59 10 700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sadao Asada Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Naval Institute Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Sadao Asada Item Type Book ISBN 1557500428 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 385 Place Annapolis, Md. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Naval Institute Press Short Title From Mahan to Pearl Harbor Title A name given to the resource From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Ming Treasure Shipyard Archaeological Report Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sally Church Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Advisory Council Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference Paper Zotero Author Sally Church Item Type Conference Paper ISBN 978-0-9799909-6-0 Conference Name Society for Historical Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Pages 30 - 38 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Advisory Council Underwater Archaeology Title A name given to the resource The Ming Treasure Shipyard Archaeological Report China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sally Church Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Sally Church Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Pages 1 - 43 Publication Title Monumenta Serica Title A name given to the resource Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships Volume 53 China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8e4a80abdb9709f2c5d0ce11f0db9c0d.pdf cbe112adf5b0d3ed4187b318fd57a7d2 PDF Text Text The “Stone Four Legged Quern” (Bench) recovered in the oldest Maritime Archaeological Site at Godawaya (Ambalantota) in Sri Lanka Mr Sanath Karunarathna Abstract The stone bench that was recovered at the oldest Maritime Archaeological site at Godawaya (Ambalantota) in Sri Lanka is an unusual archaeological artifact which has become instrumental in turning the history of Maritime Archaeology in Sri Lanka in a new direction It has been recovered for the first time in the area of Godawaya (Ambalantota) in the Hambantota District in Sri Lanka. The particular object is a Stone Bench with four legs where the whole thing is carved out of a single stone. The main purpose of this article is to describe this stone bench and to discuss the symbols it carries with its making. Also an attempt will be made to look into the site where the object was found and other certain related aspects as well. In August 2008, Maritime Archaeologists attached to the Department of Archaeology and Central Cultural Fund (CCF) under the aegis of UNESCO launched an exploration in the area where this stone bench had been found. The location was around 30 meters under the sea at a place 4 km away from the fishery harbor in the coastal area of Godawaya village in the proximity of Ambalantota Town in the Hambantota District in Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Stone Bench An unusual artefact, which has become instrumental in turning the history of maritime archaeology in Sri Lanka towards a new direction, has been recovered for the first time in Godawaya (Ambalantota) in the Hambantota District. This particular object is a stone bench with four legs carved out of a single stone. The main purpose of this article is to describe this object and to discuss the symbols it carries. Also an attempt will be made to analyze the site and associated materials where the object was found. In October 2008, maritime archaeologists of the Maritime Archaeology Unit (attached to the Central Cultural Fund and the Department of Archaeology) under the aegis of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched an exploration in the area where this Stone Bench was found. The location was around 30 m under the sea, 4 km away from the fishery harbour in the coastal area of Godawaya village. This exploration did lead to recovery of a number of significant artefacts. The MUA observation of remains spread over the area of concern pointed to the possibility that this place could very well be the oldest maritime archaeological site to date to have been found in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, a number of significant samples have been collected for further studies and, at present, the research work is in progress. �Figure 1. Stone Bench Site. (Photo by R. Muthucumarana - M.A.U) In fact, the story behind the recovery of this stone bench found in the Godawaya area is rather interesting. One day in March 2003, I was participating as the officer in charge of the excavation work carried out on the premises of the Godawaya (Buddhist) Temple. In the meantime, two people named Peminda and Sunil who were commercial divers who collect conch shells for their living brought an object they had over their shoulders and placed on it the ground before me. They said that they had found it in the sea while diving and discussed it uniqueness in finding something like this on the seabed around this area. They went on to say that there was a large number of pottery shards widely scattered over the same area. Having listened to them attentively, I examined the Stone Bench very carefully. Some parts of the object were covered with sea shells and plants. On the flat surface (top part of the bench) there were three symbols which were very artistically carved. Those Symbols can be identified as Nandipada, Sri Vatsa and Mathsya (fish). Interestingly a number of similar stone benches had been recovered in the excavations performed at the Yatala stupa terrace and the surrounding area which are now kept in the Yatala museum in Tissamaharamaya In addition, some stone benches which are similar to those mentioned above, have been found in the past excavations carried out at Akurugoda and Sarwodayawatta in Tissamaharamaya (Sanath 2008:9). It was clear to me that this stone bench possessed a significant historical value in addition to its unusual recovery from the seabed. Therefore I chose to show this stone bench to Mr. Oliver Kessler, a German Archaeologist, who had come here to assist in the excavation work. His opinion was the same as mine. When I explained the situation to Peminda and Sunil, they agreed to keep it at the Godawaya (Buddhist) Temple to be preserved as an archaeological object. Subsequently this stone bench paved the way to the underwater archaeological exploration around the Godawaya area. �Figure 2. Profile of bench showing legs / close-up of symbols in bench. (Photos by Gamini Saman – MAU) This bench measures 37.5 cm in length, 16cm in width and 17cm in height and has four legs. There are three symbols finely carved along a border at the top. However, when those symbols are closely studied with the available historical evidence it becomes clear that those symbols have their origin from Hindu religious symbols but were later treated as Buddhist symbols (Wimalarathana 1991:63), It is also a fact that those symbols have been simultaneously accepted in both Buddhism and Hinduism during a certain period (Wimalaratana1991:63), Nandipada and Sri Vathsa can be seen on Amarawathie Stupa in India while the same symbols are found among Buddhist carvings available in Sri Lanka (Sanath 1979:167-193), Samuel Beal holds the view that those symbols are used to depict Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha in Buddhist iconography (Beal 1884:60), The opinion of Samuel Bell is that the Nandipada has been employed to depict the Triple Gem (Rathnatra) and Buddhahood (Beal1884:60), "Sri Vathsa" is considered to be a symbol found on the chest of the god Vishnu (Basham 1995:385; Senaratna 1992:26). There are ideas which argue that the Nandipada is only another symbol or a figure representing the Trishula symbol (Wimalaratana 1991: 64), which can be found in Hinduism. However as the Trishula is not accepted in Buddhism, a majority of scholars agree that this symbol is used to denote the Triple Gem (Rathnatra) (Beal 1884:60). The Sripada Stone (The Buddha‟s Footprint carved on a stone slab) which was recovered in Anuradhapura and is, at present, preserved in the museum in Colombo carries all three symbols and is thought to belong to the second century Anno Domini (A.D.) (Karunaratna1979:167-193). The widely recognized view is that they tend to symbolize the Chakrawarthi Status (Holding Universal Sovereignty) or Buddhahood (Karunaratna1979:167193). There is also evidence available to show that the Mathsya or the "fish" symbol had been used to imply auspiciousness (Subha mangala Sanketha or the auspicious symbol) (Senaratna1992: 26). A Sripada Stone (Buddha's Foot Print) bearing the Symbols of Mathsya (fish) Nandipada and Sri Vathsa has been found at Amarawathie Stupa in India which is also identified as belonging to the second century A.D. (Senaratna1992: 26). This further supports the hypothesis that during a certain period those symbols had simultaneously been employed in Buddhist iconography in both Sri �Lanka and India. In addition to use in contemporary works and creations, those symbols have been utilized in the gateway structure (Archway for Entrance) of the Sanchi Stupa in India, Also, a few similar stone benches found in the excavations carried out at the Yatala site in Tissamaharama have been identified as artefacts from the first and second centuries B.C.E; (Somadeva 2006:197198). Further, there is one stone bench on which a few Brahmi letters, which are believed to be of first or second century B.C., have been inscribed (Somadeva 2006:197-198). Karunarathna, in his book Shanthiya, has classified the eight Auspicious symbols (Asta mangala Lakshanas) by allocation them to different cardinal directions (Karunaratna1979:167-193); only four of them given here:  Sri Vatsa Ravi (Sun)- East  Mathsya Rahu (Shadow of the moon) - South  Nandipada Shani (Saturn) - West  Conch Budha (Mercury) - North Therefore, it has been suggested, that the symbols were used to indicate direction (Karunaratna1979:167-193). The begging - bowl (Patra) recovered in Abhayagiri bearing those three symbols along with the eight auspicious symbols (Asta Mangala Lakshanas) has been judged to belong to the sixth century A.D. (Senaratna1992: 26). However there is available evidence to suggest that there have been instances where stone benches of similar shapes have been utilized as grinding stones for domestic purposes - perhaps for kitchen work or medicinal preparations (Karunaratna 2008:9; Somadeva 2006:197-198). A number of such quern stones as well as a host of grinder stones and upper grinder stones (or Doogala,) have already been recovered in the excavations performed at Sarvodaya wattha and Akurugoda in Thissamaharamaya (Karunaratna 2008:9). Hans Josim Waighsaar (Director KAWA project-Tissamaharama), who inspected the marks on the quern, said these objects were used for domestic purposes or medicinal preparation (KAWA Excavation Unpublished Report 2008-2010). It was allowed to sit on those noble symbols which had highly and widely been accepted and respected in both Sri Lanka and India altogether? If the symbols inscribed on the stone bench represent the Lord Buddha, Buddha hood or the triple gem there is no way that these benches were used for the purpose of sitting. Some scholars argue that these comparatively shorter stone benches could possibly have been constructed to go with the Rank / hierarchy of the chief reverent / Bhikkus (Buddhist Priests) so they may have been prevented from sitting on comfortable seats in terms of a disciplinary code enacted then (Anandamaithree 2006:135-140). My idea is that either those structures could very well be the direct offerings for the Lord Buddha himself or the structures upon which offerings would be placed before being proffered to the Lord Buddha. Such structures, in this case the stone benches, in my opinion would be placed in the image House of the Temple (Aramaya). (It represents the “Great Enlightenment of the Buddha” Scholars believe it was the first brave step by the Greek Buddhists, who wanted to create a sculpture of Buddha according to the style of the more familiar Greek tradition of sculptures. Before the image of the Buddha was created, Buddhists �believed should never be created or represented as a figure of The Buddha with His Great Qualities (Wimalaratana 1991:64). Hence Buddhists considered some of the symbols in Buddha‟s likeness to be the “Representation of the Buddha” Bodhi tree (Picas Religiosa), which provides shelter, and the Seat (AsanaVajrasana), which provides seating facilities for attaining "The Great Buddha Hood” under the Bo Tree (Basham 1995:134). These were venerated as a great honour from the beginning of Buddhism. It is very obvious in early paintings and sculptures that these represent those objects on behalf of the Buddha (Anandamaithree 2006:135-140). Wherever Artist wants to show the Buddha it appears as “Asana” or “Bo Tree". And this practice has been continuous for a long time, even after the introduction of the Buddha sculpture. I believe it is a very reasonable and widely accepted view that sailors carried “Asana” to areas of religious practices while they voyaged. It mean, they may have used these “Asanas” as the representation of their religious leader and as the protector of their life. Figure 3. Grinding stones. Photo by Sanath karunarathna Considering the above information it can be deduced that the symbols that we have discussed were used during the period of the second century Before Christ (B.C.) to the second country A.D. So far a number of Sri Vathsa Symbols carved out of the copper material have been recovered from the Katharagama area (Somadeva 2006:197-198). It could therefore be said that similar symbols had been very popular during that period. The fact that this object has been recovered from the deep seabed, away from the shore, we also can think they were transported as merchandise on vessels. At the same time it could be assumed that those objects had acquired a degree of social recognition and were honoured with a sense of respect and sacredness. Nandadasa Samaraweera (Nandadasa 2010: 1-5) Has clearly �expressed his opinion that the glazed ingots found from the same site belong to a period spanning from the first century BC to the second century AD. It has been firmly established that the Godawaya harbour, by the second century AD, (Gamini 2010:32-35) had been a well organized and highly active centre where even the tariffs and customs charges were duly collected (Kessler 2001:290-300), The stone inscriptions found at the Godawaya Buddhist Temple actively help to support this view (Kessler 2001:329). However, it is possible that this harbour was functional long before the specified period. Namely, the excavations carried out by Somadeva in the area surrounding the Kirinda Harbour (Somadeva 2006:163-165) can be cited as proof that the Kirinda Harbour had been operational prior to the Christian era. Considering the archaeological findings obtained in that area, Somadeva holds the view that the functional city situated in the Akurugoda area in Tissamaharama was linked to the Kirinda Harbour while the settlement, situated at Ridiyagama close to Ambalantota, had been linked to the Godawaya Harbour via the Walave River (Somadeva 2006:115-120). Figure 4. Bench like stone object with Brahmi Letter's perod between 250-100 BCE (Somadeva 2006:197-198). Photo by R. Muthucumarana When the above facts are carefully studied and analyzed we could readily accept that those archaeological findings and the old Harbours could easily be traced to the same social era in the 2nd century AD (Paranavithana 1983: 101). However, the research is still ongoing so a valid conclusion has not been reached. Other Findings After the 2008 exploration another two small scale explorations have been conducted. The main one took place at the end of 2010 as a collaboration project of MAU, UNESCO and the Government of Netherlands. The Godawaya shipwreck discovery generated much interest among the local archaeologists as well as international historians and archaeologists with interests in Asian �underwater cultural heritage. It caused for much enthusiasm in the international layer, which provided allocation of funds towards a UNESCO training programme in maritime archaeology (post-field activity MAU 2010). The international team comprised of experts in diving and underwater archaeology from India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines who participated in the assessment with the MAU team on the shipwreck at Godawaya. According to the previous exploration the site was identified as spread over an area of 40 X 22 m. Before initiation of the actual site survey, the team had to explore what had been previously collected such as jars, cooking vessels, stone benches and unidentified parts of the main wreckage (possible timber stacks).  Investigation of the exploration was mainly concern with the following:  To inspect and survey of the site and identify possible artefacts and antiques apparently visible on the sea bed.  To make a surface plan with the finds using measuring equipments.  To photographically document the site with digital cameras and other documentary equipment.  To make an evaluation of the site with available data and resources. The exploration team was comprised of underwater archaeologists, selected on the basis of their experience in multi-disciplinary approaches A well balanced team was thus engaged in the exploration activities for extracting maximum information and taking firsthand experience through non-disturbance survey. This survey produced observation of a large number of artefacts on the seabed, including varieties of pottery and a large area in the north-western quadrant covered with the remains of shipwreck (including the unidentified cargoes). During the exploration we found that there were more stone benches scattered around the site and most of them are different in style and size from each other and required close inspection to identify any symbols carry on them. I suppose that early mariners may have carried these stone benches in their personal belongings for making individual religious rituals and offerings. Keep in Possession these benches as in personal properties which brings symbolic message of the “Great Victory” (The Attainment of Buddha hood) of their religious leader may bring them self-esteem to do the uncertain voyages The main obstacle in this case is the fact that all the recovered archaeological objects seem to have relationships to regional countries, especially to India and Sri Lanka during certain time periods. Nevertheless, wooden remains of the wreck are in very fragile condition and worn out, so its origins deduced by construction methods is difficult. This problem could hopefully be reached by proper documentation of the site and the scientific analysis of the findings in the near future. Bibliography Anandamaitree, B., 2006 Basham, A. L., 1995 “Vinaya Pitakaya”, in Senasana Khandaka Chullawaggapali, Part 11, government of Sri Lanka. Asirimath Indiyawa , Educational Publication Department, Reprint, Colombo. �Beal, S., 1884 Fouche , A ., 1918 Gamini , P.A.L., 2010 Karunarathna, T.B., 1979 Nandadasa,S.M; 2010 Paranavithana, S., 1983 Roth, W., Kessler, O., Rocker., Wijepala W,. 2001 Sanath, W.K., 2008 Samuel, B., 1884 Senarathna, W., 1992 Senavirathna, A., 1979 Somadeva, R., 2001 Weisshar, H.J., Wijepala, W., Roth, H., 2001 Wimalarathana, B., 1991 Buddhist Record of the Western World, London. The Beginning of the Buddhist Art, London. Godawaya, S & S Printers, Colombo. “A new Interpretation of The Buddhist Trirathna Symbol”, Ancient Ceylon, Journal of the Archaeological Survey, Department of Archaeology, Colombo. “Sri Lankawe Glaze bhavitaya saha Godawaya muhuden hamu u Glaze kutti ”, in MAU News Letter, Volume ιι, Part 1, Central Cultural Fund, Colombo. Inscription of Ceylon ,Archaeological Survey of Sri Lanka, Volume II, Part 1, Colombo. “Sri Lankan -German Archaeological Project in Southern Province”, in Ancient Ruhuna, Volume Ι, Germany. Excavation report, „tissa-3 “, Regional Archaeology Office, Galle, 2008. Buddhist record Of the Western World, London. “Ashtamangala Patraya”, in Sanskrutika Puranaya, Volume 1, Part II, Central Cultural Fund, Colombo. “A Symbol Which Represent the Buddha in early Singhalese Sculpture, Ancient Ceylon", in Journal of the Archaeological Survey, Department of Archaeology, Colombo, 1979. "Urban origins in Southern Sri Lanka", in Studies in Global archaeology, 7, Uppsala University Uppsala. “Sri Lankan -German Archaeological Project in Southern Province”, in Ancient Ruhuna, Volume 1, Germany. Budu Pilimaya asana saha Mudra, Sedevi printers, Dehiwala. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The "Stone Four Legged Quern" (Bench) recovered in the oldest Maritime Archaeological Site at Godawaya (Ambalantota) in Sri Lanka Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 Nautical (Ship and boat) Archaeology of South Asia Description An account of the resource The stone bench that was recovered at the oldest Maritime Archaeological site at Godawaya (Ambalantota) in Sri Lanka is an unusual archaeological artifact which has become instrumental in turning the history of Maritime Archaeology in Sri Lanka in a new direction It has been recovered for the first time in the area of Godawaya (Ambalantota) in the Hambantota District in Sri Lanka. The particular object is a Stone Bench with four legs where the whole thing is carved out of a single stone. The main purpose of this article is to describe this stone bench and to discuss the symbols it carries with its making. Also an attempt will be made to look into the site where the object was found and other certain related aspects as well. In August 2008, Maritime Archaeologists attached to the Department of Archaeology and Central Cultural Fund (CCF) under the aegis of UNESCO launched an exploration in the area where this stone bench had been found. The location was around 30 meters under the sea at a place 4 km away from the fishery harbor in the coastal area of Godawaya village in the proximity of Ambalantota Town in the Hambantota District in Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sanath Karunarathna Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 2 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c4bcabafb2f4ee3f1aa223491fdcbb62.pdf dd1dc60b5c7f2643fac45787522dcd88 PDF Text Text New approach to protect the underwater cultural heritage in Sri Lanka Sanath Karunarathna Department of Archaeology (Regional Office - Southern Province) Galle, Sri Lanka Email: sanathgalle@yahoo.com Abstract In 2001 the Minister of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development passed a bill in the Parliament of Sri Lanka entitled the “Long–Term Management of Maritime Wrecks and Underwater Cultural Heritage of Sri Lanka”.. A committee, known as the Inter Ministerial Committee chaired by the Secretary of the Ministry of Fisheries, was formed to give effect to the bill. Four general meetings have been held and many important decisions have been taken, including stopping salvage and destroying wrecks. This is a very important step towards protecting of the UCH in Sri Lanka. Apart from this, the draft amendment for the Antiquity Ordinance no 9, 1940; brought into effect in 2012, provides that any vessels that had run aground more than one hundred years ago, or built more than one hundred years ago, shall be considered underwater cultural heritage. An amendment brought in 1998 for the same ordinance had extended the meaning by adding “found in the Sri Lankan waters”, bringing greater protection for UCH in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan Navy is assisting by giving coverage for protection as a whole and it was strengthened with the request of the Director General of Archaeology for stopping any attempt to destroy UCH in our waters. A newly formed department for protecting coastal zones is well educated for the prevention of any harmful activity on UCH. There are several other rules and regulations related to the protection of UCH in Sri Lanka, which will be covered in this paper. Key words: Sri Lanka, Underwater Archaeology, Heritage, Management, Trincomalee, Mannai, Godawaya Introduction Sri Lanka, which has been known around the world as a beautiful island in the Indian Ocean, was also famous for its naval activities since the beginning of the 1st century AD and its recently discovered, 2,000 year old archaeological evidence. It is interesting to note here that carbon dating technique has confirmed that the sunken ship which was recovered from the Godawaya area is more than 2000 years old. The maritime archaeological heritage of Sri Lanka is enriched as the famous maritime silk route between Europe and Asia went past this island. As mentioned above there were several 1 �important harbors along the coastal belt. Some of these well-known ports are Mannai (Mannar) Trincomalee, Galle and Godawaya. According to the established archeological evidence, the maritime activities of this island were intensified after the colonization of the country. Most shipwrecks that have been found along the coast belonged to the Dutch and English period. The maritime exploration of Sri Lanka was started by the well-known scientist and author, Sir Arthur C Clarke and some of his colleagues in the 1960s. As such, the No. 9 ordinance of the Maritime archaeology of 1940 did not mention maritime archaeology. Moreover, the extent of the maritime zone was also officially decided and declared in 1976 by the Maritime zone law No. 22 which was ratified by the State Council. Until then, there was not any decision taken of ownership of the maritime resources in this area (The Act No. 73 of the cultural property in 1988). By taking all these things into consideration, the government introduced a new ordinance in 1976 called the Cultural Property Bill no. 73. It bans the exportation of any cultural property from Sri Lanka. Also it requires approval from the commission of archaeology for exporting any registered cultural property out of the country. Even today this law is valid and it functions under the Ministry of Cultural and Arts. So according to the law, any archaeological property situated on land as well as in the sea is regarded as a cultural property of Sri Lanka and so it is prohibited to export them. Also according to clause 2(1) in the first chapter of the Archaeological Ordinance of no. 9 in 1940, even where archaeological property in situated on private land, it nevertheless belongs to the State. If the person wants to keep it as his property he must prove ownership of that property. So, according to this clause it is a punishable crime to keep for oneself archaeological property which was from the territorial sea or removed from a ship. As there were some shortcomings in the main ordinance, it was revised again in 1998 by introducing the revised bill of the 194 ordinance. Basically, the sub-clause of the second clause of the 194 ordinance was revised. In the main ordinance, the territorial sea had not been regarded as part of the territory of Sri Lanka. It only mentioned the word “vilaka” (in a lake). Now it has been revised by using the word “deshayesamurdayathula” (inside the territorial sea of the country). So according to the Maritime zone law of No. 22 in 1976, the “deshayesamurdhayathula” means the 2 �territorial sea area belongs to Sri Lanka. As such, the archaeological ordinance provides the power and authority to protect and look after all the monuments and other archaeological artifacts in the country. Another revision was made to this bill. The phrase “the constructions made before 1850” was changed in order to cover constructions made more than one hundred years ago. So the relevant Minister could declare those constructions as the monuments from a Gazette notification, with the recommendation of the Director of Archaeology. According to the clause of this Act, a shipwreck in the sea could be declared a monument, including ships which were sunk, or built, more than one hundred years ago, and are regarded as archaeological monuments because a shipwreck is an immovable object. When a ship is sunk it is regarded as stuck at that place forever and can therefore be regarded as a monument. The artifacts found from the sea, however could be moved to another place. Also it doesn’t do any harm to its content by doing so. So, if we could make sure the relevant artifact is made before 1815 AD, it surely could be regarded as an artifact under the define terms. In 1998, the AIA law (Archaeological Impact Assessment) was introduced. According to this law, the relevant authorities who are going to start a new project should get an archaeological impact assessment done with the help of the Department of Archaeology before starting any project. The expenses for this assessment should be paid by the project itself, allocating about 1% from the total cost of the project. The Department would give its approval to carry on the project after assessing the result of it. They could apply conditions also if necessary. The revision of clauses of 43A and 43B has greatly helped to protect the cultural heritage on the land and at sea. For instance, many archaeological assessments have been done in the recent years, before starting several big projects such as the harbor airports and highways. In 2012, measures were taken to revise the Archaeological Ordinance again. The necessary drafts has been done and presented to the parliament for its approval. Because of this revision, the authority which was vested on the Minister to declare a construction as a monument which was built more than one hundred years ago has been removed and included that authority into the ordinance directly. It would help further to protect the artifacts in the land and also in the sea. Moreover, another very 3 �important rule has been introduced. The fine that could be charged for an offence relating to destroying the artifacts have been increased from 50,000 to one million rupees and a two year prison sentence has been made mandatory. So, it must be emphasized and reiterated here that the Sri Lankan government is very serious about protecting the archaeological heritage and has already taken very important and strict measures to affect this policy. On top of all these ordinances and laws, a new law has been introduced by the president and cabinet in 2011. According to this new law, it is prohibited to dissemble the parts of a shipwreck. The Minister of Fisheries and the Aquatic Resources presented a cabinet paper called, “Long term management of maritime works and underwater cultural heritage of Sri Lanka”. According to its directions, a new committee, called the inter-ministerial committee, was established. Approval must be sought from this committee if anyone wants to remove any sunken ship. Whilst the authority may give directions, it has to be done with the consent and recommendation of the archeological department, navy, ministry of fisheries and NARA (National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency) The following institutions are represented on the committee: 1. Ministry of defense 2. Ministry of National heritage 3. Ministry of cultural and arts 4. Ministry of fisheries 5. Ministry of Ports and highways 6. Ministry of economic development 7. Ministry of environment 8. Ministry of social services 9. National Aquatic Recourses Agency 10. Sri Lanka Navy 11. Department of Coastal Guard 12. Sri Lanka Police If anyone wants to remove a shipwreck they must make a written request to the committee. Committee decisions are final and absolute. Only one of these organizations has to object to a proposal to remove a shipwreck, for that proposal to be denied. So, it 4 �is clear the decision would be taken by deeply considering national interest. Sri Lanka has clearly understood the importance of working collectively to protect the underwater cultural heritage. Also, all the governmental institutions have the authority to control the removal of the relevant ship wrecks which is under their field of activity. Even according to the rules of the Navy, the Ministry of Fisheries, and the Coast Guard, it is illegal and prohibited to remove anything from the seabed and bring them to the shore without their permission. When we consider of all these measures it is very clear that Sri Lanka has already taken strict measures and implemented tough laws to protect the UCH. The relevant ordinance and acts have been revised several times whenever it is necessary and the penalties for the offenders also have been increased. It is important to note here that all the governmental institutions which are relevant to this field have come together to work as a group to achieve common goals. Because these laws and committees have placed such a high standard on our maritime culture, maritime technology is taught as a prominent subject in most universities in Sri Lanka. It will help to broaden the knowledge, understanding and the attitude of the younger generation about this field. Several high level official discussions also have been done to ratify the UNESCO convention. All these things related to this subject are coordinated by the division of the underwater archaeology of the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of National Heritage and the Maritime Archaeology Unit of the central cultural fund which is under the authority of the Ministry of Cultural and Arts. They are all doing a wonderful job to share the knowledge and their practical know how with academics. References Antiquities act, No.o9 of 1940. Antiquities (Amendment) act, No: 24 of 1998. Antiquities act Amendment –draft 2012. Cultural Property act, No: 73-of 1988. Nara act, No: 54 of 1981. Fisheries act, No 2 of 1996. Merchant Shipping act, 1972. Sri Lanka Port Authority Act, No 51 of 1979. 5 �UNESCO Convention. National principles of Archaeology in Sri Lanka. Coast Conservation act, No 57 - of, 1981. Maritime Zones Law, No: 22 of 1976. Cabinet Paper on. Long term management of underwater cultural heritage in Sri Lanka, No: 11/0127/532/004 of 2011. Convention on the Protection of the Under Water Culture Heritage, 2001. Biography Sanath Karunarathna is a Maritime Archaeologist in Sri Lankan, working as a Regional Exploration Officer in the Department of Archaeology of Sri Lanka. He is a visiting lecturer at the University of Ruhuna. He began Maritime Archaeological work in 2004 with the Avondster Project. Sanath participated in the UNESCO Maritime Archaeology field Schools held in 2006 and 2007. He is currently based in Galle working with the Archaeological Diving team of the Maritime Archaeology Unit. He has done NAS Part 1 and participated in the first foundation course in Thailand 2011. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 15: Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 15 chair Dr. Craig Forrest. Description An account of the resource The legal framework for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage has gained momentum throughout the Asia-Pacific with a number of States turning their attention to this issue. For some this is due to concerns raised though specific incidents that have damaged or destroyed the underwater cultural heritage or the information that could be gleaned from its excavation, whilst for others, it follows from consideration being given to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This session considers the Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in a number of Asia-Pacific states. The objectives of session are to explore the various national approaches and to seek aspects of commonality and uniformity that provide frameworks for other state that have not yet addressed the issue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Craig Forrest Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource New approach to protect the underwater cultural heritage in Sri Lanka Description An account of the resource In 2001 the Minister of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development passed a bill in the Parliament of Sri Lanka entitled the “Long–Term Management of Maritime Wrecks and Underwater Cultural Heritage of Sri Lanka”.. A committee, known as the Inter Ministerial Committee chaired by the Secretary of the Ministry of Fisheries, was formed to give effect to the bill. Four general meetings have been held and many important decisions have been taken, including stopping salvage and destroying wrecks. This is a very important step towards protecting of the UCH in Sri Lanka. Apart from this, the draft amendment for the Antiquity Ordinance no 9, 1940; brought into effect in 2012, provides that any vessels that had run aground more than one hundred years ago, or built more than one hundred years ago, shall be considered underwater cultural heritage. An amendment brought in 1998 for the same ordinance had extended the meaning by adding “found in the Sri Lankan waters”, bringing greater protection for UCH in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan Navy is assisting by giving coverage for protection as a whole and it was strengthened with the request of the Director General of Archaeology for stopping any attempt to destroy UCH in our waters. A newly formed department for protecting coastal zones is well educated for the prevention of any harmful activity on UCH. There are several other rules and regulations related to the protection of UCH in Sri Lanka, which will be covered in this paper. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sanath Karunarathna, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/20/2014 Asia-Pac Session 15 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/21b1bf0c98cf18209f394405ec4ce71a.pdf 0a7d1c6cf2380361f979188e350df95f PDF Text Text Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan Sangjun Park (Curator of the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT In Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, explorations and underwater excavations have been conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage since 2021, and a total of 570 artifacts have been recovered. This study introduced limitations and problems stemming from investigation progress and method. The characteristics of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan were identified through analysis on the recovered artifacts. Based on the exploration conducted in 2021 and the contents of the excavation in 2022, the progress of the examination for the entire sea area, and the limitations and problems stemming from the examination method were identified. Through the analysis of the distribution patterns, types, and periods of recovered artifacts this study established the date and characteristics of the remains, and the direction for future investigations. A significant area where the artifacts are estimated to be buried, has not been investigated so results may change in future. The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been frequented by ships from the past. Many pottery sherds, wooden structures constituting ships, and daily items on ships, have been excavated. A minimum of two ships are believed to have sunk in this area based on artifacts from various periods (i.e. Three Kingdoms to the Joseon). Currently, only about one per cent of the total investigated area are dredged, so future work will likely reveal maritime exchanges centered on the Gogunsan Islands. Keywords: Gunsan, Gogunsan Archipelago, underwater excavation, exploration List of Tables and Figures Table 1 Status table of artifacts recovered from underwater excavations in the Sea of Gogunsan Archipelago, Gunsan in 2022 Figure 1 Underwater dondition of the bundles of celadons Figure 2 Recovered all artifacts from Seonyudo OVERIVEW OF THE INVESTIGATIONS Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan is an archipelago located in the southern part of the West Sea of Korea and consists of 63 islands including Seonyudo, Munyeodo and Shinsido. The name, Gogunsan Archipelago, was derived from the central island, Seonyudo. Seonyudo has been called Gunsando since the Goryeo Dynasty, and during the reign of King Taejo of the Joseon Dynasty, a naval base called Gunsanjin was established to defend against Japanese invaders along the west coast. Later, during the reign of King Sejong, as Gunsanjin moved to the mainland, the name of this area was prefixed with the Chinese character '古', which means old times, and it was called Gogunsan Archipelago. Gogunsan Archipelago played an important role as a port of call on the route with China's Song Dynasty during the Goryeo Dynasty. According to Seonhwa Bongsa Goryeo Dogyeong of Seo Geung, who came as an envoy from the Song Dynasty in 1123 (the first year of King Injong), in Gunsando, there was a building called Gunsanjeong, which was used as a reception hall for envoys, and it was recorded that there were government office buildings and Buddhist temples. Waters where the investigation was conducted is located on the eastern side of Seonyudo, the central island of the Gogunsan archipelago. The remains became known in December 2020 when a report was received that a diver who was working on a dive in the waters of Seonyudo Island found pottery and hull fragments. Afterwards, the location was reported by the reporter, and in 2021, an exploration of the entire sea area of the Gogunsan Islands, including Seonyudo, was conducted. The exploration was targeted on a wide area around Seonyudo and Munyeo Islands, including the reported points, to find out whether there were ancient ships, whether or not artifacts were buried, and the distribution range. As a result of the investigation, about 200 artifacts such as pottery and anchor stones were recovered from the entire Gogunsan Islands area, and it was confirmed that various artifacts from different eras were distributed. 1 �In particular, around the reef on the eastern side of Seonyudo, 81 pieces of celadon bowls and plates were found in the form of stacked cargoes, and tools used by ships such as wooden anchors, oars, and anchor stones presumed to be lost at the time of the wreck were found. Judging from these aspects, it is estimated that the possibility that an ancient ship was wrecked in the vicinity is very high. From April to October 2022, a full-scale excavation was conducted in the waters of Seonyudo to confirm the concentration of artifacts and the sunken ancient ship. INVESTIGATION DETAILS The excavation was conducted in the eastern waters of Seonyudo from April 19 to October 22, 2022. In the exploration of underwater cultural property in 2021, a range of 500 m from north to south and 500m from east to west was set as the investigation area, centering on the area where a bundle of celadon and a large number of artifacts were identified, and the total area is measured to 235,00 m². As for the total investigation range, 25 zones with a size of 100 × 100 m were set and named as A to Y zones, and 100 grids of 10 × 10 m units were set in detail for each zone. As the targeted area is shallow and has reefs, it is difficult to anchor the Nurian, an underwater excavation vessel. Therefore, a barge exclusive for underwater excavation equipped with the necessary equipment for the survey was used, and the Nurian served as a support ship providing board and lodging for the investigators. The excavation was aimed to identify the distribution patterns of artifacts widely identified in the investigated waters, and concentrated artifacts burial sites and sunken ships. To this end, after installing a 1m-wide reference line for dredging in each grid, a trial excavation was conducted along the line to a depth of about 1m. According to the distribution of artifacts and the quality of the soil, full-scale dredging was carried out simultaneously, and a dredging pump installed on a barge for underwater excavation investigation was used. In the south of the soil investigation area and on the east side of Seonyudo, a RIB (Rigid inflatable boat) was used for search, and the distribution of artifacts was identified. For search, a search line was installed, circular and zigzag methods were used along the line, and the search was conducted using a probe rod. The investigated area is a partial grid of area M and L. Initially, the investigation was intended to be conducted around area L, where bundles of celadon, ship accessories, and a large amount of pottery were found, but the investigation was conducted around area M, as the cruise ship route was formed around the area. In the areas L, Q, and V, where cruise ship routes are located, investigations were conducted only temporarily for two months (September-October) with the cooperation of shipping companies and people of the fishing village, and it is now in progress. Along with the excavation survey, exploration was conducted in the sea area outside the total range of 500 × 500 m using Seamuse, an underwater cultural property exploration ship. In this exploration, not only were Seonyudo, but also the Gogunsan Archipelago, such as Sinsido and Munyeodo, investigated with expanded scope of the exploration. In the meantime, in order to overcome the poor marine environment and conduct efficient investigations during the excavation, state-of-the-art marine exploration equipment such as scanning sonar, which can identify abnormalness in dark underwater visibility, and USBL (Ultra Short Base Line), which can accurately measure the location underwater were used. In addition, parametric sub-bottom profiler investigations were conducted on the surrounding waters by Seamuse to detect abnormal points, and detailed investigations and diving investigations were conducted on the points. The investigation found that most of abnormal bodies were marine waste including discarded fishing gear, but a small amount of ceramics were confirmed at some points. RECOVERED ARTIFACTS In 2002, a total of 286 artifacts were recovered through an underwater excavation in the waters of the 2 �Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan. Ceramics, which account for the largest number of recovered artifacts, are mainly from the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, with celadon being the most common, and plates and bowls being the main ones. In addition, white porcelain cups, pottery bottles, and pottery kettles have been identified, and one piece of Naesommyeong Buncheongware, which was also identified in the underwater excavation of Mado no. 4 shipwreck, was recovered. Moreover, during the exploration, the plate of earthenware, which is presumed to be from the Three Kingdoms period, was also found. As for stone materials, one anchor stone was found and 100 stone tools presumed to be grinding stones were excavated in the form of shipments. They are long rod-shaped artifacts of fine-grained sandstone or rhyolite, similar to whetstones, but without signs of wear or grinding. As for metals, coins, bronze spoons, and iron pots for cooking were identified as metal items, and anchor branches were extracted from wood items. The fact that a large amount of pottery has been found is proof that pottery carriers or cargo ships frequently came and went in the past. In particular, the excavated Naesommyeong Buncheongware shows the possibility that ships from the Joseon Dynasty may have sunken. In addition, anchor stones, bronze spoons, and anchor branches among those excavated are shipboard items used on ships, which also show that there is a possibility that ancient ships were sunken in the waters of Gogunsan Archipelago. Table 1. Status table of artifacts recovered from underwater excavations in the Sea of Gogunsan Archipelago, Gunsan in 2022 Ceramics Stone Materials Metals Wood Project Total BunchWhite PotAnchor Whetstone Co Iron materName Celadon Spoon ials eong porcelain tery stone (?) in pot Underwater excavation of Gogunsan Islands 2022 78 16 63 21 1 100 1 Figure 1. Underwater condition of the bundles of celadons 3 4 1 1 286 �Figure 2. Recovered all Artifacts from Seonyudo CONCLUSIONS The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been recorded as a sea area frequented by ships since the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Goryeo Dynasty, there was Gunsanjeong where envoys from the Song Dynasty were accommodated, and in the Joseon Dynasty, a naval base was installed to prevent invasion by Japanese raiders. Demonstrating it as proof, various artifacts such as anchor stones, anchor branches, bronze spoons, and iron pots presumed to have been used in ships along with a large amount of pottery artifacts were recovered during the excavation and exploration. The point where the artifacts are mainly identified is near the reef, about 300 m east of Seonyudo. Including this reef, large and small reefs are scattered all over the waters of the Gogunsan Archipelago, which is a major danger to navigation even today. In the past when navigation technology was less developed than now, these reefs can be seen as the cause of many ships sinking, indicating the possibility that ancient ships may have sunk in this area. In the investigation until 2022, only 1,955 m², less than one per cent of the total area of 235,000 m², was investigated after dredging due to various limitations. Large and small pebbles are widely distributed throughout the seabed, which makes it difficult to dredge, and some of the major excavation points have not yet been investigated because some of the investigation ranges overlap with the route of the cruise ship. In particular, the area near the coast of Seonyudo where Naesommyeong Buncheongware was identified and the point where bundles of celadon were excavated should be investigated through fullscale dredging. Fortunately, with the cooperation of Gunsan City and the shipping company, an agreement was reached to change the route of the cruise ship from 2023, and it is possible to investigate major points from the 2023 investigation. If the full control of the main finds, excavation point is made through continuous investigation in the future, it is expected that traces will be discovered that will more clearly identify the nature of the underwater ruins in Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, including the ancient ship. Bibliography NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No.4 Underwater Excavvation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 40. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2016 (In Korean). Roh, Kyeong-jung. “Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan.” The 10th International Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage of Korea and China, (2022): 3-20 (In Korean). 4 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan Description An account of the resource In Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, explorations and underwater excavations have been conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage since 2021, and a total of 570 artifacts have been recovered. This study introduced limitations and problems stemming from investigation progress and method. The characteristics of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan were identified through analysis on the recovered artifacts. Based on the exploration conducted in 2021 and the contents of the excavation in 2022, the progress of the examination for the entire sea area, and the limitations and problems stemming from the examination method were identified. Through the analysis of the distribution patterns, types, and periods of recovered artifacts this study established the date and characteristics of the remains, and the direction for future investigations. A significant area where the artifacts are estimated to be buried, has not been investigated so results may change in future. The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been frequented by ships from the past. Many pottery sherds, wooden structures constituting ships, and daily items on ships, have been excavated. A minimum of two ships are believed to have sunk in this area based on artifacts from various periods (i.e. Three Kingdoms to the Joseon). Currently, only about one per cent of the total investigated area are dredged, so future work will likely reveal maritime exchanges centered on the Gogunsan Islands. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sangjun Park Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Park, Sangjun. 2023. “Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1927 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/e5437f1323681fdd18f5a57a92a2ef56.pdf 02c8cd13e8024965162da571d520b67d PDF Text Text A Manila Galleon in Oregon: Results of the “Beeswax Wreck” Research Project Scott S. Williams Naga Research Group 1324 Eskridge Blvd SE Olympia, WA 98501 USA Email: Beeswax.wreck@gmail.com Abstract The results of a seven-year, multi-disciplinary investigation into the identity and origin of the “Beeswax Wreck” are discussed. The “Beeswax Wreck” is the name historically given to a 17th century source of marked beeswax blocks and candles found along beaches of the north Oregon coast. Artifact analysis, remote sensing, geoarchaeological investigations, and archival research indicate the Beeswax Wreck was an Acapulco-bound galleon that wrecked near Nehalem Bay prior to AD 1700, and is most likely the remains of the galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos. The Santo Cristo de Burgos sailed from the Philippines on July 1st, 1693 and disappeared. No trace of the vessel was ever found despite years of searching by the Spanish in the islands of the west Pacific and along the Mexican coast. Keywords: Manila, Acapulco, Philippines, Beeswax, Porcelain, Geoarchaeology Introduction At the turn of the 19th century, the first Euro-American settlers in the Oregon Territory of the Pacific Northwest coast noted wreckage on the beach of the Nehalem Bay sandspit in what is now Tillamook County, Oregon (Fig. 1). The unknown ship was constructed of teak and carried a large cargo of beeswax in the form of large blocks and candles, which were strewn for miles over the spit and shores of the lower Nehalem Valley. The amount of beeswax scattered over the beach and lower valley was so great that mining the beeswax became a source of income for early settlers in the area. Both the “Beeswax Wreck” as it was called and its cargo were the topic of much speculation in the scientific and popular press throughout 19th and 20th centuries, because the ship 1 �wrecked at least a century prior to Euro-American settlement of the region and its large cargo of beeswax made its origin a mystery to the settlers. Since 2006, a volunteer group of professional archaeologists, historians, coastal geomorphologists, and interested community members, in coordination with Oregon State Parks and the Oregon State Archaeologist, have researched the origin and identity of the Beeswax Wreck. The goal of the research has been to locate wreck remains and confirm the identity of the vessel. Archaeological evidence indicates that Fig. 1 Portion of NOAA Chart 18520 showing the Beeswax Wreck Project Area. The Nehalem sand spit extends from the town of Manzanita to the river mouth, in the area marked “Nehalem Beach” on the chart. Short Sands Beach is the large cove at Cape Falcon. (NOAA Chart 18520) the Beeswax Wreck was a Manilla galleon en route to Acapulco, sailing or drifting north of the normal galleon trade route when it wrecked off Nehalem at 45 degrees north latitude. Based on stylistic analysis of design motifs on recovered sherds of the porcelain cargo that the ship carried, the vessel wrecked sometime between 1670 and 1700, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (Lally, 2008). Project Location and Environment Nehalem Bay is located on the Nehalem River in Tillamook County, northwest Oregon (Fig. 1). Nehalem Bay is protected by a 5-6 km long sand spit that varies in width from 0.5-1.0 km, extending south from Neahkanie Mountain. Neahkanie Mountain is a large headland that rises abruptly from the ocean to an elevation of 497 meters and marks the north limit of the Nehalem River watershed, the Manzanita dune field, and the Nehalem littoral cell (Peterson et al., 2011). The seaward side of Neahkanie Mountain presents sheer cliffs, broken by the large sandy cove known as Short Sands Beach and 2 �other, smaller coves and natural rock arches (Fig. 2). Today, Nehalem spit is vegetated with introduced non-native beach grass, shrubs and trees. The fore dune along the beach reaches 10-15 m in elevation. Prior to the mid 20th century, however, the Nehalem Spit was an active dune field with little to no vegetation and dune heights of 58 m (Cooper, 1958). Starting in the 1950’s, Oregon State Parks undertook an intensive program of planting non-native beach grass to stabilize the dunes for park development. Between the fore dune and a large sand ridge known as Cronins Point to the east lies a low-lying deflation basin. Prior to revegetation efforts and construction of the Nehalem Airstrip, this deflation basin often became a lake in winter and portions of it still pond water to this day. Historically, much of the wreck debris and beeswax was found in this area as windblown dunes migrated over the spit, alternately exposing and covering wreck materials. The introduced beach grass and other non-native vegetation has since stabilized the dunes, and wreck materials are now only found through chance excavations associated with development in the area (Peterson et al., 2011). Historical Accounts The Lewis and Clark expedition noted that the local Clatsop Indians brought beeswax to trade with the explorers when they were camped on the Columbia River in the winter of 1805-1806 (Moulton, 2003). The wreck itself was first recorded in 1813 by the fur trader Alexander Henry (Coues, 1897). Local Indians told Henry the wreckage and beeswax were from a large ship that had wrecked many years before the fur traders Fig. 2 Shoreline cliffs and offshore pinnacles, Neahkanie Mountain. Short Sands Beach is the large sandy beach in the left background; Neahkanie Mountain rises out of the picture to the right. View to northeast. (Richard Rogers, Beeswax Wreck Project). settled the area in 1811 (Coues, 1897: 768). The origin of the ship was a mystery, 3 �although Henry referred to the wreck as that of “the Spanish ship… cast away some years ago, and the crew all murdered by the natives” (Coues, 1897: 841). The wreck and the mystery of its beeswax cargo were written about extensively in newspapers and regional journals as settlement of the region increased in the latter half of the 19th century (cf. Giesecke, 2007; Williams, 2007, 2008). Popular novels were even written describing the supposed adventures of the wreck survivors (Rogers, 1898; 1929). When conditions were right and wreckage was exposed or beeswax was found, newspapers in Oregon and across the country carried stories about the wreck, speculating whether the beeswax was truly the cargo of a ship or a natural deposit of mineral wax (Cotton, 1915). Arguments over whether the material was beeswax cargo from a wrecked ship or petroleum wax seeping from underground continued through the early decades of the 20th century, and exploratory wells were drilled to locate the presumed vast fields of oil thought responsible for the wax. In the latter half of the 20th century archaeologists and historians became interested in the wreck (Gibbs, 1971; Marshall, 1984). Its origin and identity were the focus of several archaeological investigations (Woodward, 1986; Scheans and Stenger, 1990). Some investigators suggested the vessel may have been an Asian junk, a Portuguese merchant, or a Dutch or English pirate rather than a Manila galleon (Stenger, 2005; Woodward, 1986). Much of the accessible wreck material was collected by local residents and souvenir hunters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and only small pieces of beeswax and sherds of late 17th century Chinese export porcelain and earthenware are rarely collected by beachcombers in the area today. The Beeswax Wreck Project The Beeswax Wreck Project is as an all-volunteer organization bringing together various professionals and community members interested in the Beeswax Wreck. The first phase of the project synthesized known historical and archaeological information pertaining to the wreck and prepared a research design to guide the project (Williams, 2007). Information on the wreck includes 19th and 20th centuries newspaper and journal articles; physical remains such as beeswax blocks and candles, ceramic sherds, and wooden artifacts in museums and private collections; and reports of previous 4 �archaeological and geotechnical investigations in the area. Evidence indicates that the Beeswax Wreck carried goods typically transported by Manila galleons, including Chinese export porcelain, earthenware dragon jars, and Philippine beeswax in large blocks marked with Spanish shipping symbols, material not normally transported on Asian junks. The quantity of the beeswax is a significant clue to the nationality of the vessel that wrecked. Historic accounts indicate that during the 19th century anywhere from 5 to 20 or more tons of beeswax was shipped from Nehalem to markets in Oregon, California, and Hawaii (Cotton, 1915). The volume of beeswax was so large that several 19th century observers assumed the source was natural petroleum wax, as they could not conceive of any “ancient” ship carrying so much beeswax, despite the shipping symbols carved into the beeswax blocks, the presence of candles with wicks, and even bees preserved in the wax. Radiocarbon dating of the beeswax and diagnostic Chinese porcelain associated with the wreck indicate the vessel sailed during the mid to late 17th century (Erlandson et al., 2001; Lally, 2008). In the comprehensive and detailed Spanish records of galleon sailings and losses, only two Acapulco-bound galleons went missing during that time: the Santo Cristo de Burgos, which disappeared in 1693, and the San Francisco Xavier, lost in 1705 (Blair and Robertson, 1909; Dahlgren, 1916; Levesque, 2002; Schurz, 1939). The San Francisco Xavier has been identified as the likely candidate for the Beeswax Wreck by previous researchers (Giesecke, 2007; Marshall, 1984). Our initial research focused on the San Francisco Xavier as the most likely vessel for the Beeswax Wreck for two reasons: 1) Schurz’s (1939) statement that the Santo Cristo de Burgos burned and wrecked near the Marianas Islands, citing Hill’s (1928) account; and 2) a large tsunami struck the Oregon coast in 1700 AD, and we expected such an event would have obliterated evidence of Fig. 3 Remote sensing survey areas on Nehalem Spit and offshore. (Scott Williams, Beeswax Wreck Project) a vessel that wrecked prior to that year. 5 �Fieldwork began in 2007 with terrestrial magnetometer survey of the Nehalem spit, from the town of Manzanita to the river mouth during the lowest tide of the year. This survey covered the length of the spit, from the fore dune crest to the low tide level (Fig. 3), to determine if any ferrous objects such as cannons or anchors were present from a ship wrecked on the tsunami-eroded beach and covered by sand redeposited on the spit after the tsunami. Additional survey was done in the deflation basin near the airstrip, in areas reported to have contained wreckage into the 20th century (Giesecke, 2007). With no magnetic anomalies detected either along the shore or in the deflation basin, a limited marine survey was conducted just offshore and parallel to the spit, using a Zodiac and magnetometer. Several potential anomalies were located (Fig. 3), but deteriorating weather conditions prevented accurately locating the sites. Ground penetrating radar surveys were started in 2007 as well, to characterize the geomorphology of the spit and the effects of the tsunami (Peterson et al., 2011).Also in 2007 analysis was started on a large collection of porcelain sherds collected over the previous fifteen years by a resident beachcomber who recognized the sherds as potentially associated with the wreck. The dispersed pattern of these sherds in terrestrial sites suggests an offshore source is “feeding” a beach deposit at Neahkanie (Fig. 1), perhaps off the wreck. Further evidence of an offshore source is suggested by an area of the spit with tsunami deposits incorporating the porcelain sherds (Peterson et al., 2011), which limits the date of their arrival in the bay. Based on these factors, our focus shifted to the possibility of a pre-tsunami wreck, with lower hull deposits offshore and the historically described distribution of terrestrial wreck materials being the result of tsunami deposition. In 2008, a second magnetometer survey was conducted from the river mouth to Arch Cape, north of Neahkanie Mountain (Fig. 3). Weather and ocean conditions prevented diving on the magnetic anomalies identified during that survey. Analysis of the porcelain was completed that same year, confirming that the cargo represented Chinese export ware intended for the markets in New Spain, and dated to the period between 1670-1700 with 1690 AD as the mean manufacturing date (Lally, 2008; In Press). Geotechnical surveys continued through the summers of 2008 and 2009 (Peterson et al., 2011). A terrestrial magnetometer survey was conducted of Short Sands Beach in 2010 to determine if anchors or other large 6 �metallic artifacts might be present there (Fig. 4). None were found. Continued mapping of porcelain finds resulted in the identification of a likely search area for the offshore source (Fig. 4). In late 2011, a multi-beam sonar survey identified two potential wreck sites in the area. Dive surveys to examine the two sites were undertaken in the summer of 2012, but were limited due to adverse weather conditions. No wreck materials were found. Additional magnetometer and side scan sonar surveys were undertaken on the offshore anomalies in the summer of 2013. The surveys produced promising signals, but poor visibility, rough ocean conditions, and equipment issues limited our ability to finish Fig. 4 USGS 7.5 minute quad maps showing the Beeswax Wreck Project Area showing areas of remote sensing surveys by type. (Beeswax Wreck Project) the systematic survey and dive on the sites. No offshore wreck deposits were located before bad weather forced an end to the dive season. Discussion The Pacific Northwest is a tectonically active area that has undergone repeated megaearthquakes and associated subsidence-generated tsunamis, with the last major rupture in 1700 (Atwater, 2005; Peterson et al., 2011). Based on our analysis of the historical record along with recovered ceramic types and their association with dated tsunami deposits, we know that the Spanish vessel carrying these ceramics wrecked before the last sailing of the San Francisco Xavier. We now believe that the Beeswax Wreck is instead the remains of the galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos, lost in 1693. Reports of its demise in the Marianas Islands are based on a fictional story first offered by Hill (1925; 1928) and then repeated by Schurz (1939) as fact. We propose that the 7 �following sequence of events distributed and then buried debris from a single galleon, which wrecked on pinnacle rocks or in shallow water offshore of Neahkanie Mountain prior to 1700 AD. After the vessel wrecked, the Cascadia earthquake of 1700produced a large tsunami that swept onshore wreck debris over the spit and into Nehalem Bay and the river channel, depositing material on inflow strandlines (Peterson et al., 2011). Heavy materials such as ballast, cannons and porcelain likely remained offshore where the galleon sank, while lighter materials such as timbers and beeswax floated south onto the spit. The returning tsunami wave deposited more material on the outflow strandlines, including debris described as the inland wreck and porcelain sherds found in the tsunami drape deposit. One section of superstructure, historically described as the offshore river-mouth wreck, lodged in the bar at the river mouth. Following interseismic rebound and uplift, the beach began recovery and sand washed into the ocean by the tsunami was redeposited on the beach, eventually burying wreck debris by the mid-1900s. The study by Peterson et al., (2011) showed that the spit did not subside or erode enough for a post-tsunami wreck (e.g., the San Francisco Xavier) to have been washed over the spit by normal ocean processes. Therefore, historical accounts of wreck materials in the back-dune basin of the spit and the lower reaches of the Nehalem valley indicate those materials had either washed into the back-dune area through nowburied channels, or were carried over the fore-dune by the tsunami wave. The GPR survey revealed that there were no relic river channels through the spit, and that the spit has been stable for at least the last 1000 years in terms of size, elevation, and river mouth location (Peterson et al., 2011). The only viable mechanism for ship timbers and beeswax to get over the fore dune and up the river valley is a tsunami cresting over the spit. To explain Schurz’s (1939) account that the Santo Cristo de Burgos burned and sank near the Marianas Islands, we note that other sources (Blair and Robertson, 1909; Dahlgren, 1916) make no mention of any known wreckage or survivors from the Santo Cristo de Burgos, only that the ship disappeared without any knowledge of its fate. Schurz cited Hill (1928) as the source for his assertion the Santo Cristo de Burgos burned, yet Hill’s account is clearly apocryphal. Additional archival work in Seville in 8 �2012 located documents (Archivo de Indies, 1699) confirming that as of 1699 the Santo Cristo de Burgos was still missing, with no survivors and no wreckage having been found up to that date. In conclusion, the multi-year, multi-disciplinary research conducted on the Beeswax Wreck has resulted in the development of a working hypothesis on the identity of the vessel and potential locations where underwater wreck deposits are likely to be found. Archival research for the project has confirmed the total loss of the Santo Cristo de Burgos in 1693, and refutes the claims by Hill (1925; 1928) and Schurz (1939) that the Santo Cristo de Burgos burned in the west Pacific. The research also revealed a number of sources that can be used to correlate future finds with archival records, including 998 pages of documents detailing the crew and construction details of the Santo Cristo de Burgos, and accounts of the 1692 aborted voyage and the refitting for the 1693 voyage. In the near future, as weather and funding allow, we plan to expand the survey area and conduct additional dive surveys on the targets identified in 2013. If we can confirm the identity of the Beeswax Wreck, we will likely solve the mystery of the fate of the Santo Cristo de Burgos, as well. Acknowledgments The Beeswax Wreck Project has been possible through the generous financial and technical support of Naga Research, Dr. Mitch Marken and the Nehalem Valley Historical Society. This paper has benefitted from the insight and research of Dr. Mitch Marken, Dr. Curt Peterson, Richard Rogers, and numerous others, although any errors or omissions are the sole responsibility of the author. The paper has greatly benefited by review of earlier drafts from Dr. Lance Wollwage and Craig Holstine. References Archivo de Indies., 1699. Letter dated 29 April 1699. Filipinas 26, R.7, N.27, Audiencia de Filipinas, Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Atwater, B., 2005. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1707, University of Washington Press, Seattle. Blair, E., and Robertson, J., 1909. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations by 9 �early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and their Peoples, their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European Nations to the beginning of the Nineteenth century / translated from the originals. A.H. Clark Co., Cleveland. Cooper, W., 1958. Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington. Memoir Series of the Geological Society of America No. 72, Geological Society of America, Boulder. Cotton, S., 1915.Stories of Nehalem. M.A. Donohue and Company, Chicago. Coues, E., 1897. New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest: the Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry Fur Trader of the Northwest company and of David Thompson official Geographer and Explorer of the same company 1799-1814,Vol. II. Francis P. Harper, New York. Dahlgren, E., 1916. Were the Hawaiian Islands visited by the Spaniards before their discovery by Captain Cook in 1778? A contribution to the Geographical History of the North Pacific Ocean especially of the relations between America and Asia in the Spanish period. AMS Press, New York. Erlandson, J., Losey, R., and Peterson, N., 2001. Early Maritime contact on the Northern Oregon Coast: Some notes on the 17th Century Nehalem Beeswax Ship. In Jason Younker, Mark A. Tveskov, and David G. Lewis (Eds.), Changing Landscapes: “Telling our stories,” Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Coquille Cultural Preservation Conference, Coquille Indian Tribe, North Bend: 45-53. Gibbs, J., 1971. Disaster Log of Ships. Superior Publishing Company, Seattle. Giesecke, E., 2007. Beeswax, Teak and Castaways: Searching for Oregon’s lost Protohistoric Asian Ship. Nehalem Valley Historical Society, Manzanita. Hill, P., 1925. Romantic Episodes in Old Manila: Church and State in the Hands of a Merry Jester -Time. Sugar News Press, Manila. Hill, P., 1928. Romance and Adventure in Old Manila. Philippine Education Co., Manila. Lally, J., 2008. Analysis of the Chinese Blue and White Porcelain associated with the “Beeswax Wreck,” Nehalem, Oregon. Unpublished thesis, Department of Anthropology, Central Washington University. Ellensburg. Lally, J., In Press. Analysis of the Beeswax Shipwreck Porcelain collection, Nehalem, 10 �Oregon, USA. Harvard-Yenching Institute, Cambridge. Lévesque, R., 2002. History of Micronesia, Vol. 20.Lévesque Publications, Québec. Marshall, D., 1984. Oregon Shipwrecks. Binford and Mort, Portland. Moulton, G., (Ed.), 2003.The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark, Vol. 9, John Ordway and Charles Floyd. U. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. Peterson, C., Williams, S., Cruikshank, K., and Dube, J., 2011. Geoarchaeology of the Nehalem Spit: Redistribution of Beeswax Galleon wreck debris by Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami (~AD 1700), Oregon, USA. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, Vol. 26 (2): 219-244. Rogers, T., 1898. Nehalem, A Story of the Pacific AD 1700. H. L. Heath, McMinnville, OR. Rogers, T., 1929. Beeswax and Gold: A story of the Pacific AD 1700. J. K. Gill, Portland. Scheans, D., and Stenger, A., 1990. Letter Report: 35-TI-1A and Related Porcelains. Ms. on file, Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, Salem, OR Schurz, W., 1939.The Manila Galleon. E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc., New York. Stenger, A., 2005. Physical evidence of shipwrecks on the Oregon Coast in Prehistory, Current Archaeological Happenings in Oregon (CAHO), Vol. 30 (1): 9-13. Williams, S., 2007. A Research design to conduct Archaeological Investigations at the site of the “Beeswax Wreck” of Nehalem Bay, Tillamook County, Oregon. Manuscript on file at Oregon State Parks and Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, Salem. Williams, S., 2008. Report on 2007 Fieldwork of the Beeswax Wreck Project, Nehalem Bay, Tillamook County, Oregon. Manuscript on file at Oregon State Parks and Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, Salem. Woodward, J., 1986. Prehistoric Shipwrecks on the Oregon Coast? Archaeological Evidence. Manuscript on file, Oregon State Historic Preservation Office., Salem. Biography Scott Williams received his Bachelor’s in Anthropology from the University of Hawaii in 1985 and his Master’s in Anthropology from Washington State University in 1989. He has conducted archaeological research throughout the Pacific Basin and in various Pacific Rim nations for government agencies, private consultants, and the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. He currently resides in Olympia, Washington, and is the Cultural Resources Program Manager for the Washington State Department of Transportation, 11 �overseeing the agency’s archaeology and history program. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 6: Iberian Global Interactions: the Manila Galleon and the Roteiro Subject The topic of the resource Interview with Session 6 co-chair Veronica Walker Vadillo and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource The arrival of Spain and Portugal in Asia-Pacific in the 1500s marked a turning point in the history of the region. New foreign actors came into play: priests, merchants and mercenaries looking to save souls and profit from trade in exotic Asian goods. Far from their Iberian homeland, their deeds and actions, violent or not, resulted in a myriad of interactions that altered the life of the people who lived around their areas of influence, including that of the newcomers. This flow of people and goods circumnavigated the world by well established maritime routes. In 1565, the Spanish established the Manila galleon trade route, which linked Asia with the Americas, and from there to Europe. From the early 1500s, the Portuguese dominated the route that linked Asia with Africa, Brazil and Europe in what is known as the Roteiro. The most visible archaeological evidence of these trade routes is the ships in which the goods were transported around the globe, and also the interaction with different cultures that were located in trading posts along these routes. But through contact also came knowledge exchange and other subtle changes including the migration of people, flora, and fauna. In this session we want to discuss archaeological, historical, and ethnographic evidence that remains of this global enterprise that connected Europe to Asia through maritime trade, and all the entrepôts that stood along the way. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Veronica Walker Vadillo Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Results of the "Beeswax Wreck" Research Project Description An account of the resource The results of a seven-year, multi-disciplinary investigation into the identity and origin of the “Beeswax Wreck” are discussed. The “Beeswax Wreck” is the name historically given to a 17th century source of marked beeswax blocks and candles found along beaches of the north Oregon coast. Artifact analysis, remote sensing, geoarchaeological investigations, and archival research indicate the Beeswax Wreck was an Acapulco-bound galleon that wrecked near Nehalem Bay prior to AD 1700, and is most likely the remains of the galleon Santo Cristo de Burgos. The Santo Cristo de Burgos sailed from the Philippines on July 1st, 1693 and disappeared. No trace of the vessel was ever found despite years of searching by the Spanish in the islands of the west Pacific and along the Mexican coast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Scott S. Williams, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 6 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/46e352444f0e75ce38da9cffebf0f619.pdf 3de433b4a692b905d29bb18bf5d20b93 PDF Text Text Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong: a collection of living maritime cultural heritage and oral history Shadi Kalantar (PhD candidate at University of Naples “L’Orientale”, skalantar@unior.it) Zeinab Hadi (PhD student at University of Tehran, zeinab.hadi@ut.ac.ir) ABSTRACT Bandar-e Kong is a port-town located in the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf, which flourished in the 17th century CE with the presence of the Portuguese. Since then, Bandar-e Kong has been a departure point for Iranian ships sailing the triangle trade to India, Africa, and the Persian Gulf. The topic of this paper fits best within the Session: Collections-Based Research because this paper aims to introduce Bandar-e Kong’s living maritime heritage through the Ethnological Museum’s collections. The Ethnological Museum collections were donated by the town residents. It was founded in 2011 by retired captains and mariners of Bandar-e Kong, sailors themselves to Africa and India. These sailors turned curators preserve the UNESCO’s intangible heritage of Traditional Skills of Building and Sailing Iranian Lenj Boats in the Persian Gulf. In 2020 the authors were funded by the Municipality of Kong to document the objects curated at this museum. Our holistic approach recorded all vessels and related tools. All objects underwent morphological analysis, and each sailor-curator was interviewed to amass oral histories on the construction and use of the objects. These details together ultimately produced an oral history of the port-town of Bandar-e Kong during August and September of 2020. *All letters and wording not in Latin alphabet are Persian. Keywords: intangible cultural heritage, maritime ethnography, Persian Gulf, Bandar-e Kong List of Pictures: Picture 1: top: the Portuguese remains on the coast of Kong (copyright permission by Ayub Zarei); bottom: boatyard of Kong looking to the east (recorded by Shadi Kalantar). Picture 2: left: Nakhoda Ḥạ̣ mūd (copyright permission by Ali Bahri); right: Sarhang (copyright permission by Mohammad Ḥasanzade). Picture 3: top left: a jahle, a jar which is also used as a drum (accession number KEM-309); top right: a wooden mortar made in Africa (KEM-138); bottom left: a fragrance burner for cloths, probably made in India (KEM- 206); a tambūre or tanbūn which is used in spiritual ceremonies (KEM-095). All images recorded by authors. Picture 4: top left: qādūfs (accession number KEM- 22-23); top middle: Indian oars (KEM- 24-25); top right: mīdāf (KEM35); bottom left: a glass buoy (KEM- 71); bottom right: mokassar (KEM- 26). All images are recorded by authors. 1 �INTRODUCTION The Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong is a public effort to safeguard the national intangible heritage of navigation and ship/boat building in Iran. Objects are donated, entrance is free and curators volunteer. These curators are retired mariners from the triangle trade between the Persian Gulf, India, and Africa. Their presence and conversation play integral roles in the museum collections. In 2020 the authorities of the Municipality of Kong funded the authors to create an inventory form and accession each object in the museum collection. The outcome resulted in eight overarching categories. This process of collections management and the ensuing discussion on our select objects is why our paper fits best within the Collections-Based Research Session. Of the 491 objects recorded, we narrow our discussion to four. We selected the four objects as examples of the richness of intangible heritage in our recording process. Following is a short introduction to the port-town of Kong, the creation of the Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong, our inventory framework and results, and discussion of four objects from the collection. BANDAR-E KONG Bandar-e Kong or “Kong Port” (‫)بندر کنگ‬, is a town in the west of Hormozgan province, on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. Today, Kong is approximately 6.5 Km² with a +20,000 population. The Portuguese had their main port on the island of Hormuz until 1622 when Iranians repossessed it (Lorimer 1915, 23-27; Al-Salimi and Jansen 2015, 223-235; Vosuqi and Khayrandish 2005). Subsequently, the Portuguese attacked Iranian coasts to recoup their losses. In response, Iran’s king, Shah Abbas the Great, agreed the Portuguese could settle along the coast (pointedly not on an island) (Floor 2006, 238-239) (1625 CE). The Portuguese chose Kong and remained there until 1721-22 CE (Stiffe 1899, 297; Floor 2006, 429-439; Habibi and Vosuqi 2008, 13-16). The Portuguese presence is still visible with the castle ruins (picture 1 top) with more likely to the east, based on geomagnetic survey (Mohammadkhani 2020, 95-99). Aside from the Portuguese, Kong remained an active port for Iranian ships sailing to Africa, India and west of the Persian Gulf (Tavernier 1678, 94-95; L’Estrang 1686, 157; Lorimer 1908, 1041; Noorbakhsh 1996; Hassannia and Bahri 2018). This continues to the present day; the Mihandūst ( ‫میهن‬ ‫ )دوست‬voyage from Dubai to Mombasa that Kaplan reported is a good instance (trip completed in 1974 Kaplan 2015). There is still an active traditional (wood) boat-building yard (picture 1 bottom), at 33 hectares (calculated in Google Earth) possibly the largest along the Persian Gulf. The wooden ships, known as lanj/lenj in Iran, are still built, repaired, and sailed thus continuing nautical traditions. 2 �Picture 1: top: the Portuguese remains on the coast of Kong (copyright permission by Ayub Zarei); bottom: boatyard of Kong looking to the east (recorded by Shadi Kalantar). The living knowledge and practice of lanj building, in addition to the high number of old and retired mariners concentrated in this little town, characterises Kong as a centre for traditional maritime heritage. So, naturally the Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong’s collection of ship and boat related objects and traded goods were gathered by retired sailors, captains and boatbuilders. These mariners continue to carry their maritime cultural knowledge. Some ethnographic and oral history studies have been previously done, which attempted to record the oral maritime history and intangible maritime heritage of Bandar-e Kong, specifically the terminology and function of maritime and navigational tools curated in the museum (Noorbakhsh 1996; Parsa 2013; Hassannia and Bahri 2018; Hassannia and Zarei 2020). 3 �ETHNOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF BANDAR-E KONG History of the building The Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong (‫ ) موزه مردم شناسی بندر کنگ‬is in a building located on the property of Hadj Mohammad Rashedan (‫ )حاج محمد راشدان‬and descendants. This building was a tradehouse of goods from Africa, India, and the southern countries of the Persian Gulf. After decades of abandonment, in 2011, captain Ali Bahri (‫)علی بحری‬, better known as Nakhoda Ḥamūd (‫)ناخدا حمود‬ attempted to establish the museum. Serendipitously, Traditional Skills of Building and Sailing Iranian Lenj Boats in the Persian Gulf was inscribed on the UNESCO’s “List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding” (Nomination file No. 00534). So, through the public attempt to safeguard national maritime heritage the Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong came into existence. Nakhoda Ḥamūd, along with the former mayor of the town Ayoub Zarei (‫)ایوب زارعی‬, worked to support our project funded by the Municipality of Bandar-e Kong. In 2020 the authors documented the museum collections and recorded oral history of maritime Bandar-e Kong in interviews with the retired sailors who now volunteer as curators at the museum. THE PROJECT OF DOCUMENTATION Our project saw the value of the storytelling of the sailor/shipbuilder-curators. They gather together every evening for tea or coffee and share stories from their travels to India and Africa. Bystanders, including researchers or visitors, can listen to their experiences and guidance on the use of the museum collections. The collections were donated and include a variety of everyday-life objects to maritime and navigation tools. Framework The aim of our project was to document the museum collections for scholarly use and to create an inventory list for authorities and curators of the museum. This project was carried out from 15 August 2020 to the end of September 2020 on site, over four weeks, and an additional +two weeks to digitise and edit the pictures. In total 491 objects were measured, photographed and described in the inventory forms we created; in some cases, drawings were also made. The utility of many objects, especially boat and ship related objects, were unknown to the authors, therefore, interviews with the mariners-curators were carried out to figure out the utility as well as terminology of maritime objects and other unknown elements. Here, the challenge was that these maritime terms are in the local dialect of Hormozgan which is called bandari (Pelevin 2010) and they mostly have no synonym in standard Persian. So, it was decided to document the objects with their bandari terms in the inventory list and define them. As mentioned, bandari maritime terms have been studied before (Eqtedari 1963; Mohebbi 1996; Noorbakhsh 1996, 86-106; Tabibnezhad 2011; Parsa 2013, 145-150; Hassannia and Bahri 2018, 111-118), however, the terms that were previously undocumented are now written in the inventory list. In addition, the name of the donator, where available, is recorded in the inventory list with the accession number. To record the objects’ function Ali Baḥri /Nakhoda Ḥamūd (picture 2 left) and Mohammad Hasanzade (‫( )محمد حسن زاده‬picture 2 right), better known as Sarhang (‫ )سرهنگ‬were interviewed. Ali Baḥri, on the one hand, is a retired captain and his father, whose nickname was Ḥamūd, was a captain too. Nakhoda (‫)ناخدا‬, could be translated as both captain and shipowner in the past (Tibbetts 1971, 58; Agius 2008, 415), however, today it only refers to captain. In this article, Ali Baḥri, who is referred to in this article by his reputation as Nakhoda Ḥamūd, was born in 1936 in Kong. Since his 4 �father was a well-known nakhoda as well, he always kept his father’s company onboard as a child. He soon started to work on a fishing craft and later became a nakhoda himself. Picture 2: left: Nakhoda Ḥ̣amūd (copyright permission by Ali Bahri); right: Sarhang (copyright permission by ̣̣ Mohammad Ḥasanzade). Mohammad Ḥasanzade, on the other hand, used to be a sarhang onboard. Sarhang, which is also known as mojaddami (‫ )مجدمی‬and moqaddami (‫)مقدمی‬, oversees all the sailing tasks onboard such as landing and docking (Tibbetts 1971, 58; Agius 2008, 419, 178-181). Ḥasanzade, himself, says: ‘sarhang gets orders directly from nakhoda and he should know everything about a sailing ship, every piece of it. He supervises sails, docking, landing, rising, lowering and changing the directions of the sails’. He is thus referred to, in this article, as Sarhang. He was born in 1945 in Kong and when he was eleven or twelve years old, he went on his first sea voyage on a sailing ship with his father. They travelled to Abadan on the west of the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf and then to Tanzania in Africa and back to Kong. Sarhang started working on a ship as an unpaid young trainee and slowly, over time, advanced to the position of being a sarhang. Now that we’ve introduced our main interviewees, we will explain how we documented oral histories. The authors posed questions to these sailor-curators, amongst others, at their daily gathering. The authors followed the conversation amongst them in relation to the question. The questions sometimes led to disagreements so, different opinions and points of views on a subject were compared. In this article, where information is provided by Sarhang or Nakhoda Ḥamūd, it is quoted by their names and where the information is gained from a group’s conversation, it is mentioned as “group-discussion”. Collections and Objects The museum’s collections were categorised into seven classifications: Boat and Ship Related ( ‫اجزاء و‬ ‫)الحاقات قایق و کشتی‬, Boat and Ship Models (‫)مدل قایق و کشتی‬, Handicrafts (‫)صنایع دستی‬, Vessels (‫)ظروف‬, Modern Items (‫)اشیاء مدرن‬, Musical Instruments (‫ )آالت موسیقی‬and Others (‫ )متفرقه‬for those that could not be categorised to any of the above mentioned ones. The Boat and Ship Related Collection includes paddles and oars, sailing affiliations, navigational tools, crew’s personal boxes and other tools such as glass buoys (picture 4 bottom left). Boat and Ship Models is a small collection of few locally made dhow models and some made in India. Vessels 5 �Collection has a variety of locally produced potteries (picture 3 top left), to Chinese and European fine ceramics and glasses, jars for carrying Indian pickles, and African mortars (picture 3 top right) that have been traded around the Indian Ocean in the 20th century. Handicrafts Collection has a variety of locally produced items to Indian and African items that sailors brought as souvenirs from their voyages (picture 3 bottom left), with handicrafts, such as baskets, that mariners made onboard during sail. Modern Item Collection includes radios, televisions, phones and clocks that mostly are bought and brought from Dubai and Kuwait in the second half of the 20th century. The Musical Instruments Collection mostly has local drums and one tambūre (‫ )تمبوره‬or tanbūn (‫ ) تنبون‬which is a string ceremonial instrument (picture 3 bottom right). We selected four objects from the Boat and Ship Related Collection to narrow our discussion. Picture 3: top left: a jahle, a jar which is also used as a drum (accession number KEM-309); top right: a wooden mortar made in Africa (KEM-138); bottom left: a fragrance burner for cloths, probably made in India (KEM- 206); a tambūre or tanbūn which is used in spiritual ceremonies (KEM-095). All images recorded by authors. Paddles and Oars Three pairs of wooden oars, one pair of wooden paddles and one single paddle are available in the Boat and Ship Related Collection. All the three paddles are the same type, but the oars are two different types. Sarhang and Nakhoda Ḥamūd recalled their names as following and other mariners in the group-discussion confirmed them: paddles are called qādūf ( ‫( )قادوف‬picture 4 top left) or African paddle ( ‫)پاروی اِفریقایی‬, one pair of oars are called Indian oar ( ‫( )پاروی هندی‬picture 4 top middle) and the other two pairs are mīdāf ( ‫( )میداف‬picture 4 top right). The shafts of qādūfs vary from 170 to 172 cm among the three qādūfs and the widest part of the blade is 60-61 cm. This type of paddle has an arrowhead shaped blade and in the top of the shaft has a handle to hold the paddle (grip). The paddles are carved out of wood in one piece and there is no joint 6 �in them. We were informed in a group-discussion that this kind of paddle was purchased in African ports such as Mombasa. Sarhang remembers that qādūf, or the African paddle, was only used for paddling on a canoe. The Indian oars, as qādūfs, are carved from the trunk in one piece and the only joint part is the grip. The shaft is 140 cm and the blade, which is round, is 30 cm. Mīdāf, from which two pairs are available, has a longer shaft, approximately 200-220 cm, and the blade, unlike the previous ones, is attached to it with iron nails. This study brought up a contradiction with previous terminological studies over the terms mīdāf and qādūf. In Parsa’s glossary for Bandari maritime terms (2013, 234) mīdāf is mentioned as an equivalent for jaddāf which refers to the wooden structure which is built out of water for ships to stay still when they are not in the water. Ghādūf or ghādif (qādūf), on the other hand, according to Agius (2008, 183184, 406) means sailor (lit. rower). In addition to that, we faced another controversy, this time among the mariners in the group-discussion, about the usage of the Indian oars. Some described the objects as oars, while others described the objects used both as oars for small boats and as paddles for canoes. Mīdāfs, however, are certainly oars, as Sarhang recalled a song that they used to chant while rowing with mīdāfs to synch the rhythm of rowing, which is the repetition of two words: ‘hele, yāmāl’ (in Persian ‫ یامال‬،‫)هله‬. Picture 4: top left: qādūfs (accession number KEM- 22-23); top middle: Indian oars (KEM- 24-25); top right: mīdāf (KEM- 35); bottom left: a glass buoy (KEM- 71); bottom right: mokassar (KEM- 26). All images recorded by authors. Mokassar Mokassar (‫( )مکسّر‬picture 4 bottom right) is a tool which, according to Sarhang, is for making ropes from date palm’s fibres or coconuts’ husks. The Arabic word means broken so maybe it refers to the shape of this tool which has four grooves on the four sides. Linguistic analysis of these words’ etymology requires further study and was not intended for our current study. 7 �Mokassar is 70 cm high and has a quadrangular shape and its lower part is wider than its upper part like a pyramid with a flat top; the lower part is 15 cm wide, and the upper part is 10 cm. There are four grooves on the four corners in which fibres cross and there is a hole on the upper part from which this tool is hung and spun. Rope is made from the spinning fibres. To make thicker ropes, thinner ropes would be spun together. CONCLUSION Cultural heritage belongs to nations and people. They are the best guardians of one’s heritage, especially intangible heritage. The Ethnological Museum of Kong is a good example of how people, in a public effort, can preserve their own heritage and without much money for support. Unlike many great ethnological museums that exhibit collections from locations at a great distance from their heritage, the Ethnological Museum of Bandar-a Kong is located in its local context and has the capability of providing close interaction for visitors with the living carrier of intangible maritime heritage - the knowledge-keepers of traditional sailors and ship-builders. This project is an attempt to conserve the traditional maritime knowledge and contribute to the body of maritime oral histories. Acknowledgement This project was funded by the municipality of Kong which we are grateful for. We especially thank our interviewees, Mohammad Hasanzade and Ali Baḥri for being very patient and helpful as well as other mariners of Bandar-e Kong that were present at our group-discussions. We also acknowledge the support of Ayoub Zarei, former mayor of Kong who is an admirer of maritime cultural heritage. Bibliography: Agius, Dionisius. Classic Ships of Islam From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. Leiden. Boston: Brill, 2008. Al-Salimi, Abdulrahim and Jansen, Michael (eds.). Portugal in The Sea of Oman Religion and Politics. Vol. 5. Hildesheim. Zurich. New York, 2015. Eghtedari, Ahmad “‫ محمد علی سدید السلطنه کبابی بندر عباسی‬:‫ ”اصطالحات کشتی در جنوب ایران و رساله اوزان چو تألیف‬In ‫نشریه فرهنگ ایران‬ ‫زمین‬. Vol. 11 (1963): 135-154 Floor, Willem. The Persian Gulf: a political and economic history of five port cities. Washington DC: Mage, 2006. Habibi, Hasan and Vosuqi, Mohamman B. The Historical, Political and Social Study of Bandar Abbas Documents. Tehran: Iranshenasi, 2008. Hassannia, Mohammad and Bahri, Yaqub. ‫دریانوردی و لنج سازی بندر کنگ با تاکید بر بوم مسی‬. Tehran: Jonub Publications, 2018. Hassannia, Mohammad and Zarei, Ayub. Lasting Heritage of Sailors and Lanj Builders. Tehran: Jobub Publications, 2020. Kaplan, Marion. So Old a Ship Twilight of the Arab Dhow. London: Harriman House, 2015. L’Estrang, R.O (ed.). Travels of Monfieur Thevenot into The Levants. London: Printed by H. Clarck, 1686. Lorimer, J.G. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, 1915. Lorimer, J.G. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, 1908. Mohammadkhani, Kurosh. “Magnetic survey in the Portuguese castle of Kong” In Human and the Sea: a Review of Thousands of Years of Relationship between Humans and the Sea in Iran edited by Fereidoun Biglari, Jebrael Nokandehm, Abdolmajid Naderi Beni and Ali Hozhabri, 95-99. Tehran: National Museum of Iran and Ports and Maritime Organization of Iran, 2020. 8 �Mohebbi, “Parvis. A Persian Nautical Glossary from ca. 1900” In Iran. Vol. 34 (1996): 129-133 Noorbakhsh, Hossein. Koung Port: the city of navigators and shipbuilders in the Persian Gulf. Second edition. Tehran: Tabatabai, 1996. Parsa, Ali, ‫بادبانهای جنوب‬. Tehran: Nashre No, 2013. Pelevin, Mikhail. “Materials on the Bandari Dialect” In Iran & the Caucasus. Vol. 14 (2010): 57-78 Stiffe, A.W. “Former Trading Centres of the Persian Gulf: Kung” In The Geographical Journal, No. 13 (1899): 294-297 Tabibnezhad Motlaq, Abdolmajid. ‫ فرهنگ لغلت و اصطالحات صیادی و دریانوردی بوشهر و خلیج فارس‬:‫خیران‬. Bushehr: Bushehr Publications, 2011. Tavernier, John Baptista. Voyages. London,1678. Vosuqi, Mohammad B. and Khayrandish, Abd al-Rasul. Jarūn Name. Tehran: Miras-I Maktub, 2005. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 23: Collections-based Research Subject The topic of the resource Session 23 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 23 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong: a Collection of Living Maritime Cultural Heritage and Oral History Description An account of the resource Bandar-e Kong is a port-town located in the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf, which flourished in the 17th century CE with the presence of the Portuguese. Since then, Bandar-e Kong has been a departure point for Iranian ships sailing the triangle trade to India, Africa, and the Persian Gulf. The topic of this paper fits best within the Session: Collections-Based Research because this paper aims to introduce Bandar-e Kong’s living maritime heritage through the Ethnological Museum’s collections. The Ethnological Museum collections were donated by the town residents. It was founded in 2011 by retired captains and mariners of Bandar-e Kong, sailors themselves to Africa and India. These sailors turned curators preserve the UNESCO’s intangible heritage of Traditional Skills of Building and Sailing Iranian Lenj Boats in the Persian Gulf. In 2020 the authors were funded by the Municipality of Kong to document the objects curated at this museum. Our holistic approach recorded all vessels and related tools. All objects underwent morphological analysis, and each sailor-curator was interviewed to amass oral histories on the construction and use of the objects. These details together ultimately produced an oral history of the port-town of Bandar-e Kong during August and September of 2020. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shadi Kalantar Zeinab Hadi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Kalantar, Shadi and Zeinab Hadi. 2023. “Ethnological Museum of Bandar-e Kong: a collection of living maritime cultural heritage and oral history.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Michelle Damian. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1920 Asia-Pac Session 23 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Souchou ni okeru chihou no gaikou kinou kyouka to higashiajia boueki no kakudai Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shangsheng Chen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kyushu University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Shangsheng Chen Item Type Book Section Book Title Higashi ajia to nihon 4 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Pages 21-28 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kyushu University Title A name given to the resource Souchou ni okeru chihou no gaikou kinou kyouka to higashiajia boueki no kakudai China Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8fda1da9e417055ee3673c8e2224c1b0.pdf b3ea912057b4de202eb1a0b894f44b24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 1: Asia-Pacific Maritime Cultural Landscape: an Austronesian Cultural Identity? Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fish Guests of the Stone Fish Weirs and Traps- Two Case Studies in Jibei and Qimei Islands, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan Description An account of the resource The Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan, has the highest concentration of stone fish weirs in the world. Most built several hundred years ago, some of which are in use by local people today. This paper describes the longstanding traditional knowledge and systems of management of stone fish weirs by local peoples including catching, keeping, and consuming the fish and shellfish from stone weirs in Jibei Island. The island lies north of the Penghu, with 92 stone weirs covering 3.1 square kilometres around its coastline. The paper also details the record catch of Rainbow Runner (Elagatis bipinnulatus) in July, 2019 in the twin-heart basalt stone fish weir of the Qimei Island, the southernmost island in the Penghu archipelago. This paper plans to shed light on how the local community utilize stone fish weirs in a sustainable manner to decipher the long practiced ancient wisdom of Tienrengonghao 天人共好in Chinese, meaning “The universe and human in harmony”. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shao, Meihua Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Shao, Meihua. 2021. “Fish Guests of the Stone Fish Weirs and Traps - Two Case Studies in Jibei and Qimei Islands, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung, Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/664 Asia-Pac Session 1 2021