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                  <text>This session will focus on in-situ preservation and conservation management issues, conservation analyses and treatments, and applied conservation research of archaeological materials from freshwater, marine and wet terrestrial sites. The main purposes of this session are to encourage the exchange of ideas and practices as well as the development of conservation networks throughout the region. Presentations, posters and workshops are invited that address any of the following areas:&#13;
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â€¢ Conservation treatment case studies&#13;
â€¢ Research into the analysis and treatment of wet archaeological materials&#13;
â€¢ Review of the status of wet archaeological conservation programs in the Asia Pacific region&#13;
â€¢ Development of collaborative conservation research and treatment programs Suggestions for additional topics are welcomed by the session organizers. </text>
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                <text>This session will focus on in-situ preservation and conservation management issues, conservation analyses and treatments, and applied conservation research of archaeological materials from freshwater, marine and wet terrestrial sites. The main purposes of this session are to encourage the exchange of ideas and practices as well as the development of conservation networks throughout the region. Presentations, posters and workshops are invited that address any of the following areas: &#13;
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region &#13;
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                  <text>Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. </text>
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                    <text>Session 9: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia
An interview with Session Chair, Akifumi Iwabuchi,
1. Why did you choose to organize this session?
In 2011 Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, to which Session 9
organizers belong, organized an independent session by the same title as session 9
(“History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia”) at the
first Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage in Manila.
At that time, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology had the session,
together with the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology in Fukuoka,
Japan. However, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology has decided to
organize one session by itself alone in Hawaii. I am extremely happy to have eleven
presenters at Session 9, not only from Japan, but also from China, Korea, and the U.S.

2. What did you hope to gain from it?
Since the 1950’s, the Mediterranean Sea in Europe has been, in a sense, the centre of
underwater archaeology.

Because of some political reasons, indeed, underwater

archaeology in Asian region has been underdeveloped, but in terms of maritime history,
as we all know, Asian waters are as important as the Mediterranean Sea. Recently
some scholars have named Asian waters between East and Southeast Asia the “Asian
Mediterranean.” In the very near future, presumably, this area also will be another
world-centre of underwater archaeology. I hope that this Session 9 will trigger off the
new era of maritime archaeology in Asia.

3. How does your session fit into the overall theme of the conference?
As far as I understand, this conference treats the management and protection strategies
of underwater cultural heritage, the regional cooperation, and the technical and ethical
issues related to underwater archaeology in the Asia-Pacific region. As we see, papers
and presentations at Session 9 well succeeded in widely covering these themes
concerning East Asia.

�4. What do you hope to see accomplished in your research area (as represented by the
papers in this session) over the next ten or more years?
Because of some political reasons, as I told, underwater archaeology has been
underdeveloped in East Asia. Perhaps even still it is so owing to territorial disputes
over the sea in Asian waters.

On the other hand, however, to study underwater

cultural heritage has no national boundaries. Fortunately in Japan, Tokyo University
of Marine Science and Technology has just become a member university of UNESCO
Underwater Archaeology Unitwin Network. It is the only one member university from
the Asian region.

For example, if the National Research Institute of Maritime

Cultural Heritage in Korea, the National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage in
China, and my university in Japan could work together in the field of underwater
archaeology, the famous quote “the pen is mightier than the sword” will be materialized
in this region.

5. What are some of the greatest challenges that your research area (as represented by
the papers in this session) faces at this time?
Among East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, still only Cambodia has ratified the
UNESCO 2001 convention.

In contrast, nearly 50 other nations worldwide have

already ratified this convention.

Even in Asia, including Japan, underwater

archaeologists cannot work without referring to the UNESCO convention. I am not a
politician, but hopefully every Asian government will start considering ratification for
future international cooperation.

6.

Are there any areas (geographic, thematic, or otherwise) within your topic (as

represented by the papers in this session) that you feel are underrepresented?
In Japan, we have just started to discuss how to deal with Japanese shipwrecks during
the First and the Second World Wars and human remains therein. According to the
UNESCO convention, all shipwrecks from World War II are not considered underwater
cultural heritage until 2045, but many underwater archaeologists have already worked

�them in the Pacific region. I think it is high time that underwater archaeologists in
countries concerned including Japan could establish an international research body or
organization for studying the shipwrecks as underwater cultural heritage.

7. What do you suggest to draw more attention to those areas?
In particular, at such an international gathering we will have to discuss how to treat
human remains from war shipwrecks.
different from Japanese philosophy.

As for them, Christianity is completely

According to the traditional Japanese belief,

human remains will never become underwater cultural heritage.

8. Any other comments you would like to make.
Although this conference is titled “Asia-Pacific Regional Conference”, unfortunately,
there are no Chinese, Koreans, or Japanese belonging to their home academic
institutions on the organizing committee of APCONF 2014.

Furthermore, Pacific

island nations such as Federated States of Micronesia or Tonga are also
underrepresented. Hopefully, the organizing committee of APCONF 2017 will have
some East Asian or Pacific representation within the structure.

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                  <text>East Asia is rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Not only conventional shipwrecks or submerged archaeological sites but also stone tidal weirs or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones have extensively been identified by many researchers. Most countries have just started in directing the heritage management in order to preserve them well, but the process of trial and error is still going on. In addition, no Asian nation, except for Cambodia and Iran, has ratified the UNESCOâ€™s 2001 convention yet, partly because of territorial disputes over the sea among several East and Southeast Asian governments. It would be foolish to rule out political considerations when we study maritime or underwater archaeology in Asia.&#13;
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                  <text>Responding to the effort to protect both natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations, state and federal resource management agencies have been re-examining their cultural resource preservation mandates. New understanding of cultural heritage, marine cultural resources, tribes, indigenous peoples, and cultural landscapes is beginning to emerge. It is clear that â€œall traces of human existence that lie under water and have a cultural or historical characterâ€ (UCH) includes much more than simply shipwrecks and aircraft. The potential for these new definitions to engage local communities and associated disciplines and to address biocultural conservation needs is great, particularly for indigenous communities in Hawaii and the Pacific who are currently undertaking extraordinary efforts to plan for and protect their resources from climate change and other environmental threats. By integrating indigenous cultural landscapes and their related biocultural resources into a dynamic paradigm on underwater cultural heritage, the field looks to gain allies across stakeholder groups and develop its relevancy for younger generations, thus helping to ensure long-range traction for the preservation of all underwater heritage resources. Participants in this session will focus on policy and research issues in indigenous cultural landscapes, and the dynamic nature of cultural heritage management in Hawaiâ€˜i and across the Pacific. </text>
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                <text>Responding to the effort to protect both natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations, state and federal resource management agencies have been re-examining their cultural resource preservation mandates. New understanding of cultural heritage, marine cultural resources, tribes, indigenous peoples, and cultural landscapes is beginning to emerge. It is clear that â€œall traces of human existence that lie under water and have a cultural or historical characterâ€ (UCH) includes much more than simply shipwrecks and aircraft. The potential for these new definitions to engage local communities and associated disciplines and to address biocultural conservation needs is great, particularly for indigenous communities in Hawaii and the Pacific who are currently undertaking extraordinary efforts to plan for and protect their resources from climate change and other environmental threats. By integrating indigenous cultural landscapes and their related biocultural resources into a dynamic paradigm on underwater cultural heritage, the field looks to gain allies across stakeholder groups and develop its relevancy for younger generations, thus helping to ensure long-range traction for the preservation of all underwater heritage resources. Participants in this session will focus  on  policy  and  research  issues  in  indigenous  cultural  landscapes,  and  the dynamic nature of cultural heritage management in Hawaiâ€˜i and across the Pacific. </text>
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                  <text>Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) from World War II is extensive throughout the Asia/Pacific Region. It encompasses numerous warships from many Nations, thousands of merchant ships commissioned to support the war effort, and also many other types of sites and objects such as aircraft, docks, lighthouses. A database of World War II shipwrecks for the Asia/Pacific Region stands at around 3,800 and many of them have not been explored. In 2014, World War Iâ€™s underwater cultural heritage will begin to fall under the full scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, and although it will be several more years for World War II sites to fulfill the Conventionâ€™s 100 year-old provision, sections of the Convention such as the Annex are now applicable in their management.&#13;
The UCH relating to WW II has a great historical importance. It is a reminder of the existence of the war and its horrible consequences. The majority of the UCH lying on the seabed are also grave sites still containing human remains. One of the goals of preservation and research must therefore be to make the public understand their historic significance and to raise the public awareness of the historical testimony these remains constitute. Many World War II sites are also popular diving sites, lending themselves to cultural tourism, and through effective in situ management and interpretation, they are significant sites in conveying many stories and reaching many people.&#13;
The UCH of WW II are an important historical source of information. They can represent the peak of technology at that time. They can also contain multi-vocal valuesâ€”different groups of people perceiving and valuing them differentlyâ€”particularly in regard to local indigenous communities who were innocent bystanders in the war but their world, their culture and heritage changed forever. The management of UCH relating to World War II contributes to the efforts in undertaking research reminding present and future generations of the importance of peace.&#13;
The objectives of the session are to:&#13;
&#13;
â€¢ Advance knowledge of related UCH in the Pacific,&#13;
&#13;
â€¢ Identify priority actions in terms of research, preservation and education,&#13;
â€¢ Foster partnership for regional and international cooperation.</text>
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                <text>Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) from World War II is extensive throughout the Asia/Pacific Region. It encompasses numerous warships from many Nations, thousands of merchant ships commissioned to support the war effort, and also many other types of sites and objects such as aircraft, docks, lighthouses. A database of World War II shipwrecks for the Asia/Pacific Region stands at around 3,800 and many of them have not been explored. In 2014, World War Iâ€™s underwater cultural heritage will begin to fall under the full scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, and although it will be several more years for World War II sites to fulfill the Conventionâ€™s 100 year-old provision, sections  of the Convention such as the Annex are now applicable in their management. &#13;
The UCH relating to WW II has a great historical importance. It is a reminder of the existence of the war and its horrible consequences. The majority of the UCH lying on the seabed are also grave sites still containing human remains. One of the goals of preservation and research must therefore be to make the public understand their historic significance and to raise the public awareness of the historical testimony these remains constitute. Many World War II sites are also popular diving sites, lending themselves to cultural tourism, and through effective in situ management and interpretation, they are significant sites in conveying many stories and reaching many people. &#13;
The UCH of WW II are an important historical source of information. They can represent the peak of technology at that time. They can also contain multi-vocal valuesâ€”different groups of people perceiving and valuing them differentlyâ€”particularly in regard to local indigenous communities who were innocent bystanders in the war but their world, their culture and heritage changed forever. The management of UCH relating to World War II contributes to the efforts in undertaking research reminding present and future generations of the importance of peace. &#13;
The objectives of the session are to: &#13;
 &#13;
â€¢	Advance knowledge of related UCH in the Pacific, &#13;
 &#13;
â€¢	Identify priority actions in terms of research, preservation and education, &#13;
â€¢	Foster partnership for regional and international cooperation.&#13;
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                  <text>Session 12: Underwater Cultural Heritage of Southeast Asia</text>
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                  <text>Video interview with Session 12 chair Nia Hasanah and links to the papers presented in the session.</text>
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                  <text>The richness of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in the Southeast Asian region has been very well known throughout the world. Various shipping activities, trade, warfare, piracy occur in Southeast Asian waters since prehistoric times to the present, causing many archaeological relics in the bottom of the sea in that region, such as shipwrecks which are a traditional ships owned by countries in Southeast Asia and also foreign ships from various countries in the world which sank due to various causes in Southeast Asian Waters. UCH in Southeast Asia has become a very important resource for science, history and even for economic interests relating to the welfare of the local communities which in some areas, UCH shipwreck sites serve as diving attractions.&#13;
UCH in Southeast Asia have also attracted treasure hunters both the international big companies and national companies in Southeast Asian countries. In many areas, in particularly in small islands and coastal areas with low level economic life, the locals often plunder the UCH sites, raise up the cargoes, and also take the ship parts mainly made of metal materials to be sold for sustaining their lives. Treasure hunt problem; looting by local people; the lack of human resources, facilities, and funds for research, monitoring, and conservation; as well as the lack of understanding and awareness of the central government, local government, civil society, and local communities make the problems associated UCH in Southeast Asia being very complex.&#13;
The UCH richness and the complexity of the problems associated with it in Southeast Asia make this being one of critical theme to be highlighted in this conference. There is a need to share a current information betweeen the countries to strengthen the bond and to foster the regional and international cooperation.&#13;
This session will discuss:&#13;
&#13;
â€¢ Current issues, problems, and challenges faced by Southeast Asian countries in efforts to study, to protect, and to preserve the UCH.&#13;
â€¢ The threats faced by UCH i.e. the human factors, climate change, and changes in the physical environment in the waters of Southeast Asian countries.&#13;
â€¢ The results of resent research conducted in the field of UCH in Southeast Asian countries.&#13;
â€¢ Protection and conservation measures in accordance with the UNESCO Convention 2001 which can be applied in Southeast Asian countries. </text>
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                  <text>Nia Hasanah </text>
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                <text>Video interview with Session 12 chair Nia Hasanah </text>
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                <text>The richness of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in the Southeast Asian region has been very well known throughout the world. Various shipping activities, trade, warfare, piracy occur in Southeast Asian waters since prehistoric times to the present, causing many archaeological relics in the bottom of the sea in that region, such as shipwrecks which are a traditional ships owned by countries in Southeast Asia and also foreign ships from various countries in the world which sank due to various causes in Southeast Asian Waters. UCH in Southeast Asia has become a very important resource for science, history and even for economic interests relating to the welfare of the local communities which in some areas, UCH shipwreck sites serve as diving attractions. &#13;
UCH in Southeast Asia have also attracted treasure hunters both the international big companies and national companies in Southeast Asian countries. In many areas, in particularly in small islands and coastal areas with low level economic life, the locals often plunder the UCH sites, raise up the cargoes, and also take the ship parts mainly made of metal materials to be sold for sustaining their lives. Treasure hunt problem; looting by local people; the lack of human resources, facilities, and funds for research, monitoring, and conservation; as well as the lack of understanding and awareness of the central government, local government, civil society, and local communities make the problems associated UCH in Southeast Asia being very complex. &#13;
The UCH richness and the complexity of the problems associated with it in Southeast Asia make this being one of critical theme to be highlighted in this conference. There is a need to share a current information betweeen the countries to strengthen the bond and to foster the regional and international cooperation. &#13;
This session will discuss: &#13;
 &#13;
â€¢	Current issues, problems, and challenges faced by Southeast Asian countries in efforts to study, to protect, and to preserve the UCH. &#13;
â€¢	The threats faced by UCH i.e. the human factors, climate change, and changes in the physical environment in the waters of Southeast Asian countries. &#13;
â€¢	The results of resent research conducted in the field of UCH in Southeast Asian countries. &#13;
â€¢	Protection and conservation measures in accordance with the UNESCO Convention 2001 which can be applied in Southeast Asian countries. &#13;
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                  <text>Session 13: Maritime and Underwater Archaeology of the Indian Ocean Region</text>
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                  <text>Video interview with Session 13 chair Dr. Sila Tripati and links to the papers presented in the session.</text>
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                  <text>Maritime archaeology, a new branch of social sciences, took its birth in the Mediterranean Sea in the 19th century and academically it began after 1950. Maritime archaeology is also known as â€˜underwaterâ€™, â€˜marineâ€™ and â€˜nauticalâ€™ archaeology. All are valid terms for different aspects. One aspect of Underwater Archaeology is the study of the past through submerged remains such as shipwrecks, habitations and ports.&#13;
Maritime Archaeology, while being similar to â€˜Underwater Archaeologyâ€™, goes beyond waterscape, because it includes all related disciplines covering maritime and nautical archaeology. In the recent past, the new nomenclature â€˜Hydro-archaeologyâ€™ has been coined to include all aspects of maritime archaeology where water plays a great role. Taking into consideration the importance of maritime archaeology, many universities, research institutes and professional societies have introduced maritime archaeology in their regular curriculum and are carrying out explorations and excavations and offer training to researchers, students and amateurs. Maritime archaeological studies have been carried out all over the world, except a few countries, either by the respective states or by state sponsored or private or international organisations.&#13;
Taking into account the relevance and wider prospective of maritime archaeology, papers dealing with recent researches on maritime and underwater archaeology and allied disciplines are considered in this session. Studies on shipwrecks, sources on maritime archaeological studies, ports and trade routes, traditional boatbuilding technology, anchors are welcome. </text>
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                <text>Video interview with Session 13 chair Sila Tripati.</text>
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                <text>Maritime archaeology, a new branch of social sciences, took its birth in the Mediterranean Sea in the 19th century and academically it began after 1950. Maritime archaeology is also known as â€˜underwaterâ€™, â€˜marineâ€™ and â€˜nauticalâ€™ archaeology. All are valid terms for different aspects. One aspect of Underwater Archaeology is the study of the past through submerged remains such as shipwrecks, habitations and ports. &#13;
Maritime Archaeology, while being similar to â€˜Underwater Archaeologyâ€™, goes beyond waterscape, because it includes all related disciplines covering maritime and nautical archaeology. In the recent past, the new nomenclature â€˜Hydro-archaeologyâ€™ has been coined to include all aspects of maritime archaeology where water plays a great role. Taking into consideration the importance of maritime archaeology, many universities, research institutes and professional societies have introduced maritime archaeology in their regular curriculum and are carrying out explorations and excavations and offer training to researchers, students and amateurs. Maritime archaeological studies have been carried out all over the world, except a few countries, either by the respective states or by state sponsored or private or international organisations. &#13;
Taking into account the relevance and wider prospective of maritime archaeology, papers dealing with recent researches on maritime and underwater archaeology and allied disciplines are considered in this session. Studies on shipwrecks, sources on maritime archaeological studies, ports and trade routes, traditional boatbuilding technology, anchors are welcome. &#13;
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                  <text>Session 14: Pre-Hispanic Navigation </text>
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                  <text>Video interview with Session 14 Chair Carlos Ausejo and links to the papers presented in the session.</text>
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                  <text>Navigation was not unknown in the Americas, at the Spaniards arrival different kind of vessel were in use both in the Pacific and the Atlantic shores, as well as in lakes or rivers. Canoe, reed rafts, balsa log raft and others skin based watercraft have been described mainly on historical records and gave us an idea of this technologies. Although it is clear that long and short distance maritime trade routes were in use and watercraft were also involve in war activities and other maritime activities, archaeological evidence related with actual boats has been elusive to find. Still some of these traditions have survived time and in use with some changes and others were incorporated to European navigation traditions.&#13;
During the last decades an increasing interest among researchers in addition to new and different approaches from a broad spectrum of perspectives, including archaeology, history, ethnohistory and ethnography, has brought new and better understanding about these technologies. In spite of this, venues of dialogue to present and discuss about these traditions has been practically inexistent.&#13;
The aim of this session is to show research advances on this topic mainly in the Pacific shores and inland waters through different perspectives up to the Spanish arrival. It will focus primarily in the Andean and Mesoamerican region, however other regions would be accepted. </text>
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                <text>Navigation was not unknown in the Americas, at the Spaniards arrival different kind of vessel were in use both in the Pacific and the Atlantic shores, as well as in lakes or rivers. Canoe, reed rafts, balsa log raft and others skin based watercraft have been described mainly on historical records and gave us an idea of this technologies. Although it is clear that long and short distance maritime trade routes were in use and watercraft were also involve in war activities and other maritime activities, archaeological evidence related with actual boats has been elusive to find. Still some of these traditions have survived time and in use with some changes and others were incorporated to European navigation traditions. &#13;
During the last decades an increasing interest among researchers in addition to new and different approaches from a broad spectrum of perspectives, including archaeology, history, ethnohistory and ethnography, has brought new and better understanding about these technologies. In spite of this, venues of dialogue to present and discuss about these traditions has been practically inexistent &#13;
The aim of this session is to show research advances on this topic mainly in the Pacific shores and inland waters through different perspectives up to the Spanish arrival. It will focus primarily in the Andean and Mesoamerican region, however other regions would be accepted. &#13;
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                <text>Carlos Ausejo</text>
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                  <text>Session 15: Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</text>
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                  <text>The legal framework for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage has gained momentum throughout the Asia-Pacific with a number of States turning their attention to this issue. For some this is due to concerns raised though specific incidents that have damaged or destroyed the underwater cultural heritage or the information that could be gleaned from its excavation, whilst for others, it follows from consideration being given to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.&#13;
This session considers the Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in a number of Asia-Pacific states. The objectives of session are to explore the various national approaches and to seek aspects of commonality and uniformity that provide frameworks for other state that have not yet addressed the issue. </text>
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                <text>The legal framework for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage has gained momentum throughout the Asia-Pacific with a number of States turning their attention to this issue. For some this is due to concerns raised though specific incidents that have damaged or destroyed the underwater cultural heritage or the information that could be gleaned from its excavation, whilst for others, it follows from consideration being given to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. &#13;
This session considers the Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in a number of Asia-Pacific states. The objectives of session are to explore the various national approaches and to seek aspects of commonality and uniformity that provide frameworks for other state that have not yet addressed the issue. &#13;
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                <text>Ligaya Lacsina</text>
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