected by a member for a marine-life survey simply needs to be saved as a PDF to be included in the final site SURVEY REPORT. To undertake a complete GIRT survey, even in shallow water on a relatively small site, more than two dives by a dive buddy pair will be required. It is important to note that, while it is ideal to collect as much data as possible in each survey activity, for any and all activities, the survey method is scalable. Only complete as much of each survey sheet as possible within the limitations of your safe diving and conditions. When entering data into the Survey Reporting tab in the GIRT website, the 7 �reporting tool only requires a few mandatory data fields from the Surface Sheet. All other data fields need only be populated as data is available. The GIRT method includes a video transect survey of the site environment, on the site and off the site, which acts as a minimum of environmental data being recorded. However, members are encouraged to also collect data for another established marine citizen science program on their site (undertaking a marine-life survey). More broadly, and to emphasise the importance of understanding the marine environment associated with a site, members are encouraged to include a GIRT diver who is primarily interested in the marine environment in their survey team. CONCLUDING REMARKS While GIRT Scientific Divers has been operating for five and half years, some critical milestones for success are yet to be met. The most significant of these is a fully functioning website and associated relational database that aligns with the rapid and additional survey reporting sheets. Secondly, while GIRT has expanded to include members in ten countries, the ability to train and have GIRT regionally based instructors is a significant limiting factor to GIRT’s broader uptake. Thirdly, the most ideal training model, two-days, is also the costliest. While developing a funding stream can resolve this, the author is determined to try and develop GIRT so that it can operate without charging people so there is no barrier to participation in site monitoring to the interested public. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would particularly like to thank Jessica Viduka for her ongoing support for the development and delivery of the GIRT Scientific Divers citizen science program and her ability to not notice the credit card expenses. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Prasanna Illukkumbura for his fantastic and unwavering support to develop and maintain the GIRT website and SRA Information Technology for their support. Lastly, I would like to thank GIRT member Dr Andrew Hutchison for his dedication to helping members, including myself, process their images into 3D photogrammetry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Viduka, Andrew. “Going for the win-win: including the public in underwater cultural heritage management through citizen science.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 49 (2020a): 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12412. Viduka, Andrew. “A maritime archaeological conservation focussed citizen science program for individual benefit and public good outcomes: the GIRT Scientific Diver programme.” Journal of Community Archaeology and Heritage 9:2 (2020b):71-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/20518196.2020.1858544. Viduka, Andrew. “A View from Across the Ditch: Public Engagement, Community Archaeology and Underwater Cultural Heritage Management and The Impact of GIRT Scientific Divers in New Zealand.” Australasian Journal of Maritime Archaeology 44: (2020c): 23-40. Viduka, Andrew; Illukkumbura, Prasanna and Abeygunawardena, Sajana. “Electric Oceans: The Features, Functionality and Utility of the GIRT Website and Associated Database for Citizen Science, Site Conservation and Underwater Cultural Heritage Management Outcomes.” Australasian Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 44 (2020): 3-21. Viduka, Andrew; Sutton, Brett; Hutchison, Andrew et al. “A Report on the GIRT Scientific Diver Survey of the Rainbow Warrior, Cavalli Islands, New Zealand.” J Mari Arch 16 (2021): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-020-09279-5 Viduka, Andrew and Edney, Joanne. “GIRT Scientific Divers citizen science programme: Volunteer motivations and characteristics.” Journal of Community Archaeology and Heritage, 9:3 (2021a): 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/20518196.2021.2005411. 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Non-intrusive conservation focussed monitoring of underwater cultural heritage by the public -Gathering Information via Recreational and Technical (GIRT) Scientific Divers Description An account of the resource The no-impact maritime archaeological conservation-focused citizen science program Gathering Information via Recreational and Technical (GIRT) Scientific Divers formally started in January 2019, after an approximately six-month pilot project in South Australia. GIRT Scientific Divers was designed and developed to encourage interested people, businesses, and groups to have an active and positive underwater archaeology role. Launching in New Zealand and across Australia, GIRT has expanded to include members in ten countries. From a 2020/21 survey of member motivations and characteristics, GIRT has been demonstrated to be a gateway into maritime archaeology for previously non-engaged individuals. However, GIRT is very much still an evolving citizen science program, and this paper discusses some of the key learning outcomes the author has gained from developing and training members of the public in GIRT over the last five and half years. The paper candidly looks at challenges experienced by GIRT to maintain an engaged and active membership specifically addressing the key issues of time and funding, IT, the andragogical methodology used, and survey structure and complexity. Lastly, drawing from recent training activities in late 2022-2023, the paper highlights changes to the teaching program and survey structure that occurred in early 2022, with the introduction of a scaffolded learning approach and a rapid GIRT survey option to enable members to develop confidence and build from success. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrew Viduka Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Viduka, Andrew. 2023. “Non-intrusive monitoring of underwater cultural heritage by the public - Gathering Information via Recreational and Technical (GIRT) Scientific Divers.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Veronica Walker-Vadillo. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2001 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f3652dd25b3d76dd7d326655d335d8a8.pdf d1ef307b45df57e446ef643f5247c761 PDF Text Text Maritime archaeology in New Zealand: trials, tribulations and opportunities Matthew Carter and Andy Dodd Abstract New Zealand is an island nation that was initially settled via the sea firstly by Polynesian voyagers and later by a European maritime culture. These two groups traded and traversed in and along the coastline leaving considerable physical evidence of their seafaring ways. Today this maritime past is reflected in more than 2000 shipwrecks as well as numerous canoe landing sites, fish traps, inundated villages and sunken canoes. Despite this wealth of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) and a strong legislative base for the protection of archaeological sites, maritime archaeology in New Zealand is significantly underdeveloped with no effective program for the management or protection of UCH. As a consequence the public of New Zealand rarely views shipwrecks and other UCH as sites that need to be protected. This lack of perceived value results in limited funding being available for the investigation or management of maritime archaeological sites and as such developmental pressures, commercial salvage and fossicking continue to damage this non-renewable resource. Although these are major challenges there are still considerable opportunities for underwater archaeology in New Zealand. Increased awareness of underwater cultural heritage can be achieved by engaging the public in various ways such as through Australian Institute of Maritime Archaeology/Nautical Archaeology Society (AIMA/NAS) training courses. In addition, the global nature of New Zealand‟s maritime trade means that there is enormous scope for international collaboration between researchers at a diverse range of organisations around the world. Such actions would help provide the impetus for capacity building and the eventual establishment of an effective maritime archaeology program in New Zealand. Introduction New Zealand is an island nation that was initially settled via the sea firstly by Polynesian voyagers and later by a European maritime culture. These two groups traded and traversed in and along the coastline leaving considerable physical evidence of their seafaring ways. Notwithstanding this wealth of UCH and a strong legislative framework for the protection of heritage sites, maritime archaeology is significantly underdeveloped within New Zealand. As a result no formal positions exist for the research, protection or management of UCH. Despite this shortcoming, a number of maritime archaeological projects have been undertaken by volunteer groups with considerable success. These projects have shown the potential that the investigation of UCH has to contribute to our understanding of New Zealand's past and the opportunities that exist for maritime archaeology in the future. New Zealand’s Underwater Cultural Heritage New Zealand‟s diverse topography means that UCH is not restricted to the open sea but also includes sites in estuaries, rivers, streams, lakes and swamps. These waterways include both those of natural occurrence and those created or maintained through human intervention. Where they remain in a largely unmodified state, New Zealand‟s waterways and wetlands have yielded significant archaeological finds. They have potential to preserve significant archaeological information relating to �New Zealand‟s maritime heritage. The UCH of New Zealand includes both resources of Maori and European origin. The underwater resources of European origin cover the period of the maritime exploration and the colonisation of New Zealand (17691900 A.D.) and include around 1500 documented shipwrecks (of which only around 10% have been relocated), military sites, wharves, navigation markers, ballast dumps, slipways and debris (Dodd 2003:151; Churchill 1991:7). Equally important are Maori underwater heritage sites which date from as early as the mid thirteenth century (Higham and Jones 2004:215). These sites include canoe landings, eel weirs, fish traps, inundated villages and sunken canoes (McCarthy 2006:9; Gumbley et al 2005; Campbell 1977:139). All of these resources offer significant opportunities for maritime and underwater archaeology as well as the potential for advancement of terrestrial archaeology through the provision of comparative assemblages and material culture that does not survive in a dry environment. Threats to Underwater Cultural Heritage As an island nation many New Zealanders feel a strong connection with the ocean and waterways and as a result an attitude of open availability and equal participation in relation to marine resources is widespread. Perhaps as result of this outlook many divers believe sites such as shipwrecks are available to all and that anyone has the right to take artefacts or items off them (Dodd 2003:151). Unfortunately such unregulated fossicking leads to a fragmentation of the material culture and a loss of context, thus essentially limiting the material‟s usefulness in scientific inquiry (Green 2004:10). Furthermore, such looted materials are rarely conserved properly and are often lost to all through corrosion or decay (Churchill 1991:8). In addition, coastal and inland underwater sites are also becoming increasingly threatened by the plans of other users of the coastal marine area who place pressure on these sites through the construction of infrastructure such as marinas, port expansion, undersea pipelines and drilling, and carry out activities such as dredging, marine farming and mineral extraction. These developments often disturb the equilibrium of the environment which has preserved the underwater site and may accelerate the processes of site destruction. UCH resources in New Zealand are also threatened by natural post-depositional processes which include sedimentation, currents, corrosion, marine growth, and mechanical disturbances due to wave action and earthquakes (Gould 2000:2). These natural and cultural processes threaten our underwater heritage and as such have significant implications for the protection, preservation and management of UCH in New Zealand. Heritage Legislation in New Zealand The protection of New Zealand‟s cultural heritage resources (including terrestrial and underwater archaeological sites) is provided for by three main acts: the Protected Objects Act (1975), the Resource Management Act (1991) and the Historic Places Act (1993). These acts combine to create a legislative landscape that is supportive �to the protection and management of historic heritage (Vossler 2000:68). Despite the fact that this legislation provides the basis for the control and sponsoring of both submerged and terrestrial archaeology in New Zealand, its application to underwater cultural resources has yet to be undertaken in a systematic or significant way (Dodd 2003:151; McKinlay 1977:23). Protected Objects Act 1975 The Protected Objects Act provides for the protection of certain objects by regulating the export of protected New Zealand objects and also allows for the ownership of ngataongatuturu (Maori artefacts) to be awarded through the Maori Land Court. The Protected Objects Act repealed the Antiquities Act 1975 in 2006 and makes it unlawful to export Protected Objects without a certificate of permission from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage who administer the Act. Protected New Zealand objects are objects: forming part of the movable cultural heritage of New Zealand that - (a) is of importance to New Zealand, or to a part of New Zealand, for aesthetic, archaeological, architectural, artistic, cultural, historical, literary, scientific, social, spiritual, technological, or traditional reasons; and (b) falls within 1 or more of the categories of protected objects set out in Schedule 4 (Protected Objects Act 1975: section 2). Schedule 4 of the Act includes, “New Zealand archaeological objects. This category consists of any objects, assemblages, scientific samples, organic remains derived from a New Zealand archaeological site, as defined by the Historic Places Act 1993” (Protected Objects Act 1975: schedule 4). In this way the Protected Objects Act can be used to protect artefacts from underwater cultural heritage sites from being exported out of New Zealand. Resource Management Act (1991) Although the Resource Management Act (RMA) is not primarily concerned with the protection of heritage resources, it provides considerable scope for the management of terrestrial and submerged archaeological sites. The purpose of the act is to ensure the sustainable management of natural and physical resources (RMA section 5). Under this Act archaeological sites are considered „physical resources‟ and local authorities are required to recognise and provide for the protection of historic heritage as a matter of national importance (RMA section 6). Under the RMA the role of local authorities includes: The preservation of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use and development. And recognition of the relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, waters, sites, waahi tapu and other taonga. (RMA Section 6) The influence of the RMA on archaeological practice is twofold. Firstly the RMA requires an assessment of environmental effects when applying for resource �consent. This assessment process includes both terrestrial and underwater archaeological sites and the consent may not be given if such a site is threatened by the intended development (Walton and Keefe 2004:271; Gumbley et al. 2005:19). The second influence of the RMA is increased responsibility for councils in identifying and managing historic heritage. Regional councils and local authorities must now have plans, rules, policies and objectives as to how they will manage the matters that the RMA puts within their responsibility (Gumbley et al. 2005:18). Regional and local authority plans are reviewed on a ten yearly cycle, however, with the exception of the Auckland Regional Council, few plans adopted policies and schedules specific to the protection of historic heritage in the coastal marine area, but this is becoming more common in second generation plans. Historic Places Act (1993) The Historic Places Act (HPA) provides the primary legislation for heritage management in New Zealand (Walton and Keefe 2004:273). The purpose of this act is to “promote the identification, protection, preservation, and conservation of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand” (HPA section 4). This Act defines archaeological sites as: …any place in New Zealand that – Either – (a) Was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900; or (b) Is the site of the wreck of any vessel where that wreck occurred before 1900; and (c) Is or may be able through investigation by archaeological methods to provide evidence relating to the history of New Zealand (HPA schedule 2). In relation to archaeological practice, the HPA established a system for the control of works that could adversely affect an archaeological site (Vossler 2000:62; Barber 2000:25). At the centre of this management system is the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT) whose purpose is to promote and preserve the historic and cultural heritage of New Zealand. The NZHPT principal statutory functions are the registration of historic places, advocacy and public education (http://www.historic.org.nz/). The NZHPT also exercises statutory power to protect archaeological sites through the HPA which essentially imposes blanket protection for both terrestrial and underwater archaeological sites making it illegal for any person to destroy, damage or modify any part of a site without an authority obtained from the Historic Places Trust (Barber 1998:59). The provisions of the HPA apply to archaeological sites irrespective of whether they are currently registered or recorded (Vossler 2000:64). �History of Underwater Archaeology in New Zealand Sports diving in New Zealand began in the 1950s, and a number of diving clubs started up around this time (Gordon 1999). The earliest underwater shipwreck surveys in New Zealand were undertaken in the 1960‟s by pioneers such as Kelly Tarlton however, the prevailing philosophy of the time was directed towards salvage and exploration rather than preservation and conservation (Sale 1988:182; Dodd 2003:155). In recent years the practice of underwater archaeology in New Zealand has been furthered in three main ways; through the work of volunteer groups, the teaching of AIMA/NAS training courses and the registration of shipwrecks as historic places. Avocational projects The need to control and direct maritime archaeology in New Zealand led to the establishment of the Maritime Archaeological Association of New Zealand (MAANZ) in 1989 (Churchill 1991:7). Through this association a number of underwater and maritime heritage sites have been subject to archaeological attention. Mahanga Bay wharf A series of coastal military defences were built around New Zealand in the 1880s, in response to a perceived threat from the Russian navy. A small wharf was built in Mahanga Bay on the Miramar Peninsula in Wellington to service the torpedo boats that were stationed there. In 1993-1994 and 2000 MAANZ undertook a survey and investigation of the remnants of the historic wharf. The purpose of this work was to locate and map the remains of the wharf and associated artefacts. The history of the construction, use and demise of the wharf was also researched and a report published (MAANZ 2005). Surveying & condition report on Hydrabad The square rigged sailing ship Hydrabad was wrecked on Waitarere Beach (north of Wellington) in 1878. Successive storms and dynamic beach action have left the wreck well above high water mark. The wreck is now inundated with sand, and is periodically uncovered and re-covered through storm and wind action. The Waitarere Residents Association invited MAANZ to undertake an investigation of the wreck to help in decision making on the future of the wreck. This investigation was undertaken in 1997 and involved the mapping and assessment of the wreck site and the taking of samples to assess the composition of the ship. A report was compiled outlining the history of the ship and also the results of the survey (MAANZ 1998) and the site continues to be visited and photographed by MAANZ members. The Horowhenua District Council has recently installed updated interpretative signage at Waitarere and the site was nominated for historic place registration by MAANZ in 2010. It was assessed by NZHPT and awarded category II historic place registration in 2011. This officially recognised the wreck site as a place “of historical or cultural heritage significance or value to New Zealanders” (HPA section 23). �Mapping & park proposal for Evans Bay Patent Slip A patent slip operated at Evans Bay on the edge of the Wellington Harbour from the 1870s until well into the 20th century. The rails of the slipway remain intact, as does buried slipway machinery. MAANZ supervised a geophysical survey of the site to determine the amount of subsurface equipment still extant, and successfully lobbied the city council to extend the extent of the protected heritage area. Inconstant project The Inconstant was wrecked on Wellington‟s coast in 1849, and refloated on the coastal edge of the city as a floating warehouse and bond store. The ship was eventually inundated by reclamation and revealed again during refurbishment of the overlying historic buildings in 1996. Archaeologists revealed and recorded the fabric of the ship, some of which remain in situ and on public display. MAANZ members were actively involved in the processing and curating of artefacts from the site (O‟Keeffe 1993). On-going conservation of artefacts on the Hikitia In 1997 MAANZ had opened their dedicated conservation laboratory aboard the Hikitia, one of the two remaining floating cranes in the world. MAANZ converted one of the below decks spaces into a laboratory to conserve objects from maritime archaeological sites. The lab operates on a volunteer basis and is available to conserve objects for the general public and museums. The lab is also a key resource for the association's education and information program. The activities of this avocational body have greatly furthered the development of maritime archaeology in New Zealand. AIMA/NAS courses Six AIMA/NAS courses have been run in New Zealand since 2002. These courses are targeted towards providing recreational divers with basic information about underwater archaeology, site recording and conservation. The first AIMA/NAS Training courses in New Zealand were held in February-March 2002 by Mark Staniforth and Cosmos Coroneos who conducted two Part 1 Training courses at the Museum of City and Sea, Wellington. Three further Part 1 & 2 courses were run in November-December 2008 in Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin. Peter Ross and James Hunter tutored the courses which were facilitated by Department of Conservation and also included input from Otago and Auckland University specialists in underwater photogrammetry and wet wood conservation. In June 2011 a Part 1 course was run in Tauranga by Andy Dodd and Robert Brassey for divers involved in the ssTaupo recording project being coordinated by Shane Wasik. These courses have promoted the field of underwater archaeology to a diverse range of interest groups. �NZHPT shipwreck registrations Shipwreck sites and sites in the coastal marine area have been under represented in New Zealand‟s Historic Places Trust Register. The first ship wreck to be registered was the ssVictory (no.5712), wrecked on the Otago Peninsula in 1861 and registered in 1985. In more recent years new registrations have included the 1881 ssTararua wreck site, cemetery and Waipapa Lighthouse (no.7785) registered 2009, ps1Tasmanian Maid wrecked off New Plymouth in 1868 (no. 9521) and ssAlexandra wrecked off Puke Aruhe in 1865 (no. 9520) both registered in 2010, and the 1878 Hydrabad wreck site at Waitarere Beach (no. 9559) registered 2011. By placing these ships on the Historic Places Trust Register they are provided with a greater level of protection and increased public awareness about these unique sites. Opportunities for the Future New Zealand has a small but active number of technical divers who regularly dive shipwrecks at depths of 40-120 metres. Collaboration with these highly skilled and trained individuals offers the opportunity to investigate shipwrecks that have only been minimally impacted by the actions of divers. Such cooperation has the potential to not only gain valuable information from these archaeological sites but also to establish a principle of custodianship which would help protect these wrecks for future archaeological investigation. Further AIMA/NAS courses for recreational divers in New Zealand could improve diver appreciation of shipwreck conservation and may encourage some people to seek further education in maritime archaeology. It can also be a positive means of promoting a responsible attitude towards wreck diving amongst dive clubs and shops that might see value in promoting the conservation of local shipwreck sites. To date, courses have only been held in a limited number of locations around the country. By ensuring that courses are spread more evenly around New Zealand more divers will be able to attend and become involved in maritime projects. Encouraging archaeology students from Auckland University and the University of Otago with an interest in maritime history and archaeology to attend these courses may also mean more students formally incorporate maritime archaeology into their studies. New Zealand‟s rich maritime heritage includes a tradition of Colonial shipbuilding and repair that is represented in the archaeological record in the form of shipwrecks and other maritime infrastructure. In Australia the archaeological study of Colonial shipbuilding has been a major area of research within the field of maritime archaeology (e.g. see Coroneos 1996; Bullers 2006; O‟Reilly 2007). This research has provided a great deal of information about the construction of early Australian built wooden sailing vessels and the role of shipbuilding in Colonial society. Like Australia the archaeological investigation of shipwrecks and shipbuilding yards 1 paddle steamer �around New Zealand has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of this formative industry and could provide an area for Trans-Tasman research. A notable component of the maritime archaeological record of New Zealand is the presence of ship‟s graveyards which are found within a number of the country‟s harbours. The vessels that make up these graveyards have considerable archaeological value with the potential to offer insights into, not only, propulsion and shipbuilding technologies from the 19th and 20th centuries but also the diversity of craft that plied the waterway of New Zealand. Such archaeological investigations could facilitate the comparison and contrast of abandonment processes in relation to ship‟s graveyards around New Zealand and also with such work undertaken internationally. Conclusions New Zealand has a rich maritime heritage which is evidenced by a range of UCH sites of both Maori and European origin. Unfortunately the underdeveloped nature of maritime archaeology in New Zealand means that this resource suffers from a lack of active management and protection. As such, much of the maritime archaeological work that has taken place in New Zealand has been undertaken by volunteers. It is hoped that by working with such interested parties and collaboration with international researchers will help to provide the impetus for capacity building and the eventual establishment of an effective maritime archaeology program in New Zealand. Bibliography Barber, I., 2000 Bullers, R., 2006 Churchill, D., 1991 Coroneos, C., 1996 Dodd, A., 2003 Green, J.N., 2004 Gordon, K., 1999 Gould, R.A., 2000 “Archaeological Heritage management Reform in New Zealand: What Happened?”, in Archaeology in New Zealand, 43(1), pp. 2236. “Quality Assured: Shipbuilding in Colonial South Australia and Tasmania” in Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Monograph Series Number 8, Flinders University, Adelaide. “The Maritime Archaeological Association of New Zealand MAANZ (Inc)”, in The Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 15(1), pp. 7-10. “One interpretation for the short working lives of early Australian wooden sailing vessels in Victorian waters", in The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 15, pp. 7-14. “Opportunities for Underwater Archaeology in New Zealand”, in Archaeology in New Zealand, 46(3), pp.151-160. Maritime Archaeology: A Technical Handbook, Elsevier Academic Press, London. "Deep beginnings", in Dive New Zealand Magazine, Archaeology and the Social History of Ships, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. �Gumbley, W. Johns, D., and Law, G., 2005 Higham, T., and Jones, M., 2004 MAANZ., 1998 MAANZ., 2005 McCarthy, M., 2006 McKinley, J.R., 1977 O‟Keeffe, M., 1993 O‟Reilly, R., 2007 Sale, E.V., 1988 Walton, T., and Keefe, M., 2004 Vossler, M., 2006 Management of wetland archaeological sites in New Zealand, Science for Conservation 246. "Chronology and Settlement", in (eds) L. Furey, and S. Holdaway, Change through time: 50 years of New Zealand Archaeology, NZAA, Monograph 26. Investigation of the wreck of the Hydrabad, The Maritime Archaeological Association of New Zealand, Mahanga Bay Wharf Archaeological Survey. The Maritime Archaeological Association of New Zealand, "Maritime Archaeology in Australasia; Reviews and Overviews", in (eds.) Mark Staniforth and Mike Nash, Maritime Archaeology: Australian Approaches, Springer Science + Business Media Inc, New York. “The New Zealand Historic Places Trust and the laws covering Marine Archaeology in New Zealand:, in (ed.) Jeremy Green, papers from the First Southern Hemisphere Conference on Maritime Archaeology, Australian Sports Publications, Melbourne. "The Inconstant shipwreck Wellington, New Zealand", in Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 23, pp.121126. An assessment of Australian built wooden sailing vessels (constructed between 1850 - 1899) operating the South Australian intrastate trade: methods and materials, Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Monograph Series Number 5. Kelly. The Adventurous Life of Kelly Tarlton, Lee Printing Co, Auckland. "Archaeological Heritage Management", in (eds) L. Furey and S. Holdaway, Change through time: 50 years of New Zealand Archaeology, NZAA, Monograph 26. "Sense of Nonsense? Heritage Legislation in Perspective", in (ed) A. Trapeznik, Common Ground? Heritage and Public Places in New Zealand, University of Otago Press, Dunedin. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maritime archaeology in New Zealand: trials, tribulations and opportunities Subject The topic of the resource Session 8 Pacific Islands region: Building UCH Capacity Description An account of the resource New Zealand is an island nation that was initially settled via the sea firstly by Polynesian voyagers and later by a European maritime culture. These two groups traded and traversed in and along the coastline leaving considerable physical evidence of their seafaring ways. Today this maritime past is reflected in more than 2000 shipwrecks as well as numerous canoe landing sites, fish traps, inundated villages and sunken canoes. Despite this wealth of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) and a strong legislative base for the protection of archaeological sites, maritime archaeology in New Zealand is significantly underdeveloped with no effective program for the management or protection of UCH. As a consequence the public of New Zealand rarely views shipwrecks and other UCH as sites that need to be protected. This lack of perceived value results in limited funding being available for the investigation or management of maritime archaeological sites and as such developmental pressures, commercial salvage and fossicking continue to damage this non-renewable resource. Although these are major challenges there are still considerable opportunities for underwater archaeology in New Zealand. Increased awareness of underwater cultural heritage can be achieved by engaging the public in various ways such as through Australian Institute of Maritime Archaeology/Nautical Archaeology Society (AIMA/NAS) training courses. In addition, the global nature of New Zealand’s maritime trade means that there is enormous scope for international collaboration between researchers at a diverse range of organisations around the world. Such actions would help provide the impetus for capacity building and the eventual establishment of an effective maritime archaeology program in New Zealand. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Matthew Carter Andy Dodd Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 8 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/6baf4997e7d62ee092083ef6a7d794b5.pdf 5023227a0eda0d4fa3edc8d55cf76f67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 2: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 2 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. 2023 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maritime Cultural Landscapes and Seascapes in Prehistoric Japan: The Entangled Sea of the Yayoi Period Description An account of the resource The developments in underwater archaeology and heritage in East Asia has gained momentum over the past decades spurred on by the wealth of related material in the archaeological record generating a plethora of new data. Simultaneously, different theoretical frameworks can and should be applied to anchor this data within a broader framework. Therefore, this paper seeks to address archaeological material pertaining to the maritime world of the Yayoi Period as well as several theoretical frameworks within which this material can be interpreted and tied to the underwater cultural heritage of East Asia and how to combine material and theory in a meaningful way. Although the most conspicuous witnesses of maritime connectivity - i.e. shipwrecks - are so far missing from the Yayoi Period, there is sufficient evidence on land that attests to the embeddedness of Japan within the broader maritime world of East Asia. This land-based focus of maritime archaeology is in concordance with the concept of maritime cultural landscape developed by Christer Westerdahl, presented in an eponymous article in 1992 where the terrestrial aspect is always dominant. The concept of seascape, on the other hand, places the focus on the sea itself, an intrinsic part of all maritime studies, and stresses the perceptions of the sea as a cultural entity which possesses agency. Despite valid attempts to put the sea at the center of anthropological and archaeological research, for instance in the Pacific or - more recently - the Mediterranean - there is still an imbalance within the research putting the focus more on the land than on the sea. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anja Krieger Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Krieger, Anja. 2021. “Maritime Cultural Landscapes and Seascapes in Prehistoric Japan: The Entangled Sea of the Yayoi Period.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/673 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/fed7a1309d45b3096b19236f4fa716d8.pdf 0b2b0c360691820bdaf7c2b1a1af0918 PDF Text Text Challenging the U.S. Nuclear Tests:The Golden Rule Sails Again Ann Wright Veterans for Peace Honolulu, Hawaii 96821 USA Email: microann@yahoo.com Abstract In January 1958, Andrew Bigelow and three other anti-nuclear activists attempted to sail the 30 foot ketch, The Golden Rule, from California into the U.S. nuclear testing zone in the Marshall Islands to try to stop nuclear testing. While on a stopover in Honolulu, a U.S. federal court issued an injunction barring the voyage of the Golden Rule into the nuclear test sites. Despite the injunction, the four crew members attempted to sail twice and were arrested by U.S. federal law enforcement officials, tried, convicted and given sixty-day sentences and imprisoned. 55 years later, The Golden Rule, was found in a small shipyard in Eureka, California and her historical significance recognized. The boat had suffered the ravages of time and was in terrible shape. She is being carefully renovated by members of Veterans for Peace who intend to sail the boat on the West Coast as an educational vessel that personifies opposition to militarism and the use of nuclear weapons. Using documents from the Quaker House in Honolulu, the saga of The Golden Rule is a part of the rich history of maritime Hawaii. Keywords: Pacific Nuclear Testing, Protest Ships, Marshall Islands, AEC, Greenpeace Introduction In 2010, Larry Zerlangs, the owner of a boatyard in Eureka, Northern California, hauled out of a nearby bay a 30 foot double-masted Alpha 30 sailboat that had broken loose of her moorings and sunk during a big storm. Her underside had been punctured in two places and her deck was severely marred. She had been stripped of her engine, mast, cabin, rigging and masts. In searching the name of the boat, Golden Rule, Zerlang came upon a remarkable history of courage of the boat’s crew over sixty years before, who left as their legacy, the founding of the international environmental action organization, Greenpeace. In 1958, four Quaker men opposed to the testing and use of 1 �atomic and nuclear weapons, attempted to sail the boat, the Golden Rule, into the U.S. nuclear bomb test site near Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands. The boat’s captain, Andrew Bigelow, a World War II U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander, had been horrified by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. In 1955, he and his wife learned first hand the effects of the atomic bombs when they housed two of the 25 Hiroshima Maidens, who came to the United States for reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by the dropping of an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Bigelow wrote, “I looked at the scarred faces, the grotesque deformities of lips and eyes, and the odd skin, and I felt as if I had been kicked in the stomach! I cried, ‘My God, how awful!’ Somehow, seeing those young women, who had been nine and thirteen years old when bombed, for me pulled everything together. Nuclear testing is a crime against mankind,” said Bigelow.(Reynolds,P., 1958). In the late 1950s, the U.S. and the Soviet Union tested large atmospheric nuclear weapons that produced radioactive fallout that turned up in cows’ and mothers’ milk. Public concern around the world grew, particularly in Japan which was receiving fallout from both Russian and American nuclear testing. From 1945-1962 the United States conducted 216 Fig. 1 Golden Rule sailing off Diamond Head. aboveground nuclear tests; from 1949-1962, the Soviet Union conducted 214 aboveground tests; from 1952-1958, the United Kingdom conducted 21 aboveground tests; from 1960-1974, France conducted 46 aboveground nuclear tests; from 19641980, China conducted 23 aboveground nuclear tests and South Africa conducted one 2 �aboveground nuclear test in 1979(Johnston, 2001). Following the lead of anti-nuclear activists in Japan who formed the Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs (Gensuikyo) and in Great Britain who founded the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), in 1957, activists in the United States formed the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE) that became the largest peace and disarmament group in the country. Stating that “All nuclear explosions are monstrous, evil, unworthy of human beings,” in late 1957, Bigelow and other Quakers formed another group, Non-Violent Action Against Nuclear Weapons, to conduct direct actions to stop the testing of nuclear bombs. One of their first decisions was to sail a protest boat into the Pacific nuclear test area—and that boat was the Golden Rule. In January 1958, Bigelow and the Golden Rules’ three other crew members wrote to President Dwight Eisenhower of their plans to sail into the nuclear test site: "For years we have spoken and written of the suicidal military preparations of the Great Powers," they observed, "but our voices have been lost in the massive effort of those responsible for preparing this country for war. We mean now to speak with the weight of our whole lives". They hoped their act would encourage fellow citizens to speak up about their concerns about nuclear weapons (Wittner, 2010). On March 25, 1958, Bigelow, George Willoughby, 43, William Huntington, 50, engineer, and had studied for the ministry; after the voyage, he returned to teaching at a Friends school in New Hampshire (Oliver, 2013). James Peck, although not a Fig. 2 Golden Rule with Coast Guard ship. Quaker, had been a long-time practitioner of nonviolent direct action, a conscientious objector in World War II, and a fierce advocate of racial equality. He fought for civil rights for African Americans while in prison during the war, 3 �and in the U.S. Navy and merchant marine. In 1938, he was a founder of what would later become the National Maritime Union. Peck, who was badly seasick on the first attempt to sail from California, joined the crew in Hawaii. Both Peck and Bigelow later were among the original 13 Freedom Riders who in 1961 risked their lives to desegregate interstate transportation in the public American South. Peck was savagely beaten by a Ku Klux Klan mob, and Bigelow placed his own body between a mob and John Lewis, absorbing some of the blows intended for the man who would later become one of Georgia’s U.S. Congressional representatives. Lewis recounted the story at the Fig. 3 Golden Rule newspaper article from Honolulu Quaker 2012 Democratic National House scrapbook. Convention. In 1961, “Albert Bigelow and I tried to enter a white waiting room, we were met by an angry mob that beat us and left us lying in a pool of blood. Some police officers came up and asked us whether we wanted to press charges. We said, ‘No, we come in peace, love, and nonviolence’” (Slosberg, 2013). As the Golden Rule sailed across the Pacific, the State Department, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and U.S. Navy officials discussed how to counter the challenge to nuclear weapons by concerned citizens. The U.S. Commander-in-Chief in the Pacific said that this group of "Communists or misguided humanitarians" wanted to "stop tests by preventing us from firing . . . or if we did fire and killed a few people . . . create additional anti-atomic test support." Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was concerned that sealing off a large area on the high seas surrounding the test site would "have serious international repercussions," while too lenient a policy toward protesters might open the way to participation by Japanese antinuclear groups. U.S. intelligence agencies swapped data on Bigelow, including information on his private telephone conversations and legal plans(Reynolds, P, 1958). 4 �While the Golden Rule was on the high seas, the Eisenhower administration had the AEC issue a ban on entry into the nuclear test zone by Americans and pressured the Japanese government to block entry by its citizens. After arriving in Honolulu, Bigelow received from the port captain a copy of the local notice-to mariners that incorporated the AEC ban. Bigelow responded, “The nuclear weapons tests violate God’s law. I believe a man must obey all laws that do not conflict with those of God. But if a conflict arises he must be prepared to violate the laws of the nation”. At the request of the U.S. government, the U.S. federal court in Honolulu issued an injunction barring continuation of the Golden Rules’ journey to Eniwetok. On April 24, a U.S. marshal served the crew a warrant to appear in federal court on May 1. Despite the legal ramifications of disobeying the injunction, the group decided: "We would sail -- come what may" (Bigelow, 1959). On May 1, after consultation with their Honolulu lawyers and reinforcements from the mainland including A.J. Muste, a renowned anti-nuclear and civil rights activist, the crew sailed the Golden Rule out of the AlaWai harbor in Waikiki for international waters, three miles off Honolulu. But, one and one-half miles short of the international border and 1798 miles short of Eniwetok, a 40 foot Coast Guard patrol boat ordered the Golden Rule crew to stop for inspection. The Coast Guard cited Bigelow with having the boat’s registration numbers on the bow, three eights of an inch too short and not drawn parallel to the water. With warrants already issued, the Coast Guard arrested the crew and took them to the one hundred year old Honolulu jail where they refused bail. The Honolulu evening newspaper, the “Star Bulletin,” wrote that the crewmen were facing “their final test of fortitude. Imprisonment in the Honolulu jail comes under the heading of cruel and unusual punishment. If the quartet can still maintain its composure, the men are made of stern stuff”. After six days in jail, the four appeared in Federal Court. The judge found them guilty of criminal contempt, and sentenced them to sixty days in jail and a year’s probation. The judge suspended the jail time. That evening the newspaper ran an article stating that nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands had begun again (Bigelow, 1959). Actions around the United States against nuclear testing increased due to the news of 5 �the arrest and trial of the crew of the Golden Rule. Picket lines sprang up around federal buildings and AEC offices all across the United States, including those in Boston, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington. Signs declared: "Stop the tests, not the Golden Rule". In Honolulu, fifty persons led by the local Quaker Friends meeting, picketed the Federal building. Marches and protests took place in front of the Fig. 4 Golden Rule lifted onto blocks for repairs. White House. In Germantown, Maryland, picketing of the AEC offices continued. Five hundred Californians signed a petition asking that they be allowed to share the sentence of the Golden Rule’s crew (Wittner, 2010). In early June, the crew of the Golden Rule announced they would defy the injunction again. Bigelow was arrested and jailed for conspiring to violate a federal injunction. Huntington took over as captain and sailed the Golden Rule out of the AlaWai harbor. The crew managed to sail past the three mile international line before the Coast Guard caught up with them and towed the Golden Rule back to the harbor. The crew was tried again, convicted and imprisoned for sixty-days. Reynolds Family Sail the Phoenix into the Nuclear Test Center Among those who met the crew members of the Golden Rule in Honolulu and attended their trial for contempt of court were Earle and Barbara Reynolds, their two children Jessica and Ted, and NiichiMikami, a Japanese sailor and shipwright from Hiroshima. They had sailed around the world on their hand-built sailboat, the Phoenix, and were returning to Hiroshima, Japan, where Earle Reynolds had coordinated anthropological research for the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, established by the 6 �U.S. government to gather data on the effects of the atomic bombs dropped on two Japanese cities. The Reynolds were impressed by the goal of the crew members of the Golden Rule, as Reynolds was convinced that the U.S. government had misreported the deadly effects of radioactive fallout in Hiroshima and of subsequent testing of atomic and nuclear bombs. Reynolds also believed that the U.S. government had no right to restrict travel on the high seas. The Reynolds family decided to complete the voyage of the Golden Rule. On June 11, 1958, they quietly set sail from Honolulu for the nuclear test area in the Marshall Islands. On July 1, 1958, Earle Reynolds announced to the world by radio that the Phoenix had entered the U.S. nuclear test zone "as a protest against nuclear testing. Please inform appropriate authorities" (Reynolds, E., 1961). The U.S. Navy boarded the Phoenix the next day, arrested Reynolds, and flew him to Hawaii for trial. His wife, his son and the Japanese sailor, sailed the Phoenix back to Hawaii from the Marshall Islands on a difficult voyage against prevailing winds and currents that took 60 days. Reynolds was convicted in Federal court and sentenced to two years in prison. These dramatic events heightened popular protest against nuclear testing. Reynolds, out on bail before a higher federal court ruled in his favor -- and, implicitly, in favor of his predecessors -- embarked on a speaking tour that included 58 major talks, 20 other meetings, 21 radio programs, and eight television appearances (Reynolds, E., 1961) SANE dispatched telegrams to political leaders declaring that it joined the Golden Rule's crew members "in protesting against [the] unrightful use of [the] Pacific Ocean for nuclear weapons testing, and against [the] Atomic Energy Commission's exercise of authority which it does not rightfully possess". Norman Cousins, SANE's founder and co-chair, helped finance the voyage of the Golden Rule and lauded its activities and those of the Phoenix in his magazine, the Saturday Review. Appearing on CBS television, AEC chair Lewis Strauss implied, as he frequently did when discussing opponents of nuclear weapons, that the opposition was a part of a Communist conspiracy. “At the bottom of the disturbance there is a kernel of very intelligent, deliberate propaganda” (Wittner, 2010).With worldwide public opposition to nuclear testing, the nuclear states slowly changed their policies. In late August 1958, President Eisenhower announced that, as of October 31, the United States would suspend its nuclear tests and would join other nuclear powers in negotiations for a 7 �nuclear test ban treaty. Although these negotiations dragged on for years, the U.S., Soviet, and British governments did eventually halt their nuclear tests. Their testing moratorium collapsed in the fall of 1961, when the Soviet government resumed nuclear tests. But because of continuing popular protest, in the summer of 1963, the three countries signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty that banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere. Even as the nuclear powers began to back away from nuclear testing, the influence of the Golden Rule and the Phoenix persisted. In November 1958, the crews of the Golden Rule and of the Phoenix traveled to Geneva, Switzerland to urge U.S., British, and Soviet negotiators to sign a comprehensive test ban treaty (Wittner, 2010). Actions Against Nuclear Weapons by other Protest Ships In the late 1960s, a group of American and Canadian peace and ecology activists met in Vancouver, British Columbia to discuss how to stop U.S. nuclear explosions being conducted underground on the Aleutian island of Amchitka in Alaska. Inspired by the example of the Golden Rule and the Phoenix, the group decided to “sail a boat up there and park right next to the bomb”. In mid-September 1971, these activists sailed the fishing trawler, the Phyllis Cormack to Amchitka, where they were stopped by the U.S. Coast Guard. They returned to Vancouver where they were met by thousands of supporters who formed an organization they called Greenpeace. Over the next forty years, Greenpeace ships have challenged nuclear weapons in ships named Rainbow Warrior and now challenge pollution of the oceans--most recently against oil drilling in the Arctic in a ship named the Arctic Sunrise that is still held by the Russian government. Its crew was released from Russian jails in late 2013 after 100 days imprisonment. This was not the first time the Russians had dealt with protest ships. As a protest against nuclear testing by the Soviet Union, Reynolds captained two additional voyages, the first by the Phoenix to Russian port of Nakhodka on the Pacific Ocean and the second by the Everyman III to Leningrad, Russia on the Baltic Sea. After nuclear testing resumed in late 1961, the Committee for Nonviolent Action (CNVA, the successor to Non-Violent Action Against Nuclear Weapons) dispatched protest vessels to the test sites. In 1962, the U.S. government arrested the crew of Everyman I only fifteen miles outside San Francisco. But Everyman II, departing from Honolulu, 8 �succeeded in sailing through the U.S. Pacific test zone for days before U.S. authorities, hamstrung for a time in securing a court injunction, hauled its crew members off to prison. Taking on Soviet testing as well, CNVA launched Everyman III from London in September 1962, and the following month the 48-foot ketch, captained by Reynolds, arrived in Leningrad. Refusing to allow antinuclear leafleting, Soviet officials gave the crew the choice of sailing away or being towed out to sea. From the standpoint of the crew, neither was satisfactory. Therefore, to the dismay of the Soviet authorities, some crew members began to sink the vessel in the harbor while others grabbed leaflets and leaped into the near-freezing water in an attempt to swim ashore. Eventually, the vessel was towed away, with Reynolds and the other pacifists were kept on board until their release by Soviet authorities (Wittner, 2010). The Golden Rule Sails Again The journey of the Golden Rule as a protest boat ended in 1958 in Hawaii with her sale to an undisclosed buyer. Where she sailed from 1958 to 2000 is a mystery. In the early 2000s, she was purchased by Eureka, California doctor Laurence Badgley who docked her for six years at Woodley Island Marina before anchoring her on his property off the peninsula south of Fairhaven, California. In 2009, she broke loose and washed up on the beach. Marina owner Leroy Zerlang and his son towed her off the beach, repaired her and re-anchored her off Badgley’s property. In 2010 another storm sank her. Zerlang raised her and brought her to his shipyard where he was going apart. to cut her Local shipwright David Peterson said she could be repaired and Zerlang advertised in the Fig. 5 Golden Rule with crew at AlaWai boat harbor. 9 �area for individuals or groups interested in helping with the restoration. Fredy and Sheri Champagne, members of the Northern California chapter of Veterans for Peace, heard of the salvage of the boat and its history and asked if Veterans for Peace could restore her. Over the past three years, a team of dedicated craftsmen and volunteers have slowly repaired the Golden Rule. Contributions to the restoration have come from around the world. The story of the Golden Rule has sparked a renewed interest in citizen activism for the abolition of nuclear weapons. Jessica Reynolds, the daughter of Earle Reynolds, has located the remains of her family’s boat, the Phoenix, also in the San Francisco Bay area, but there are no plans yet for her restoration (Oliver, 2013). Restoration of the Golden Rule is 90 percent complete. She will set sail again in 2014 as an educational vessel for disarmament of nuclear weapons and for peace. Fig. 6 Golden Rule with new stern and name. 10 �Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the work of the Northern California Veterans for Peace chapter, and in particular Fredy and Sheri Champagne, for their vision of a restored Golden Rule as an educational vehicle to teach about nuclear issues, restoration coordinator Chuck DeWitt, master shipwright David Peterson, and volunteers Dennis Thompson, Mike Gonzalez and Breckin Van Veldhuizen. Lawrence Wittner and Skip Oliver have conducted excellent research on the ship and written informative articles. Endnotes (1) Reynolds, Peggy, 1958. The Sage of the Golden Rule. The Skipper Magazine, http://www.vfpgoldenruleproject.org/peggy_reynolds_1958.htm (2) Johnston, William Robert, 2001. Chronological Listing of Aboveground Nuclear Detonations. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/atest00.html (3) Reynolds, Peggy, 1958. The Sage of the Golden Rule. The Skipper Magazine, http://www.vfpgoldenruleproject.org/peggy_reynolds_1958.htm (4) Wittner, Lawrence S., 2010. Preserving the Golden Rule. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/preserving-the-goldenrul_b_453634.html (5) Wittner, Lawrence S., 2010. The Long Voyage: The Golden Rule and Resistance to Nuclear Testing in Asia and the Pacific. The Asia Pacific Journal, http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lawrence_S_-Wittner/3308#sthash.9orpLKGM.dpuf (6) http://vfpgoldenruleproject.org/ References Bigelow, Albert, 1959. The Voyage of the Golden Rule. Doubleday, New York. Friends Journal Staff, 2013.Friends Journal 1958 Coverage of the Golden Rule. Friends Journal, http://www.friendsjournal.org/golden-rule-1958/ Johnston, William Robert, 2001. Chronological Listing of Aboveground Nuclear Detonations. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/atest00.html Oliver, Arnold, 2013. The Golden Rule Shall Sail Again. http://www.friendsjournal.org/the-golden-rule-shall-sail-again/ Friends Journal, Reynolds, Earle, 1961. The Forbidden Voyage. David McKay Company, New York. 11 �Reynolds, Jessica, 1958. Jessica’s Journal. Holt, New York. Reynolds, Peggy, 1958. The Sage of the Golden Rule. The Skipper Magazine, http://www.vfpgoldenruleproject.org/peggy_reynolds_1958.htm Slosberg, Steven, 2013. Albert Bigelow: Brief life of an Ardent Pacifist, Harvard Magazine, http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2013/07/vita-albert-bigelow Veterans for Peace Golden Rule project, http://vfpgoldenruleproject.org/ Walters, Heidi, 2010. Broken Arrow: Humboldt Bay’s Legendary Anti-Nuke Ship Puts in for Repairs. The North Coast Journal, http://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/broken-arrow.htm Wittner, Lawrence S., 2010. The Long Voyage: The Golden Rule and Resistance to Nuclear Testing in Asia and the Pacific. The Asia Pacific Journal, http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lawrence_S_-Wittner/3308#sthash.9orpLKGM.dpuf Biography Ann Wright is a retired U.S. Army Reserve Colonel and a former U.S. diplomat who resigned in 2003 in opposition to the Iraq war. She has been interested in ships used at as vehicles to protest governmental policies since she sailed as a passenger on one of the six ships on the 2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla and was an organizer of the Audacity of Hope, the U.S. Ship to Gaza, in the 2011 Gaza Flotilla. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 11: World War II and Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 11 chair Dr. Bill Jeffery and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) from World War II is extensive throughout the Asia/Pacific Region. It encompasses numerous warships from many Nations, thousands of merchant ships commissioned to support the war effort, and also many other types of sites and objects such as aircraft, docks, lighthouses. A database of World War II shipwrecks for the Asia/Pacific Region stands at around 3,800 and many of them have not been explored. In 2014, World War I’s underwater cultural heritage will begin to fall under the full scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, and although it will be several more years for World War II sites to fulfill the Convention’s 100 year-old provision, sections of the Convention such as the Annex are now applicable in their management. The UCH relating to WW II has a great historical importance. It is a reminder of the existence of the war and its horrible consequences. The majority of the UCH lying on the seabed are also grave sites still containing human remains. One of the goals of preservation and research must therefore be to make the public understand their historic significance and to raise the public awareness of the historical testimony these remains constitute. Many World War II sites are also popular diving sites, lending themselves to cultural tourism, and through effective in situ management and interpretation, they are significant sites in conveying many stories and reaching many people. The UCH of WW II are an important historical source of information. They can represent the peak of technology at that time. They can also contain multi-vocal values—different groups of people perceiving and valuing them differently—particularly in regard to local indigenous communities who were innocent bystanders in the war but their world, their culture and heritage changed forever. The management of UCH relating to World War II contributes to the efforts in undertaking research reminding present and future generations of the importance of peace. The objectives of the session are to: • Advance knowledge of related UCH in the Pacific, • Identify priority actions in terms of research, preservation and education, • Foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Bill Jeffery Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Challenging the U.S. Nuclear Tests:The Golden Rule Sails Again Description An account of the resource In January 1958, Andrew Bigelow and three other anti-nuclear activists attempted to sail the 30 foot ketch, The Golden Rule, from California into the U.S. nuclear testing zone in the Marshall Islands to try to stop nuclear testing. While on a stopover in Honolulu, a U.S. federal court issued an injunction barring the voyage of the Golden Rule into the nuclear test sites. Despite the injunction, the four crew members attempted to sail twice and were arrested by U.S. federal law enforcement officials, tried, convicted and given sixty-day sentences and imprisoned. 55 years later, The Golden Rule, was found in a small shipyard in Eureka, California and her historical significance recognized. The boat had suffered the ravages of time and was in terrible shape. She is being carefully renovated by members of Veterans for Peace who intend to sail the boat on the West Coast as an educational vessel that personifies opposition to militarism and the use of nuclear weapons. Using documents from the Quaker House in Honolulu, the saga of The Golden Rule is a part of the rich history of maritime Hawaii. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ann Wright, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 11 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/4a7edba3b2da138bda2e045999964d04.pdf b6106d02afdf2015792221e5cc9a6113 PDF Text Text Underwater Cultural Heritage and Fishing Communities: safeguarding heritage and safeguarding fishermen Ben Ferrari (Lloyd’s Register Foundation Heritage Education Centre, Senior Advisor) Antony Firth (Historic England, Head of Marine Heritage Strategy) David Gregory (National Museum of Denmark, Senior Researcher and Honorary Professor) Louise Sanger (Lloyd’s Register Foundation Heritage Education Centre, Head of Research, Interpretation & Engagement) ABSTRACT This paper proposes that development of a fit-for purpose management to protect underwater cultural heritage from negative impacts caused by fishing gear requires three elements; evidence-based characterisation of impacts; understanding of the pressures and constraints acting upon fishing communities; commitment to engagement with fishermen and industry associations. A new study is introduced, ENDURE, that will help to characterise and quantify damage caused by fishing gear to archaeological material as part of a broader study of site formation and preservation in situ. The work of Lloyd’s Registry Foundation on fishing safety is presented as a contribution to the design of appropriate management regimes – it is emphasised that fishing is already inherently dangerous and that dislocation from traditional fishing grounds caused by exclusion or limitation of fishing in certain areas can exacerbate occupation safety challenges; the work of Historic England in is described as a case study of liaison with fishermen to safeguard heritage and the need for broad. The need for commitment to a broad programme of engagement with fishermen, industry associations and responsible agencies is illustrated. The paper concludes that the vital role of fishing in maintaining the stability of coastal communities must be recognised while seeking arrangements that minimise risk to heritage on the seabed. Key Words: Impact , Preservation in situ, Safety, Engagement Abbreviations ALDFG - Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear CFP - Common Fisheries Policy DEFRA - the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs FIPAD - Fishing Industry Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries FMP – Fisheries Management Plans HAZ - Heritage Action Zone / High Street Action Zone HE - Historic England HPMA – Highly Protected Marine Area IFCA - Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority LRF Lloyd’s Register Foundation MPA – Marine Protected Area MMO - Marine Management Organisation (MMO) UCH – Underwater cultural heritage UKMA – UK Marine Area 1 �INTRODUCTION This paper addresses three areas of endeavour central to managing the impact of fishing activity on Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). There are more than three million shipwrecks estimated worldwide according to UNESCO (Croome 1999, 49-52). The UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage encourages in-situ preservation and states that wrecks older than 100 years count as a cultural heritage site. This encompasses many metal shipwrecks, including World War 1 casualties and gives rise to significant conflicts of interest (Firth 2018, 8-9). They are habitats for marine life, enhancing biodiversity and biomass (Bałazy et al. 2019, 1-2). They can also pose environmental pollution threats, especially if they contain hazardous substances such as oil, chemicals, or munitions (Ndungu et al. 2017; Szafrańska et al. 2021). Marine spatial planning issues often arise as wrecks interfere with the ever-increasing offshore sub-sea engineering efforts, such as the installation of cables, pipelines, or wind farms (Papageorgiou 2018, 195-196). Shipwrecks are also treated as geohazards and obstacles to marine engineering, posing risks to navigation or safety through unexploded ordnance. The impact of fishing activity must therefore be considered in the context of a complex marine management and stewardship environment. The first section deals with the need for evidence-based characterisation of the impact of fishing that is integrated into wider consideration of site formation dynamics. A major European Research Council research programme, ENDURE, is introduced. Based at the National Museum of Denmark, ENDURE aims to disentangle natural and anthropogenic decay processes and determine their cumulative effects on UCH. The aim is to validate the efficacy of in situ preservation.1 The following sections develop the proposition that the application of such foundational work on new management regimes will be compromised in the absence of full appreciation of the pressures operating on the fishing industry and without concerted effort committed to close engagement with fishermen. Not all fishing activity poses an equal threat to UCH, and it is critical that an understanding of material differences in impact shapes management solutions. The second section introduces the work of Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF) - shaping a future for the fishing industry that is safe for all fishers working in a sustainable ocean economy. Today’s fisheries are part of a highly stressed marine system, and the human cost of fishing is appallingly high. LRF’s work will help inform proposals for protection of UCH that avoid exacerbating occupational safety challenges. The third section presents work undertaken by Historic England (HE) to engage with fishermen to mitigate damage to UCH and develop fit-for-purpose management regimes. It emphasises the need for broad engagement with agencies as well as industry bodies and communities. CASE STUDIES Out of sight but not out of mind - Sustainable preservation of underwater archaeological sites Given the scale of the heritage management challenge – a wide range of site types in complex, dynamic environments - a desk-based approach for assessment of the most significant site formation processes is urgently needed. Rapidly progressing marine remote sensing techniques allow effective non-intrusive detection, characterisation, and monitoring of underwater sites (Plets et al. 2011, 87-88; Westley et al. 2019, 3629-3632). The remote characterisation and monitoring of change at individual sites (Quinn & Boland 2010, 2938-2940; Brennan et al. 2016, 82-84) includes environmental factors to understand physical formation processes in control of site preservation (Smyth & Quinn 2014, 221223; Fernández-Montblanc et al. 2016, 240-242; Quinn & Smyth 2018, 1429-1432; Geraga et al. 2020, 1210-1215; Majcher et al. 2021, 1-4). Gregory and Manders (2015, 7-10) formed a baseline process-based approach to control, assess and achieve in-situ preservation, and one of its central points is the assessment of the most significant chemical, biological and physical threats to the site. Understanding the formation of underwater sites also enables more accurate archaeological interpretation. Assessing environmental factors can not only 1 Project ENDURE https://www.endureerc.com. 2 �lead to better understanding of events that caused the sinking of the vessel but it also helps to predict pathways of future deterioration. This enhances understanding of potential pollution and fishing hazards and address UCH management needs. In ongoing work (Gregory et al, forthcoming) baseline post-depositional site formation processes for more than 500 shipwreck sites located in the North and Baltic Seas are being examined. Multi-beam bathymetry data supplied by the marine survey company (JD-Contractor A/S) are integrated with multiple environmental and anthropogenic influenced data layers sourced from open-data portals. The sites were manually classified using a revised form of Muckelroy’s (1977) approach and subsequently, statistical correlation analysis was used to determine the most significant variables. Fishing activity was assessed through inclusion of variables representing fishing efforts. EMODnet (2023)2 provides a variety of quantified fishing activities in the Baltic and North Seas. Only the fishing methods entailing direct contact of the fishing gear with the seabed were relevant. Bottom seiner, beam and otter trawler fishing data were downloaded from the EMODnet portal, representing fishing intensities averaged across three years. However, caution is required as there is on-going research into the footprint and actual impact of fishing on seabed habitats (McConnaughey et al. 2020, 325-30). Although the study presents a simplified, preliminary approach it serves as a big-data-driven attempt to assess the predominant basin-scale post-depositional site formation factors acting at UCH sites. Water depth, bottom fishing intensity and oceanographic variables like salinity have significant influence as well as the expected correlation between the age of a wreck site (sinking date) and its current preservation state. These aspects are being further developed in the ENDURE project addressing the following key knowledge gaps: 1) the efficacy and long term sustainability of ‘in-situ preservation’; 2) what to preserve and why; 3) a comprehensive understanding of decay processes (including their rates) and how and in what circumstances these can be mitigated for; 4) the invisible and inaccessible nature of these sites and how such a large resource can be effectively monitored; 5) the increasingly dynamic and changing nature of the marine environment due to both natural and anthropogenic drivers; and 6) the lack of integration of UCH management with other disciplines and end users of the marine environment. RESOURCES The world’s most dangerous industry The damage caused to UCH by trawling activity cannot be ignored by responsible Government agencies and Lloyd’s Register Foundation3 (LRF) is committed to supporting the safe and effective management of UCH. However, attempts to develop better management regimes for UCH located on or near fishing grounds will be compromised without a high-level of awareness of challenges faced by the fishing community. Accordingly, LRF Heritage Education Centre has launched the Learning from the Past4 programme to help generate insights that contribute to fisher safety. It will also help archaeologists and historians to communicate with fishermen and policy makers to limit harm to both the natural and historic marine environments. Illegal fishing, climate change, weak governance, poverty, and reduced fish stocks all contribute to make fishing one of the world’s most dangerous professions. Recent work by the FISH Safety Foundation indicates that over 100,000 fishing-related fatalities occur annually with the majority in the developing world.5 Negative health effects on industry participants in general and fatalities greatly 2 https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/fishing-intensity-data-set-extended-additional-sea-regions https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/ 4 https://hec.lrfoundation.org.uk/get-involved/introducing-learning-from-the-past-236 5 https://www.the-human-cost-of-fishing.org/ 3 3 �exceed those in the wider shipping sector.6 In Bangladesh, over 1,350 fishermen die at sea every year, often in boats without the most basic safety equipment.7 LRF has launched several initiatives, such as FishSafe2025, to help assure fisher safety through training and awareness.8 The highly influential Insight Report on Safety in the Fishing Industry (Attwood 2018) stressed the need to improve safety in ways that are appropriate for local communities. The Foundation has also supported development of new safety technology—for example SeaWise®, a tablet-sized device that monitors the stability of smaller fishing vessels.9 These outputs contain many insights that may be valuable in designing new UCH management regimes—especially in inshore waters. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and latterly, Highly Protected Marine Areas (HPMAs), will be a key tool in both marine nature and heritage conservation but displacement of fishers from familiar grounds, whether through creation of MPAs or other processes, can carry a cost that must be recognised and addressed in planning stages. The LRF funded film Two Kinds of Water10 tells the story of fishers in Africa’s most vulnerable fishing communities. Displaced from their traditional fishing grounds into stormier waters, fishers are forced to venture further and stay at sea longer in poorly adapted vessels. Larger, mechanised fishing vessels now compete with artisanal fishers for fish and pose a safety threat to their more fragile, smaller craft. Fishing communities also face disruption around the UK. Fishers have been moved from traditional shore facilities due to redevelopment. The UK Government plans for new, HPMAs,11 may also deny fishers access to traditional inshore grounds. UK sea fisheries associations have warned of a looming displacement crisis with lasting harm to coastal communities.12 The UK Government has consulted extensively on proposed HPMAs and eventually refused two of the proposed designations. The needs of fishing communities were prominent in the published rationale for rejection.13 For Lindisfarne, reasons included residents’ concerns about losing their heritage, community, and cultural identity through losing fishing and their health and safety concerns, including mental health. The Inner Silver Pit South designation was refused on the basis that the relatively high costs to fishermen would not be offset by the potential benefits from its designation as a HPMA. FRAMEWORK Protecting England’s Maritime Heritage and fishing community engagement Fishing in English waters, using both mobile and static gear, involves a variety of complex interactions with UCH. Fishing has given rise to important heritage both underwater and along our coastlines, but fishing can also cause damage to UCH. Fishing is often a source of information about UCH – in the form of new discoveries – even where those discoveries are a consequence of fishing impacts. 6 https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/seafarer-fatalities-shows-shipping-mustdo-more.html 7 https://www.fishsafety.org 8 https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/impact-stories/saving-lives-of-the-worlds-poorest-fishermen/ 9 https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/impact-stories/hook-marine 10 https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/news/keeping-fishers-safe-at-sea/ 11 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/highly-protected-marine-areas-hpmas-review-2019 12 https://www.nffo.org.uk/spatial-squeeze-report-parliamentary-launch/ 13 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/highly-protected-marine-areas/highly-protected-marine-areashpmas#an-overview-of-the-pilot-hpma-selection-process 4 �Historic England (HE) is the government’s advisor on the historic environment in England, including in the UK Marine Area (UKMA) off England14, encompassing the territorial sea to 12 nautical miles (nm), and the UK Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone to median lines with neighbouring countries or to the boundary of national jurisdiction (200 nm) in the southwest. HE’s capacity to designate sites under heritage legislation is limited to the territorial sea but HE advises government on a range of other powers relating to resource use, the environment and fishing that apply to the full extent of national jurisdiction. For fisheries management, another key boundary lies at six nm, which is the outer limit of areas administered by Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCAs). Beyond six nm, fisheries management is subject to the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union (EU). Since the UK left the EU, fisheries off England beyond six nm are now administered by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO), one of the family of public bodies sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). HE, including through its precursor English Heritage, has been engaging with fisheries for many years. It commissioned a wide-ranging examination of fishing and the historic environment that encompassed the contribution of fishing to the historic environment as well as direct and indirect interactions, both positive and negative (Firth et al. 2013). The report spurred further investigations and continues to provide evidence to support advice to government. In the 1990s, ‘fishermen’s fasteners’ were included among the core data recorded in the national inventory, now known as the National Marine Heritage Record. Fasteners are places where fishermen have noted snags to their gear which, in several cases, proved to be historic wrecks. Whilst fasteners indicate potential UCH, their actual character is unknown. This and several other ambiguities prompted a project led by Sussex IFCA to better understand fasteners and their heritage implications, including testing whether the survey methods used by IFCAs for fisheries and habitat mapping could also be used to examine fasteners. The project, which included dialogue and joint fieldwork with fishermen, confirmed the continued importance of fishermen’s fasteners as a source of information (Firth & Dapling 2020). The project also flagged the safety issues presented by cultural heritage to fishing insofar as some fishing vessels, and fishermen’s lives,15 have been lost from snagging obstructions and other historic material such as ordnance.16 The potential for IFCAs to use habitat survey methods to examine UCH was further explored in a project led by Isles of Scilly IFCA with the University of Plymouth (Firth et al. 2020). In 2012-13, HE funded a pilot project to encourage fishermen to report their discoveries of UCH through a Fishing Industry Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries (FIPAD) (Davidson 2013). FIPAD was further developed with the support of the National Lottery Heritage Fund and Sussex IFCA in 2016-18.17 Notwithstanding these positive instances of collaboration, fishing is still a cause of impacts to UCH, including to highly significant historic wrecks designated under heritage legislation. Several instances of documented damage are currently being investigated as heritage crimes and in other instances, fieldwork has been commissioned to remove Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) that is obscuring designated sites and presenting a hazard to licensed divers. Whilst damage is a criminal offence, fishing as an activity is not restricted on these sites. Consequently, and in addition to pursuing criminal damage, HE efforts are twofold: working with the fishing sector to discourage the use of potentially damaging methods in the vicinity of important sites; whilst also exploring the use of fisheries management measures to formally restrict fishing. New fisheries legislation, the Fisheries Act 2020, was introduced to accompany the UK leaving the EU and encompasses ‘features of archaeological or historic interest’ within the scope of the marine and aquatic environment that can be conserved, enhanced, and restored through financial assistance, regulations, or conditions on sea fishing licences. It was confirmed by the Minister in Parliament that regulations for conservation 14 Cultural heritage and fisheries in the UK are both devolved matters: distinct arrangements apply in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 15 https://www.gov.uk/maib-reports/capsize-and-sinking-of-beam-trawler-noordster-off-beachy-head-englandwith-loss-of-3-lives. 16 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/galwad-y-mor-report-published. 17 https://fipad.org/ 5 �purposes may be used to amend or introduce legislation to protect features of archaeological or historic interest individually or collectively.18 Exclusion of fishing activity from limited areas around specific heritage sites is a residual option if the risk of impact cannot be reduced through other means, but it is not the starting point. As noted earlier, fishing is a valued part of our heritage, contributing to the character and sense of place of coastal communities, including people who work in them or visit. Often, UCH is itself the heritage of fishing generally but also of the fishermen themselves: numerous fishing vessels lie wrecked in English waters, not least from the First and Second World Wars when fishing vessels and fishing crews served in the hazardous role of minesweeping. HE has supported the contribution of fishing heritage to regeneration of coastal communities through Heritage Action Zones (HAZs) and High Street Action Zones (HAZs). Examples of this include the ‘Kasbah’ at the heart of Grimsby’s historic fishing industry,19 and the Whapload Road area of North Lowestoft (Bristow 2019). HE is carrying out a thematic assessment of heritage relating to steam fishing, encompassing heritage assets on land and at sea. HE continues to explore how heritage contributes to the sustainability of fishing, reducing impacts to UCH but potentially contributing to the wider sustainability of our continued use and enjoyment of our seas. HE is supporting and co-supervising a new PhD starting in October 2023 on using cultural heritage proactively to help manage UK marine fisheries in conjunction with Heriot Watt University and the University of Exeter as part of the Centre for Doctoral Training in in Sustainable Management of UK Marine Resources (CDT SuMMeR). The research will examine how the legacy of cultural heritage embedded in the practice of small-scale fishing – traditional ecological knowledge, maritime landscapes, historic landing places, traditional vessels, and all their associated skills and material culture – can be used to drive greater sustainability within fisheries management. Historic England continues to engage with Defra and the MMO on major changes to fisheries management introduced by the Fisheries Act 2020. The new Joint Fisheries Statement (JFS)20 – which sets out the overall direction of fisheries management across the UK –acknowledges that the seafood sector is an important part of the economy of coastal communities and has a rich cultural heritage from which many of those communities draw a sense of place and identity. There is work to do, however, on detailing how this rich cultural heritage is to be conserved and enhanced through the JFS. Historic England is engaged on the practical implications of the Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) that support the JFS through binding obligations and identified measures for dealing with individual fish stocks, types of fishing and geographic areas. The introduction and implementation of FMPs provides a key opportunity to flag the impacts of specific fisheries and how they can be reduced, but also the positive contribution that heritage can make to the long-term sustainability of fishing and coastal communities. CONCLUSION Unhelpfully, some commercial salvage companies have used the threat of trawl damage to justify the commercial salvage and sale of valuable materials from historic wreck sites—a line of argument that must be refuted through evidence led approach to the actual nature and scale of impacts created by different types of fishing gear in different locations. Fishing is also an inherently hazardous occupation and the fact fishing communities represent intangible cultural heritage values is increasingly recognised in consultations21 and programmes supporting the regional socio-economic 18 https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2020-09-15/debates/a7b42ae4-819e-45c7-a0d6fc32b494aacf/FisheriesBill(Lords)(FifthSitting)#contribution-FCA4B1FA-E107-4602-B34C-E9AF6F80A30F 19 https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/heritage-action-zones/greater-grimsby/ 20 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/joint-fisheries-statement-jfs 21 https://www.theheritagealliance.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Heritage-in-the-Marine-Environmentpaper.pdf 6 �role of fisheries.22 Heritage agencies have worked successfully with fishing communities to explore collaborative management approaches. Indeed, examples exist of fishing communities recruited and trained specifically to assist with monitoring and conservation of UCH. 23 However, much more effort is needed to develop ways to balance the needs of fishers with preservation of nature and heritage. Lloyd’s Register Foundation will continue to support such efforts. Bibliography Attwood, D. Insight report on safety in the fishing industry: a global safety challenge [online] Lloyd’s Register Foundation. Available at: https://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/en/publications (2018) Bałazy, P., Copeland, U., & Sokołowski, A. “Shipwrecks and underwater objects of the southern Baltic—Hard substrata islands in the brackish, soft bottom marine environment”. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 225 (2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019. 05.022 Brennan, Michael L., Dan Davis, Robert D. Ballard, Arthur C. Trembanis, J. Ian Vaughn, Jason S. Krumholz, James P. Delgado. "Quantification of Bottom Trawl Fishing Damage to Ancient Shipwreck Sites." Marine Geology 371 (2016): 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.11.001. Bristow, M. 311 – 333 Whapload Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk: Historic Area Assessment, No. 57–2019; Research Report Series. Portsmouth: Historic England, 2019. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/7747/311%E2%80%93333WhaploadRoadLowestoftSuffolk%E2%80% 93HistoricAreaAssessment Croome, A. “Sinking fast.” New Scientist 161, no. 2169 (1999): 49-52. Davidson, S. Fishing Industry Protocol for Archaeological Discoveries: Final report, 73271.04. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology, 2013. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/6952/FishingIndustryProtocolforArchaeologicalDiscoveries Fernández-Montblanc, T., A. Izquierdo, R. Quinn, and M. Bethencourt. "Waves and Wrecks: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Study in an Underwater Archaeological Site." Ocean Engineering 163 (2018): 232-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.05.062. Firth, A. Managing shipwrecks. London: Honor Frost Foundation, 2018. https://honorfrostfoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/07/BRIJ5800-Multiwreck-A4-Report-WEB-0419-UPDATE.pdf Firth, A., and Dapling, T. “Fishing for heritage: A project to better understand ‘fishermen’s fasteners’ off the coast of Sussex”. Historic Environment Research 15 (2020): 38–45. https://historicengland.org.uk/imagesbooks/publications/historic-england-research-15/he-research-15/ Firth, A., Hooper, T., and Sheehan, E. “Fish and ships: Integrating heritage with habitat surveys off the Isles of Scilly”. Historic Environment Research 15 (2020): 46–53. https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/historic-englandresearch-15/he-research-15/ Firth, A., McAleese, L., Smith, R., and Woodcock, T. Fishing, and the historic environment, EH 6204. Bath: Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd, 2013. https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/6951/FishingandtheHistoricEnvironment Geraga, Maria, Dimitris Christodoulou, Dimitrios Eleftherakis, George Papatheodorou, Elias Fakiris, Xenophon Dimas, Nikos Georgiou, et al. "Atlas of Shipwrecks in Inner Ionian Sea (Greece): A Remote Sensing Approach." Heritage 3, no. 4 (2020): 1210-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040067. Gregory, D., and M. Manders. Best practices for locating, surveying, assessing, monitoring, and preserving underwater archaeological sites, SASMAP Guideline Manual 2, European Union, (2015): 1-107. http://sasmap.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/temasites/sas_map/pdf/SASMAP_guideline_02_LR.pdf. 22 23 https://www.cabfishman.net https://risingfromthedepths.com/blog/marovany-4/ 7 �Gregory, D., Dam, M, Majcher, J., Matthiesen, H., Normann-Andersen, G., Quinn, R. (forthcoming) Using open-data portals, remote sensing, and computational modelling to investigate historic wreck sites and their environments: 45 years on from Muckelroy. To be submitted to International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. Majcher, Jan, Rory Quinn, Ruth Plets, Mark Coughlan, Christopher McGonigle, Fabio Sacchetti, and Kieran Westley. "Spatial and Temporal Variability in Geomorphic Change at Tidally Influenced Shipwreck Sites: The Use of Time‐ Lapse Multibeam Data for the Assessment of Site Formation Processes." Geoarchaeology (2021): 1-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.21840. McConnaughey, R. A., Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Pitcher, C. R., Kaiser, M. J., Suuronen, P., & Hilborn, R. (2020). Choosing best practices for managing impacts of trawl fishing on seabed habitats and biota. Fish and Fisheries 21, no. 2 (2020): 319-337. Muckelroy, K.. "Historic wreck sites in Britain and their environments." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 6, no.1 (1977): 47-57. Ndungu, K., et al. “Petroleum oil and mercury pollution from shipwrecks in Norwegian coastal waters.” Sci Total Environ 593-594 (2017): 624-633. Papageorgiou, M. “Underwater cultural heritage facing maritime spatial planning: Legislative and technical issues.” Ocean & Coastal Management 165 (2018): 195-202. Plets, R., Quinn, R., Forsythe, W., Westley, K., Bell, T., Benatti, S., McGrath, F., Robinson, R. “Using Multibeam Echo‐ Sounder Data to Identify Shipwreck Sites: archaeological assessment of the Joint Irish Bathymetric Survey data.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 40, no. 1 (2011): 87-98. Quinn, R., and D. Boland. “The role of time-lapse bathymetric surveys in assessing morphological change at shipwreck sites.” Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 11 (2010): 2938-2946. Quinn, R., and T. A. G. Smyth. "Processes and Patterns of Flow, Erosion, and Deposition at Shipwreck Sites: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, no. 6 (2018): 1429-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0468-7. Smyth, T. A. G., and R. Quinn. "The Role of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Understanding Shipwreck Site Formation Processes." Journal of Archaeological Science 45 (2014): 220-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.025. UNESCO “2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage,” Records of the general conference: Resolutions 31st session, Vol. 1, edited by UNESCO, Paris: UNESCO, (2001):50–61. https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000124687.page=56 Westley, K., Plets, R., Quinn, R. “Optimising protocols for high-definition imaging of historic shipwrecks using multibeam echosounder.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 7 (2019): 3629–3645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520019-00831-6 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 13: Major Threats to Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Papers presented at Session 13 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Session 13 papers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage and Fishing Communities: Safeguarding Heritage and Safeguarding Fishermen Description An account of the resource This paper proposes that development of a fit-for purpose management to protect underwater cultural heritage from negative impacts caused by fishing gear requires three elements; evidence-based characterisation of impacts; understanding of the pressures and constraints acting upon fishing communities; commitment to engagement with fishermen and industry associations. A new study is introduced, ENDURE, that will help to characterize and quantify damage caused by fishing gear to archaeological material as part of a broader study of site formation and preservation in situ. The work of Lloyd’s Registry Foundation on fishing safety is presented as a contribution to the design of appropriate management regimes – it is emphasized that fishing is already inherently dangerous and that dislocation from traditional fishing grounds caused by exclusion or limitation of fishing in certain areas can exacerbate occupation safety challenges; the work of Historic England in is described as a case study of liaison with fishermen to safeguard heritage and the need for broad. The need for commitment to a broad program of engagement with fishermen, industry associations and responsible agencies is illustrated. The paper concludes that the vital role of fishing in maintaining the stability of coastal communities must be recognized while seeking arrangements that minimize risk to heritage on the seabed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ben Ferrari Antony Firth David Gregory Louise Sanger Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ferrari, Ben, Antony Firth, David Gregory, and Louise Sanger. 2023. “Underwater Cultural Heritage and Fishing Communities: safeguarding heritage and safeguarding fishermen.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Charlotte Jarvis, and Ole Varmer. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1903 Asia-Pac Session 13 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1d236012350aed91906a0f28a6f47324.pdf 39ab5b1c5a83efd69b7f78ccea416091 PDF Text Text Symbiosis: Biodiversity Surveys on Archaeological Shipwreck Sites, Managing for a Better Future Vishmi Gunasinghe1, Chathurika Munasinghe2, Tharushi Pitigala3, Rasika Muthucumarana4, Anuradha Piyadasa5, Dharshana Jayawardena6 1 Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Instructor Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Lecturer 3 Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Masters student 4 Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund, Sri Lanka, Senior Archeological Officer 5 Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Sri Lanka, Director 6 Independent underwater explorer 2 ABSTRACT Preliminary surveys on the biological diversity of shipwrecks were started in 2018 with SS Sagaing, an iron wreck purposely sunk by the Sri Lanka Navy. The survey aimed to record the recruitment and colonization of marine organisms on the ship's surface, two months after it was re-sunk in Trincomalee harbor. This became the foundation for a new relationship between marine archaeology, marine biology, and information technology. The National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was established in 2021 as an online database providing details of known shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters, preserving their heritage value for future generations. The database uses multimedia formats to present information in an interactive manner. Shipwrecks have multiple benefits, including serving as artificial reefs for marine life and attracting visitors for tourism. The data in the database is collected by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF), with contributions from other sources such as professional divers and research institutes. The database contains information on 103 shipwrecks and 6 aircrafts. Shipwreck sites naturally become habitats for marine life and can become important biodiversity hotspots. To safeguard them and their ecosystems, archaeologists, scientists, and government/non-governmental agencies should collaborate. Preliminary research collected ecological baseline data on shipwrecks, which was added to the national shipwreck database. This initiates long-term monitoring of fish and fauna diversity on shipwrecks, guiding future protection and conservation efforts for these ecosystems. The result of this project unites diverse stakeholders together to facilitate dialogue and design collaborative approaches to get maximum benefits from each sector. The topic of this abstract fits best within Session 16 - Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems because it demonstrates a unique partnership of multidisciplinary stakeholders managing the environmental and safety risks associated with underwater cultural heritage. Keywords: Artificial reef, Shipwreck biodiversity, Marine ecotourism, Underwater cultural heritage LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCF Central Cultural Fund MAU Maritime Archeological Unit NSDSL National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka UCH Underwater Cultural Heritage LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of locations of the shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters Figure 2. SS Sagaing shipwreck before and after Figure 3. Bow of the wreck; Inside the wreck parts Figure 4. Map of the location of the SS Sagaing shipwreck Figure 5. School of Striped eel catfish occurred in the shipwreck site; Group of Five-line Snappers, (Lutjanus quinquelineatus); Fish school of Cardinal occurred in of SS Sagaing shipwreck 1 �INTRODUCTION The marine ecosystem is a complex and dynamic system that plays a vital role in supporting life on Earth. From the smallest plankton to the largest mammals, every organism within this ecosystem is interconnected and dependent on one another. Despite the importance of the marine ecosystem, it is under threat from a variety of factors, including overfishing, pollution and climate change. As we strive to understand and protect this vital system, one area of increasing interest is the role that shipwrecks play in supporting marine biodiversity. In this paper, we will explore the ecological significance and cultural heritage values of shipwrecks, with a focus on the efforts being made to conserve, protect and manage these sites in Sri Lanka for a better future. Shipwrecks serve as a unique window into the past, offering insights into the culture, technology, and trade practices of bygone eras. In addition to their cultural significance, shipwrecks also play a vital role in the marine ecosystem, acting as artificial reefs that provide habitats for marine organisms and create biodiversity hotspots. Over the years, shipwrecks have been studied from various angles, including marine archaeology, history, and ecology. However, a comprehensive understanding of the recruitment and colonisation of marine organisms on these structures was lacking until recently. The initial investigations into the ecological aspect of shipwrecks in Sri Lanka commenced in 2018 with the Sri Lanka Navy deliberately sinking SS Sagaing, an iron shipwreck partially destroyed in 1942, during World War II. After 76 years the wreck was raised by the Sri Lanka Navy, moved out of the harbour area, and re-sunk. SS Sagaing now lies at a depth of 10m (bow) – 20m (stern) about 100 m from ashore, north of Elephant Island, Trincomalee. This study marked the beginning of a new collaboration between marine archaeology, marine ecology, and information technology, aimed at understanding the recruitment and colonisation of marine organisms on shipwrecks. The National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was initiated by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) in 2021 under the Central Cultural Fund (CCF) to address the lack of comprehensive data on shipwreck sites across the country. This is an online database that provides a comprehensive repository of information on known shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters, including their location, characteristics, and historical significance. This information can be used to guide decision-making related to the protection and conservation of shipwreck sites. The database uses multimedia formats to present the information interactively, making it accessible to a wider audience, including researchers, policymakers, students, tourists and anyone interested in the fascinating history and ecology of shipwrecks in Sri Lanka's waters. The data in the database is collected by the MAU of the CCF, with contributions from other sources such as professional divers and research institutes. Currently, the database contains details of 103 shipwrecks and 6 aircrafts. Figure 1 Map of the locations of the shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters (NSDSL) 2 �Studying the SS Sagaing shipwreck site as a case study holds significant importance as it offers valuable insights into the intricate ecological interactions within shipwreck sites and their symbiotic relationships with marine biodiversity. Acquiring a deeper understanding of these interactions can inform future endeavours to conduct comprehensive biodiversity surveys and effectively manage archaeological sites, thereby conserving marine biodiversity more efficiently. Moreover, this study plays a pivotal role in the establishment of the National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka, contributing to the preservation of the heritage value associated with shipwrecks. Collaboration between Marine Archaeology and Marine Ecology: Unlocking the Cultural and Ecological Significance of Shipwrecks The integration of marine archaeology and marine ecology is vital in comprehending the cultural and ecological importance of shipwreck sites. The combination of archaeological and ecological data enables researchers and conservationists to gain a holistic understanding of the historical, cultural, and ecological significance of shipwrecks and their associated ecosystems. Currently, there are no existing platforms that seamlessly integrate cultural heritage and ecology, making the creation of a national shipwreck database incorporating ecological data a groundbreaking contribution. Such a centralized resource would facilitate the sustainable management and conservation of these sites, balancing their cultural significance while mitigating potential risks. Moreover, being an open-access database, it would foster knowledge sharing among stakeholders, including the general public. The database's information could also be utilized to develop engaging eco-tourism experiences, benefiting local communities and raising awareness about marine environment preservation. Furthermore, the ecological data collected from shipwreck sites can enable comparative analysis, identifying patterns in ecosystem recovery and biodiversity. These insights offer valuable information on the long-term ecological impacts of shipwrecks and the effectiveness of conservation measures. By merging these disciplines, we can better appreciate the value of these sites and work towards their preservation, while gaining profound insights into the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Exploring Biodiversity on the SS Sagaing Shipwreck The present study utilises the SS Sagaing shipwreck site as a case study to explore the symbiotic relationships of biodiversity with archaeological shipwreck sites. This case study provides a valuable opportunity to gain insight into the complex ecological interactions of shipwreck sites and can inform future efforts to conduct more thorough biodiversity surveys and manage these archaeological sites effectively to conserve marine biodiversity.  Figure 2 SS Sagaing shipwreck before and after (BBC News 2018) 3 �The SS Sargaing shipwreck is currently positioned at a maximum depth of 18m, outside the Trincomalee harbour, west of Elephant Island. It is one of five World War II wrecks in Sri Lanka which is diveable. According to the National Shipwreck Database (NSD) of Sri Lanka, this iron vessel weighed 7994t and was 138.56m (454.6ft) in length and 18.65m (61.2ft) in breadth was launched on 24 December 1924. The SS Sagaing was damaged by the second Japanese attack on Ceylon on 9th April 1942 but didn't sink. A year later, in August 1943, it was purposely sunk by the British Admiralty and a pier was created on top of the wreck. In 2018, the Sri Lankan Navy (SLN) salvaged and refloated it to the current location near Elephant Island to make a way for a new pier at its previous location (Jayawardena et al. 2018).  This site was chosen as a case study for this investigation due to its well-documented histories and the wealth of information available from previous research. By building on the knowledge gained from this study, the research team is better equipped to understand the ecological relationships and biodiversity present on all other shipwreck sites more broadly. Figure 3 Bow of the wreck (left); Inside the wreck part (right) During the first visit to the wreck a few months after it was re-sunk, Figure 03 was taken and the site was investigated for biodiversity and dive tourism value, including site planning. During the second visit in 2019, Figure 04 was taken and additional photo and video documentation was collected of both the wreck parts and the marine biodiversity present. Figure 4 Map of the location of the SS Sagaing shipwreck 4 �To update the archaeological site plan and locate areas for sampling, visual surveys were carried out prior to data collection. The 50m belt transect method and video census were then utilised to observe fish and other fauna species on the shipwreck's outer hull. Reef fish were surveyed using the Belt Transect method. A diver swam along a 50m fibreglass tape, recording fish within 2.5m on both sides of the tape, covering an area of 250 m². The survey area extended up to 5 m above the transects in terms of vertical elevation. Considerable diversity among fish was recorded by the survey of the SS Sagaing shipwreck. A total of 21 fish species were observed, with the regal demoiselle (Neopomacentrus cyanomos), ring-tailed cardinalfish (Apogon aureus), gold band fusilier (Pterocaesio chrysozona), scissortail fusilier (Caesio caerulaurea), and striped eel catfish (Plotosus lineatus) being the most dominant in the upper zone of the wreck. Planktivorous fish, such as the regal demoiselle and gold band fusilier, were the most abundant, followed by carnivorous fish, such as the striped eel catfish. The exterior metal surface was colonised by 16 different species, with oysters (Lopha sp.), bubble corals (Plerogyra sinuosa), and encrusting sponges (Clathria sp.) covering between 40% to 50% of the hull. The fish community around the SS Sagaing was similar to those found on natural hard substrates at similar depths, indicating a high recruitment rate for a recently scuttled ship (Munasinghe et al. 2018, 5-6). Figure 5 Fish school of Cardinal (Apogon sp.) occurred in of SS Sagaing shipwreck (bottom); School of Striped eel catfish occurred in the shipwreck site (top left); Group of Five-line Snappers, (Lutjanus quinquelineatus) (top right) RESOURCES Collaborating Institutions and Support To conduct comprehensive shipwreck biodiversity surveys, we are fortunate to have the involvement of various organisations and experts from different fields. The research and survey data utilised in this study are sourced from marine scientists and marine archaeologists. Notably, the Maritime Archaeology Unit of the Central Cultural Fund has generously provided essential diving equipment, underwater cameras, measuring instruments, and diving officers for the survey. LAMPstack software 5 �was utilised in the development of the NSDSL website, while the SPSS software will be used for conducting the biodiversity survey at each shipwreck site. For future diving and survey activities in rural areas, we plan to seek logistical support from the Sri Lanka Navy. Moreover, the surveys will benefit from the valuable contributions of marine scientists and undergraduate students representing the University of Peradeniya, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, and the University of Ruhuna. In addition to the above institutions, we are pleased to collaborate with the Ministry of Environment, the National Aquatic Resource and Development Agency (NARA), and the maritime affairs division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. These organisations bring their extensive knowledge in marine biology, ecology, and underwater cultural heritage management to analyse the collected data. By pooling together the resources, expertise, and contributions of these various institutions and stakeholders, we aim to conduct comprehensive shipwreck biodiversity surveys that encompass both scientific and archaeological perspectives. FRAMEWORK The research questions that guide this investigation are broad, including identifying key species, understanding how they interact, and investigating the environmental factors that influence their growth and distribution. Furthermore, the research team aims to investigate the relationship between shipwrecks and the associated species that reside in and around them. The research team will further investigate the favourable conditions that allow these species to thrive in the shipwreck environment. Visual surveys will be carried out prior to data collection. Fish, macro invertebrates, corals and macroalgae will be estimated by using 50m fibreglass tape. Fish and macroinvertebrates will be used by belt transect method and benthic survey will be carried out by point transect method (English et al 1997). Video census will then be utilised to observe fish and other fauna species on the shipwreck's outer hull. A diver will swim along a 50m fibreglass tape, recording fish within 2.5m on both sides of the tape, covering an area of 250 m². The survey area will extend up to 5 m above the transects in terms of vertical elevation. EXPECTED RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study is expected to yield valuable insights into the biodiversity of shipwreck sites. It is likely that many more shipwreck sites will be identified in the future, which would benefit from similar surveys. The information gathered from these studies will be important in improving our understanding of these unique environments and will contribute to the creation and maintenance of a NSDSL. The data collected from the SS Sagaing shipwreck site will be used to establish a baseline for continued monitoring and conservation efforts, as well as to feed the National Shipwreck Database and improve future management decisions. Long-term monitoring of the ecological and biodiversity survey data will enable comparative analysis among sites to identify patterns in ecosystem recovery. Additionally, the long-term monitoring results will be used as baseline data for in-situ conservation of the coral and marine species associated with the shipwrecks.  The collaboration among archaeologists, environmental scientists, marine biologists, and various governmental and non-governmental agencies will be crucial in promoting the sustainable management and conservation of shipwreck sites and their associated marine ecosystems. They will work towards balancing their cultural significance and mitigating potential risks. The creation of a national shipwreck database, which includes ecological data collected through visual surveys, photo and video documentation, and specimen collection, will guide future efforts in enhancing in-situ 6 �protection and conservation of shipwreck ecosystems. This will contribute to the preservation of these historic and cultural resources while promoting scientific research, eco-tourism, and generating revenue for local communities. Although conducting research in underwater environments and collecting reliable data from archaeological sites pose significant challenges, the research team is confident in their approach and expertise. However, it should be noted that identifying fish and fauna using underwater photos and videos can be a time-consuming process that requires a high level of expertise and attention to detail. Finding individuals with the necessary qualifications and experience to undertake this work can be difficult, which adds an additional challenge to the research process. CONCLUSION In conclusion, future research on shipwrecks as cultural heritage sites and their relationship with biodiversity will continue to demonstrate the importance of sustainable management and conservation efforts, particularly given the potential for shipwrecks to serve as biodiversity hotspots. Ongoing collaboration between stakeholders will be necessary to address the benefits and challenges of managing shipwreck sites, including economic benefits, environmental risks, and ethical considerations. Overall, this research has brought together multidisciplinary experts and promoted dialogue towards a more holistic approach to protecting and conserving shipwreck sites and their associated marine ecosystems, emphasising the need for ongoing monitoring and protection efforts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to extend our sincere appreciation to the organisers of the Asia Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage for providing us with an excellent platform to exchange ideas and knowledge with experts from all over the world. We are also grateful to our respective institutions and universities in Sri Lanka for their support and contributions to our research. Looking forward, we aim to continue conducting collaborative research with other experts in the field, and we hope that our findings will contribute to the management and conservation of underwater archaeological sites not only in Sri Lanka but also beyond. We remain committed to this important work and hope to inspire future generations of researchers to explore and preserve our rich marine biodiversity and underwater cultural heritage. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BBC News. "SS Sagaing: WW2 shipwreck refloated by Sri Lanka navy." BBC, April 2, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43607838 2. English, S. S., C. C. Wilkinson, and V. V. Baker. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, 1997. 3. Jayawardena, D., C. S. Munasinghe, P. B. T. P. Kumara, A. Wijesuriya, R. Muthucumarana, and R. Priyanandana. "Eco tourism potential of the SS Sagaing (1942) shipwreck in the Trincomalee Harbor." In Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Marine Environment, Marine Environment Protection Authority, 18-19, 2018. 4. Munasinghe, C. S., P. B. T. P. Kumara, A. Wijesuriya, R. Muthucumarana, and D. Jayawardena. "Use of shipwrecks as artificial reefs: Biodiversity of the SS Sagaing." In Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Marine Environment, Marine Environment Protection Authority, 5-6, 2018. 5. National Shipwreck Database. "Home page." Accessed April 30, 2023. https://nsd.ccf.gov.lk/. 6. Rajasuriya, Arjan. Field Guide to Reef Fishes of Sri Lanka. Colombo: IUCN Sri Lanka Office, 2013. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 25: Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems Subject The topic of the resource Session 25 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 25 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Symbiosis: Biodiversity Surveys on Archaeological Shipwreck Sites, Managing for a Better Future Description An account of the resource Preliminary surveys on the biological diversity of shipwrecks were started in 2018 with SS Sagaing, an iron wreck purposely sunk by the Sri Lanka Navy. The survey aimed to record the recruitment and colonization of marine organisms on the ship's surface, two months after it was re-sunk in Trincomalee harbor. This became the foundation for a new relationship between marine archaeology, marine biology, and information technology. The National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was established in 2021 as an online database providing details of known shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters, preserving their heritage value for future generations. The database uses multimedia formats to present information in an interactive manner. Shipwrecks have multiple benefits, including serving as artificial reefs for marine life and attracting visitors for tourism. The data in the database is collected by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF), with contributions from other sources such as professional divers and research institutes. The database contains information on 103 shipwrecks and 6 aircrafts. Shipwreck sites naturally become habitats for marine life and can become important biodiversity hotspots. To safeguard them and their ecosystems, archaeologists, scientists, and government/non-governmental agencies should collaborate. Preliminary research collected ecological baseline data on shipwrecks, which was added to the national shipwreck database. This initiates long-term monitoring of fish and fauna diversity on shipwrecks, guiding future protection and conservation efforts for these ecosystems. The result of this project unites diverse stakeholders together to facilitate dialogue and design collaborative approaches to get maximum benefits from each sector. The topic of this abstract fits best within Session 16 - Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems because it demonstrates a unique partnership of multidisciplinary stakeholders managing the environmental and safety risks associated with underwater cultural heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vishmi Gunasinghe Chathurika Munasinghe Tharushi Pitigala Rasika Muthucumarana Anuradha Piyadasa Dharshana Jayawardena Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Gunasinghe, Vishmi , Chathurika Munasinghe, Tharushi Malshani, Rasika Muthucumarana, Anuradha Piyadasa, Dharshana Jayawardena. 2023. “Symbiosis: Biodiversity surveys on archaeological shipwreck sites, managing for a better future.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bishnu Pada Bose. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1973 Asia-Pac Session 25 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1607734e8aac4fcd789611ec2446f364.pdf 9ec03298ae0ed2b582fb0e9513fa374f PDF Text Text National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka: A non-Intrusive Documentation of Maritime Heritage in Sri Lankan Water Anuradha Piyadasa1, Rasika Muthucumarana2, Indika Hewage2, Dharshana Jayawardena3 1. Director, Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Sri Lanka. 2. Senior Archaeology Officer, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund, Sri Lanka. 3. Independent Underwater Explorer ABSTRACT The creation of the National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was initiated by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) to address the fragmented state of data collected from various shipwreck sites around the country. Established in 2001 in Galle under the Central Cultural Fund, the MAU teamed up with the Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies and the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands to centralise the data and make it accessible to interested parties. The primary objective of the database was to effectively administer the data amassed from maritime wreck locations and distribute this information to pertinent stakeholders while concurrently heightening public cognisance. The NSDSL is valuable for diverse stakeholders, such as marine researchers, the tourism industry, the Sri Lanka Navy, universities, the public, and the media. It plays a critical role in protecting shipwrecks, preventing illegal activities like salvage work, and preserving heritage significance. The database contains comprehensive information on 109 wreck sites, including 103 shipwrecks and six aircraft remains, curated by qualified researchers and professionals. Detailed data, such as name, operation period, wreck type, depth, and legal status, are provided for each site. Additionally, over 80 sites feature supplementary materials like videos, photos, descriptions, and research information. A user-friendly web-based application was developed for data collection and entry, with a visually appealing front end for easy navigation. Key features include an interactive map of shipwreck locations; a maritime timeline; details on the oldest shipwreck in the Asia-Pacific region; a searchable shipwreck dashboard with interactive charts; publications by the MAU, and restricted access for researchers upon request. The NSDSL successfully achieved its objective by implementing the database, thus facilitating effective data administration and stakeholder engagement. Keywords: Underwater Cultural Heritage Documentation, Shipwrecks, Relational Database, Web Application List of Abbreviations CCF Central Cultural Fund GIS Geographical Information System IAHS Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies MAU Maritime Archaeology Unit NSDSL National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka RCE Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Methodology employed in developing NSDSL Figure 2 The Front End (Left) and the Back End (Right) of the NSDSL Figure 3 Interactive Map of NSDSL Table 1 Overview of National Legislation and International Conventions Relevant to UCH in Sri Lanka Table 2 Historical Milestones in the Development of the NSDSL Table 3 Principal Stages in the NSDSL Development, Organised by Approach Category 1 �INTRODUCTION This paper introduces the importance of Sri Lanka's underwater cultural heritage (UCH) and the need to document and preserve it. Sri Lanka has a long history as a trading hub, connecting civilizations and facilitating cultural exchange. Consequently, numerous submerged archaeological sites and shipwrecks in the surrounding waters provide valuable insights into the nation's history and contribute to understanding global maritime history. Recognising the significance of documenting UCH, the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF) initiated the National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) project in 2001. Although the MAU had been collecting data in physical copies, this limited accessibility for various stakeholders. To address this issue, the MAU collaborated with the Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies (IAHS), the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE), and the CCF to develop a web-based NSDSL launched in December 2021. This paper focuses on the collaborative process of constructing the online database and explores its impact and potential outcomes for maritime archaeology and preserving Sri Lanka's UCH. UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE Under the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the UCH, UCH is defined as all human traces with cultural, historical, or archaeological significance, wholly or partially submerged for a minimum of 100 years. This encompasses sites, structures, artefacts, human remains, vessels, aircraft, prehistoric objects, and their respective archaeological and natural contexts (UNESCO 2001, 1-21). Sri Lanka's legislative framework currently does not encompass a distinct national definition of UCH. Consequently, while formulating the NSDSL, a comprehensive understanding of UCH and the policies and practices employed by other nations were considered. LEGISLATION AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS RELATED TO THE UCH OF SRI LANKA The Antiquities Ordinance legally protects the UCH in Sri Lanka, which defines archaeological heritage as all aspects of human existence, activity, and related material, including subterranean and underwater sites. The legislation and international conventions related to the UCH of Sri Lanka are listed below (Mandawala 2017, 50-80). Table 1 summarises the national legislation and international conventions pertinent to UCH in Sri Lanka. Table 1 Overview of National Legislation and International Conventions Relevant to UCH in Sri Lanka Type Title Description National Legislation 1. Antiquities Ordinance (1940) Sri Lanka's primary legal framework for protecting cultural heritage covers all "antiquities" found within its territory, defined as objects or structures over 100 years old with cultural, historical, or scientific significance (Antiquities - An ordinance to provide for the better preservation of the antiquities of Ceylon 1940 n.d.). Introduced in 1998 and 2005, these amendments explicitly encompass underwater sites and artefacts, requiring permits for any activity involving UCH (Antiquities - An ordinance to provide for the better preservation of the antiquities of Ceylon 2005 n.d.). Approved in 2011, this comprehensive plan, proposed by the Minister of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development, aims to manage Sri Lanka's maritime wrecks and UCH (Office of the Cabinet of Ministers, Sri Lanka 2011). The ratification process was initiated in 2010, the convention establishes guidelines for the management, research, and conservation of UCH, including the in-situ preservation of underwater sites, the prohibition of commercial exploitation, and the facilitation of international cooperation (UNESCO 2001, 1-21). 2. Amendments to Antiquities Ordinance the 3. Long-Term Management Plan for Maritime Wrecks and UCH International Conventions 1. UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 2 �DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF THE NSDSL The MAU has endeavoured to advance the development of the NSDSL framework through three distinct iterations, leveraging collaborative partnerships and securing financial support from external stakeholders. (Muthucumarana 2018, 30). Table 2 on the next page summarises the historical milestones in developing NSDSL. Table 2 Historical Milestones in the Development of the NSDSL Year Initiative / Development Description 2009 Site Recorder Acquisition by MAU 2012 Establishment of a Rudimentary Shipwreck Database (Excelbased) 2014 Development of a GIS Database for the UCH of Sri Lanka The MAU acquired the Site Recorder program, a comprehensive software integrating Geographical Information System (GIS), finds database, dive log, and image management. It is suitable for small to large-scale excavations and evaluation projects due to its flexible and easy-to-use interface (Software n.d.). In 2012, the MAU enhanced an Excel spreadsheet encompassing rudimentary data from 50 shipwrecks originally supplied by Dharshana Jayawardene. These dialogues were expedited under the auspices of the Indian Ocean Maritime Affairs Cooperation. The RCE provided funds for developing a dedicated GIS database for Sri Lankan shipwrecks, accumulating geographical data and other relevant information that served as a foundation for the NSDSL. Program THE NECESSITY FOR A NEW NSDSL A pervasive limitation in previous attempts to develop the NSDSL was the reliance on stand-alone databases, which precluded remote access by interested parties. This constraint undermined a fundamental objective of the NSDSL: to facilitate access for various stakeholders. The 2009 and 2014 iterations of the database necessitated specialised software to retrieve information, while the 2012 version lacked a relational database structure. These factors severely impeded collaborative efforts to enhance the NSDSL. Incorporating innovative Non-Intrusive Documentation techniques, such as 3D models, 360-degree photos and videos, and virtual tours, proved challenging within the constraints of these earlier databases. To address these issues, the MAU sought a web-based solution that could resolve the concerns above and be easily managed by individuals without specialised IT expertise. OTHER SHIPWRECK DATABASES Koutsi and Stratigea (2021) analysed 51 shipwreck databases, emphasising the vast diversity of information on global maritime incidents. The majority were characterised by national (35 per cent) and regional (33 per cent) coverage, indicating prevalent localised data sources. The Australian National Shipwreck Database uniquely combines a legislative management module with diverse stakeholder requirements, catering to the public, tourists, historians, archaeologists, managers, agencies, students, researchers, curators, and conservators. (Luckman and Viduka 2013, 76–86). In creating a shipwreck database, it is crucial to consider the intricate environment of the shipwreck site, employing various visual aids such as diagrams, tables, and maps to convey the information effectively (Craig 2015, 34-41). RESOURCES A combination of accurate data, historical records, visual materials, and advanced imaging techniques played a crucial role in the success of the NSDSL. 3 �The MAU contributed over two decades of collected information to developing the NSDSL. Universities, Sri Lanka Navy and other government agencies shared their resources to enrich the database's content. The contributions of both professional and amateur divers were also indispensable in gathering and documenting valuable data on shipwrecks. Technical resources constituted another crucial aspect of the NSDSL's development, and the IAHS supplied the necessary technical expertise and hosting facilities to support the database. Furthermore, RCE’s financial assistance was pivotal in enabling the MAU to gather and process the extensive information required for the NSDSL. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DEVELOPING THE NSDSL The following approach was used for the NSDSL development to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interrelationships between shipwrecks and their surrounding environments, fostering responsible stewardship and appreciation of these valuable cultural and natural resources. The methodology employed can be succinctly classified into five overarching categories, as illustrated in Figure 1. Research and Planning Preliminary Research Stakeholder Engagement Technical Development Platform and Infrastructure Database Development User Experience and Accessibility Web-based Publication Maintenance and Sustainability Maintenance and Updates Environmental Integration Environmental Considerations User Interface and Accessibility Data Management Figure 1 Methodology employed in developing NSDSL The Table 1 gives principal stages of the NSDSL development categorised based on the approach given in the Figure 1. 4 �Table 3 Principal Stages in the NSDSL Development, Organised by Approach Category Category Step Description Research and Planning Literature Review Review of existing literature, legislation, international conventions. Engaging with diverse stakeholders to collect data. Technical Development Stakeholder Consultation and Information Gathering Platform Selection User Experience Accessibility and Database Design Implementation and Data Population Validation and Web-based Publication Web GIS Integration Multimedia Integration Choosing a cost-effective, maintainable platform with open-source solutions for flexibility, scalability, and compatibility. Designing and implementing a relational database schema based on literature review and stakeholder consultation findings. Populating the database with the collected information and implementing data validation and quality control measures. Publishing the database on the chosen platform and ensuring ease of use and accessibility for diverse stakeholders. Integrating a Web GIS tool to enhance the visualisation and accessibility of shipwreck information and enabling spatial queries. Supporting various multimedia formats enriches the user experience. Implementing a robust access control system safeguards sensitive data and prevents unauthorised access. Access Control Maintenance and Sustainability Ongoing Maintenance and Updates Environmental Integration Identifying Environmental Components Establishing a plan for regular updates and maintenance involving stakeholder engagement, data verification, and periodic evaluation. Documenting and integrating information about marine flora, fauna, and ecosystems associated with shipwrecks to contribute to a holistic understanding of shipwrecks. RESULTS The frontend and Backend of the NSDSL The NSDSL is a comprehensive digital resource designed to facilitate the study and preservation of the country's rich UCH. To accommodate the diverse needs of various stakeholders, the NSDSL is structured into two primary components: the front end and the back end. Individuals with internetenabled devices may access the NSDSL by navigating to the following web address: https://nsd.ccf.gov.lk/. Figure 2 The Front End (Left) and the Back End (Right) of the NSDSL The front end serves as a public-facing interface, granting access to a wealth of information on Sri Lanka's shipwrecks to a broad audience, including the public, tourists, and students. In contrast, the backend is tailored to the needs of authorised system users and researchers, offering enhanced functionality and access to more detailed or restricted information. By implementing this dual-component structure, the NSDSL effectively balances the need for public accessibility and education with specialised research and data management requirements, fostering a multidimensional understanding of Sri Lanka's maritime heritage. 5 �Currently, the NSDSL encompasses records of 103 shipwrecks and six aircraft wrecks. Key features of the NSDSL Interactive Map The NSDSL has developed an interactive web-based GIS map, allowing users to explore shipwrecks with geospatial referencing and basic filtering options. The interact map is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 Interactive Map of NSDSL Shipwreck Dashboard The NSDSL features a shipwreck dashboard, which serves as an essential research instrument for scholars in the field. This dashboard presents analysed data through interactive visualisations, encompassing various aspects such as administrative areas, access restrictions, operational periods, depths, and historical periods of shipwrecks. Maritime Archaeology Timeline The development of Maritime Archaeology in Sri Lanka is comprehensively chronicled through an interactive timeline spanning from the 1960s to the present. This resource serves as an invaluable tool for individuals seeking to gain insights into the evolution of this field. The Story of Godawaya The NSDSL would be incomplete without a dedicated section addressing the Godawaya shipwreck, the oldest known wreck site in the country and, to date, the most ancient in the Asia-Pacific region, with an estimated age of 2,100 years (The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library n.d.). To effectively convey the fascinating narrative of the Godawaya Shipwreck, the NSDSL utilises a story map. 6 �Biodiversity information Currently, the system documents the environment's biodiversity surrounding shipwrecks, including species names, taxonomic groups, orders, families, conservation statuses, feeding types, visiting frequencies, and the economic significance of the species. While this information is not yet accessible to the public, plans entail making these data publicly available. DISCUSSION Through establishing the online NSDSL, the MAU has triumphantly realised its decade-long ambition of disseminating contemporary knowledge concerning UCH. This achievement transcends geographical boundaries and temporal constraints, ensuring round-the-clock accessibility to any interested party. The user-friendly backend facilitates efficient collaboration and expeditious sharing of findings, catering to many users. Including interactive features, such as the map, story map, timeline, and dashboard, enriches the user experience, making exploring shipwreck-related data more engaging and informative. The modularbased design of the NSDSL can be used to encompass other aspects of UCH beyond shipwrecks. In essence, implementing the NSDSL has not only fostered interdisciplinary collaboration but paved the way for sustainable development within the maritime domain. Impact of the NSDSL The NSDSL was officially launched by the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, in December 2021. At this event, the Secretary to the Prime Minister revealed that a cabinet paper had proposed salvaging forty shipwrecks, in light of the new information provided by the NSDSL, the Secretary announced the decision to halt the proposed cabinet paper. During a meeting to formulate a marine tourism master plan for Sri Lanka, the NSDSL was showcased. Impressed by the NSDSL's features, the Sri Lankan Tourist Board expressed their interest in collaborating with the CCF to enhance the NSDSL, making it more conducive for tourism. The NSDSL's meticulous documentation of all known shipwrecks and surrounding biodiversity, achieving comprehensive coverage, earned commendation in the inaugural meeting of the Marine Spatial Planning and "Ocean 30x30 Campaign," signifying a significant contribution to marine conservation and the ambitious targets of the campaign. At the e-Swabhimani National Award Ceremony 2021, conducted in March 2023, the NSDSL was duly honoured with a merit award. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the primary aim of the National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka was to amalgamate and centralise the diverse information held by multiple agencies and individuals whilst effectively disseminating this knowledge to pertinent stakeholders. The objective has been unequivocally accomplished through the successful implementation of this comprehensive database, paving the way for enhanced collaboration and informed decision-making within the maritime domain. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are deeply grateful to Prof. Gamin Ranasinghe, Director General of the CCF, for his steadfast support and invaluable guidance. We want to thank Vishmi Gunasinghe, Chathurika Munasinghe, Tharushi Pitigala and Dr Amal Karunaratne for their significant volunteer contributions. We would also like to recognise the valuable contributions of the diving community in Sri Lanka. We sincerely appreciate the IAHSs’ generosity in providing the hosting facilities. Lastly, we acknowledge OpenAI for granting access to ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art language model that significantly contributes to our writing process. 7 �Bibliography n.d. Antiquities - An ordinance to provide for the better preservation of the antiquities of Ceylon 1940. Accessed April 20, 2023. https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/antiquities-2/. n.d. Antiquities - An ordinance to provide for the better preservation of the antiquities of Ceylon 2005. Accessed April 20, 2023. https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/antiquities-4/. Craig, Jennifer. Value of Shipwreck Data in Database. Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 36 (2015): 34-41. Accessed April 20, 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v36i0.14915. Government of Sri Lanka. n.d. Antiquity Ordinance No 9 of 1940 | Sri Lanka Archaeology. Sri Lanka Archaeology. Accessed 04 20, 2023. https://www.archaeology.lk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Antiquity-Ordinance-No-9-1940-sri-lanka-ceylon.pdf. Koutsi, Dionisia, and Anastasia Stratigea. Shipwrecks’ Underwater Mysteries—Identifying Commonalities Out of GloballyDistributed Knowledge. Heritage 4, no. 4 (2021): 3949–3969. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040217. Luckman, Grant, and Andrew Viduka. The new Australian National Shipwreck Database - its development, features, functionality, potential and utility for regional capacity building. Journal of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 37 (2013): 76-86. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.741874306194447. Mandawala, Prashantha. Protection of the underwater cultural heritage of Sri Lanka through international cooperation. (2017) 50-80. Amersfoort: Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2191/. Muthucumarana, Rasika. National Database for Underwater Cultural Heritage: building awareness for better management. Fourth National Symposium on Maritime Environment Proceedings - 2018. Colombo: Marine Environment Protection Agency 30. 2018. Office of the Cabinet of Ministers, Sri Lanka. 2011. “Press briefing of Cabinet Decision taken on 2011-02-15.” Office of the Cabinet of Ministers, Sri Lanka. 15 December. Accessed April 20, 2023. https://www.cabinetoffice.gov.lk/cab/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16&Itemid=49&lang=en&dID=388 9. Software, Site Recorder 4. n.d. Site Recorder http://www.3hconsulting.com/ProductsRecorderMain.html. 4 Software. Accessed April 23, 2023. The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library. n.d. “Godawaya Shipwreck.” The Nautical Archaeology Digital Library. Accessed April 28, 2023. https://shiplib.org/index.php/landscapes/projects-2/sri-lanka/godawaya-shipwreck/. UNESCO. 2001. “Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Accessed April 23, 2023. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000126065. 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka: A non-Intrusive Documentation of Maritime Heritage in Sri Lankan Water Description An account of the resource The creation of the National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was initiated by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) to address the fragmented state of data collected from various shipwreck sites around the country. Established in 2001 in Galle under the Central Cultural Fund, the MAU teamed up with the Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies and the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands to centralise the data and make it accessible to interested parties. The primary objective of the database was to effectively administer the data amassed from maritime wreck locations and distribute this information to pertinent stakeholders while concurrently heightening public cognisance. The NSDSL is valuable for diverse stakeholders, such as marine researchers, the tourism industry, the Sri Lanka Navy, universities, the public, and the media. It plays a critical role in protecting shipwrecks, preventing illegal activities like salvage work, and preserving heritage significance. The database contains comprehensive information on 109 wreck sites, including 103 shipwrecks and six aircraft remains, curated by qualified researchers and professionals. Detailed data, such as name, operation period, wreck type, depth, and legal status, are provided for each site. Additionally, over 80 sites feature supplementary materials like videos, photos, descriptions, and research information. A user-friendly web-based application was developed for data collection and entry, with a visually appealing front end for easy navigation. Key features include an interactive map of shipwreck locations; a maritime timeline; details on the oldest shipwreck in the Asia-Pacific region; a searchable shipwreck dashboard with interactive charts; publications by the MAU, and restricted access for researchers upon request. The NSDSL successfully achieved its objective by implementing the database, thus facilitating effective data administration and stakeholder engagement. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anuradha Piyadasa Rasika Muthucumarana Indika Hewage Dharshana Jayawardena Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Piyadasa, Anuradha, Rasika Muthucumarana, Indika Hewage and Dharshana Jayawardena. 2023. “National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka: A non-intrusive documentation of maritime heritage in Sri Lankan Waters.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2034 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023