48 10 700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Suhar (Sohar) in the Early Islamic Period: The Written Evidence Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.C. Wilkinson Maurizio Taddei Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Instituto Universitario Orientale Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference Paper Zotero Author J.C. Wilkinson Editor Maurizio Taddei Item Type Conference Paper Conference Name Fourth International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Pages 888-907 (1-21) Place Naples Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Instituto Universitario Orientale Title A name given to the resource Suhar (Sohar) in the Early Islamic Period: The Written Evidence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sunburst: The Rise of the Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mark R. Peattie Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Naval Institute Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Mark R. Peattie Item Type Book ISBN 1557504326 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Alibris (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... More About This In: Books in Print (Publication status and optional reviews) Language: English Named Corp: Japan. Kaigun -- Aviation -- History -- 20th century. Note(s): Includes bibliographical references (p. [343]-353) and index. Class Descriptors: LC: VG95.J3; Dewey: 359.9/4/095209041 Responsibility: Mark R. Peattie. More Records: Show record information Vendor Info: Baker & Taylor Baker and Taylor YBP Library Services (BKTY BTCP YANK) 39.95 Status: active Entry: 20010208 Update: 20080323 Provider: OCLC 3: Generic Organization of Japanese Naval Aviation 223(2) Appendix 4: Naval Aviation Vessels 225(28) Appendix 5: Naval Air Bases and Land-Based Air Groups 253(11) Appendix 6: Principal Naval Aircraft 264(38) Appendix 7: Naval Aircraft Designation Systems 302(4) Appendix 8: Principal Naval Aircraft Engines 306(3) Appendix 9: The Hineri-komi (``Turning-in'') Maneuver 309(4) Notes 313(30) Bibliography 343(12) Index 355 ( ) Add/View Comments ** Summary ** Serving as a sequel to Kaigun, the prize-winning study of the surface and sub-surface forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy, this work illuminates the rise of Japanese naval aviation from its genesis in 1909 to its thunderbolt capability on the eve of the Pacific War. It provides the most detailed account yet available in English of Japan's naval air campaign over China from 1937 to 1941 and concludes with a revealing chapter on the utter destruction of Japanese naval air power by 1944, in the process explaining its essential strengths and weaknesses. Author Mark Peattie traces the development of the Navy's land-based air power as well as the evolution of its carrier forces. He also treats all the salient aspects of the naval air service: training, personnel, tactics, doctrine, technology, and industrial base. In doing so, he combines data found in previous handbooks with important new information derived from Japanese language sources. The book's appendixes include biographic summaries of important personnel mentioned in the text, detailed drawings and data on Japanese carriers and naval aircraft, and information on Japanese naval air bases and land-based air groups as of 7 December 1941. Excerpt SUNBURST The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- By Mark R. Peattie Naval Institute Press Copyright (c) 2001 Mark R. Peattie. All rights reserved. Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 364 Place Annapolis, Md. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Naval Institute Press Short Title Sunburst Title A name given to the resource Sunburst: The Rise of the Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941 Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b4d71f419639fbea9f15adda18cdb99a.pdf 3a091a565569f9313642b72aa87f42d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 9: Museums, Public Outreach and Conservation Subject The topic of the resource Session 9 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract Trade along the Maritime Silk Road has been going on for many centuries. Museum collections show a visible record of objects that were traded and historical sources provide important information of how this developed over time. Since the 1970’s many shipwrecks have been discovered that give an even better understanding of this intricate network. While more and more of these shipwreck are now being excavated in an archaeological manner, in the past most of them were salvaged for mainly commercial purposes. Many of these pieces have end up in museum collections. In this session several museums and institutions will give their approach on how they present this material, whether from an archaeological excavation, a commercial salvage or both. Which issues are addressed and what message do they convey to a wider public? The Princessehof will present about their current exhibition Sunken Treasures showing ceramic cargo from various shipwrecks. Featured will be a selection of 7 shipwrecks – from the 9th to 19th century – that show the long and rich history of the Maritime Silk Road. To highlight the vital role of underwater archaeology to preserve this history the museum cooperates with the Dutch Cultural Agency (RCE). The RCE will provide their view in this session on presenting this kind of material and the issues that come at play, including the controversy involved. The National Museum of Korea will present about the Sinan shipwreck. In 2016 the museum had a major exhibition on the Sinan shipwreck, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the excavation in 1976. It marked the beginning of underwater archaeology in Korea. The museum now still has a permanent display to tell the story of this remarkable find that contained crucial information on trade between China and Japan in the 14th century. Session Organizers: Eline van den Berg Youngmi Kim Martijn Manders Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. November 2021 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sunken Treasures – Shipwrecks and the Maritime Silk Road Description An account of the resource In 2019 the exhibition Sunken Treasures was organised at the Princessehof National Museum of Ceramics. Featured are the ceramic cargoes of eight shipwrecks - from the 9th to 19th century - that show the long and rich history of the Maritime Silk Road. Asian ceramics, and in particular Chinese porcelain and stoneware, are often part of the remaining cargoes of these shipwrecks. This makes them a valuable source to gain knowledge on maritime trade in this region and in particular to trace the spread of Chinese ceramics. To highlight the vital role of underwater archaeology to preserve this history the museum cooperated for this exhibition with the Dutch Cultural Agency (RCE). The RCE has helped in setting up a constructive way to present this kind of material and the issues that come at play, including the controversy involved. By presenting this material in a larger context, the museum believes that is acceptable from an ethical point of view to use these commercially salvaged materials in the exhibition and that visitor are stimulated to critically reflect on what actually makes up the ‘sunken treasures’. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eline van den Berg Martijn Manders Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Van den Berg, Eline, and Martijn Manders. 2021. “Sunken Treasures – Shipwrecks and the Maritime Silk Road.” Project and Oceanic Environmental Education Program.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/691 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b6b9e89542960db2f017cdfddbedcc21.pdf d554cf66cc6f250e73d969dcb8a29c95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 8: Underwater and Maritime Archaeology in South East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 8 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract South East Asia is an Asian Sub Region with 11 countries with an area of 8.94 million square kilometres, and its water areas covering the China Sea, the Java Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Philippine Waters, the Celebes Sea, the Banda Sea, the Flores Sea, the Arafura Sea, the Timor Sea, and the Andaman Sea. With a total area of 2.5 % of the surface of all oceans in the world, South East Asia is a large sub region in the world which its waters and coastal areas are very rich in underwater and maritime cultural heritage. Underwater heritage in South East Asia are diverse and come from various times, namely from ancient Southeast Asian kingdoms, the European colonialism period, to World War II, which consisted of traditional ships of the South East Asian countries, Chinese junks China, Spanish Galleons and Naos, ships from the Middle East, VOC and EIC vessels; historic ships, planes, submarines during World War II; and also the remains of human settlements in the past or submerged landscape. The session will explore the richness of maritime history and the legacy of underwater and maritime cultural heritage in the countries of South East Asia. This South East Asian Session also seeks papers to be presented on the current development of underwater and maritime archaeology in South East Asia including the latest results of researches, studies, and projects of protection, preservation, sustainable use of underwater heritage, and the development of innovation and technology applying in the fields of underwater and maritime archaeology in various institutions in South East Asian countries. Moreover, the challenges, current threats, and any shortcomings that are currently being hot issues facing by South East Asian countries regionally, such as massive plundering of historic wrecks, destructive activities on shipwreck sites, natural disasters affecting underwater and maritime heritage, lack of long-term site monitoring and inappropriate management of underwater heritage will also be the focus of discussion in this session. This South East Asian Session also encourages the presentation of studies or projects on community engagement and opening access for the public in managing a sustainable underwater heritage in South East Asian countries, where the role of the local community is significant and can assist in determining the sustainability or the destruction of underwater and maritime heritage sites. Session Organiser: Nia Naelul Hasanah Ridwan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Swath Bathimetry Application for Underwater Archaeology in Indonesia Description An account of the resource Mapping the depth of the ocean for supporting underwater archaeological works can be carried out by utilizing acoustic technology that converts electromagnetic waves into sound waves. Acoustic technology can be used to detect the structure of the soil layer and the thickness of sediments in seawaters area. The Research Institute for Coastal Resources and Vulnerability have identified several underwater heritage sites scattered throughout Indonesian waters and utilized this technology through a bathymetry survey to determine the depth and the structure of the seafloor where underwater cultural heritage sites are located. The Echosounder Ecotrack Teledyne Dual Frequency Odometer has been used in this bathymetry survey. The sea depth data will be corrected to Mean Sea Level (MSL) using the tidal data of the local station for 30 days. The underwater topography is processed and displayed in 3D. The use of in-situ bathymetry application to determine the shape of the seabed at the identified sites can be used as part of the assessment process to determine the next research steps, to provide recommendations regarding diving activities, as well as to determine proper site preservation and appropriate management measures, for example, for diving tourism and marine conservation area in Indonesia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Guntur adhi Rahmawan Nia Naelul Hasanah Ridwan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Rahmawan, Guntur adhi, and Nia Naelul Hasanah Ridwan. 2021. “Swath Bathimetry Application for Underwater Archaeology in Indonesia.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/687 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1d236012350aed91906a0f28a6f47324.pdf 39ab5b1c5a83efd69b7f78ccea416091 PDF Text Text Symbiosis: Biodiversity Surveys on Archaeological Shipwreck Sites, Managing for a Better Future Vishmi Gunasinghe1, Chathurika Munasinghe2, Tharushi Pitigala3, Rasika Muthucumarana4, Anuradha Piyadasa5, Dharshana Jayawardena6 1 Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Instructor Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Lecturer 3 Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Masters student 4 Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund, Sri Lanka, Senior Archeological Officer 5 Institute of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Sri Lanka, Director 6 Independent underwater explorer 2 ABSTRACT Preliminary surveys on the biological diversity of shipwrecks were started in 2018 with SS Sagaing, an iron wreck purposely sunk by the Sri Lanka Navy. The survey aimed to record the recruitment and colonization of marine organisms on the ship's surface, two months after it was re-sunk in Trincomalee harbor. This became the foundation for a new relationship between marine archaeology, marine biology, and information technology. The National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was established in 2021 as an online database providing details of known shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters, preserving their heritage value for future generations. The database uses multimedia formats to present information in an interactive manner. Shipwrecks have multiple benefits, including serving as artificial reefs for marine life and attracting visitors for tourism. The data in the database is collected by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF), with contributions from other sources such as professional divers and research institutes. The database contains information on 103 shipwrecks and 6 aircrafts. Shipwreck sites naturally become habitats for marine life and can become important biodiversity hotspots. To safeguard them and their ecosystems, archaeologists, scientists, and government/non-governmental agencies should collaborate. Preliminary research collected ecological baseline data on shipwrecks, which was added to the national shipwreck database. This initiates long-term monitoring of fish and fauna diversity on shipwrecks, guiding future protection and conservation efforts for these ecosystems. The result of this project unites diverse stakeholders together to facilitate dialogue and design collaborative approaches to get maximum benefits from each sector. The topic of this abstract fits best within Session 16 - Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems because it demonstrates a unique partnership of multidisciplinary stakeholders managing the environmental and safety risks associated with underwater cultural heritage. Keywords: Artificial reef, Shipwreck biodiversity, Marine ecotourism, Underwater cultural heritage LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCF Central Cultural Fund MAU Maritime Archeological Unit NSDSL National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka UCH Underwater Cultural Heritage LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of locations of the shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters Figure 2. SS Sagaing shipwreck before and after Figure 3. Bow of the wreck; Inside the wreck parts Figure 4. Map of the location of the SS Sagaing shipwreck Figure 5. School of Striped eel catfish occurred in the shipwreck site; Group of Five-line Snappers, (Lutjanus quinquelineatus); Fish school of Cardinal occurred in of SS Sagaing shipwreck 1 �INTRODUCTION The marine ecosystem is a complex and dynamic system that plays a vital role in supporting life on Earth. From the smallest plankton to the largest mammals, every organism within this ecosystem is interconnected and dependent on one another. Despite the importance of the marine ecosystem, it is under threat from a variety of factors, including overfishing, pollution and climate change. As we strive to understand and protect this vital system, one area of increasing interest is the role that shipwrecks play in supporting marine biodiversity. In this paper, we will explore the ecological significance and cultural heritage values of shipwrecks, with a focus on the efforts being made to conserve, protect and manage these sites in Sri Lanka for a better future. Shipwrecks serve as a unique window into the past, offering insights into the culture, technology, and trade practices of bygone eras. In addition to their cultural significance, shipwrecks also play a vital role in the marine ecosystem, acting as artificial reefs that provide habitats for marine organisms and create biodiversity hotspots. Over the years, shipwrecks have been studied from various angles, including marine archaeology, history, and ecology. However, a comprehensive understanding of the recruitment and colonisation of marine organisms on these structures was lacking until recently. The initial investigations into the ecological aspect of shipwrecks in Sri Lanka commenced in 2018 with the Sri Lanka Navy deliberately sinking SS Sagaing, an iron shipwreck partially destroyed in 1942, during World War II. After 76 years the wreck was raised by the Sri Lanka Navy, moved out of the harbour area, and re-sunk. SS Sagaing now lies at a depth of 10m (bow) – 20m (stern) about 100 m from ashore, north of Elephant Island, Trincomalee. This study marked the beginning of a new collaboration between marine archaeology, marine ecology, and information technology, aimed at understanding the recruitment and colonisation of marine organisms on shipwrecks. The National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was initiated by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) in 2021 under the Central Cultural Fund (CCF) to address the lack of comprehensive data on shipwreck sites across the country. This is an online database that provides a comprehensive repository of information on known shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters, including their location, characteristics, and historical significance. This information can be used to guide decision-making related to the protection and conservation of shipwreck sites. The database uses multimedia formats to present the information interactively, making it accessible to a wider audience, including researchers, policymakers, students, tourists and anyone interested in the fascinating history and ecology of shipwrecks in Sri Lanka's waters. The data in the database is collected by the MAU of the CCF, with contributions from other sources such as professional divers and research institutes. Currently, the database contains details of 103 shipwrecks and 6 aircrafts. Figure 1 Map of the locations of the shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters (NSDSL) 2 �Studying the SS Sagaing shipwreck site as a case study holds significant importance as it offers valuable insights into the intricate ecological interactions within shipwreck sites and their symbiotic relationships with marine biodiversity. Acquiring a deeper understanding of these interactions can inform future endeavours to conduct comprehensive biodiversity surveys and effectively manage archaeological sites, thereby conserving marine biodiversity more efficiently. Moreover, this study plays a pivotal role in the establishment of the National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka, contributing to the preservation of the heritage value associated with shipwrecks. Collaboration between Marine Archaeology and Marine Ecology: Unlocking the Cultural and Ecological Significance of Shipwrecks The integration of marine archaeology and marine ecology is vital in comprehending the cultural and ecological importance of shipwreck sites. The combination of archaeological and ecological data enables researchers and conservationists to gain a holistic understanding of the historical, cultural, and ecological significance of shipwrecks and their associated ecosystems. Currently, there are no existing platforms that seamlessly integrate cultural heritage and ecology, making the creation of a national shipwreck database incorporating ecological data a groundbreaking contribution. Such a centralized resource would facilitate the sustainable management and conservation of these sites, balancing their cultural significance while mitigating potential risks. Moreover, being an open-access database, it would foster knowledge sharing among stakeholders, including the general public. The database's information could also be utilized to develop engaging eco-tourism experiences, benefiting local communities and raising awareness about marine environment preservation. Furthermore, the ecological data collected from shipwreck sites can enable comparative analysis, identifying patterns in ecosystem recovery and biodiversity. These insights offer valuable information on the long-term ecological impacts of shipwrecks and the effectiveness of conservation measures. By merging these disciplines, we can better appreciate the value of these sites and work towards their preservation, while gaining profound insights into the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Exploring Biodiversity on the SS Sagaing Shipwreck The present study utilises the SS Sagaing shipwreck site as a case study to explore the symbiotic relationships of biodiversity with archaeological shipwreck sites. This case study provides a valuable opportunity to gain insight into the complex ecological interactions of shipwreck sites and can inform future efforts to conduct more thorough biodiversity surveys and manage these archaeological sites effectively to conserve marine biodiversity.  Figure 2 SS Sagaing shipwreck before and after (BBC News 2018) 3 �The SS Sargaing shipwreck is currently positioned at a maximum depth of 18m, outside the Trincomalee harbour, west of Elephant Island. It is one of five World War II wrecks in Sri Lanka which is diveable. According to the National Shipwreck Database (NSD) of Sri Lanka, this iron vessel weighed 7994t and was 138.56m (454.6ft) in length and 18.65m (61.2ft) in breadth was launched on 24 December 1924. The SS Sagaing was damaged by the second Japanese attack on Ceylon on 9th April 1942 but didn't sink. A year later, in August 1943, it was purposely sunk by the British Admiralty and a pier was created on top of the wreck. In 2018, the Sri Lankan Navy (SLN) salvaged and refloated it to the current location near Elephant Island to make a way for a new pier at its previous location (Jayawardena et al. 2018).  This site was chosen as a case study for this investigation due to its well-documented histories and the wealth of information available from previous research. By building on the knowledge gained from this study, the research team is better equipped to understand the ecological relationships and biodiversity present on all other shipwreck sites more broadly. Figure 3 Bow of the wreck (left); Inside the wreck part (right) During the first visit to the wreck a few months after it was re-sunk, Figure 03 was taken and the site was investigated for biodiversity and dive tourism value, including site planning. During the second visit in 2019, Figure 04 was taken and additional photo and video documentation was collected of both the wreck parts and the marine biodiversity present. Figure 4 Map of the location of the SS Sagaing shipwreck 4 �To update the archaeological site plan and locate areas for sampling, visual surveys were carried out prior to data collection. The 50m belt transect method and video census were then utilised to observe fish and other fauna species on the shipwreck's outer hull. Reef fish were surveyed using the Belt Transect method. A diver swam along a 50m fibreglass tape, recording fish within 2.5m on both sides of the tape, covering an area of 250 m². The survey area extended up to 5 m above the transects in terms of vertical elevation. Considerable diversity among fish was recorded by the survey of the SS Sagaing shipwreck. A total of 21 fish species were observed, with the regal demoiselle (Neopomacentrus cyanomos), ring-tailed cardinalfish (Apogon aureus), gold band fusilier (Pterocaesio chrysozona), scissortail fusilier (Caesio caerulaurea), and striped eel catfish (Plotosus lineatus) being the most dominant in the upper zone of the wreck. Planktivorous fish, such as the regal demoiselle and gold band fusilier, were the most abundant, followed by carnivorous fish, such as the striped eel catfish. The exterior metal surface was colonised by 16 different species, with oysters (Lopha sp.), bubble corals (Plerogyra sinuosa), and encrusting sponges (Clathria sp.) covering between 40% to 50% of the hull. The fish community around the SS Sagaing was similar to those found on natural hard substrates at similar depths, indicating a high recruitment rate for a recently scuttled ship (Munasinghe et al. 2018, 5-6). Figure 5 Fish school of Cardinal (Apogon sp.) occurred in of SS Sagaing shipwreck (bottom); School of Striped eel catfish occurred in the shipwreck site (top left); Group of Five-line Snappers, (Lutjanus quinquelineatus) (top right) RESOURCES Collaborating Institutions and Support To conduct comprehensive shipwreck biodiversity surveys, we are fortunate to have the involvement of various organisations and experts from different fields. The research and survey data utilised in this study are sourced from marine scientists and marine archaeologists. Notably, the Maritime Archaeology Unit of the Central Cultural Fund has generously provided essential diving equipment, underwater cameras, measuring instruments, and diving officers for the survey. LAMPstack software 5 �was utilised in the development of the NSDSL website, while the SPSS software will be used for conducting the biodiversity survey at each shipwreck site. For future diving and survey activities in rural areas, we plan to seek logistical support from the Sri Lanka Navy. Moreover, the surveys will benefit from the valuable contributions of marine scientists and undergraduate students representing the University of Peradeniya, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, and the University of Ruhuna. In addition to the above institutions, we are pleased to collaborate with the Ministry of Environment, the National Aquatic Resource and Development Agency (NARA), and the maritime affairs division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. These organisations bring their extensive knowledge in marine biology, ecology, and underwater cultural heritage management to analyse the collected data. By pooling together the resources, expertise, and contributions of these various institutions and stakeholders, we aim to conduct comprehensive shipwreck biodiversity surveys that encompass both scientific and archaeological perspectives. FRAMEWORK The research questions that guide this investigation are broad, including identifying key species, understanding how they interact, and investigating the environmental factors that influence their growth and distribution. Furthermore, the research team aims to investigate the relationship between shipwrecks and the associated species that reside in and around them. The research team will further investigate the favourable conditions that allow these species to thrive in the shipwreck environment. Visual surveys will be carried out prior to data collection. Fish, macro invertebrates, corals and macroalgae will be estimated by using 50m fibreglass tape. Fish and macroinvertebrates will be used by belt transect method and benthic survey will be carried out by point transect method (English et al 1997). Video census will then be utilised to observe fish and other fauna species on the shipwreck's outer hull. A diver will swim along a 50m fibreglass tape, recording fish within 2.5m on both sides of the tape, covering an area of 250 m². The survey area will extend up to 5 m above the transects in terms of vertical elevation. EXPECTED RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study is expected to yield valuable insights into the biodiversity of shipwreck sites. It is likely that many more shipwreck sites will be identified in the future, which would benefit from similar surveys. The information gathered from these studies will be important in improving our understanding of these unique environments and will contribute to the creation and maintenance of a NSDSL. The data collected from the SS Sagaing shipwreck site will be used to establish a baseline for continued monitoring and conservation efforts, as well as to feed the National Shipwreck Database and improve future management decisions. Long-term monitoring of the ecological and biodiversity survey data will enable comparative analysis among sites to identify patterns in ecosystem recovery. Additionally, the long-term monitoring results will be used as baseline data for in-situ conservation of the coral and marine species associated with the shipwrecks.  The collaboration among archaeologists, environmental scientists, marine biologists, and various governmental and non-governmental agencies will be crucial in promoting the sustainable management and conservation of shipwreck sites and their associated marine ecosystems. They will work towards balancing their cultural significance and mitigating potential risks. The creation of a national shipwreck database, which includes ecological data collected through visual surveys, photo and video documentation, and specimen collection, will guide future efforts in enhancing in-situ 6 �protection and conservation of shipwreck ecosystems. This will contribute to the preservation of these historic and cultural resources while promoting scientific research, eco-tourism, and generating revenue for local communities. Although conducting research in underwater environments and collecting reliable data from archaeological sites pose significant challenges, the research team is confident in their approach and expertise. However, it should be noted that identifying fish and fauna using underwater photos and videos can be a time-consuming process that requires a high level of expertise and attention to detail. Finding individuals with the necessary qualifications and experience to undertake this work can be difficult, which adds an additional challenge to the research process. CONCLUSION In conclusion, future research on shipwrecks as cultural heritage sites and their relationship with biodiversity will continue to demonstrate the importance of sustainable management and conservation efforts, particularly given the potential for shipwrecks to serve as biodiversity hotspots. Ongoing collaboration between stakeholders will be necessary to address the benefits and challenges of managing shipwreck sites, including economic benefits, environmental risks, and ethical considerations. Overall, this research has brought together multidisciplinary experts and promoted dialogue towards a more holistic approach to protecting and conserving shipwreck sites and their associated marine ecosystems, emphasising the need for ongoing monitoring and protection efforts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to extend our sincere appreciation to the organisers of the Asia Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage for providing us with an excellent platform to exchange ideas and knowledge with experts from all over the world. We are also grateful to our respective institutions and universities in Sri Lanka for their support and contributions to our research. Looking forward, we aim to continue conducting collaborative research with other experts in the field, and we hope that our findings will contribute to the management and conservation of underwater archaeological sites not only in Sri Lanka but also beyond. We remain committed to this important work and hope to inspire future generations of researchers to explore and preserve our rich marine biodiversity and underwater cultural heritage. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BBC News. "SS Sagaing: WW2 shipwreck refloated by Sri Lanka navy." BBC, April 2, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43607838 2. English, S. S., C. C. Wilkinson, and V. V. Baker. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, 1997. 3. Jayawardena, D., C. S. Munasinghe, P. B. T. P. Kumara, A. Wijesuriya, R. Muthucumarana, and R. Priyanandana. "Eco tourism potential of the SS Sagaing (1942) shipwreck in the Trincomalee Harbor." In Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Marine Environment, Marine Environment Protection Authority, 18-19, 2018. 4. Munasinghe, C. S., P. B. T. P. Kumara, A. Wijesuriya, R. Muthucumarana, and D. Jayawardena. "Use of shipwrecks as artificial reefs: Biodiversity of the SS Sagaing." In Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Marine Environment, Marine Environment Protection Authority, 5-6, 2018. 5. National Shipwreck Database. "Home page." Accessed April 30, 2023. https://nsd.ccf.gov.lk/. 6. Rajasuriya, Arjan. Field Guide to Reef Fishes of Sri Lanka. Colombo: IUCN Sri Lanka Office, 2013. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 25: Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems Subject The topic of the resource Session 25 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 25 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Symbiosis: Biodiversity Surveys on Archaeological Shipwreck Sites, Managing for a Better Future Description An account of the resource Preliminary surveys on the biological diversity of shipwrecks were started in 2018 with SS Sagaing, an iron wreck purposely sunk by the Sri Lanka Navy. The survey aimed to record the recruitment and colonization of marine organisms on the ship's surface, two months after it was re-sunk in Trincomalee harbor. This became the foundation for a new relationship between marine archaeology, marine biology, and information technology. The National Shipwreck Database of Sri Lanka (NSDSL) was established in 2021 as an online database providing details of known shipwrecks in Sri Lankan waters, preserving their heritage value for future generations. The database uses multimedia formats to present information in an interactive manner. Shipwrecks have multiple benefits, including serving as artificial reefs for marine life and attracting visitors for tourism. The data in the database is collected by the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF), with contributions from other sources such as professional divers and research institutes. The database contains information on 103 shipwrecks and 6 aircrafts. Shipwreck sites naturally become habitats for marine life and can become important biodiversity hotspots. To safeguard them and their ecosystems, archaeologists, scientists, and government/non-governmental agencies should collaborate. Preliminary research collected ecological baseline data on shipwrecks, which was added to the national shipwreck database. This initiates long-term monitoring of fish and fauna diversity on shipwrecks, guiding future protection and conservation efforts for these ecosystems. The result of this project unites diverse stakeholders together to facilitate dialogue and design collaborative approaches to get maximum benefits from each sector. The topic of this abstract fits best within Session 16 - Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems because it demonstrates a unique partnership of multidisciplinary stakeholders managing the environmental and safety risks associated with underwater cultural heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vishmi Gunasinghe Chathurika Munasinghe Tharushi Pitigala Rasika Muthucumarana Anuradha Piyadasa Dharshana Jayawardena Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Gunasinghe, Vishmi , Chathurika Munasinghe, Tharushi Malshani, Rasika Muthucumarana, Anuradha Piyadasa, Dharshana Jayawardena. 2023. “Symbiosis: Biodiversity surveys on archaeological shipwreck sites, managing for a better future.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bishnu Pada Bose. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1973 Asia-Pac Session 25 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/34a443bbae1b8e21707aa882599da001.pdf e8152076430d90b8ccd215e5d99e9190 PDF Text Text Synergetic management strategy toward sustainable use of ocean resources and enhancing blue economy Bishnu Pada Bose1, Debashruti Bose2, Diptasri Ghosh3 1 Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India 3 Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India Corresponding author, E-mail address: bosebishnu@gmail.com 2 ABSTRACT As intensified anthropogenic activities and altered global climate systems impose cumulative pressures on marine biodiversity, their potential to provide tangible and intangible benefits to people and the planet might decrease, causing degrading maritime heritage. The marine environment considers a precious heritage of the global community. A healthy marine environment can boost the resilience of marine heritage. On the other side, the blue economy in the ocean context is strongly gaining international importance. Blue economy cooperation at both global and regional levels will develop a common concept of marine ecosystems and protect underwater marine heritage. The worldwide ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface area. It is expected to become the great economic frontier in the coming future, with tremendous potential for resource generation and development across multidirectional segments. As the oceans are vast and particularly sensitive to ocean trades, coastal economics, marine heritage, and ecosystems need to be preserved, and a balance between trade and commerce and the conservation of the marine ecosystems and heritage must be found. Worldwide, 80% of global trade is achieved using the seas, and 40% of the global population lives near coastal zones. It has been estimated that the annual gross revenue from marine products (GMP) is US$2.5 trillion, and the total value of the ocean resources is at least US$24 trillion; also, the ocean economy is capable of providing a livelihood for over 3 billion people. Pursuing the blue economy sustainably is essential to optimize mutual benefit for the well-being of people and the planet. To enhance the blue economy, we must focus on achieving SDGs goal 14, conserving the maritime cultural heritage and ocean biodiversity. At the same time, stakeholder initiatives, policy formation, and transboundary cooperation are significant. It requires disruptive approaches to eliminate marine pollution and conserve marine ecosystems and heritage to enhance the blue economy at the global level. This paper discusses the threat to underwater cultural heritage caused by anthropogenic sources. It discusses ocean governance, policies, and the proposal to protect marine ecosystems, conserve maritime heritage, and enhance the blue economy. Keywords: Anthropogenic Activities, Underwater Cultural Heritage, Ocean Resources, Blue Economy LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GMP Gross marine product MCH Marine Cultural Heritage R&D Research and development SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UCH Underwater cultural heritage UNESCO United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization LIST OF TABLES and FIGURES Table 1 The present threats to UCH Table 2 Presents the definitions of the sustainable ocean economy and blue economy Table 3 Regional Collaboration in Sustainable Ocean Governance Table 4 Summarizes the factors influencing the blue economy Table 5 Marine policy directions adopted by major nations Table 6 Solutions to be coordinated between MCH protection and marine development Figure 1 Marine Ecosystems and economic benefits 1 �INTRODUCTION The literature is evident that the ocean economy consists of living resources, renewable energy, minerals, tourism and recreation, carbon sequestration, transport and trade, and overall marine and coastal zone protection (Ebarvia, 2016; Hussain et al. 2018; Karani and Failler 2020; Choudhary et al. 2021). On the other hand, it has been stated that "UCH is defined as all traces of human existence of a cultural, historical or archaeological nature which, for at least 100 years, have been partially or immersed, periodically or permanently, under the oceans and in lakes and rivers" (UNESCO 2001 Convention; Pearson and Thompson 2023). UCH is not officially a blue economy sector, but it is a field where UCH can be used as a resource of economic benefits, in turn enhancing the global blue economy (Nishikawa 2021; Lamont 2022). Worldwide around 40% of the population is mainly connected in coastal zones, and 75% of the world's major cities are situated near the coastal area (Small and Nicholls, 2003; Mimura, 2006; Lane et al., 2015 Vignudelli et al. 2019). Probably the significant legacy of securing a sustainable ocean economy is that developing measurements to usher sustainable ocean development can gleam the way for the measure to a sustainable blue economy (Fenichel et al. 2020). The ocean economy is under multidirectional risks and stressors, ranging from direct biodiversity damage, unmanaged resource extraction, pollution, and climate change (Ryabinin et al. 2019). Achieving effective sustainability of the ocean environment, biodiversity, and ecological systems in a changing era is a great challenge Anthropogenic (Bigagli 2016; Quirk and Hannah 2016; Fox et al. 2021). The ocean strongly contributes to the global society for our well-being but, at the same time, is severely impacted by human activities (Micheli et al. 2013; Halpern et al. 2015). Oceans provide us with essential natural resources, but the management towards governance is a very complex network, and, as a result, ocean ecosystems. The current protocol of management strategy is seen to have failed to utilize the ocean resources sustainably, and also, there needs to be more efficient in managing other ocean ecosystems, which has been highlighted in the various consequences (Curtin and Prellezo 2010; Henderson 2019) Sustainable development of the ocean ecosystem is possible; still, such growth will depend upon the sustained capacity building of coastal and indigenous communities, stakeholder collaboration, and the resource's long-term sustainability. Based on the literature review data, ocean sustainability is linked with the other sustainable development goal (Claudet et al. 2020). The current ocean governance system must be revised to handle the ocean's challenges. A reconfiguration of ocean management and governance orientation should support a healthy and thriving relationship between the human community and the ocean, enhance the blue economy, and improve sustainable development. UCH (DEFINITIONS) The UCH defines as “all the material and resource evidence of human activities carried on in the ocean environment, particularly as evidenced on the bottom of the sea." (Smith and Couper 2003). According to the UCH Convention of UNESCO (adopted in 2001), “UCH is defined as all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical, or archaeological character, which has been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years” (UNESCO 2021). PRESENT THREATS TO THE UCH Considering the increased interest in ocean heritage in the last few decades, it is vital to emphasize global awareness of the value of UCH and engage stakeholders, leaders, and policy-makers in taking initiatives to protect marine cultural treasures. As per UNESCO, the present threats to UCH are becoming serious and presented in Table 1. 2 �Table 1 The present threats to UCH Threats to the UCH Effects on UCH Climate change Rising sea levels, damaging biodiversity and ecosystems Pillages Due to the modern technological advancement, research interest, and hunting of treasure. Extensive pillage is now also taking place underwater. Commercial and tourist exploitation Commercial exploitation is the legal recovery of artifacts from a heritage site to put them up for sale. Trawling and Fishing Trawling activities are degrading UCH. Its impact on the sea floor is devastating. Economic activities Economic activities in the ocean environment are damaging UCH in multiple directions. Such as marine construction works, mineral extraction, and trading of marine species affect the environment by generating pollution, causing erosion, or modifying currents. In turn, they are degrading UCH. Industrial and commercial work Shipping and other commercial activities causing significant effects on UCH Developing the seabed extraction, pipeline) Extracting sand, gravel, and minerals in the seabed imposes multidirectional effects on UCH. (mineral Source: UNESCO, UCH, 15 February 2023 SUSTAINABLE OCEAN ECONOMY AND BLUE ECONOMY According to the World Bank's report, the blue economy is defined as the "sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of the ocean ecosystem." Blue Economy is an economy that "comprises a range of economic sectors and related policies that determine whether the use of ocean resources is sustainable” (According to the United Nations). Table 2 presents the definitions of the sustainable ocean economy and blue economy (Sumaila et al. 2020) Table 2 Definitions of the sustainable ocean economy and blue economy (Sumaila et al. 2020) Asian Development Bank “The economic, societal, and environmental derive economic activity from the ocean.'' Center for the Blue Economy “It uses three related but distinct meanings: (i) the overall contribution of the ocean to economies, (ii) the need to address the environmental and ecological sustainability of the oceans, and (iii) the ocean economy as a growth opportunity for both developed and developing countries." Economist Intelligence Unit “A sustainable ocean economy emerges when economic activity is in balance with the long-term capacity of ocean ecosystems to support this activity and remain resilient and healthy." Economic Cooperation Development and “The ocean economy can be defined as the sum of the economic activities of ocean-based industries and the assets, goods, and services of marine ecosystems." United Nations Development Program “Protecting, preserving, and restoring ocean resources while increasing the economic activity derived from the ocean." World Bank “The sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth and improved livelihoods and jobs while preserving the health of the ocean ecosystem." “A sustainable blue economy provides social and economic benefits for current and future generations; restores, protects, and maintains diverse, productive, and resilient ecosystems; and is based on clean technologies, renewable energy, and circular material flows." Worldwide Fund for Nature 3 �Ocean economy or sustainable blue economy can be enhanced by regional collaboration in Sustainable Ocean Governance (Sumaila et al. 2020). Table 3 describes the Regional Collaboration in Sustainable Ocean Governance. Table 3 Regional Collaboration in Sustainable Ocean Governance (Sumaila et al. 2020) Region Sustainable ocean management (Initiative/Strategy) Africa “African Union’s Blue Economy Strategy United Nations Economic Commission for Africa’s Blue Economy Regional Action Plan” Asia “Asia Development Bank’s Action Plan for Healthy Oceans and Sustainable Blue Economies. Indonesia’s Sustainable Oceans Programme” Baltic Sea Baltic Sea Initiative Europe EU’s Blue economics initiative g Indian Ocean Indian ocean rim association’s blue economy declaration Pacific Ocean Pacific Regional of Oceanscape Program BLUE ECONOMY Oceans are the most expensive ecosystem and a vast economic system and network - a blue economy. Our oceans cover 97% of the world’s water resources, and globally, the blue economy has enormous potential and is an emerging economy. It includes all commercial and economic activities related to oceans, seas, and coastal zones in a broad perspective, regardless of whether the activities occur on the sea or land. To develop the blue economy, we must address the issue of the significant bottleneck toward the sustainability of the blue economy in the global context. Table 4 presents the factors influencing the blue economy. Table 4 Summarizes the factors influencing the blue economy. Factors Affecting the blue economy Description Disasters The blue economy is negatively impacted yearly by natural disasters.  These include Cyclones, hurricanes, Tsunamis, and typhoons.  These disasters damage properties and take the lives of thousands of people. Sea-based terror activities Terrorism, robbery, piracy, trafficking of drugs and humans, illegal arms trade, illegal trade of crude oil, smuggling of drugs, etc. Man-made issues These include problems such as oil spills, war, and aggression, etc. Climate condition The impact of present climatic conditions on the marine ecosystem is immense. Increase of acidity in oceans, unnatural changes in sea temperatures, etc. These negatively affect the oceanic habitat, marine resources, and people that are dependent on them. Marine pollution This includes dumping untreated sewage, runoff from agriculture, microplastic pollution, solid waste disposal, etc. The excess nutrients from waste lead to problems such as low dissolved oxygen levels in the water. Vulnerable resources, such as corals, fish species, etc., are threatened. Unsustainable use of marine resources Use of marine resources in an Unregulated, illegal, and unsustainable manner. 4 �OCEAN GOVERNANCE Ocean governance includes the policy, rules, regulations, affairs, and actions towards sustainable use of ocean resources and to conserve its ecosystems. (Balgos et al. 2015; Stephenson et al. 2019). Considering these challenges is constitutive to developing proper governance towards developing marine ecosystems and improving sustainability leading to protecting UCH (Alexander and Haward 2019). Haas et al. (2021) derived from the SDGs three significant risks in the context of ocean governance as follows: 1. The consequence of the unmanaged use of ocean resources (SDG12, SDG14, SDG16) 2. Improper allocations of access to the benefits from the ocean ecosystem e.g., gender inequalities and technology transfer (SDG1, SDG8, SDG10, SDG16) 3. Lack of awareness of adaptation to changing ocean conditions (SDG1, SDG13, SDG11, SDG16). With the view of the UN SDG goal and for the sake of ocean sustainability, it is rational to jointly work with all nations to protect the ocean environment and biodiversity, leading to sustainable use of ocean resources. OCEAN POLICY CONTEXT As the twenty-first century has progressed the cumulative impacts of unmanaged resource consumption and the exponential growth of the global population are the red alert towards the long-term sustainability of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of their invaluable resources. There has been an international focus on the maritime context over the past few decades, and we must maintain that motivation. The ocean policy provides strength to protect marine biodiversity and resources, improve coastal economies, preserve UCH, and manage sustainable uses and access. Worldwide few major Nationals have adopted the marine policy for the sake of sustainable development of the ocean, presented in Table 5 (Kaczynski 2011; Wlodzimierz 2011). Table 5 Marine policy directions adopted by major nations (Kaczynski 2011; Wlodzimierz 2011) Country Source Significant policy directions/measures USA Marine education, policy, marine resource, ocean water, and ocean economic Japan Ocean resource, Coastal zone management, conservation of remote islands, Ocean environment, Marine transportation, and Marine security, Carrying R&D and survey for better ocean management. Canada Marine sustainable development, ocean ecosystems, Ocean science development China Ocean-related policy and rights, Conservation of the marine ecosystem, Marine resources, Integrated governance of ocean Korea Secure the ocean environment, protection of the ocean environment, and training of the marine specialists 5 �SYNERGETIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGY TO ENHANCE THE OCEAN BLUE ECONOMY MCH or UCH is closely related to SDG 14, that life below water is a crucial goal of the 2030 global agenda with its stated aim to synergetic management strategy towards sustainable oceans management and sustainable development while, more specifically, a concern with the blue economy in the ocean context. Not only that, but instead, we depend upon ocean ecosystems. Worldwide damaging marine biodiversity and degrading MCH result from sustained human action over millennia. The benefits and advantages provided by the ocean are being eroded rapidly. Figure 1 presents a typical image of marine ecosystems and the general economic benefits and services they provide to global communities (Barbier 2017). Figure 1 Marine ecosystems and economic benefits (Barbier 2017). To enhance the blue economy, all the stakeholders must jointly collaborate to implement ocean policy and governance and step forward to protect MCH and ocean ecosystems; these are the significant elements of the blue ocean economy. As per UNESCO, we must address the six measures to protect UCH, such as i) Awareness Raising Material, ii) Practical Measures of Protection, iii) Contribute to the Fund, iv) Model Implementation Law, v) Ratify the 2001 Convention vi) State Cooperation Mechanism. A synergetic management strategy properly enhances the blue economy to harmonize marine culture development, protect ocean resources, and restore marine biodiversity. (Guilan and Weiwei 2021) Proposed solutions to protect maritime cultural heritage and marine development are presented in Table 6. 6 �Table 6 Solutions to be coordinated between MCH protection and marine development (Guilan and Weiwei 2021) Correlation aspects MCH Protection Marine Development Spatial planning Where is the potential MCH area and MCH protection area? How to include MCH areas in marine spatial planning? Environmental standard What kind of preserved environment is required for MCH with different materials Is there any discharge that will pollute or damage MCH? Management coordination Preserve in situ or excavation and salvage? How to coordinate the schedules of a marine development projection? Laws and policies Are the impacts on marine development activities taken into account? Are the MCH protective provisions fully included? A synergetic management strategy for the ocean environment and economy aims to account for global communities' vast environmental, social, and economic challenges. Unmanaged utilization of ocean resources increases anthropogenic and ecological pressures. This paper highlighted the significant bottleneck towards the development of the blue economy (Table 3). To develop the blue economy, the integration of MCH (MCH) into marine policy has been deemed necessary, and it is part of the blue economy. CONCLUSION The Blue economy has enormous potential to encompass and improve social well-being and sustainability in the ocean context. The risks are close if the uncontrolled uses of ocean resources and coasts continue to be used mainly for commercial and trading purposes. The concept of the blue economy should address the issues and give direction on how cultural heritage can be used sustainably in the coastal and marine sectors. On the other hand, the creative economy is not directly concerned with the blue economy but directly linked with the maritime cultural heritage. In turn, the protection of cultural heritage enhances the blue economy. By 2030, ocean protection areas will be expected to expand from 11 per cent to 30 per cent. At the global level, ocean resources and the sustainability of the blue economy are also coming into focus; it would be a significant area with the green deal. Sustainable approaches to ocean management that can address these cumulative pressures have been the focus of considerable research and agency action. To achieve SDGs goal 14 (sustainable use of the oceans) and conservation of marine biodiversity, stakeholder initiatives, policy formation, and transboundary cooperation are extremely important. It requires disruptive approaches to eliminate marine pollution and conserve marine ecosystems and heritage to enhance the blue economy at the global level, in turn leading to improved sustainable development. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to the Head, Members, Organizers, and Colleagues of the Asia Pacific Conference on UCH for providing us with an excellent platform to exchange our views and ideas and enhance knowledge through this conference with experts from different locations of the globe. We are also grateful to our university and institutions in India for their generous support, motivation, and contributions to our research. We are delighted to be part of the conference and have aspired to remain attached to the organization of “Asia Pacific Conference on UCH” in the future to conduct collaborative research to improve the sustainability of UCH. 7 �. Dr. Bishnu Pada Bose Professor School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Swami Vivekananda University Kolkata, India Ms. Debashruti Bose Symbiosis School of International Studies Symbiosis International University Pune, India Ms. Diptasri Ghosh Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Alexander, K. A., & Haward, M. The human side of marine ecosystem-based management (EBM):‘Sectoral interplay as a challenge to implementing EBM. Marine Policy, 101, (2019): 33-38. 2. Balgos, M. C., Cicin-Sain, B., & VanderZwaag, D. L. A comparative analysis of ocean policies in fifteen nations and four regions. In Routledge Handbook of National and Regional Ocean Policies Routledge. (2015): 3-48). 3. Barbier, E. B. Marine ecosystem services. Current Biology 27, no. 11, (2017): R507-R510. 4. Bigagli, E. The international legal framework for the management of the global oceans social-ecological system. Marine Policy 68, (2016): 155-164. 5. Choudhary, P., Khade, M., Savant, S., Musale, A., Chelliah, M. S., & Dasgupta, S. Empowering blue economy: From underrated ecosystem to sustainable industry. Journal of environmental management 291, (2021): 112697. 6. Claudet, J., Bopp, L., Cheung, W. W., Devillers, R., Escobar-Briones, E., Haugan, P., & Gaill, F. A roadmap for using the UN decade of ocean science for sustainable development in support of science, policy, and action. One Earth 2, no. 1, (2020): 34-42. 7. Curtin, R., & Prellezo, R. Understanding marine ecosystem-based management: a literature review. Marine Policy 34, no. 5, (2010): 821-830. 8. Ebarvia, M. C. M. Economic assessment of oceans for sustainable blue economy development. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics 2, no. 2, (2016): 7. 9. Fenichel, E. P., Addicott, E. T., Grimsrud, K. M., Lange, G. M., Porras, I., & Milligan, B. Modifying national accounts for sustainable ocean development. Nature Sustainability 3, no.11, (2020): 889-895. 10. Fox, N., Marshall, J., & Dankel, D. J. Ocean literacy and surfing: Understanding how interactions in coastal ecosystems inform blue space user’s awareness of the ocean. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11, (2021): 5819. 11. Guilan, L., & Weiwei, D. Synergetic management strategy for maritime cultural heritage protection and marine development in China. Marine Policy 125, (2021): 104383. 12. Halpern, B. S., Frazier, M., Potapenko, J., Casey, K. S., Koenig, K., Longo, C., & Walbridge, S. Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world’s ocean. Nature Communications 6, no. 1, (2015): 1-7. 13. Henderson, J. Oceans without history? MCH and the sustainable development agenda. Sustainability 11, no. 18, (2019): 5080. 14. Hussain, M. G., Failler, P., Karim, A. A., & Alam, M. K. Major opportunities for blue economy development in Bangladesh. 8 �Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 14, no. 1, (2018): 88-99. 15. Kaczynski, W. The future of the blue economy: lessons for the European Union. Foundations of Management 3, no. 1, (2011): 21. 16. Karani, P., & Failler, P. Comparative coastal and marine tourism, climate change, and the blue economy in African Large Marine Ecosystems. Environmental Development 36, (2020): 100572. 17. Lamont, M. MCH and Sustainable Development. In Critical Approaches to Heritage for Development Routledge.(2022): 144-158. 18. Lane, D. E., Clarke, C. M., Clarke, J. D., Mycoo, M., & Gobin, J. Managing adaptation to changing climate in Coastal Zones. Coastal Zones, Solutions for the 21st Century, eds J. Baztan, O. Chouinard, B. Jorgensen, P. Tett, J.-P. Vanderlinden, and L. Vasseur (Amsterdam: Elsevier), (2015): 141-160. 19. Micheli, F., Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Ciriaco, S., Ferretti, F., Fraschetti, S.,& Rosenberg, A. A. Cumulative human impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea marine ecosystems: assessing current pressures and opportunities. PloS one 8, no. 12, (2013): e79889. 20. Mimura, N. State of the environment in the Asia and Pacific coastal zones and effects of global change. Global change and integrated coastal management: The Asia-Pacific region (2006): 17-38. 21. Nishikawa, C. UCH in Asia Pacific and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the UCH. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 17, no. 2, (2021). 22. Pearson, N., & Thompson, B. S. Saving two fish with one wreck: Maximizing synergies in marine biodiversity conservation and UCH protection. Marine Policy 152, (2023): 105613. 23. Quirk, G., & Hanich, Q. Ocean Diplomacy: The Pacific Island Countries' campaign to the UN for an ocean sustainable development goal. Asia-pacific journal of ocean law and policy 1, no. 1, (2016): 68-95. 24. Ryabinin, V., Barbière, J., Haugan, P., Kullenberg, G., Smith, N., McLean, C., & Rigaud, J. The UN Decade of ocean science for sustainable development. Frontiers in Marine Science 6, (2019): 470. 25. Small, C., & Nicholls, R. J. A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. Journal of coastal research, (2003): 584-599. 26. Smith, H. D., & Couper, A. D. The management of the UCH. Journal of Cultural Heritage 4, no. 1 (2003): 25-33. 27. Stephenson, R. L., Hobday, A., Cvitanovic, C., Fudge, M., Ward, T., Butler, I., & Vince, J. Report of Workshops on integrated management of marine activities.(2019). 28. Sumaila, U. R., Walsh, M., Hoareau, K., Cox, A., Abdallah, P., Akpalu, W.& Sack, K. Ocean Finance: Financing the transition to a sustainable ocean economy. World Resources Institute.(2020). 29. Vignudelli, S., Birol, F., Benveniste, J., Fu, L. L., Picot, N., Raynal, M., & Roinard, H. Satellite altimetry measurements of sea level in the coastal zone. Surveys in Geophysics 40, (2019): 1319-1349. 30. Wlodzimierz, K. The Future of the Blue Economy: Lessons for the European Union. Foundations of Management 3, no. 1, (2011): 21-32. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 25: Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems Subject The topic of the resource Session 25 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 25 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Synergetic management strategy toward sustainable use of ocean resources and enhancing blue economy Description An account of the resource As intensified anthropogenic activities and altered global climate systems impose cumulative pressures on marine biodiversity, their potential to provide tangible and intangible benefits to people and the planet might decrease, causing degrading maritime heritage. The marine environment considers a precious heritage of the global community. A healthy marine environment can boost the resilience of marine heritage. On the other side, the blue economy in the ocean context is strongly gaining international importance. Blue economy cooperation at both global and regional levels will develop a common concept of marine ecosystems and protect underwater marine heritage. The worldwide ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface area. It is expected to become the great economic frontier in the coming future, with tremendous potential for resource generation and development across multidirectional segments. As the oceans are vast and particularly sensitive to ocean trades, coastal economics, marine heritage, and ecosystems need to be preserved, and a balance between trade and commerce and the conservation of the marine ecosystems and heritage must be found. Worldwide, 80% of global trade is achieved using the seas, and 40% of the global population lives near coastal zones. It has been estimated that the annual gross revenue from marine products (GMP) is US$2.5 trillion, and the total value of the ocean resources is at least US$24 trillion; also, the ocean economy is capable of providing a livelihood for over 3 billion people. Pursuing the blue economy sustainably is essential to optimize mutual benefit for the well-being of people and the planet. To enhance the blue economy, we must focus on achieving SDGs goal 14, conserving the maritime cultural heritage and ocean biodiversity. At the same time, stakeholder initiatives, policy formation, and transboundary cooperation are significant. It requires disruptive approaches to eliminate marine pollution and conserve marine ecosystems and heritage to enhance the blue economy at the global level. This paper discusses the threat to underwater cultural heritage caused by anthropogenic sources. It discusses ocean governance, policies, and the proposal to protect marine ecosystems, conserve maritime heritage, and enhance the blue economy. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bishnu Pada Bose Debashruti Bose Diptasri Ghosh Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bose, Bishnu Pada , Debashruti Bose, and Diptasri Ghosh. 2023. “Synergetic management strategy toward sustainable use of ocean resources and enhancing blue economy.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bishnu Pada Bose. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1971 Asia-Pac Session 25 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource T’ai-tsung (reign 626-49) the Consolidator Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Howard J. Wechsler Denis Twitchett Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Howard J. Wechsler Editor Denis Twitchett Item Type Book Section Book Title Sui and T’ang China Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Pages 188-241 Place Cambridge Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Series The Cambridge History of China Title A name given to the resource T’ai-tsung (reign 626-49) the Consolidator Volume 3 China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Olof G Lidin Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Olof G Lidin Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Item Type Book ISBN 0700716742 Call Number 303.482520469|221 Library Catalog 128.125.253.52 Library Catalog Num Pages 304 Place Copenhagen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Series Nordic Institute of Asian studies monograph series Short Title Tanegashima Title A name given to the resource Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/36c1e9ab7e560160f95b8d2d53e04fa4.pdf 468f5185c0de2dd3885aa02398d0e79e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 14: In the Mind of the Boatbuilder: Asia Pacific studies in Maritime Ethno-archaeology Subject The topic of the resource Session 14 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract The study of contemporary maritime cultures and their materials through first hand observation, maritime ethnography is a ‘relatively’ new tool available to maritime archaeologists. By using ethnographic analogies, archaeologists can propose hypothetical reconstructions of incomplete objects or structures, suggest the possible use of enigmatic structural elements, and describe in detail how the object or structure was made. Ethno-archaeology can provide clues or suggest ways of thinking about past cultures, and serve as a launch pad for retrospective enquiry. Analogous applications of ethnography to archaeology allow us to breach temporal and spatial gaps by using information derived from one context (the present) to help explain data found in another (the past). In keeping with the Conference theme and proposed sub-theme (8), ‘Nautical Technology in Asia-Pacific’, this session is intended to provide a forum for researchers from ethnography, archaeology, anthropology, digital humanities and related disciplines, to exchange ideas, present new research and explore challenges in the collection, investigation, interpretation and dissemination of maritime ethno-archaeological data. The focus of ‘In the Mind of the Boatbuilder: Asia Pacific Studies in Maritime Ethno-archaeology’ will be on water transport technology in Asia-Pacific, including regional studies and collaborative projects, which employ innovative and emerging technologies, observe boatbuilding traditions and explore archeological evidence for traditional boats, social practices, maritime rituals and associated traditions. We invite researchers from across the Asia Pacific region to submit papers on topics including, but not limited to: ancient seafaring in Asia-Pacific; boat ethnography in Asia-Pacific; ethno-archaeological studies of water transport systems and practices, new and emerging technologies for recording traditional boats; and ethnographic studies of maritime rituals and traditions in boat construction. We particularly welcome submissions that provide new information about regional seafaring that is changing our understanding of human history and creating opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration beyond national boundaries. Session Organizers: Sarah Ward and Ying Ying Yan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tanka Sampan Boats of Pearl River Delta : A Case Study in Ethno-archaeology Description An account of the resource For the purpose of keeping with the Conference aim of managing and protecting underwater cultural heritage in Asia, this paper will share the outcome of the investigation of the Chinese Tanka Sampan boat and related aspects, disseminate the maritime ethno-archaeological data. This paper is based on the fieldwork undertaken in Shatian in 2017, it aims at carrying out a study of the Chinese Tanka region through the perspective of the major iconic facet of their culture: Tanka sampan boats. Liu-wang boat and Bai-ban boat, which are recognised as commonly used ones by Tanka people, were used as the primary resources for the research. In the absence of the investigation on the sampan boatbuilding and relevant factors in an ethno-archaeological context, this paper will home in on the ethnographic study of these sampan boats, examine the remaining physical sources and provide an archaeological representation of the boats by reconstructing the boats in two and three dimensional, to provide new data for both traditional boat study from a maritime archaeological aspect and ethnological study on Tanka region. The analysis of Tanka sampan boats permits us to explore connections between the boats and the social life behind it intended for a water environment, reveal the relevant technical aspects of boatbuilding. Also, the application of new knowledge for examining the principles and practices that guided their cultural development, could aid with placing this within the wider maritime context of the region. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ying Ying Yan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Yan, Ying Ying. 2021. “Tanka Sampan Boats of Pearl River Delta : A Case Study in Ethno-archaeology.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/701 Asia-Pac Session14 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tantrism in China Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chou Yi-liang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Mar. 1945 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Chou Yi-liang Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Mar. 1945 Issue 3/4 Pages 241-332 Publication Title Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Title A name given to the resource Tantrism in China Volume 8 China