46 10 700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skin-boats Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shinji Nishimura Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Society of Navy Architects Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Shinji Nishimura Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... Language: English Note(s): Reprint of the author's A study of ancient ships of Japan, v. 5-8./ Includes bibliographical references. Class Descriptors: LC: GN635.J2; Dewey: 623.8/21 Responsibility: by Shinji Nishimura. More Records: Show record information Vendor Info: Baker and Taylor (BTCP) Entry: 19801002 Update: 20061120 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 248 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Society of Navy Architects Series His A study of ancient ships of Japan ; pt. 4; Variation: Nishimura, Shinji,; 1879-1943.; Study of ancient ships of Japan ;; pt. 4. Title A name given to the resource Skin-boats Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Souchou ni okeru chihou no gaikou kinou kyouka to higashiajia boueki no kakudai Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shangsheng Chen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kyushu University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Shangsheng Chen Item Type Book Section Book Title Higashi ajia to nihon 4 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Pages 21-28 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kyushu University Title A name given to the resource Souchou ni okeru chihou no gaikou kinou kyouka to higashiajia boueki no kakudai China Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asia before History Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Peter Bellwood Nicholas Tarling Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Peter Bellwood Editor Nicholas Tarling Item Type Book Section Book Title The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Vol. 1, pt. 1, From Early Times to c. 1500 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Place Cambridge Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asia before History Volume 1 Southeast Asia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Volume One: The Lands below the Winds Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Professor Anthony Reid Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Yale University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-09-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Professor Anthony Reid Item Type Book ISBN 0300047509 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-09-10 Library Catalog Amazon.com Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Yale University Press Short Title Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Volume One: The Lands below the Winds Southeast Asia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean during the First Millennium A.D. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pierre-Yves Manguin Himanshu Prabha Ray Jean-Francois Salles Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Manohar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Pierre-Yves Manguin Editor Himanshu Prabha Ray Jean-Francois Salles Item Type Book Section Book Title Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Pages 181-97 Place New Delhi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Manohar Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean during the First Millennium A.D. India Southeast Asia https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/87b2bf213fd1ab2c9ae4c07cefd584d8.pdf 128a91919393cc03d17dce9ef6093136 PDF Text Text Spain and the Underwarter Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Area Xavier Nieto1 Abstract In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan reached the Mariana Islands in the name of king Charles I of Spain. His travel of exploration to seek out a westward route to the Spice Islands lead to a long standing presence of Spain in the Asia-Pacific region. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish colony in the Philippines in 1565 and only a few months later, Andrés de Urdaneta had made a safe return trip to Acapulco which lead to the establishment of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route that lasted until Mexico’s independence in 1815. Today, Spain’s maritime legacy is dispersed around the world, with a large number of settlements and wrecks located in the Asia-Pacific region. For the past 30 years, the Spanish government has done enormous efforts to study its past overseas, especially in the Americas. Finally, the time has come to rediscover our links with Asia-Pacific countries and redesign our cultural ties with the region. In this paper I will analyze Spain’s institutions and laws that will hopefully lead to a new collaboration paradigm that will re-evaluate Spain’s role in the history of Asia-Pacific. It is well known that a sunken ship is a valuable document to be taken into account to explain the history of any country. For centuries the world was Spain’s action field and the ships were the most important means of transport for men and products. Consequently our history is deeply linked to that of countries where our ships called at. No wonder, therefore, the interest of Spanish institutions to participate in conferences like the present one. Sometimes we are there to make scientific contributions and in other cases, like the present one, to learn about participants’ new ideas so as to initiate and strengthen personal and institutional relationships that will surely bring about new possibilities for the understanding of Spanish links with the Asian-Pacific zone. My intervention will focus on the importance of the joint work among countries, under United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommendations, in order to locate, preserve and work on these documents submerged in the seas and oceans all over the world. Introduction We cannot forget, significant as it is, that the Philippines owes its name to Infant Felipe, who would later reign in Spain under the name of Philip II (1556 1598), a monarch who would eventually also become king of Portugal, under the name of Philip I (1581 - 1598). Once the Portuguese colonies had been incorporated to the Spanish ones, this double crown allowed the monarch to extend his administrative and political control over territories located in five continents. This new development forced the monarch to design new strategies based on naval communications, thanks to which Spain asserted its presence, 1 Director del Museo Nacional de Arqueología Subacuática – ARQUA, Ministerio de Cultura de España 1 �both culturally and administratively, in the Philippines and the Pacific for more than three hundred years between 1565 and 1898. The failure in 1524 of the Spanish-Portuguese meeting held in Badajoz in order to find solutions for the dispute over ownership of The Moluccas, gave reasons for the Spanish Kingdom to send, the following year, six ships commanded by Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa following the route opened by Magellan in the Pacific. Despite the failure of the expedition, it was possible to reach The Moluccas and the Philippines and to gather enough experience to assess the difficulties involved in making the journey around South America, forcing them to open a new route, this time from Mexico. The mission fell to Alvaro de Saavedra, who in 1526 was ordered by king Charles V to establish a route to the Pacific departing from Zihuatanejo, in current Mexico (González 1964:210-211). Two vessels reached the East Indies with relative ease, however the return trip was a complete failure. Spain would have to wait another twenty years before a successeful return route could be established. The Treaty of Zaragoza (Tratado de Zaragoza 1529) clarified, in theory, the division of Asia between Spain and Portugal. Althoughit was not respected, it had the advantage of focusing the interest of Spain over the archipelagos which were not under Portuguese influence. In particular, the Spanish focused on the Philippines, which had already been named so by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos during his expedition in 1542. In the seventeen years between the expeditions of Jofre de Loaysa and that of Lopez de Villalobos` the first phase of a typical process of naval colonization had been completed. Characterized by progressive geographic penetration through a rather uneven process, gathering experience through trial and error assessment, accumulating geographic and seafaring knowledge, studying economic efficiency and establishing a framework for sharing power and influence with pre-existing populations.. This allowed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to carry out the last "jump" and in April 1565 he settled down in Cebu Just two months later he sent the San Pedro back with a cargo of cinnamon. The Manila Galleon trade route had been opened (see Junco this volume). .Coinciding with the transfer of the capital from Cebu to Manila this route joined the Asia-Pacific to Mexico and Europe.. Bearing in mind that the Spaniards soon gave up the exploitation of unprofitable resources in the area, This route would not have been particularly noteworthy had it not been for the role of Manila as the port of redistribution and the prompt abolition of the trade ban imposed on individuals. Chinese silk arrived in Manila and cotton from India, in whole rolls or as dresses, shirts and tablecloths as well as all kinds of manufactured goods (Pérez Herrero 1989; Schruz 1939). From Japan, during the short period of sporadic direct contacts, people arrived with manufactured metal parts, lacquered pieces and furniture (Ibid.). Traders, in turn, would redistribute products from elsewhere and in this way tapestry and carpets would come from Persia (Ibid.). An extensive and ramified network had been created which facilitated the arrival of Eastern exoticism to Spain and at the same time that of Mexican and Peruvian silver to Western countries. This was done through an intense maritime traffic, not without dangers which no doubt has marked the seas with underwater archaeological remains. Nowadays this could be seen as a legacy of the Asian- 2 �Pacific and Spanish history, which is to be preserved for historical research and public enjoyment. Preservation Ships of different origins, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, British to name just a few, are now a fragile, irreplaceable and valuable cultural heritage. It is essential to know the national history and the interplay of cultures that shaped and conditioned the history and culture of mankind Unfortunately, traditional practices of recovery accelerated in recent decades by technological means and by the increased economic value of recovered things has caused the destruction of a cultural heritage. This can sometimes lead to loss of historical information involving countries different from those where the discovery occurs. That is why the preservation of this heritage should be a multinational task characterized by collaboration among affected countries. There are many threats to this heritage as many countries still poorly or inadequately protected by national laws. These are either subjected to internationally recognized texts or the responsible body fails to implement the rules. Despite a countries ratification of international conventions they simply lack the means for compliance. Nor is it a minor obstacle the important differences, sometimes irreconcilable, among national laws of the countries involved in the partnership for historic preservation of a sunken ship. We are facing a fragmented and diverse legal system that reflects very different legal positions of the different states whose interests are sometimes brought face to face: old naval powers against States that had been colonized and later become independent, flag states in front of coastal states (Aznar 2009). The United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of the 10th of December 1982, which by its wide acceptance could be a valid or at least guiding document, barely deals with Underwater Cultural Heritage. Only two articles, 149 and 303, refer to the issue: Article 149 states: Archaeological and historical objects. All objects of an archaeological and historical nature found in the Area shall be reserved or disposed of for the benefit of mankind as a whole, particular regard being paid to the preferential rights of the State or country of origin, or the State of cultural origin, or the State of historical and archaeological origin. Although this article states that the archaeological remains found in the area "... will be preserved or disposed of for the benefit of all mankind ..." the ambiguity of the text allows for various interpretations by failing to establish, for example, the meaning of "... preferential rights ... "or what is meant by" ... dispose of ... " Article 303 Archaeological and historical objects found at sea. 1. States have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall cooperate for this purpose. 2. In order to control traffic in such objects, the coastal State may, in applying article 33, presume that their removal from the seabed in the zone referred to 3 �in that article without its approval would result in an infringement within its territory or territorial sea of the laws and regulations referred to in that article. 3. Nothing in this article affects the rights of identifiable owners, the law of salvage or other rules of admiralty, or laws and practices with respect to cultural exchanges. 4. This article is without prejudice to other international agreements and rules of international law regarding the protection of objects of an archaeological and historical nature. The obligation that the articles place upon all States to protect archaeological objects and to do so through international cooperation is most valuable but it is true that the ambiguity involved in making it obligatory all over "... the sea ..." introduces elements of conflict as when regarding its application in international waters, for instance. Paragraph 3 does not solve, at least for coastal states, the legal dispute with flag States and leaves a door open to apply the rules of rescue for boats of historical value. Regardless of legal interpretations, that which underlies the UNESCO 2001 Convention is the obligation of the protection of underwater archaeological sites given their value for all mankind and the fact that this protection requires close collaboration among all the countries involved. It is the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention) which prohibits commercial exploitation as one of the main causes of damage and destruction, insisting on the universal value of this heritage and the need for international collaboration. Thus the 2001 Convention becomes a hindrance to the activities of treasure hunter companies which see their profits threatened both by the decline in the price of their stock market values and the lack of product to sell. Not surprisingly treasure hunters are continuously taking actions against the 2001 Convention. Present Situation towards Underwater Archaeological Heritage Spain has a long tradition in the preservation of the historical heritage and it is contemplated both in the Constitution (Constitución del Reino de España 1978) currently in force and in various sectorial laws. Thus Article 46 of the Constitution of 1978 provides that: Los poderes públicos garantizarán la conservación y promoverán el enriquecimiento del patrimonio histórico, cultural y artístico de los pueblos de España y de los bienes que lo integran, cualquiera que sea su régimen jurídico 2 y su titularidad. La ley penal sancionará los atentados contra este patrimonio A specific law, 16/1985 on Spanish Historical Heritage provides in Article 40 Forman parte del Patrimonio Histórico Español los bienes muebles o inmuebles de carácter histórico susceptibles de ser estudiados con metodología arqueológica, hayan sido o no extraídos y tanto si se encuentran 2 Public authorities will guarantee the preservation and will promote the enrichment of the historical, cultural and artistic heritage of the peoples of Spain and the goods that form part of it, whichever is its legal regime and ownership.The Criminal Law will sanction the attacks against this heritage. Spanish Constitution, 1978, Article 46 4 �en la superficie o en el subsuelo, en el mar territorial o en la plataforma continental. Forman parte, asimismo, de este Patrimonio los elementos geológicos y paleontológicos relacionados con la historia del hombre y sus 3 orígenes y antecedentes This article which summarizes the legal position of Spain in this field has some peculiarities that deserve to be mentioned: a) .- Unlike the 2001 UNESCO Convention, Spain does not set the 100-year period as necessary to give any asset historical heritage value, so that its value is acquired not by age but by their potential value as a source of historical documentation. b) .- No legal distinction is made among archaeological objects whether they come from ground or underwater findings. c) .- Archaeological objects are protected whether they are extracted or not. d) .- As in national and international legislation, ships are considered as buildings, the law protects both the vessel and its cargo. e) .- All these objects are part of the Spanish Historical Heritage, which prevents, among other actions, commercial exploitation by private people. Since Article 46 of the Spanish Constitution establishes that the criminal law shall punish any offences against this heritage, the Penal Code provides in Article 323 that: “Será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años y multa de doce a veinticuatro meses el que cause daños en … yacimientos arqueológicos”.4 After analyzing the articles and annexes of the 2001 Convention we can see that essential aspects such as the concept of heritage as a public good are excluded from any commercial transactions and the need of protecting it as a value for society. This presents remarkable similarities with present Spanish law. On 6 June 2005 the Spanish Parliament ratified the 2001 Convention which from January 2, 2009 became part of the legislation that sets the Spanish activities in this field. Although Spain joined with some delay in the practice of underwater archeology, the creation in the 70’s of the so-called Patronatos de Investigación Arqueológica Submarina (Submarine Archaeological Research Trusts) marked the institutional positioning that allowed in the 80’s and 90’s the emergence of stable institutions dependent on the Ministry of Culture and the Autonomous Governments. Right now the National Museum of Underwater Archaeology, commonly known as ARQUA, dependent on the Ministry of Culture and the centers of Underwater Archaeology in Catalonia, Valencia and Andalusia provide staff and technical expertise enabling them to act on underwater cultural heritage. These legislative developments and infrastructure are supplemented by 3 The Spanish Historic Heritage is composed by movable and immovable heritage of historic character that are subject to be studied with archaeological methodology, that have been or haven't been extracted and if they are either on the surface, subsoil, in territorial waters or in the continental platform. Also considered part of this Heritage are the geological and paleonthological elements related to the history of mankind and its origins and history. Spanish Historical Heritage Law, 16/1985, Article 40 4 It will be punished with a sentence of up to three years in prison and a fine of between twelve and twenty four months to whomever might cause damage in...archaeological sites. Spanish Penal Code, Article 323 5 �the National Plan for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Green Paper 2010). This document sets targets to achieve over the coming years. There is a publication, Green Paper: National Plan for Protection of Underwater Heritage (Aznar, et al. 2010). that, after a diagnosis of the present situation, presents remedial corrective measures necessary to advance in the treatment of this heritage. A POSSIBLE FUTURE The signing on December 2, 2010 in Washington of a partnership between the Spanish Ministry of Culture and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) included, among other issues, the protection and research of wrecks in the respective countries. It is a good example of the kind of activities that can be carried out There is a large chapter in Spanish history that requires all the information provided by Spanish vessels sunk in the Asia–Pacific area. They should therefore be treated as historical artefacts in accordance with the spirit of the 2001Convention. Two aspects of the 2001 Convention are essential in this type of activity: no commercial exploitation of archaeological sites and collaboration between the States concerned. Spain has, as part of its heritage, important archives essential for a full scientific understanding of an archaeological site. At the same time we also have very good professional historians and underwater archaeologists capable of working together to provide a complete vision of the Spanish presence in Asia-Pacific territories. The National Museum of Underwater Archaeology - ARQUA is the technical section of the Ministry of Culture competent in these matters and collaboration with other research teams. It can carry out work of cataloguing the underwater archaeological sites of Spanish history with Pacific countries. With this catalogue we will have a tool to manage the underwater cultural heritage. It will allow us to establish the most effective actions to perform, bearing in mind its preservation and further scientific research. Bibliography Aznar Gomez, M. Green Paper. National Plan for Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Madrid, access et al., (http://museoarqua.mcu.es/patrimonio_subacuatico/plan_na 2010 cional/index.html) Aznar, M., La protección jurídica internacional del Patrimonio Cultural 2009 Subacuático, Arqueología Nàutica i Subaquàtica, Monografies del CASC, 8, pp. 35-46. Constitución del Boletín Oficial del Estado, núm. 311, 29/12/1978 Reino de España, 1978 Pérez Herrero, El Galeón de Manila: Relaciones Comerciales entre Oriente y América. In: de Paula Solano Pérez-Lila, F. Extremo P., 1989 Oriente Ibérico: Investigaciones Históricas, Metodología y 6 �Schurz, W.L., 1939 Tratado de Zaragoza, 1529 Estado de la Cuestión. AECID, Madrid, pp.445-458 The Manila Galleon, E.P. Dutton, New York. Tratado de Zaragoza. [manuscript] Archivo General de Indias (AGI), Patronato, 49, Nº2, ramo 9. The text is reproduced in full in Rumeu de Armas, A. 1992: El Tratado de Tordesillas Mapfre, Madrid. UNESCO, 2001Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris. United Nations, 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris. 7 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spain and the Underwarter Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Area Subject The topic of the resource Session 9 Spain and the Asia-Pacific region Description An account of the resource In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan reached the Mariana Islands in the name of king Charles I of Spain. His travel of exploration to seek out a westward route to the Spice Islands lead to a long standing presence of Spain in the Asia-Pacific region. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish colony in the Philippines in 1565 and only a few months later, Andrés de Urdaneta had made a safe return trip to Acapulco which lead to the establishment of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route that lasted until Mexico’s independence in 1815. Today, Spain’s maritime legacy is dispersed around the world, with a large number of settlements and wrecks located in the Asia-Pacific region. For the past 30 years, the Spanish government has done enormous efforts to study its past overseas, especially in the Americas. Finally, the time has come to rediscover our links with Asia-Pacific countries and redesign our cultural ties with the region. In this paper I will analyze Spain’s institutions and laws that will hopefully lead to a new collaboration paradigm that will re-evaluate Spain’s role in the history of Asia-Pacific. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xavier Nieto Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 9 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/5abe8a9fc6641a23b44ed423fd12b318.pdf 12fe2f90b2e3cae444f488c88072a9b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 12: Iberian Seafaring and Ship Construction in Asia-Pacific Subject The topic of the resource Session 12 paper Description An account of the resource Abstract During the early 16th century several expeditions departed from Spain and Mexico to explore the Pacific Ocean and to find a new trade route with Asia. One of these expeditions, the Magellan-Elcano expedition, led to the first circumnavigation of the world in 1519-22 which was followed by the Loaysa expedition in 1525. Almost at the same time, oceangoing ships built in the shipyards of the Pacific coast of New Spain sailed directly to the Moluccas and the Philippines. However, it was not until 1565 when Urdaneta discovered a maritime route which allowed these vessels to return from Asia to North America across the Pacific Ocean. For the first time in history, Asia and Europe became connected via America on a regular maritime route known as the Manila-Acapulco galleon which contributed to the development of the first global economy. For centuries these vessels became the single mode of transportation for goods but also ideas and technological knowledge between different continents and cultures. This session focuses on the evolution of Iberian seafaring and examines the development of ship construction and port facilities in the Pacific Ocean during the 16th and 17th centuries based on historical and archaeological sources. Iberian shipping relied on the interaction with local and regional trading networks established on the Asian and Pacific coasts creating a mutual dependence. The vessels built in Asia and America for the Pacific Ocean navigation were the result of a technological, material, and cultural mixture involving local and foreign communities. Therefore, archaeological and historical sources are crucial to explore the development of the Iberian seafaring and shipbuilding in the Pacific region and provide important information regarding Asia-Pacific societies, and their interaction with Iberian seafarers and settlers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spanish early modern colonies in the Austronesian context: San Salvador de Quelang, Heping Dao, Keelung, Taiwan Description An account of the resource Since 2011 we have investigated the site of the Spanish colony of San Salvador de Quelang, founded in 1626 on Heping Dao, a then small island off the coast of Keelung, in northern Taiwan. The colony was established as an extension of the Spanish post of Manila and the Philippines, with clear strategic and political goals that involve many different agents and processes at the level of the entire Asia-Pacific region. The Spanish held in San Salvador for 16 years, when they were expelled by the Dutch who then took over the colonial space until 1668. After this European spell, the colony and Taiwan fell under the control of the Qing government. We have aimed to reconstruct the lifeways of the local peoples inhabiting the place, the Basai, before, during and after the European colonial occupation. The Basai were an Austronesian population of the Iron Age –in Taiwanese terminology- when the Spanish arrived in Keelung. Their history can potentially be observed throughout prehistory in a long span of several millennia. Contemporary European and Chinese documents that describe social practices of the Basai are also available. By understanding the indigenous prior to the Spanish presence we can evaluate the impact that the colonists had on the locals, as well as the role that the Austronesian may have played in the colonial process, including their long-distance contact with peoples from the continent. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource María Cruz Berrocal Elena Serrano Herrero Tsang Chenghwa Ellen Hsieh Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Berrocal, María Cruz, Elena Serrano Herrero, Tsang Chenghwa, and Ellen Hsieh. 2021. “Spanish early modern colonies in the Austronesian context: San Salvador de Quelang, Heping Dao, Keelung, Taiwan.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL:https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/696 Asia-Pac Session 12 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bandaranayake, Senake, et al. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central Cultural Fund Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Editor Bandaranayake, Senake, et al. Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990 Place Colombo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central Cultural Fund Title A name given to the resource Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/3d37a3ecaa1ac7e7d8e56027104c17b1.pdf d1b41cbd2b8ff8ea3c3d8ef748115f48 PDF Text Text Sri Lankan Maritime Trade Relations Towards the East Rasika Muthucumarana1, T.D.C. Pushpakumara2, Thilina Pallethanna3 1 Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund of Sri Lanka Central Cultural Fund of Sri Lanka 3 Central Cultural Fund of Sri Lanka 2 Corresponding Author: muthurasika@gmail.com ABSTRACT One of the main indicators of the strong cultural, political, and trade relationship between China and Sri Lanka is the significant amount of Chinese pottery found in archaeological sites in Sri Lanka. Mantai, the main port city of the Anuradhapura kingdom, which spanned from the fourth century BCE to the eleventh century CE, served as the hub for ships from the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and Rome. Blue, white, and green earthenware, as well as storage jars belonging to the Tang Dynasty, are among the earliest archaeological evidence discovered in Sri Lanka. However, historical evidence dates back even further, to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). Excavation projects at old port sites such as Jaffna, Trincomalee, Kirinda, and Godawaya have revealed new evidence of international trade. Although more interactions with Southeast Asia were evident after the twelfth century, newly discovered regions along the east coast suggest further findings. The paper discusses the research conducted by marine archaeologists over the past decade, primarily along the east coast of Sri Lanka. Newly discovered port sites and potential port sites reveal more evidence of stabilised maritime trade and cultural connections to the eastern Indian region. Port and settlement sites such as Nilaweli, Lanka Patuna, Kayankerny, and Sasthrawella contain evidence of international trade. The Kayankerny port site and settlement mound, for instance, dates to the third century BCE. An ancient trade route connected Polonnaruwa, the capital city, to a seaport at Kayankerny via the longest stone bridge found in Sri Lanka. Keywords: East coast of Sri Lanka, Historical port sites, Sea routes, Kayankerny LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MAU Maritime Archaeology Unit of Sri Lanka CCF Central Cultural Fund PGIAR Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Historical port sites along the east coast of Sri Lanka Figure 2: Stone pillars of an ancient bridge at Kayankerny, Sri Lanka Figure 3: Building remains near the stone bridge at Kayankerny, Sri Lanka Figure 4: Building remains with stone pillars found underwater in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka 1. INTRODUCTION Sri Lanka's cultural and trade relations with South India, the Bay of Bengal, and Southeast Asia have spanned over two millennia. Recent explorations along the eastern coast of Sri Lanka, particularly in the field of maritime archaeology, have unveiled new evidence regarding trade connections with East Asia. These findings have shed light on the existence of two previously unknown port sites and identified two additional potential port sites that may have facilitated land trade routes. This paper reveals the outcomes of these investigations. The information and research data presented in this article, focusing on the Kayankerny area and selected sites in Trincomalee, are based on research undertaken in collaboration with the Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) and the Batticaloa project of 1 �the Central Cultural Fund (CCF). A significant amount of research data remains unpublished and exists in the form of internal reports. The island of Sri Lanka's historical connections with the outside world were predominantly established through maritime routes, emphasising the critical role of maritime trade in its history. The exchange of cultures brought forth by sailors, merchants, and monks from diverse regions profoundly influenced the development of Sri Lanka's distinctive cultural heritage. With its natural harbours and monsoon winds, the island served as a significant hub for maritime trade. Extensive historical and archaeological findings indicate that early port sites in Sri Lanka were frequented by seafarers and traders from Rome, the Middle East, China, Southeast Asia, and the South Indian Ocean region. Notably, the writings of Pliny the Elder, Cosmas, and Ptolemy's Map (Gunawardana 2003) provide compelling evidence of Sri Lanka's recognition in the western world during the first century CE. The ports such as Mahatittha, Jambukolapatthana, Uratotta, Gokanna, Lankapatthana, Kirinda, Godawaya, and Galle actively participated in these events throughout history (Map 1). Archaeological research has been conducted on ancient ports that were instrumental in Sri Lanka's relations with foreign countries. However, studies on early port sites in Sri Lanka remain limited (Carswell, Deraniyagala and Graham 2013; Bohingamuwa 2017; Bopearachchi 2013; Thanthilage et al. 2013). Comparatively, studies on ports along the east coast have been less extensive than in other parts of the country (Bopearachchi 2013; Thanthilage et al 2013). However, some researchers have discussed the significance of several ports on the east coast based on historical documents (e.g., Siriweera 2003, 117-126). With new archaeological evidence emerging from recent studies in the region, this paper examines the importance of these ports in maintaining relationships with countries in East and Southeast Asia since the first millennium CE. 2 �Map 1: Historical port sites along the east coast of Sri Lanka 3 �2. RESOURCES 2.1 Recent discoveries along the east coast Following the end of the 30-year separatist war in 2009, access to Sri Lanka's archaeological heritage in the North and East Provinces gradually improved, allowing a significant amount of research projects. The country's growing economy and tourism industry provided more funding for archaeology, leading to more research efforts. The CCF invested in maritime archaeology after 2010, collaborating with local divers and fishing communities to explore previously untouched heritage sites along the coast. The MAU of the CCF initiated collaborations in 2011, gradually extending their research to the north and east coasts. They discovered shipwrecks dating back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including those from World War II. Apart from shipwrecks, ancient harbours, settlements, and temples beneath the cliff of Fort Fredrick in Trincomalee have been discovered. Recent archaeological investigations in Trincomalee, Kayankerny, and Godawaya have focused on uncovering evidence of trade connections with East Asia and exploring ancient port sites and shipwrecks. 3. CASE STUDIES 3.1 Kayankerny Kayankerny is a quaint fishing village on the east coast. It is situated to the north of Pasikudha beach, a renowned tourist destination with beautiful shallow and calm waters as well as a long stretch of sandy shorelines. Kayankerny is also a small, protected bay with calm water and long sandy beach. As there are few historical shipwrecks around that area, the MAU conducted an exploration in 2012, taking Kayankerny as their camp site. During the survey, the team conducted underwater explorations and gathered information from the local community. They discovered stone pillars across the lagoon, which were previously unknown to officials. The pillars spanned a 200-metre (m) straight line, suggesting a bridge connecting both sides of the lagoon. It is crossing over the lagoon from its narrowest part of water (Figure 1). Further investigations revealed Buddhist temple complexes, an ancient settlement, and a reservoir along this route. This road was part of an ancient trade route parallel to the east coast, linking the north, south, and the capital of Polonnaruwa. The discovery of these sites led to the establishment of a provincial project office for terrestrial archaeology. The Kayankerny Bridge, extending up to 265m, became the longest historical stone bridge in Sri Lanka. Near each end of the bridge, remnants of two small buildings were also found. 4 �Figure 2: Stone pillars of an ancient bridge at Kayankerny, Sri Lanka In 2018, the excavation of the east end building revealed a small two-story structure measuring 12x12 meters. Constructed with stone pillars, bricks, and clay tiles, the first floor showed more preservation compared to the wooden second floor. In 2022, the west side building, similar in structure at 11x11 meters, was excavated (Figure 2). Figure 2: Building remains near the stone bridge at Kayankerny, Sri Lanka Around 800 m west of the bridge, a large settlement site spanning over 20 acres was discovered. The ongoing investigations unveiled a deep stratigraphic layer of around three metres, containing numerous potsherds and remnants of large storage jars. On the east side of the bridge, extending to the beach, a monastic site and a small settlement, and a reservoir were found. Excavations in 2022 uncovered a cultural layer of approximately two metres. Rather than evidence of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom period, earlier cultural relationships were identified, with pottery dating back to the second century BCE, including local, Indian, Middle Eastern, and East Asian origins. Notably, a piece of Chinese Stoneware pottery was found nearby in 2017. 5 �The neglected small reservoir between the bridge and monastic complex was strategically placed, likely serving the needs of the nearby port and monastic complex. The name ‘Kayankerny’ is derived from the presence of Kayan trees surrounding a pond, possibly referring to the reservoir. Nearby, the village of ‘Mangkerny’ suggests a pond inhabited by spotted deer (Axis axis ceylonensis). Shedding light on this mystery, an inscription on a stone pillar was discovered at the Buddhist monastic site. This type of inscription, ‘AttaniParihara Kanu’ refers to a document granting special privileges and exemptions from state laws to specific individuals or institutions carved onto a stone pillar. The inscription mentions an offering to the monastery (Sangasena Pirivena) and tax collection (Pallethanna 2018) though the exact location remains uncertain. Potential tax collection areas include a market near the bridge and a nearby port connected to trade routes. Further research and investigation are needed to confirm these theories. Kayankerny Bay provides a safe anchorage for maritime activities, offering protection from adverse weather conditions. The bay's connection to the Maduru Oya River and Kayankerny Lagoon enhances its significance. The lagoon, influenced by the river, supports local livelihoods, and serves as a fishing harbour. The MAU has conducted seabed explorations but found no evidence of shipwrecks or a port site. A systematic survey and remote sensing are required. A nearby stone quarry may have provided the stone pillars for the bridge, which could have been transported via the river and lagoon. Research since 2012 suggests the existence of an ancient port site at Kayankerny, with settlements, a stone bridge, inscriptions, buildings, and the bay area. The bridge's end buildings may have served various purposes, while the nearby settlements and the large site at the west end could have been marketplaces. Potsherds indicate foreign connections to the port. Ongoing excavations and expanded maritime archaeological explorations are required to validate these hypotheses. The purpose of the bridge and the source of the tax mentioned in the inscription remain unclear. 3.2 Trincomalee Trincomalee, a historically significant port on Sri Lanka's east coast, offers valuable insights into early trade patterns and the importance of port cities. The Port of Trincomalee, also known as Gokanna Port, was active from the fourth century BCE to the colonial period. Like other ancient port sites, Trincomalee was associated with temples that served the spiritual needs of sailors and fishermen. Swami Rock, located at Fort Fredrick, was the site of an ancient Buddhist temple that later became a Hindu temple. Although the temples were demolished during the colonial era, a new Shiva temple was constructed in the 1960s, preserving the religious significance of Trincomalee. The presence of these temples reflects the enduring cultural and religious heritage of the region. After the civil war ended in 2009, both marine and terrestrial archaeological explorations were facilitated, uncovering shipwreck sites and ancient settlements. The preservation and study of Dutch buildings within Fort Fredrick were also undertaken by CCF and the Department of Archaeology shedding light on the formation and distribution of early settlements and fortifications (Pushpakumara 2017). 3.2.1 The ancient watering point and the remains found from underwater surveys Within Fort Fredrick, a significant watering point used by the Dutch to supply ships with clean drinking water was found. Strategically positioned with direct access to the sea, a small jetty-like structure was built on the beach to facilitate this water source. The well, ingeniously constructed using a natural spring source, provided salt-free water for consumption. Nearby wells also contributed to the 6 �availability of drinking water. The layers of deposited soil surrounding these wells contain archaeological remains from the ancient to mediaeval periods. The jetty-like structure was created using large stones from the beach and remnants of old stone or granite buildings. Stone pillars, basement parts with railings, and repurposed stairs were used to construct and level the platform. Sir Arthur C. Clarke's leisure diving activities in 1960 led to the discovery of intriguing remains near the Thirukonashwaram cliff, including stone pillars, basement stones, and a Shivalinga. In 2017, the MAU uncovered additional stone pillars, stone sculptures, slabs with symbols, and remnants (Figure 3). Figure 3: Building remains with stone pillars found underwater in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka Among the findings was a stone baluster known as Koravakgala, stone balustrades, reused to level the jetty-like structure. Another portion of a baluster was found underwater. The archaeological remains suggest the presence of a stairway leading to the cliff, providing access from the seaside to the watering point, the cliff's summit, and the temple located at the north end. This stairway served as a convenient route for mariners and pilgrims visiting the temple or the cliff's summit, highlighting the strategic location of the site. 3.2.2 The ports of Trincomalee Extensive excavations, explorations, and marine archaeology projects in Trincomalee have unearthed significant historical artefacts and structures, including brick buildings, stone constructions, inscriptions, statues, pottery, glass beads, and coins from the Anuradhapura period. Excavations at the playground outside the fort suggest it was a Buddhist monastic complex rather than a residential settlement mound. The discovery of pottery and objects of Indian origin indicates trade and cultural connections between Trincomalee and India, supported by the coins found at the site. Trincomalee harbour’s natural bay area provided anchorage points for boats throughout history, contributing to its role as a centre of religious activity and its connections to extensive trade networks. The pottery predominantly consists of Longquan celadon and glazed earthenware, similar to the findings in Singapore and the Middle East. Inscriptions at the site highlight Gokanna's importance as a port for the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. 7 �Research and exploration continue to identify actual port sites and ancient settlements along the Trincomalee beaches, yielding valuable archaeological material and shedding light on early trading activities. Ongoing research aims to understand the history of Trincomalee, its significance as a hub for religious and commercial activities, and its maritime history and connections with other regions. 3.3 Revisiting the port sites discovered thirty years ago 3.3.1 Kumburupiddi The discovery of Arab tombstones in the naval dock area of Trincomalee provides evidence of Arab traders being present in the vicinity during the fourteenth century. Additionally, Chinese potshards from the same era were found near Nilaweli, specifically in a rural coastal area known as ‘Kumburupiddi’ located north of Trincomalee. Previous explorations conducted three decades ago reported the abundance of Chinese ceramics along the beach in this area. John Carswell, in his publication ‘Chinese ceramics from Allapiddy in Sri Lanka’ suggested that these ceramics may have been deposited on land from a sunken ship near the site (Carswell 1985). A similar paper by the same author was published in The Oriental Ceramic Society of France in 2000. Recent explorations in the past few years have revisited the area known as ‘Kumburupiddi,’ and researchers have observed scattered ceramic fragments in various locations. This suggests that Kumburupiddi may have functioned as an old port site. Furthermore, numerous local potshards from the Anuradhapura period can still be found in this area, alongside the remains of a Buddhist monastery and an ancient stupa mound. The presence of a significant amount of Chinese pottery strewn across the beach at Kumburupiddi, primarily dating to the fourteenth century, indicates its connection to international trade during that era. Similar evidence has been found at fourteenth century port sites in Egypt, the Middle East, India, Vietnam, Singapore, and Korea. Therefore, if a shipwreck were to be discovered in this vicinity, it is highly likely that it would have a connection to the nearby harbour and the thriving maritime trade of the time. Another similar place assumed to have a shipwreck is ‘Allapiddy’ in North Province. 3.3.2 Lanka Patuna Lanka Patuna has been considered an ancient port since Chinese pottery was first discovered by Deraniyagala in 1972 (Solheim and Deraniyagala 1972). Recently, the Post Graduate Institute of Archaeology (PGIAR), University of Kelaniya reported finding Chinese pottery during their excavations at the site (Thanthilage et al. 2013). Most of the pottery were identified as the Polonnaruwa Kingdom period and later. 4. CONCLUSION Although significant progress has been made in exploring and preserving Sri Lanka's maritime heritage, much work remains to be done. The fieldwork and research conducted have revealed a substantial presence of potential port sites and associated settlements along the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. These sites are intertwined with maritime trade networks as well as inland road networks, reflecting their multifaceted roles in historical interactions. The Kayankerny site presents a complex 8 �combination of sea and land trade routes, a monastic complex, and a settlement site. Studying, excavating, and conserving these remains will be a long-term undertaking, requiring extensive time and resources. Ongoing excavation and research at the shipwreck site in Godawaya, South Sri Lanka, dating back to the second century BCE, are uncovering valuable evidence of maritime trade relations. The shipwreck, identified as a cargo ship, provides insights into trade routes heading east or returning from the east. The newly discovered port sites also require archaeological investigations both at sea and on land, which will take several years to bring forth new evidence for scholarly discussions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge Director General of the Central Cultural Fund, Staff members of the Maritime Archaeology Unit, Trincomalee project and Batticaloa Project. Local communities of Kayankerny, Trincomalee, Lanka Patuna and Nillaveli areas for their assistance in discovering the remains. The assistance of Chat GPT, an AI language model developed by OpenAI, for valuable assistance in correcting English language and editing content for this article. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bohingamuwa, W. Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean: External Connections and Internal Networks (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 2017). University of Oxford. The United Kingdom. Bopearachchi, Osmund. “Maritime Trade and Cultural Exchanges in the Indian Ocean: India and Sri Lanka”. Paris: le Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, 2013. Carswell, J., Deraniyagala, S. and Graham, A. Mantai-City by the Sea. Aichwarld: Linden Soft Verlag, 2013. Carswell J. “Chinese ceramics from Allapiddy in Sri Lanka”. In A Legacy of Asia’s maritime trade. 3-49. Kuala Lumpur: Southeast Asian Ceramic Society, West Malaysian Chapter, 1985. Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. 2003. “Seaways to Seilediba: Changing Patterns of Navigation in the Indian Ocean and Their Impact on Precolonial Sri Lanka” In Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, edited by Bandaranayake, S. Dewaraja, L., Silva, R. and Wimalaratne, K. D.G., 17–36. Colombo: Central Cultural Fund, 2003. Pallethanna, T. B. “Excavation Report of Batticaloa Project” (Unpublished Annual Project Reports), Colombo: Central Cultural Fund. 2018. Prematilleke, P.L. “Chinese Ceramics Discovered in Sri Lanka - An Overview.” In Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea. edited by Senake Bandaranayake, Lorna Dewaraja, Roland Silva, Wimalarante, K.D.G., 233-244. Colombo: Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central Cultural Fund, 1990. Prickett-Fernando, Martha. “Durable Goods: The Archaeological Evidence of Sri Lanka’s Role in the Indian Ocean Trade.”In Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea. edited by Senaka Bandaranayake, Lona Dewaraja, Raja Silva, Wimalarante, K., 233-244. Colombo: Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central Cultural Fund, 1990. Pushpakumara T. D. C. “Project Report of Trincomalee” (Unpublished Annual Project Report), Colombo: Central Cultural Fund, 2017. Siriweera W. I. “Pre-colonial Sri Lanka’s Maritime Commerce with Special Reference to its Ports.” In Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea. edited by Senaka Bandaranayake, Lorna Dewaraja, Roland Silva and Wimalaratne K. D. G., Colombo: Sri Lanka National Commission for UNESCO and the Central Cultural Fund, 1990. 9 �Solheim, W. G., and S. U. Deraniyagala. Archaeological Survey to Investigate South Asian Prehistoric Presence in Ceylon, Ancient Ceylon Occasional Papers no.1. Colombo: Department of Archaeology Sri Lanka, 1972. Thantilage Arjuna, Vithanage Indika, Pushpakumara T. D. C., Senanayaka Jayampath, and Jayasingha Pathmakumara. Ilankaturai International Port Site. Memoirs of Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology 2013/2. Colombo: PGIAR, 2013. Werake, Mahinda. “A New Date for the Beginning of Sino-Sri Lankan Relations.” The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 4, no. 1 &2 (1978): 64-72. Zang, Ran. "An Exploratory Quantitative Archaeological Analysis and the Classification of Chinese Ceramics Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, AD c. 800-1500”. PhD diss., University of Durham, 2006. 10 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sri Lankan Maritime Trade Relations Towards the East Description An account of the resource One of the main indicators of the strong cultural, political, and trade relationship between China and Sri Lanka is the significant amount of Chinese pottery found in archaeological sites in Sri Lanka. Mantai, the main port city of the Anuradhapura kingdom, which spanned from the fourth century BCE to the eleventh century CE, served as the hub for ships from the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, and Rome. Blue, white, and green earthenware, as well as storage jars belonging to the Tang Dynasty, are among the earliest archaeological evidence discovered in Sri Lanka. However, historical evidence dates back even further, to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). Excavation projects at old port sites such as Jaffna, Trincomalee, Kirinda, and Godawaya have revealed new evidence of international trade. Although more interactions with Southeast Asia were evident after the twelfth century, newly discovered regions along the east coast suggest further findings. The paper discusses the research conducted by marine archaeologists over the past decade, primarily along the east coast of Sri Lanka. Newly discovered port sites and potential port sites reveal more evidence of stabilised maritime trade and cultural connections to the eastern Indian region. Port and settlement sites such as Nilaweli, Lanka Patuna, Kayankerny, and Sasthrawella contain evidence of international trade. The Kayankerny port site and settlement mound, for instance, dates to the third century BCE. An ancient trade route connected Polonnaruwa, the capital city, to a seaport at Kayankerny via the longest stone bridge found in Sri Lanka. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rasika Muthucumarana T.D.C. Pushpakumara Thilina Pallethanna Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Muthucumarana, Rasika , T.D.C. Pushpakumara, Thilina Pallethanna. 2023. “Sri Lankan Maritime Trade Relations Towards the East.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Wijerathne Bohingamuwa. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1951 Asia-Pac Session 8 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ronald Toby Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-12-01 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Ronald Toby Item Type Book ISBN 0804719527 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-12-01 Edition 1 Library Catalog Amazon.com Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford University Press Short Title State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan Title A name given to the resource State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu Japan