55 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/6e130f9cacb1583b65f6c4c38a30475c.pdf c6088b7e09282440d9dc86c16624c9be PDF Text Text The Flinders University Intensive Program in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management (FUIP-UCHM) Dr Mark Staniforth Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention) on leadership in maritime archaeology in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper describes one model for the implementation of Article 21 (Training in Underwater Archaeology) of the Convention 2001, which involves teaching and training of maritime archaeologists in the AsiaPacific region. The model involves the AusAID funded Australian Leadership Awards (ALA) – Fellowships Flinders University Intensive Program in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management (UCHM). The Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University was awarded funding from AusAID, the Australian federal government’s overseas aid organization, to bring 11 mid-career professionals involved in maritime archaeology from the Asia-Pacific region to Australia for a 6 week training program in early 2009. Mid-career professional training fits squarely into the philosophy of flexibility that underpins the teaching of maritime archaeology at Flinders University, as well as going some way to fulfilling social justice and equity aspirations. It is hoped that this model can be adopted and adapted by other countries and organizations in the Asia-Pacific region as the basis for effective collaboration and co-operation in the training and teaching of underwater archaeologists. Introduction According to the UNESCO Bangkok website, “As of today, there are only a few trained professionals from the entire region actively involved in protecting and managing the underwater archaeological heritage. Without a concerted and sustained effort to build the region’s professional capacity, it is not possible to expect that the concerned underwater heritage will be protected” (UNESCO 2011). The 2001 Convention is expected to result in a substantially increased demand for well trained and qualified maritime archaeologists and underwater cultural heritage managers, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Training in underwater archaeology is clearly a very important issue, particularly in countries which lack trained and experienced maritime archaeologists. This is recognised in Article 21 (Training in Underwater Archaeology) of the 2001 Convention, which states: Parties shall cooperate in the provision of training in underwater archaeology, in techniques for the conservation of underwater cultural heritage and, on agreed terms, in the transfer of technology relating to underwater cultural heritage. The recently developed UNESCO Tutorial on the Rules concerning activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage provides an explanation of the Annex of the 2001 Convention and illustrates the 36 Rules in the Annex. Rules 22 and 23 address competence and qualifications, both very central concepts in archaeology, conservation and the heritage discipline in general. Interventions and activities directed at the underwater heritage should be carried out �professionally as the continued well-being of the heritage is at stake. The Tutorial makes the point that, “those involved must possess the necessary knowledge, skills, training and understanding to ensure that their actions do not endanger this precious record. They must be appropriately qualified and competent to undertake the work planned” (UNESCO 2011). Further, it suggests that, “The key requirement of Rule 22 is that interventions on underwater heritage should be directed, controlled and overseen by a qualified and competent underwater archaeologist“ (UNESCO 2011). There are, of course, a variety of levels of “training” in underwater archaeology starting with training like the Heritage Awareness Diving Seminars (HADS), which are partly aimed at raising awareness of the importance of underwater cultural heritage in the Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Aparatus (SCUBA) diving industry (Pacific Marine Resources Institute 2011; Florida Public Archaeology Network 2011). Another important training scheme is Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) training, which is an internationally recognized, modular training program open to anyone who is interested in learning more about maritime archaeology (Nautical Archaeology Society Training 2011). The NAS training program was introduced into Australia in the 1990s and adapted to meet Australian conditions and situations (Moran and Staniforth 1998). The Australian Institute of Maritime Archaeology (AIMA)/NAS training is now taught regularly in most Australian states (Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 2011). The UNESCO Tutorial also suggests that the minimum qualification for an archaeologist is, “A degree in archaeology or similar qualification recognised by the country in which the archaeologist is working” (UNESCO 2011). Throughout the world tertiary qualifications at some level from undergraduate degrees through to Doctoral level degrees from a fully accredited university are usually seen as the basic qualifications required for professional underwater or maritime archaeologists and underwater cultural heritage managers. More than twenty universities around the world now have specialised awards in maritime or underwater archaeology and many more provide Research Higher Degree (RHD) supervision for Masters and doctoral candidates who are conducting maritime archaeology-related research. This paper discusses the AusAID funded Flinders University Intensive Program in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management (FUIP-UCHM) that was developed by the Maritime Archaeology Program (MAP) at Flinders University. FUIP-UCHM is seen as one model for the implementation of Article 21 (Training in Underwater Archaeology) of the 2001Convention in terms of the teaching and training of maritime archaeologists in the Asia-Pacific region. FUIP-UCHM was designed for people already working in the field and to fit into the gap between AIMA/NAS training, which was included within the FUIP-UCHM program, and a tertiary level award. It was not exclusively practical or fieldwork-based training, although it did include these, and it was not solely theoretical classes, although it was firmly based on archaeological method and theory. It was taught by a combination of university lecturers and maritime archaeology practitioners who work for government agencies or other organisations. It was also designed to �complement the “Foundation course” training conducted through the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Regional Capacity-Building Programme on Underwater Cultural Heritage in Chanthaburi, Thailand (UNESCO Bangkok 2011). MAP and the Australian Leadership Awards (ALA) Fellowship Program The Department of Archaeology at Flinders University has taught maritime archaeology at undergraduate level since 1996 and at postgraduate level since 2002 as well as providing supervision for Master of Arts (by research and thesis) and doctoral students (Staniforth 2008a; Staniforth 2008b; Staniforth 2009a; Staniforth 2009b; Staniforth 2010). The Graduate Program in Maritime Archaeology was established in 2002 and was designed to meet the needs of students who already had a four year degree in archaeology or anthropology and wish to specialize in maritime archaeology, as well as those who came from a different academic background such as history. The Graduate Program has drawn students from more than ten different countries - Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, South Africa, Sri Lanka, the Netherlands, The Philippines and Japan. MAP has been acknowledged as the largest, most successful and is currently the only active program of its kind in Australia. MAP currently has two academic staff and a part-time technical officer as well as doctoral students (on scholarships) who work part-time in the program. A survey of graduates in 2009 showed that more than 80% of MAP graduates are now working in archaeology or underwater archaeology including their work for underwater cultural heritage management agencies, museums, consultancy companies and universities, both in Australia and overseas (Staniforth 2009c). The Australian Leadership Awards (ALA) Fellowship Program is primarily funded by AusAID, which is the Australian Federal Government’s Foreign Aid Agency (Australian Government – AusAID 2011). ALA Fellowships aim to develop leadership, address priority regional development issues, and build partnerships and linkages between Australian organizations, including universities, and partner organizations in developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region as well as in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East. The currently eligible countries from the Asia-Pacific region are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, East Timor, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Kiribati, Laos, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Niue, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam and Wallis and Futuna. ALA Fellowships form part of a regional program that aims to develop leadership and build partnerships and linkages with the Asia-Pacific region by offering professional development opportunities in Australia. The fellowships are intended for those who are already leaders or have the potential to assume leadership roles that can influence social and economic policy reform and development outcomes, both in their own countries and more broadly in the AsiaPacific region. ALA Fellowships do not necessarily lead to academic �qualifications, although in this case two of the ALA fellows (Gay Lacsina and Rasika Muthucumarana) did successfully complete three topics (18 units) of study at Flinders University and were awarded the Graduate Certificate in Maritime Archaeology (GCMA). Rather than academic qualifications, ALA Fellowships are generally designed to provide short-term opportunities for study, research, leadership and professional development and attachment programs in Australia. Discussion Through the FUIP-UCHM, 10 mid-career professionals who were already working in maritime archaeology or underwater cultural heritage (UCH) management from the Asia-Pacific region went to Australia for a six-week intensive training program from 19th January 2009 to 2nd March 2009 (Figure 1). Originally 11 Fellows were nominated but one withdrew before the program started. Figure 1. ALA Fellows in the classroom at Flinders University (photo by Jun Kimura courtesy of the Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University) Prospective fellows were identified through the UNESCO Asia-Pacific office in Bangkok and the Asian Academy for Heritage Management (AAHM), as well as through existing institutional linkages between Australian organisations and their counterpart organisations in the region. The counterpart organisations have been involved in the investigation, documentation and management of UCH and are usually the national authorities legally charged with safeguarding the �UCH in their respective countries. Training was to be conducted in English and so candidates needed a basic understanding of written and spoken English. Candidates varied from mid-career professionals with leadership potential to existing leaders in the field. Fellows were then nominated by their organisation to participate in the program. The five nations represented were Cambodia (2 fellows - Nady Phann and Sophorn Kim), Indonesia (2 fellows - Zainab Tahir and Imam Fauzi), Sri Lanka (3 fellows – Palitha Weerangasingha, Rasika Muthucumarana and Chandraratne Wijamunige), Thailand (2 fellows – Erbprem Vatcharangkul and Worrawit Hassapak) and the Philippines (1 fellow – Gay Lacsina). Mid-career professional training, such as this, fits squarely into the philosophy of flexibility that underpins the teaching of maritime archaeology at Flinders University, as well as going some way to fulfilling social justice and equity aspirations. The program was intended to enhance professional capacity and leadership, which is seen as key to successfully safeguarding and protecting UCH in the Asia-Pacific region. The stated goals of FUIP-UCHM were to:  develop professional capacity and leadership in the protection of underwater cultural heritage through the delivery of high quality training  foster relationships between Australian organisations and counterpart agencies within the Asia-Pacific region. ALA Fellowship funding allowed MAP to employ three part-time, temporary staff (James Hunter, Emily Jateff and Amer Khan) who were involved in teaching the fellows while they were in Australia. The ALA Fellows spent four weeks at Flinders University in South Australia where they undertook a one-week intensive topic in vessel construction and analysis, a one-week intensive topic in UCH management and then a two-week intensive field school at Mount Dutton Bay, South Australia. The highly intensive program also allowed the ALA Fellows to receive AIMA/NAS Part 1 Training and Divers Alert Network (DAN) Asia-Pacific First Aid and Oxygen (O2) provider certification. Following the field school, ALA Fellows undertook a two-week placement (internship) with a museum, UCH agency or related organisation, which gave them the opportunity to work with various heritage management agencies throughout Australia. Partner agencies included Heritage Victoria, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) South Australia, Australian National Maritime Museum, New South Wales Heritage Office, Western Australian Maritime Museum, and the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts in Canberra. ALA Fellows were trained in best practice for the investigation and protection of UCH through theoretical and practical teaching of underwater archaeological site survey and mapping, non-invasive techniques of underwater site identification, inventory and investigation and research methodologies for analysis of archaeological heritage. In the course of the lectures and practical field activities, the ALA Fellows were introduced to the legislative and policy requirements for the management and protection of underwater and coastal archaeological sites, which will help them to formulate effective policy in the light of local national and international legislative frameworks. The one-week Underwater Cultural Heritage short course, for example, comprised a series of �lectures, seminars and workshops in three areas – Legislation and Guidelines; Management and Interpretation. It provided the ALA Fellows with knowledge about the major theoretical and practical approaches to the protection, preservation and management of UCH. At the field school at Mount Dutton Bay, for example, all of the ALA Fellows had the opportunity to learn to record short videos and from this we were able to cut a five-minute documentary about teaching Maritime Archaeology at Flinders University (Carter 2010). The stated aim of developing leadership demands some exposition on the nature of leadership. Leadership, unlike management, refers to building the capacity of people to work together in groups without, if necessary, formal authority. A significant part of leadership is the ability to adapt and succeed in unpredictable situations to unpredictable problems. Leadership is necessarily a complex interaction between the leader and the social, political and task environment (Day 2001). To develop leadership among the Fellows, FUIP-UCHM was planned to encourage the fellows to engage with different environments, learn and apply new skills, solve unfamiliar problems and interact with a range of people outside their previous experience. The ALA Fellows were involved in a wide range of fieldwork and other activities while in Australia, for example, three ALA Fellows (Zainab Tahir, Nady Phann and Sophorn Kim) participated in a survey of whaling shipwrecks and associated shore sites at Sceale and Streaky Bay on Eyre Peninsula in South Australia (Jateff 2009; Jateff and Staniforth 2009). This work was done in association with David Nutley, the Senior Maritime Heritage Officer at the Heritage Branch of the South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage (Figure 2). ALA Fellow Gay Lacsina, from the National Museum of the Philippines, joined Heritage Victoria for her two-week placement where she attended an Archaeology Advisory Committee meeting and conducted fieldwork on the wrecks of the SS Casino (lost 1932) and Grange, a wooden barque that sank in 1858 (Lacsina 2009). Gay was involved in every aspect of day-to-day work at Heritage Victoria, which provided her with valuable experience of the operations of an organisation other than her own. Imam Fauzi from Indonesia and Palitha Weerasingha from Sri Lanka did their placement with the South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, which helped to raise the profile of maritime heritage within the Department (Khan 2010). �Figure 2. ALA Fellows Zainab Tahir, Nady Phann and Sophorn Kim with David Nutley during the Sceale Bay survey (photo by Mark Staniforth courtesy of the Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University). Conclusion This paper has considered one possible model for the implementation of Article 21 (Training in Underwater Archaeology) of the 2001 Convention which involves teaching and training of maritime archaeologists in the Asia-Pacific region. The model is the AusAID funded ALA – Fellowships FUIP-UCHM. It is hoped that the FUIP-UCHM model can be adopted and adapted by other countries and organizations in the Asia-Pacific region as a basis for effective collaboration and co-operation in the training and teaching of underwater archaeologists and UCH managers. Acknowledgements The 2009 Flinders University Intensive Program in UCHM was managed by Flinders Partners, the MAP in the Department of Archaeology and Flinders University of South Australia, in partnership with the Australian host organizations and the ALA Fellows overseas counterpart organizations. The efforts of permanent and temporary (contract) MAP staff including Jennifer McKinnon, James Hunter, Emily Jateff, Amer Khan, Jennifer Rodrigues and John Naumann were absolutely central to the success of the program. The Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University could not have co-ordinated and conducted the FUIP-UCHM without the help and support of members of the maritime archaeological and museum communities in Australia, in particular David Nutley, Bill Seegar, Andy Viduka, Tim Smith, Ross Anderson and Peter Harvey. The support of partner organisations including the South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, South Australian Maritime Museum, New South Wales Heritage Office, Heritage Victoria, the Australian National Maritime Museum and the Western Australian �Maritime Museum is very much appreciated. In addition, overseas partners which included the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia), the Underwater Archaeology Division of the Fine Arts Department in the Ministry of Culture (Thailand), Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund (Sri Lanka), the National Museum of the Philippines (Philippines) the Department of Antiquities in the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and the National Museum of Cambodia (Cambodia) as well as UNESCO and the Asian Academy for Heritage Management (AAHM) are all gratefully acknowledged. Bibliography Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology., 2011 AIMA/NAS Maritime Archaeology Training Course, viewed 23 August 2011, Australian Government AusAID., 2011 Australian Government - AusAID – Australian Leadership Awards, viewed 23 August 2011, Carter, H., 2010 “Flinders University Department of Screen and Media,” in Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Autumn Update 2010, pp. 12-13. Day, D.V., 2001 “Leadership development: A review in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 11, pp. 581 - 613. Florida Public Archaeology Network., 2011 Programs – Heritage Awareness Diving Seminars (HADS), viewed 22 August 2011, Jateff, E., 2009 “Survey of Sceale and Streaky Bays, Eyre Peninisula,” in Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Autumn Update 2009, pp. 10-11. Jateff, E. and Staniforth, M., 2009 Survey of Sceale and Streaky Bays, Eyre Peninisula 2009, Unpublished Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Program Field Report for the Heritage Branch, South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage. Khan, A., 2010 “South Australia Department of Environment and Heritage,” in Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Autumn Update 2010, pp. 4-5. Lacsina, G., 2009 “ALA Fellow at Heritage Victoria,” in Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Autumn Update 2009, pp. 6-7. Moran, V., and Staniforth, M., 1998 “The AIMA/NAS Part 1 Training Program,” in The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Vol. 22, pp. 137-138. http://www.aima.iinet.net.au/frames/aimavtframe.html http://www.ausaid.gov.au/scholar/alafellow.cfm context”, in http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/programs.php �Nautical Archaeology Society Training., 2011 Nautical Archaeology Society – NAS Training, viewed 23 August 2011, Pacific Marine Resources Institute., 2011 CNMI Heritage Awareness Diving Seminar. 12-13 April and 15-16 April 2011 on Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, viewed 22 August 2011, Staniforth, M., 2008a “Strategies for teaching Maritime Archaeology in the 21st century,” in Journal of Maritime Archaeology Vol. 3, pp.93102. Staniforth, M., 2008b “Collaboration is the key: Developing field and work skills in collaboration with government, museum and commercial underwater cultural heritage organizations”, in (eds) Irena Radic Rossi, Andrej Gaspari and Andrzej Pydyn, Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists (Zadar, Croatia, 18-23 September 2007), Session: Underwater Archaeology, Hrvatsko arheolosko drustvo - Profil, Zagreb, pp.111-120. Staniforth, M., 2009a “Research in Underwater Archaeology: some challenges and approaches for the future”, in (eds) Broder Merkel and Mandy Schipek , Proceedings of the International Workshop 2009: Research in shallow marine and fresh water systems.. Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany, pp. 106-110. Staniforth, M., 2009b “Work-Integrated Learning in Maritime Archaeology: An Australian Approach”, in The International Journal of Learning Vol.16, No. 8, Publisher Site: http://www.Learning-Journal.com Staniforth, M., 2009c “A word from the Convenor”, in Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Summer Update 2009, p. 3. Staniforth, M., 2010 “Issues in Education in Maritime Archaeology”, in (eds) Rogerio Amoeda, Sergio Lira & Cristina Pinheiro, Heritage 2010: Heritage and Sustainable Development., Greenlines Institute for Sustainable Devlopment, Evora, Portugal, pp. 315-322. UNESCO., 2011 UNESCO Tutorial on the Rules concerning activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage, viewed 26 August 2011, http://www.nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/training/index.php http://www.pacmares.com/HADS.html http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater- �cultural-heritage/underwater-heritage-tutorial/tutorial/ UNESCO Bangkok., 2011 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Regional Capacity-Building Programme on Underwater Cultural Heritage, viewed 23 August 2011, http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/uch/capacity-building/ � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Flinders University Intensive Program in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management (FUIP-UCHM) Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 Empowerment and relevance in maritime and underwater cultural heritage programs in developing countries Description An account of the resource This paper examines the impact of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention) on leadership in maritime archaeology in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper describes one model for the implementation of Article 21 (Training in Underwater Archaeology) of the Convention 2001, which involves teaching and training of maritime archaeologists in the Asia-Pacific region. The model involves the AusAID funded Australian Leadership Awards (ALA) – Fellowships Flinders University Intensive Program in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management (UCHM). The Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University was awarded funding from AusAID, the Australian federal government’s overseas aid organization, to bring 11 mid-career professionals involved in maritime archaeology from the Asia-Pacific region to Australia for a 6 week training program in early 2009. Mid-career professional training fits squarely into the philosophy of flexibility that underpins the teaching of maritime archaeology at Flinders University, as well as going some way to fulfilling social justice and equity aspirations. It is hoped that this model can be adopted and adapted by other countries and organizations in the Asia-Pacific region as the basis for effective collaboration and co-operation in the training and teaching of underwater archaeologists. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mark Staniforth Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Foreign Staple Trade of China in the Pre-Modern Era Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gang Deng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May, 1997 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Gang Deng Item Type Journal Article ISSN 07075332 Access Date 2009-10-26 07:26:34 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May, 1997 Extra ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: May, 1997 / Copyright © 1997 The International History Review Issue 2 Library Catalog JSTOR Pages 253-285 Publication Title The International History Review Title A name given to the resource The Foreign Staple Trade of China in the Pre-Modern Era URL http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.usc.edu/stable/40107783 Volume 19 China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Foreign Staple Trade of China in the Pre-Modern Era Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gang Deng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May, 1997 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Gang Deng Item Type Journal Article ISSN 07075332 Access Date 2009-10-26 07:26:34 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May, 1997 Extra ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: May, 1997 / Copyright © 1997 The International History Review Issue 2 Library Catalog JSTOR Pages 253-285 Publication Title The International History Review Title A name given to the resource The Foreign Staple Trade of China in the Pre-Modern Era URL http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.usc.edu/stable/40107783 Volume 19 China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/2fa63a4e7948034bda4040250102942f.pdf 6815dca04ba5f026365fa0eaa8a12c7f PDF Text Text THE GALLOPING GHOST OF THE JAVA COAST: PRESERVING THE STORY OF WWII ERA HEAVY CRUISER USS HOUSTON (CA-30) Alexis Catsambis (Underwater Archaeology Branch, Branch Head [Acting]) ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract fits best within the Underwater Cultural Heritage of World War II in the Asia-Pacific Region: Discoveries, Opportunities & Challenges session of the conference as it is directly relevant to the session’s theme. The paper presents a case study on the wreck site of USS Houston (CA-30), a heavy cruiser located in Banten Bay, Indonesia, sank in combat during the Battle of Sunda Strait in 1942. It is associated with one of the greatest losses of life tied to a single sinking event in U.S. Navy history. The wrecksite of USS Houston has been documented over the course of the last several years through the use of diving and remote-sensing based surveys. Collaborative management efforts between the Governments of Indonesia and the United States have recently focused on site preservation, a point of particular concern as nearby contemporary warships have suffered significantly at the hands of unauthorized salvage operations. The results presented will demonstrate what has been learned about the shipwreck over the course of the last decade, as well as highlight transnational approaches to the preservation of underwater cultural heritage sites. KEYWORDS: World War II, Shipwreck, U.S. Navy, Indonesia INTRODUCTION USS Houston (CA-30), a heavy cruiser measuring 600 feet (c.183 meters) in length, was launched in 1929 and was sunk in combat by Japanese forces during the Battle of Sunda Strait on 1 March 1942. In 2014, following a series of reports of unauthorized salvaging of World War II-era shipwrecks in the region, a joint dive exercise of the U.S. Navy (USN) and the Indonesian Navy (IND) was undertaken on the site now confirmed to be the wreck of USS Houston (CA-30). The 2014 operation aimed to verify the identity of the site and ascertain the ship’s state of preservation. During the mission, a wreathlaying ceremony, presided over by the U.S. Deputy Chief of Mission to Indonesia, Ms. Kristen Bauer, commemorated the loss of life associated with the vessel’s sinking, which was among the heaviest in USN history (c. 645 sailors and Marines). Captain Albert H. Rooks, USN, killed in action, posthumously received the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism, while USS Houston was awarded two battle stars, as well as the Presidential Unit Citation for its service. Since 2014, the U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) has engaged extensively with peers and counterparts to ensure the continuing preservation of the USS Houston site. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND History of USS Houston (CA-30) On 7 September 1927, the second USN ship to carry the name of the city of Houston, TX, was launched by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., in Newport News, VA. The 9,050-ton Northamptonclass heavy cruiser was first commissioned as CL-30 on 17 June 1930, though the vessel’s designation changed to CA-30 on 1 July 1931 (DON 2017). USS Houston traversed much of the world during the interwar period. After spending some time in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, she joined the fleet at Hampton Roads. With the outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1932, Houston moved on to Shanghai to protect American citizens and interests in the region. The following year she joined the Scouting Force in San Francisco, in which she participated in Fleet Problems and maneuvers in the Pacific. During this time, Houston celebrated the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco on 28 May 1937. For brief periods, in 1938 and 1939, Houston became 1 the flagship of both the U.S. Fleet �and the Hawaiian Detachment. President Franklin D. Roosevelt claimed Houston as his favorite ship, and she made several special cruises carrying the President on a number of occasions in 1934, 1935, 1938, and 1939 (DON 2017; Hornfischer 2006, 14-19). As the fear of war began to spread around the world, Houston departed for the Philippine Islands on 3 November 1940 and arrived at Manila on 19 November. There she became the flagship of Admiral Hart, Commander of the Asiatic Fleet, and was readied for battle. Houston was undergoing some repairs at Cavite Naval Yard on 27 November 1941 in the Philippine Islands when her captain, Albert H. Rooks, received a Navy Department warning about an impending Japanese attack on the Asiatic Fleet (Winslow 1984, 37). In response, Houston set about anti-submarine patrols in the area (Winslow 1984, 38). On 8 December, the crew learned of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and Houston set out with fleet units for Darwin, Australia (DON 1943, 5). She traveled by way of Balikpapan and Surabaya and arrived on 28 December 1941. After completing patrol duty, she joined the multinational American-British-DutchAustralian (ABDA) naval force at Surabaya in January 1942. Finding herself in the midst of war, Houston saw her first battle against the Japanese at the Battle of Makassar Strait on 4 February 1942. During this engagement, Rear Admiral Karel Doorman of the Royal Netherlands Navy led the Dutch and American forces to the Bali Sea. After evading serious damage for over two hours (Baldwin 1946, 5-7), Houston was the target of an enemy bomb that put turret 3 out of commission, killing nearly 50 crewmembers and injuring 20 (DON 1943, 28). Houston subsequently sought refuge at Tjilatjap to work on repairs and to tend to wounded sailors (Hornfischer 2006, 12). The ship departed Tjilatjap for Darwin, Australia, on 10 February to escort a convoy delivering reinforcement troops to Dutch Timor (Holbrook 1981, 51). Houston, said to be “twisting in and out of that convoy like a mother hen protecting her chicks” (Schultz 1985, 126), successfully defended herself and the rest of the convoy when Japanese aircraft attacked in two waves on 15 and 16 February, shooting down 7 of the second wave’s 44 planes (DON 1943, 37; Holbrook 1981, 53). As the major Japanese invasion force approached Java, Houston was ordered to rejoin Rear Admiral Doorman’s strike force as soon as possible. At sunset on 26 February the fleet of the Combined Striking Force, consisting of 5 cruisers (USS Houston, HMAS Perth, HNMS De Ruyter, HMS Exeter, and HNMS Java) and 9 destroyers, set sail to engage the enemy (Hornfischer 2006, 69). Morning light the next day, 27 February, brought Japanese air raids and by that afternoon the Allied ships met the Japanese support force under Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi consisting of 4 cruisers and 13 destroyers. The resulting encounter became known as the Battle of the Java Sea. While Doorman’s advance had caught the Japanese off guard, the lack of air support, challenges in communication, and fatigue hindered the Combined Striking Force (van Oosten 1976, 42). As the battle got underway, cruisers of both fleets opened fire. Houston struck a Japanese cruiser and temporarily slowed it down, but was hit twice in return. The first shell passed through Houston without exploding, but the second exploded on the port side, rupturing an oil tank (DON 1945a, 2). By 5:10 pm, Exeter was hit and severely damaged (DON 1943, 64), while amidst frantic maneuvering Dutch destroyer Kortenaer took a torpedo meant for Houston and was sunk (Schultz 1985, 142); British destroyer HMS Electra was lost shortly thereafter. Doorman broke off contact and headed north in an attempt to attack the Japanese transports but was unable to determine their location (DON 1943, 70). The American destroyers, low on fuel and out of torpedoes, were sent back to Surabaya. At 9:25 pm British destroyer HMS Jupiter was sunk, either by mine or internal explosion; another destroyer, HMS Encounter, was detached to pick up survivors from Kortenaer, leaving the remaining four cruisers without destroyer protection (DON 1943, 74-75). Later that same night, around 11:00, the cruisers again sighted the Japanese surface group, and the opposing units opened fire. The Japanese launched a devastating torpedo attack 30 minutes later. Twelve of these torpedoes found their targets in De Ruyter and Java, exploding and sinking them, and carrying their captains and Rear Admiral Doorman down with 2 �the ships. Prior to sinking, Doorman managed to radio an order for the cruisers Perth and Houston to retire to Batavia (Jakarta) (Thomas 1968, 212-3). The Battle of the Java Sea marked the largest surface naval engagement since the Battle of Jutland in World War I (Weinberg 2005, 320). The Battle of Sunda Strait The following day, 28 February, the only two remaining Allied cruisers, Perth and Houston, departed from the port of Tanjung Priok, Batavia (Jakarta), with orders to report to Tjilatjap via Sunda Strait (DON 1945a, 3). The cruisers were to make their way out to the Java Sea, regroup, and then continue the resistance against the Japanese (DON 1943, 77). En route to Sunda Strait, Perth and Houston unexpectedly encountered the Japanese invasion force anchored vulnerably in Banten Bay (van Oosten 1976, 60). As the cruisers approached the bay, they swiftly evaded nine torpedoes launched by the destroyer Fubuki (Thomas 1968, 218). The cruisers returned fire, hitting four transports, one of which sank, leading the other three to beach themselves to avoid the same fate. Prospects were grim as Sunda Strait, the cruisers’ means of retreat, was blocked by a Japanese destroyer squadron, and Japanese large cruisers Mogami and Mikutna closed in from the north. Perth was first to come under fire at 11:36 pm and just after midnight went up in flames and sank, leaving Houston alone to face overwhelming odds (DON 2017). Houston battled bravely, holding the paradoxical advantage over the enemy fleet of being able to consider all other vessels in the dark of night targets; this advantage was lost when a hit on Houston’s forecastle started a fire that singled her out (DON 1945a, 5). Shortly after midnight on 1 March, the aft engine room was hit on the port side, presumably by a torpedo (DON 1945a, 6). Despite losing headway due to the torpedo hit, the vessel carried on the fight, guns blazing in all directions. Fires erupting near turrets 1 and 2 helped the enemy get their range and bearing on her, and a second torpedo hit soon followed (DON 1945a, 8, 12). Just prior to the order to abandon ship, another torpedo hit the starboard side abreast the foremast, while severe shelling and machine gunning of the ship was taking place from both the port and starboard side at close range (DON 1945a, 9, 13). A final torpedo struck the forward engine room from the port side (DON 1945a, 13). At 12:30 am, Captain Rooks was killed by shrapnel from an exploding shell (DON 2017). A few minutes later, with her ensign still flying, Houston sank into the waters of Banten Bay taking 645 crew members with her. The number of enemy ships sunk and the extent of damage to others is unknown because of the darkness and the smoke that enveloped the engagement; later reports suggested that Houston sank seven ships, including cruisers, destroyers, and a seaplane carrier (DON 1945a, 14). In questioning by the Japanese after capture, Houston officers were accused of lying when they stated that only two Allied ships were present during the battle; it was the firm belief of all the American officers that the Japanese had shot at several of their own ships (DON 1945a, 5, 14). The 367 Houston crew members who survived the sinking were taken by the Japanese as prisoners to the town of Serang. The prisoners were then moved to Batavia and placed in the “Bicycle Camp,” named for the Tenth Battalion Bicycle Force of the Netherlands East Indies Army it had previously housed (Hornfischer 2006, 187). Conditions at the camp, though still challenging, were less deplorable than in Serang (Schultz 1985, 228). From there, the men of Houston were dispersed to various camps around Asia, most of them heading to Singapore, forced into rusty freighters for days on end where they could hardly move and were given very little to eat; many suffered from dysentery on this journey (Hornfischer 2006, 224-227). Upon arrival at Changi Camp the men were transported to Burma where they became slave laborers on the Burma-Thai Railway (Winslow 1984, 180). When the war ended, after having spent three and a half years in captivity, the Houston prisoners were rescued by American OSS operatives and other Allied forces. The men were brought to Calcutta, India, and the Philippines before returning to the United States (DON 1945b). Of the 376 Houston survivors (including 9 who had been evacuated from the ship prior to her sinking), 299 sailors and Marines survived 3 �captivity and were able to return home. It was not until after the war had ended and Houston’s survivors were liberated from prison camps, that the full story of her courageous fight was told. Almost nine months passed after Houston’s sinking before the world first heard of its fate. When news of the ship’s sinking reached the citizens of the city of Houston, they raised money to build the light cruiser USS Houston (CL-81), as well as the light aircraft carrier USS San Jacinto (CVL-30). On Memorial Day 1942, one thousand men known as the “Houston Volunteers” were sworn in to the USN to symbolically replace Houston’s crew, who were all presumed dead at that time, in an effort to carry on their legacy (Life Magazine 1942). SITE DISCOVERY AND THE 2014 SURVEY Identifying the location of the wreck of Houston was the objective of repeated efforts in the late 1960s, and the quest continued into the early 1970s. Earlier reports suggested the potential salvaging of the vessel by the Japanese, while in 1966 President Johnson was reportedly presented with a bell from Houston by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. In June 1973, the Naval Historical Center (later the NHHC) was informed that an Indonesian SCUBA diving club sanctioned by the Government of Indonesia Department of Communications recovered the ship’s bell from Houston and offered it to the U.S. Naval Attaché, indicating the first confirmed identification of the site’s location. The bell was presented to U.S. Ambassador Francis Galbraith on 24 August 1973, along with a 30-caliber machine gun, a telescope, and other small items (DON n.d.). Since that time, the sites of both USS Houston and HMAS Perth have been repeatedly visited by divers and remain common fishing grounds. The 2014 mission represented the first formal site assessment by the USN of the remains of the vessel, producing baseline data that addressed the identity and state of preservation of the wreck. The 2014 operation resulted in a total of 14 dives conducted by USN MDSU-1 Company 1-5, along with several dives conducted by the Indonesian Navy team during the course of five dive excursions. Given the observed depths of 90-120 ft (c. 27.5-36.5 m), dives were limited to 15 minutes in order to conform to standard dive safety practices. Additionally, as a result of the periodic current (up to 1.7 knots) and compromised visibility on site, not all dives permitted for the systematic and provenience-based assessment of site features. Furthermore, early dives did not yet benefit from the subsequent placement of buoys on the extremities and midships of the site, therefore compromising the accuracy of positioning of observed features. In addition to diver reports, 15 of the 19 dives were also documented utilizing GoPro handheld video recorders producing the primary record subsequently analyzed by researchers. Furthermore, Remotely Operated Vehicle footage concentrating on a single feature in the vicinity of the bow, and moderate quality side-scan sonar data collected over the length of the hull enhanced the interpretation of the site and its identification. Finally, GPS coordinates obtained over the buoys affixed near the extremities of the site provided for a precise location and orientation. NHHC developed a comprehensive site plan based on features observed during review of video recordings and concurrent assessment of all other projectderived data such as diver logs and side-scan sonar records. The data collected during the 2014 mission indicated that the hull’s starboard side is lying on the seafloor, with the deck positioned perpendicular to the seafloor facing towards shore and the entire port side exposed. A notable break appears near the bow, approximately 40 ft (c. 12 m) aft of the damaged tip. Battle damage, damage associated with the wrecking event, and subsequent disturbance of the site appear to have severely disfigured the vessel. Fishing nets, strewn throughout the hull and particularly prominent in the vicinity of the stern and along amidships, obscure many of the vessel’s features. 4 �THE 2014 SURVEY FINDINGS Pursuant to a thorough review of available data, confirmation of the identity of the wrecked vessel as USS Houston followed multiple lines of evidence, taking into account historical records, eyewitness statements, construction drawings, overall site dimensions, and identifiable features. Some of the most prominent areas of the ship, such as the bow rake, stacks, masts, and gun turrets, were significantly damaged and/or dislocated during the battle and the ensuing wrecking event. Neither the mainmast, nor the ship’s one remaining scout observation seaplane were located during the dives. Furthermore, marine growth and an expansive array of various grades of fishing nets blanketed the site and concealed many of the finer identifying features. Complicating the assessment was the fact that the pressed operation timetable did not permit for the establishment of any form of reference grid that would allow for the precise positioning of identifying features. Nevertheless, a series of features proved consistent with the vessel’s identification; while no observed features appeared inconsistent, assisting in the confirmation of the vessel’s identity (Catsambis 2014). Of particular interest was that the wrecked vessel showed evidence of battle damage in the form of areas of deformed hull, as well as penetrations of the hull and decks that exhibited both inward-facing and outward-facing impacts. Additionally, the vessel clearly suffered damage as a consequence of its wrecking event, which resulted in all three main gun turrets, the foremast, associated superstructure, and both stacks being displaced. There is particular evidence of battle damage that corresponds directly with the action report filed in 1945 by former gunnery officer Arthur Maher (DON 1945a), the senior survivor of USS Houston, which also correlates with eyewitness accounts presented elsewhere (e.g., Holbrook 1981, 83-102). At the same time, the elevated degree of association between reported hits and battlerelated damage observed on site raised concern over expanses of significant hull deformation that could not be readily explained. This is particular the case near the aft port side of the hull where four adjacent but distinct areas appear impacted. Damage to this section of the hull could not be reasonably dismissed as related to the wrecking event, as is the case with the broken bow extremity, and raised the prospect of notable unauthorized recovery of portions of the hull. The concern over unauthorized and systematic disturbance of the site was confirmed by a series of additional observations. Rivets running along the edges of seams holding hull plates together had been methodically removed to allow for the plates to be maneuvered and lifted as part of unauthorized recovery operations. Elsewhere, what appears to be a water-dredge, used to remove sediment from an underwater environment, was protruding from a cavity resulting from a presumed torpedo hit, permitting access to the interior of the hull. A modern hollow hose, coiled near the stern on the exposed port side of the vessel, would have been used as part of a rudimentary surface-supplied diving system to support prolonged underwater operations. Of greatest perhaps concern was that divers observed an accumulation of shells and ordnance resting on the exposed port side of the hull alongside a secured bag, likely placed there in preparation for their recovery. SITE MANAGEMENT The 2014 survey of USS Houston was conducted as a joint exercise with the local Indonesian authorities, demonstrating the joint interest in the wreck’s management as part of both nations’ cultural heritage. The wreck, which serves as the final resting place for hundreds of sailors, contains potentially live ordnance, is seeping oil, and is suffering from unauthorized disturbance that could significantly impact public safety, the surrounding environment and the local fishing economy. Of great concern is that continuing unauthorized activities that intrude into or impact the integrity of the hull have the potential to disturb remains of those sailors who perished with the vessel. Since 2014, therefore, the USN has continuously engaged with Indonesian counterparts, local government authorities, along with partners from Australia and the United Kingdom, to enhance the preservation potential of USS Houston. These efforts have resulted in world-wide press, public exhibits, conferences, commemorative wreath-laying ceremonies, and additional site surveys. Most recently, a bilateral agreement is being negotiated that would lead the site of USS Houston to be deemed a marine protected area, helping to ensure its future preservation. 5 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Baldwin, Hanson W. Saga of a Stout Ship – The Houston. New York Times Magazine, 3 March 1946. Catsambis, Alexis. Field Report: 2014 USS Houston (CA-30) DIVEX. Washington Navy Yard, DC: Naval History and Heritage Command, 2014. <https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/underwaterarchaeology/PDF/2014%20USS%20Houston%20(CA-30)%20DIVEX%20Field%20Report%20(P).pdf> Accessed 25 May 2023. Department of the Navy (DON). The Java Sea Campaign: Combat Narratives. Washington Navy Yard, DC: Office of Naval Intelligence, USN Publications Branch, Navy Department Library, Naval History and Heritage Command1943. Department of the Navy (DON). Action Report: U.S.S. Houston CA-30 on the Battle of Sunda Strait, 28 February 1942, Account by Senior Surviving Officer Arthur L. Maher. College Park, MD: WWII Action and Operational Reports, Records Relating to Naval Activity During World War II, Box 1047, Record Group 38, National Archives II, 1945a. Department of the Navy (DON). Houston Survivors Liberated. Immediate Press Release, Press and Radio. September 1, 1945. Washington Navy Yard, DC: Archives, Naval History and Heritage Command. 1945b. Department of the Navy (DON). Houston-II. Washington Navy Yard, DC: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Naval History and Heritage Command, 1 March 2017 < https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/h/houstonii.html> Accessed 25 May 2023. Department of the Navy (DON). Communications regarding USS Houston (CA-30) 1967-1986. Washington Navy Yard, DC: Curator Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command. Accessed October 2014. N.D. Holbrook, Heber A. U.S.S. Houston: The Last Flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. Dixon, CA: Pacific Ship and Shore, 1981. Hornfischer, James D. Ship of Ghosts: The Story of the USS Houston, FDR’s Legendary Lost Cruiser, and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 2006. Life Magazine. Houston Replaces “Houston’s” Losses. Life Magazine (12:24), June 15, 1942. Schultz, Duane. The Last Battle Station: The Story of the U.S.S. Houston. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1985. Thomas, David A. The Battle of Java Sea. New York, NY: Stein and Day, 1968. van Oosten, F.C. The Battle of the Java Sea. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1976. Weinberg, Gerhard A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Winslow, Walter G. The Ghost of the Java Coast: Saga of the U.S.S. Houston. Florida: Coral Reef Publications, 1984. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 4: Underwater Cultural Heritage of World War II in the Asia-Pacific Region: Discoveries, Opportunities & Challenges Subject The topic of the resource Session 4 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 4 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast: Preserving the Story of WWII Era Heavy Cruiser USS Houston (CA-30) Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract fits best within the Underwater Cultural Heritage of World War II in the Asia-Pacific Region: Discoveries, Opportunities & Challenges session of the conference as it is directly relevant to the session’s theme. The paper presents a case study on the wreck site of USS Houston (CA-30), a heavy cruiser located in Banten Bay, Indonesia, sank in combat during the Battle of Sunda Strait in 1942. It is associated with one of the greatest losses of life tied to a single sinking event in U.S. Navy history. The wrecksite of USS Houston has been documented over the course of the last several years through the use of diving and remote-sensing based surveys. Collaborative management efforts between the Governments of Indonesia and the United States have recently focused on site preservation, a point of particular concern as nearby contemporary warships have suffered significantly at the hands of unauthorized salvage operations. The results presented will demonstrate what has been learned about the shipwreck over the course of the last decade, as well as highlight transnational approaches to the preservation of underwater cultural heritage sites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexis Catsambis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Catsambis, Alexis. 2023. “The Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast: Preserving the Story of WWII Era Heavy Cruiser USS Houston (CA-30).” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Alexis Catsambis. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1896 Asia-Pac Session 4 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Paul Wheatley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Malaya Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Paul Wheatley Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Place Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Malaya Press Title A name given to the resource The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500 Southeast Asia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T’ang Exotics Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edward H. Schafer Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of California Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Edward H. Schafer Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Place Berkeley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of California Press Title A name given to the resource The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T’ang Exotics China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Harappan ‘Port’ at Lothal: Another View Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lawrence S. Leshnik Gregory L. Possehl Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Carolina Academic Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Lawrence S. Leshnik Gregory L. Possehl Item Type Book Section Book Title Ancient Cities of the Indus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Place Durham, NC Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Carolina Academic Press Title A name given to the resource The Harappan ‘Port’ at Lothal: Another View India https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/d7f56e9439d1fe281d6a5f349547cdc5.pdf 30a940b23170e5f01b66b5bf337e3637 PDF Text Text The Herakles project: Towards a minimum intervention methodology for the study of Underwater Cultural Heritage in harbour complex spaces. Felipe Cerezo Andreo1, Soledad Solana Rubio,2 Raúl González Gallero,3 Alberto Salas Romero,4 Nicolás C. Ciarlo,5 Carlota Pérez-Reverte Mañas,6 José Bettencourt,7 Elisa Fernández Tudela8 and Alicia Arévalo González9 1 (University of Cádiz, Associate Professor) 0000-0003-0025-1726 2 (University of Cádiz, Researcher) 0000-0001-5571-7453 3 (University of Cádiz, Technician) ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8862-0516 4 (University of Cádiz, Researcher) 0000-0002-2855-166X 5 (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) –University of Buenos Aires (IA, FFyL-UBA), Argentina, Researcher) 0000-0002-1995-6227 6 (University of Cádiz, Researcher) ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1833-815X 7 (Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Associate Professor) 0000-0002-7722-5115 8 (University of Cádiz, Technician) 0000-0003-4565-7690 9 (University of Cádiz, Professor) 0000-0001-8114-3385 ABSTRACT In recent years, several researchers are focusing their efforts on the development of documentation methods and techniques according to the principles of minimal and non-intrusive intervention on underwater cultural heritage (UCH), as advocated by the UNESCO 2001 Convention. These methods have been used successfully to locate and document some shipwrecks without excavation. However, few works have succeeded in investigating and extracting all available information from an underwater archaeological site with the minimum possible intervention. Within the framework of the Herakles project, we have developed a working methodology that aims to apply different non-intrusive techniques for the documentation and research of the UCH. We have developed a field workflow that has allowed us to document 35 shipwrecks in just one year, identify 151 archaeology sites and deepen our knowledge of a privileged nautical space such as the Strait of Gibraltar.We have used geophysical methods with USV survey, magnetometer, sub bottom profiler, photogrammetry either with ROV or scientific diving, underwater GPS survey and in situ archaeological monitoring and drawing. All data have been processed in a geographic information system for management and risk analysis of this UCH. Finally, this work methodology has been useful for generating virtual resources such as 3D models or 3600 videos. Keywords: non-intrusive techniques, monitoring UCH, geophysical survey, new technologies applied to UCH, Strait of Gibraltar. List of images Figure 1 – Location of the case study and surveyed areas. Figure 2 – Methodology workflow. Figure 3 – Some techniques applied during the fieldwork. A) Magnetometer; B) USV Multibeam; C) SBP; D) GPS survey results example; E) Archaeological drawing and Photogrammetry. Figure 4 –Map of results with identified underwater sites. 1 (University of Cádiz, Associate Professor) 0000-0003-0025-1726 (University of Cádiz, Researcher) 0000-0001-5571-7453 3 (University of Cádiz, Technician) ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8862-0516 4 (University of Cádiz, Researcher) 0000-0002-2855-166X 5 (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) –University of Buenos Aires (IA, FFyL-UBA), Argentina, Researcher) 0000-0002-1995-6227 6 (University of Cádiz, Researcher) ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1833-815X 7 (Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Associate Professor) 0000-0002-7722-5115 8 (University of Cádiz, Technician) 0000-0003-4565-7690 9 (University of Cádiz, Professor) 0000-0001-8114-3385 2 1 �1. INTRODUCTION The research Project HERAKLES, led by Felipe Cerezo, aims to record and study the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) in the Bay of Algeciras (Figure 1). The results will allow us to analyse and document the maritime history of the Bay. 2. CASE STUDIES Figure 1 – Location of the case study and surveyed areas. The Strait of Gibraltar is a historical meeting point between the Europe and Africa, a significant maritime cross path connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and also a passage to America. Located at this strategic naval crossroads, the Bay of Algeciras is a privileged maritime space, being a wide, deep and safe bay, which allowed the development of an intense occupation with clear maritime links. However, considering the historical importance that the sea and nautical activities have played, the level of knowledge and documentation of the UCH in these waters was very low util 2019. Of the approximately 125 archaeological sites of different chronologies known in the area, only four were underwater, and of these only one could be considered a shipwreck, that of Ballenera. In addition, there are several factors that pose a great challenge to the study of the UCH in this area. - Port development: Algeciras is the largest industrial port in Spain and one of the most important in the world. The UCH is threatened by the works to handle the huge container traffic, the dredging for the ever-larger ships or the effect of the heavy anchors and chains of the merchant ships anchored in this Bay. 2 �- Industrial activity: Shipyards, oil refineries, shipbuilding and logistics are the main industries in the Bay. Their development and expansion into the sea since the 1990s has affected and continues to affect the shallow water UCH. - Climate Change and Ocean Dynamics: The effects of climate change are being felt in the area, particularly through changes in the dynamics of local ocean currents and sediment transport - Invasive species and environmental hazards: As a port of global importance, it is frequented by large merchant ships from different parts of the world. This has led to the arrival of various exogenous species, notably Rugulopteryx oukamurae, which in just five years has covered the seabed of the Bay, damaging local ecosystems and hiding archaeological sites. - Looting and ignorance: The risk of looting has always been present in an area with a rich UCH. Educational activities to raise awareness are therefore very necessary in this context. Finally, we must not forget that we are in a geopolitically complex area where underwater surveys are not permitted near the British colony of Gibraltar, even though the waters are under Spanish sovereignty. Therefore, to overcome this series of limitations, we have developed and applied a multidisciplinary methodology that combines known underwater survey techniques and developed low-cost applications in order to undertake a multi-proxy research with minimal impact on the UCH (see figure 2). The main objective of this methodology is to answer the initial questions about the chronology, typology and state of preservation of each underwater site surveyed. These answers are not always straightforward when dealing with geophysical data or seafloor information. Therefore, our methodology is developed with an individual approach for each site. This allows us to decide which technique is best suited to the questions we want to answer and to apply it effectively. In this way, the work methodology is divided into different actions to develop each of the specific goals of the project. Figure 2 – Methodology workflow. Consequently, our working method is defined by the principles promulgated in the 2001 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Maarleveld, Guérin and Egger 2013, 20-59), mainly those of in situ conservation as a first option, impact limitation and prioritisation of non- 3 �destructive methods. Thus, in developing our methodology, we prioritise the documentation of UCH as a first step. In line with the above principles, we prioritise exploration over recovery and are therefore innovate in the use of geophysical techniques that allow us to map the seabed without altering it, identifying what is buried, what is anomalous and at what depth, as well as helping to monitor the degree of preservation of the UCH. Once found, our priority is to leave the underwater archaeological artefacts in their original location and to document it through interventions in which we establish a proportionate relationship between the impact caused and the scientific information obtained. Our specific action is therefore based on graphic documentation using various techniques (photogrammetry, video, 360º video, scanning, drawing, etc.). Once processed and studied, these results give rise to virtual models that we use to continue researching the UCH or to communicate it to society10. 3. RESOURCES For geophysical survey: Kongsberg SIMRAD EM2040 High resolution multibeam echo sounder. Variable frequency from 200 to 400 kHz and parametric frequency from 10 to 60 kHz. Equipment installed and operational on small hydrographic vessels of the Spanish Hydrographic Institute. Sub Bottom Profiler (SBP) model SES-2000 standard, manufactured by the German company INNOMAR. It is parametric in nature, which allows a high resolution in the detection of strata and sediment layers. Marine Magnetics Seaspy2 magnetometer. High-sensitivity, ship-towed magnetometer that measures the magnetic field using an Overhauser sensor. USV equipped with a high resolution Norbit iWBMSe multibeam echosounder. Variable frequency from 200 to 700 kHz, mounted on a USV Otter-Pro, an autonomous surface vehicle that allows high accuracy in shallow water environments. For satellite navigation: - Leica GS18 mobile RTK GNSS antenna, which provides position readings with millimetre accuracy. - Garmin 78s GPS with underwater housing and buoy antenna. For underwater photogrammetry: - 4 Go Pro Cameras (GP10, GP8 y GP7) Olympus EP-7 with underwater housing. For drawing and recording: - Monitoring templates/sheets printed on waterproof paper. Slate/board and Pencil Fiberglass metric scales For UCH Access: - The majority of the sites recorded or studied by photogrammetry or sketches were done by diving from the coast. 10 For an example, visit: https://bit.ly/3wXrCvy 4 �- In the cases where we have used vessel support, we have used the UCADIZ research vessel from the UCA; and the Tarpán, a small one from a collaborating dive centre. For data processing: - Agisoft Metashape Professional for Photogrammetry processing Adobe Illustrator for digitalising sketches and drawing planimetries. All geophysical survey equipment has its own software for signal acquisition and processing. ArcGIS Pro for data collecting and integrate processing. Regarding the human team, the works were performed by the team of underwater archaeologists and some students from the Master of Nautical and Underwater Archaeology at the UCA. 4. FRAMEWORK This study aims to identify potential UCH sites by applying surveying methods for future monitoring and preservation. Considering the diversity of the environment in the study area, we divided it in different sectors according to the harbour morphology, previous archaeological information, casual findings or accessibility. Given some time and financial constraints of this study, we had to plan the fieldwork in all areas simultaneously. The theory of our approach, from macro to micro, meant that in a first phase we had to work with geophysical data and, in addition, geo-reference historical information on finds and shipwrecks that might be known to divers and fishermen in the area. As a result, we obtained a first set of possible anomalies. Furthermore, before starting the fieldwork, a virtual survey of the shallower areas was conducted using aerial photographs and satellite images from 1954 to the present day. In this way, we were able to understand the processes of shoreline mobility caused by the impact of port works and climate change, and to identify several shipwrecks visible in the photographs. Once the areas of interest had been defined, the following surveys were undertaken: Multibeam survey: The bathymetry in our study area is very variable, ranging from shallow areas to depths of 400 metres. Two types of multibeam surveys were conducted. One in shallow areas (from the shoreline to -20 metres depth), to obtain a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for spatial analysis and to document various wooden shipwrecks of modern times that have been unearthed. This work was made using the USV Otter Pro and the Norbit echosounder (see figure 3.B). The other type of fieldwork was the mid-water survey, from -15 m to - 80 m depth, to document the seabed and to assess the impact of anchoring activities of large cargo ships in areas where UCH may be present. Magnetometer survey: The main result of using the magnetometer in this survey has been to obtain a large number of anomalies, the interpretation of which has allowed us to verify the existence of numerous underwater archaeological sites. In addition, and most useful of all, we have been able to locate shipwrecks that were previously known only from very isolated and difficult-to-interpret material (see figure 3.A). However, one must not forget the challenge of using such sensitive equipment in port areas, where rubbish, chains, lost anchors and other objects can cause interference Sub Bottom Profiler survey: The use of this equipment had as main objectives to determine the existence of anomalies buried under the sediment and to understand the stratigraphy of the area. Furthermore, we aimed to assess how successive dredging and harbour works altered the natural sedimentation processes (see figure 3.C). 5 �The data obtained with this equipment are very interesting but complex to interpret. For this reason, it is better to combine it with bathymetry results, to understand the presence of objects on the seabed, and with the magnetometer to know what kind of objects may be buried. Figure 3 – Some techniques applied during the fieldwork. A) Magnetometer; B) USV Multibeam; C) SBP; D) GPS survey results example; E) Archaeological drawing and Photogrammetry. GPS survey: Using the above techniques, a database of possible UCH anomalies was compiled, which was subsequently cross-checked with information obtained from the local community, museums or archives. Combining this information in a Geographical Information System (GIS) allowed us to define the areas to be surveyed using scientific diving techniques. For these tasks we used a Garmin 78s GPS with an underwater housing and a buoy with a surface antenna connected by a 20 m coaxial cable. By carrying the GPS pad underwater, the divers always knew their position, heading and distance to the points to be checked. In addition, the pad can be accessed via buttons and the exact position of underwater archaeological finds can be marked underwater. This low-cost technique was very efficient in providing a map of the points of underwater archaeological artefacts, the precise location of sites or, by recording the route, an estimate of the areas covered by the survey. It was also very useful for planning surveys, as predefined routes were entered into the device, so that scientific divers could follow them safety. Finally, the data uploaded to the GIS were used to produce density maps and other spatial analyses to define future research and site monitoring strategies (see figure 3.D). Detailed site recording drawings, sketches and underwater photogrammetry: Graphic documentation by means of drawings or photogrammetry is a simple and effective technique that has allowed us to obtain precise data of each site in a non-intrusive manner and with a high level of detail (see figure 3.E). Unlike geophysical techniques, drawing or photogrammetry provides a very precise spatial resolution, which is essential to understand certain types of sites. Once we had located a site using the techniques previously explained, we planned a fieldwork of graphic documentation that could be made in two or three working days, depending on the depth. 6 �The procedure was as follows: 1) A dive on the site was made to take general measurements, to get to know the marine environment (visibility, currents, sedimentation), to identify the elements that could be diagnostic in order to define the typology and chronology, as well as the degree of coverage by flora or sediments. 2) On the ground, the necessary resources were defined and the tasks of cleaning, marking and photogrammetry were planned. 3) In a second dive, one group manually cleaned the surfaces of the site, or at least the areas that could provide diagnostic information. Another group made detailed drawings, sketches and marked the main architectural features of the site with targets, scales or labels. 4) Once the site was prepared, and taking into account the tides, swell and visibility, the photographic and photogrammetric documentation was performed with as few people as possible in the water to avoid soiling the site. 5) Finally, on a last dive, control measurements were taken to scale the photogrammetric model using a GNNS antenna with RTK corrections. To protect the site, areas where more sediment had been removed were re-covered. Not all techniques were used in all case studies. The methods used were those considered most useful, economical and effective for each site, depending on the kind of questions to be answered. Moreover, the entire project has sought to identify the limitations of this non-intrusive methodology. Although there are aspects of a site that cannot be known without intrusive research, we have found that the methodology applied and the workflow developed are very useful and transferable to other complex sites. RESULTS This section summarises the results and the strengths and weaknesses of this methodology: - The integrated use of multibeam data, magnetometer, historical information and GPS surveys has yielded very positive results (see figure 4). - The multi-proxy use of these techniques has made it possible to identify, assess and diagnose UCH more accurately and quickly than with traditional methods. - The use of SBP in former harbour areas, together with historical mapping information, provides a clear understanding of the extent of the impact of dredging on stratigraphic levels containing archaeological remains. - Photogrammetry with divers on an annual or biannual basis is a very useful method to monitor the degradation of a site. - A large area has been covered in a short time and at very low cost with good results. - Sandy bottoms and shallow waters are excellent areas for the application of this methods. - This is a methodology developed specifically for UCH in coastal environments and shallow water contexts. Applying it without modification to UCH found in different geographical environments or at great depths is a challenge that we have yet to experiment with. - Finally, we consider it important to underline that this methodology is in line with the DNSH principle, which is particularly relevant in this Ocean’s Decade. F i g u r e S 7 �Figure 4 –Map of results with identified underwater sites. Underwater Cultural Heritage (shipwrecks, wrecks or harbours) is the evidence of a maritime past that is currently submerged and poorly known. The lack of mapping of this heritage is a threat to its preservation and is sometimes seen as an obstacle to maritime spatial planning and economic growth in coastal and port areas. The growth of port areas is one of the major challenges of the coming decades, linked to the industrial and economic development of certain coastal regions that depend to a large extent on their activity. In 8 �this context, UCH is one of the forgotten issues in maritime strategies, although it represents an opportunity for development in the field of the Blue Economy. The digitisation and dissemination of UCH through the application of new technologies, using nonintrusive, geophysical and virtual methods, must be a priority. Otherwise, we risk losing the memory of our maritime past. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been co-financed by the 2014-2020 ERDF Project reference: FEDER-UCA18-107327. We thank this conference for accepting us and for providing a methodological session, in which we can share our experience with the whole scientific community. Thanks to the HERAKLES team and all collaborators, researchers, professors and students. To Félix Rodríguez Lloret, pioneer in the surveying of the UCH in the Bay of Algeciras. To all those who are curious about maritime culture. BIBLIOGRAPHY Maarleveld, Thijs, Guérin, Ulrike and Egger, Barbara. Manual para actividades dirigidas al patrimonio cultural subacuático: directrices para el Anexo de la Convención de la UNESCO de 2001. Paris: UNESCO, 2013. Available in: <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000220716>. 9 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Herakles project: Towards a minimum intervention methodology for the of Underwater Cultural Heritage in harbour complex spaces Description An account of the resource In recent years, several researchers are focusing their efforts on the development of documentation methods and techniques according to the principles of minimal and non-intrusive intervention on underwater cultural heritage (UCH), as advocated by the UNESCO 2001 Convention. These methods have been used successfully to locate and document some shipwrecks without excavation. However, few works have succeeded in investigating and extracting all available information from an underwater archaeological site with the minimum possible intervention. Within the framework of the Herakles project, we have developed a working methodology that aims to apply different non-intrusive techniques for the documentation and research of the UCH. We have developed a field workflow that has allowed us to document 35 shipwrecks in just one year, identify 151 archaeology sites and deepen our knowledge of a privileged nautical space such as the Strait of Gibraltar.We have used geophysical methods with USV survey, magnetometer, sub bottom profiler, photogrammetry either with ROV or scientific diving, underwater GPS survey and in situ archaeological monitoring and drawing. All data have been processed in a geographic information system for management and risk analysis of this UCH. Finally, this work methodology has been useful for generating virtual resources such as 3D models or 3600 videos. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Felipe Cerezo Andreo Soledad Solana Rubio Raúl González Gallero Alberto Salas Romero Nicolás C. Ciarlo Carlota Pérez-Reverte Mañas José Bettencourt Elisa Fernández Tudela Alicia Arévalo González Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Andreo, Felipe Cerezo, Soledad Solana Rubio, Raúl González Gallero, Alberto Salas Romero, Nicolás C. Ciarlo, Carlota Pérez-Reverte Mañas, José Bettencourt, Elisa Fernández Tudela, Alicia Arévalo González. 2023. “The Herakles project: Towards a minimum intervention methodology for the study of Underwater Cultural Heritage in harbour complex spaces.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Carlota Perez-Reverte. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1998 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Hisago-bune, Or, the Gourd-ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shinji Nishimura Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Society of Naval Architects Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1918 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Shinji Nishimura Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1918 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... Language: English Note(s): Cover title: Hisagobune ko./ Includes bibliographical references. Class Descriptors: LC: VM105 Other Titles: Ground-ship.; Hisagobune ko. Responsibility: by Shinji Nishimura. More Records: Show record information Entry: 19880831 Update: 20070820 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 48 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Society of Naval Architects Series A Study on the ancient ships of Japan ;; pt. 2 =; [Nihon kodai kohaku kenkyu ; dai 2-satsu]; Variation: Nishimura, Shinji,; 1879-1943.; Study on the ancient ships of Japan ;; pt. 2. Title A name given to the resource The Hisago-bune, Or, the Gourd-ship Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Hisago-bune: Or, Calabash Boat Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shinji Nishimura Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Society of Naval Architects Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Shinji Nishimura Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1934 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... Edition: Rev. and enl. ed. Language: English Class Descriptors: LC: VM105.N72 Responsibility: by Shinji Nishimura. More Records: Show record information Entry: 19810204 Update: 20041126 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 128 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Society of Naval Architects Series A study of ancient ships of Japan ;; 2. Part 1, Floats ; sec. 1; Variation: Nishimura, Shinji,; 1879-1943.; Study on the ancient ships of Japan ;; v.2. Short Title The Hisago-bune Title A name given to the resource The Hisago-bune: Or, Calabash Boat Japan