45
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700
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Shared Underwater Cultural Heritage of Japan and the Netherlands: Continuing the Search for the Kanrin-maru in 2019
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Leon Derksen
Akifumi Iwabuchi
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Derksen, Leon, and Akifumi Iwabuchi. 2021. “Shared Underwater Cultural Heritage of Japan and the Netherlands:
Continuing the Search for the Kanrin-maru in 2019.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt
Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage:
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https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/668
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In November 2019, the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT) and the International Programme for Maritime Heritage of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) continue their joint research on the shared cultural heritage surrounding the Kanrin-maru, a warship built in the Netherlands and delivered to the Japanese government in 1857. It wrecked in Hokkaido in 1871 and has been lost since. The collaboration between the RCE and TUMSAT was established to commemorate the shared cultural heritage of Japan and the Netherlands. Previous joint efforts included a significance assessment in 2017 and a dive survey in 2018.
While a shipwreck has yet to be found, continuation of the search has garnered wide support from important stakeholders including two distinct societies. Furthermore, intangible aspects of the Kanrin-maru heritage proved to be just as important to the communities involved, as testified by the stories that are still going around. This called for continuation to preserve this heritage. The project will therefore encompass two approaches to answer the main research question how could the tangible and intangible heritage related to the Kanrin-maru be sustainably preserved. To this end, a marine geophysical survey is to be conducted in search of wreckage material at a specific target location thought to be most promising during the dive survey. Concurrently, oral information will be collected in order to bring to light the stories and multivocality attached to the Kanrin-maru heritage. This could provide insights in how tangible and intangible heritage is valued differently in different parts of the world. Such an integral approach may enhance the protection and valorisation of underwater cultural heritage and its role in society. The project will furthermore involve Japanese and Dutch researchers, as well as Japanese maritime archaeology students and volunteers to allow for knowledge exchange and capacity building.
Asia-Pac Session 2 2021
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Shio to kamisama to sono genryuu å¡©ã¨ç¥žæ§˜ã¨ãã®æºæµ
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å®è³€å¯¿ç”·
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1997
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Zotero
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å®è³€å¯¿ç”·
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1997
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109 - 56
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Nihon engyou no kenkyuu 日本塩æ¥ã®ç ”究
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Shio to kamisama to sono genryuu å¡©ã¨ç¥žæ§˜ã¨ãã®æºæµ
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25
-
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/9344e9ee0a6f5bca03707353f5a2bc9f.pdf
b92e42add0ca5bd590bcf4b0315da853
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Text
Ship’s Cargo beyond the sea:
New Evidence from Dong Mae Nang Muang,
Nakorn Sawan Province, Central Thailand
Pimchanok Pongkasetkan1
Abstract
This paper mainly focuses on Trade Ceramics and other cargo found from the Dvaravati
settlement in Upper Chao Phraya basin, Central Thailand. Specifically, this paper focuses on
the case study of the site of Dong Mae Nang Muang, Nakorn Sawan province.
In 2008 an archaeological project was done to gain better knowledge of the site. Four
test pits, one test trench and an earthen mound were excavated. These activities expanded
the current understanding of the site's characteristics. The excavation revealed imported
goods from all over the world such as; ceramics, glass and semi-precious stone beads and
glass vessels. This important phenomenon was a strong impact on current knowledge of the
inter-relationship between Dvaravati, an ancient settlement in the Upper Chao Phraya basin,
2
and the sea port town via China and Western Asia , this has reconsidered the role of
economics in the area especially the details of trade-routes and the merchandise during the
th
th
Dvaravati period (5 -12 centuries AD).
Characteristic of Dong Mae Nang Muang
Dong Mae Nang Muang is located in present day Banpotpisai district, Nakorn
Sawan province. From an inscription (K966) discovered at the site we know
that its name in antiquity was Thanya Pura (Coedès 1961; Vallibhotama
1978). Located in the upper reaches of the Chao Phraya Basin, this site
represents one of the northernmost settlements of Dvaravati culture in central
Thailand. Strategically placed on the tributaries of major river systems; the
PingRiver and Nan River, the settlement flourished for a period of
approximately 400 years between the 8 th and 12th centuries Common Era
(CE)3. Despite being located over 300 kilometres north of the modern-day
coastline, Dong Mae Nang Muang was not an isolated site on the periphery,
but participated in and contributed to the vibrant cultural, religious, artistic and
economic exchanges that took place within the Dvaravati culture of central
Thailand (Murphy and Pongkasetkan 2010).
Dong Mae Nang Muang is a moated site with a surrounding rampart. At
some stage during the Dvaravati period it was extended to the west by the
addition of an extra moat resulting in the ground plan changing from squareshaped to more oblong in character. The site measures 630 by 650 metres
and covers an area of approximately 40 hectares. To date, the research
conducted extends from the first surveys and excavations by the Fine Arts
Department in 1956 and 1967, to recent projects of Master’s degree students
of the Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University and most recently
1
Curator of Southeast Asian Ceramics museum, Bangkok University
Can not be specific because the analysis results indicate that some evidence made in
Western Asia, but not clearly specific where.
3
A Georgian Calendar designation that starts at year one, based on the year of the birth of
Jesus Christ of Nazareth, with one added to every year after.
2
�excavations by the Fine Arts Department, Lopburi, 2008–20094. The initial
surveys by the Fine Arts Department recorded up to thirteen earthen mounds
at the site and excavations revealed that they were Buddhist monuments, the
majority being stupas. There have also been numerous reports of votive
tablets and Buddha image discoveries at the site over the past 60 or so years
however, none have been excavated in situ (Murphy and Pongkasetkan
2010).
On the basis of relative dating techniques the current proposed dates
of occupation arising from the 2009 excavations cover the 8 th to 12th centuries
CE. For example, the earthenware Dvaravati pottery discovered suggests a
date from the 8th century onwards; the stoneware and Sassanid ceramics
point towards the 9th and 10th centuries; stucco found during excavations at
monument MS1 is late Dvaravati in style, so falls between the 10th and 11th
centuries; while Inscription K966 gives a 12 th-century date. The excavations
also revealed no evidence whatsoever for prehistoric occupation of the site
nor did it show any indication that Dong Mae Nang Muang was inhabited after
the 12th century.
Excavations at Dong Mae Nang Muang, 2008–2009
Since the Fine Arts Department archaeological excavations in 1967, no
further archaeological research has been conducted at Dong Mae Nang
Muang. Since those excavations focused entirely on the monuments, no
evidence for the length or nature of human occupation was obtained. Hence,
the project “Cultural development of the ancient town of Dong Mae Nang
Muang,” was initiated by the author in order to explore the cultural and
chronological development of the site. Field activity entailed survey work,
interviewing of local villagers and excavation from January 2008 to July 2009.
4
For a summary of all research carried out to date on the site of Dong Mae Nang Muang see
Murphy and Pongkasetkan (2010). For a detailed discussion of the excavations that took
place in 2009 see Pongkasetkan (2010) and The Fine Arts Department (2010).
�Figure 1. Aerial Picture of Dong Mae Nang Muang and the test pits location
(Adopt from Google Earth).
Excavation of test pits TP1-TP4 and RTP1 Excavations took place
between April and July 2009 and consist of four 3 by 3 metre test pits (TP1-4),
one test trench through the rampart (RTP1) and the excavation of an earthen
mound designated MS1 (Figure 2). Two test pits, TP3 and TP4, were located
within the interior of the moat. TP1 was located in the area enclosed by the
western moat extension while TP2 was situated outside the moat. All four test
pits were excavated in order to clarify the stratigraphy and archaeological
record and to provide information on the material culture, dating and past
activities that were carried out at the site. The rampart test trench was
excavated in the interior moat while MS1 lies just outside the southern moat.
The test pit data yielded new information about population density,
habitation and economic activity at the site. The main inhabited and economic
areas were located within the moat. The western extension and the area
directly outside the moat appear to be much less densely occupied; further
survey and excavation work are need to give a complete picture. As would be
expected, the moat and rampart are contemporaneous with the rest of the
site. Their construction took place within the Dvaravati period.
Excavation of the earthen mound MS1 Dong Mae Nang Muang has
numerous earthen mounds inside and outside the moat. They are presumed
�5
to be religious structures of some kind, perhaps Stupas , Viharns
6
or
7
Ubosots , but it is impossible to say for certain without detailed investigation
of each individual structure. The test excavation revealed evidence of
Dvaravati pottery, finger-marked bricks consistent with those found at other
Dvaravati period sites, Dvaravati-style stucco and a possible terracotta stupa
finial. Some of the most surprising discoveries during the course of both
excavations, however, were the human burials at the foundation level of the
monument. Over 50 inhumations were discovered in total throughout the
entire area of the monument; however, they do not appear to extend outside
of the site's boundary. Stratigraphically, the burials were found directly under
the layer containing the remains of the monument proper. The layer itself is
about 1 metre in depth; the burials were placed at different levels within it. The
question therefore arises whether the burials predate the construction of the
monument. Not only are the burials located in a separate stratigraphic layer,
but also no Dvaravati material was found within the layer of the burials
themselves. However, since there is no evidence of prehistoric occupation at
the site, the working hypothesis continues to be that the burials date to the
Dvaravati period.
Imported Good: Ceramics sherds consideration
The evidence from the excavation of TP3 and TP4 yielded some fascinating
points-of-view of the relationship within the outer communities especially from
the ceramics sherds and glass vessel.
8
9
Chinese, Khmer and Sassanids ceramics were found together in the
same context, as well as glass vessel. The dating of Chinese ceramics are
during the 11th – 12th centuries AD, or during Northern Song Dynasty. Around
the 11th century the Chinese court had intensely turned the market from the
Silk Route into Maritime Silk Route (Qingxin 2009:83) The Song Dynasty
(960-1279 AD) was a great empire, with great economic development the
Stupas is the word from Sanskrit: m., स्तूप, stūpa, and Pāli: थुप "thūpa", literally meaning
"heap"(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa). It is the monument that establish for both of
Buddhism and Jain. It is usually made in half-round or bell shape with the pointed finial.
6
Viharn or Vihara is the Sanskrit and Pali term for a Buddhist monastery. It originally meant
"a secluded place in which to walk", and referred to "dwellings" or "refuges" used by
wandering monks during the rainy season.(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihara) It are
formed in square or rectangular shape, and placed with the Buddha image.
7
Ubosot is derived from the Pali term uposathagara, which refers to a hall used for rituals on
the upostha days -- the Buddhist Sabbath, which falls four times a month on the full moon,
new moon, and eighth day after each. (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubosot). The form of
ubosot is usually similar to the Viharn, rectangular or square in shape, but there’s no need to
have the Buddha image inside.
8
th
th
Khmer is word that called Ancient Cambodia culture during 5 -12 centuries AD. In which, it
th th
th
th
is also called sometimes that Pre-Angkorian (5 -8 centuries AD) and Angkorian (8 -12
centuries AD).
9
Sassanids ceramics is the word that author use for describe the ceramics that was produce
during the Sassanian Empire. The Sassanid Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire,
was recognized as one of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe, alongside the
Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400
years(from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid)
5
�cities flourished and its science and technology advanced (Qingxin 2009: 81) .
It was one of the world’s most advanced and wealthy states. Regardless of
the outcome, the Song Dynasty was still an era worthy of special attention. It
was during this time that the Maritime Silk Road was at the height of its
splendor (Qingxin 2009:82) The Song Dynasty was especially focused on
10
Sino - foreign relations and foreign trade. The politico-economics caused for
China’s north and west over-land passage to basically shut off (Qingxin 2009:
83). This created a natural inclination towards developing ties with nations of
Southeast Asia across the sea.
From above, the main factor of economics between Southeast Asia
and China were caused from the inclination of the Silk Road. A number of
Chinese ceramics sherds found from Dong Mae Nang Maung are good
samples to confirm this theory.
The analysis of Chinese ceramics sherds from Dong Mae Nang Muang
are identified as follows:
1) Qing Bai, Ding Kiln, Northern Song Dynasty, 10th-11th centuries AD
Qing Bai from Ding kiln. Dating of this type is around 10th
century
AD, bowl shape, grayish white color in fabric and glazed. This type is hardly
found in Thailand except some sites in the Malay Peninsula such as Klong Ta
Rua, Nakorn Srithamarat province (Chantawit 1993:184).
2) Jar, green glaze, Xicun Kiln, Northern Song Dynasty, 10th century
AD
Sherds of Jar with thick mouth rim, gray color in fabric, yellowish green
to brownish green glaze. This type was found all over Thailand during this
time in sites such as Koh Ko Khao, Punga, Klong
Tha
Rua,
Nakorn
Srithamarat (Chantawit 1993: 182), Sting Pra, Songkhla (Chantawit 1993:16),
Umphang, Tak, Vichayen House, Lopburi, Sra Morakot, Prachinburi and etc.
(Thammapreechakorn 2010:37) Bowl, cup, ewer and jar were commonly
found
3) Bowl, Qing Bai, Jingdezhen kiln, Northern Song Dynasty 10 th – 11th
centuries AD
A group of Qing Bai from Jingdezhen kiln were commonly found in
some Khmer settlements in the northeast and central Thailand. Some types
found at Dong Mae Nang Muang include: bowl decorated with lotus petal
motif, whitish gray color in fabrique, white clear glaze. The most interesting
context of this sherd, when compared with the other similar wares found in
other Khmer monuments in Thailand, is it is usually accompanied with the
other Qing Bai from other kilns and Khmer ware from kiln sites in Cambodia
and Thailand11. For example
Ban Klor, Chaiyapum(Chantawit 1993:
323 ), Orapim Mound, Prasat Phnom Wan, Nakorn Ratchasima, Prasat Nang
Rum, Nakorn Ratchasima and etc. (Chantawit 1993: 322 ),
4) Covered Box, Qing Bai, Nan’an kiln, Quanzhou, Fujian region,
late Northern Song Dynasty, 11th century AD
10
a prefix used to refer to China (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino)
Commented by Louise Allison Cort, Curator of Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M.Sackler
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, USA, and she gave additional note that this groups are also
found at port town and In-Land port town.
11
�Covered Box in the form of melon shape is regularly found from
Dvaravati, Khmer, and Lanna ancient settlements (Thammapreechakorn
2010:35)
Figure 2. TOP FOUR - Chinese Ceramics, Northern Song Dynasty, 10th-11th
centuries AD. found at Dong Mae Nang Muang, from above left-right: Ding
Kiln(CCHD1-7), Xicun kiln(CCHX 1-2) and lower left-right: Jingdezhen
kiln(CCHJ 1), Nan’an kiln(CCHN 2) (Now under examination by author).
BOTTOM TWO - Sassanid Ceramics from Dong Mae Nang Muang (From
Left: SF309, SF313, SF322, SF323, Right: SF329)
Apart from Chinese ceramics, there are also around forty percent of
Khmer ceramics accompanied too. The green glaze Angkorian ware, or
Phnom Kulen ware, were also found together with the Northern Song
ceramics in the same context. The association of green glaze Angkorian or
Phnom Kulen ware is very interesting. It has not been recognized as a
maritime-merchant commodity but its appearance exists all over Khmer
monuments in both Cambodia and Thailand (Pongkasetkan 2010:135).
�12
The most known waster , the Phnom kulen, corresponds to types of
green glaze ceramics found in Bernard Groslier archaeologically excavated
sites, which date prior to 1050 AD. Green glazed covered urns also found
there, however, do not appear in excavation until after 1050 AD. The
characteristics of the Phnom Kulen ware are generally yellowish to brownish
13
green glaze and also show a broad range of mottled shade between brown,
black and olive, obtained by heavier concentrations of iron oxides in their
glazes (Brown 1988:43).
The production sites of Phnom Kulen ware were located in the area of
Phnom Kulen plateau. Several kiln sites were discovered along the way from
Angkor region in Siem Reap province, which is situated between the Plateau
of Kulen and city of Rolous (Rooney, et al. 2010:172). From several
archaeological projects that were done during the last 20 years, some have
14
unearthed charcoal samples dated by the AMS technique and provide a
date of 970(±30) – 905 (±30) BP (Miksic, et al. 2010) or the beginning of the
11th century AD. Generally forms of Phnom Kulen ware are covered box in the
form of flat or tall shape, fruit-shaped, plain zoomorphic, plain cylindrical jar,
covered cylindrical jar, bottle, and architectural ornaments (Rooney, et al.
2010:172). The Phnom Kulen ware were commonly found in Khmer
monuments such as Prasat Ban Phluang in Surin province, Chau Say
Tevoda, Srah Srang, Bantay Kdei and etc.(Rooney, et al. 2010:12).
A number of Phnom Kulen ware were also discovered at the site of
Dong Mae Nang Muang. Covered jars, jars and covered boxes were found in
large numbers both in the habitation and in monument contexts.
Figure 3. Covered boxes, Phnom Kulen ware, Dong Mae Nang Muang (From
left above CKMP10, left lower CKMP11, covered box in the right side is now
kept at the site)
12
Wasted product from the kiln
Dark brown spot from Iron Oxide that appear on the pottery fabric
14
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
13
�Sassanid ceramics are yet another kind of ceramic found at Dong Mae
Nang Muang. Blue turquoise glaze on earthenware is their main
characteristic. It was commonly found in the Dvaravati settlement in Thailand.,
for example, U-thong in Supanburi province(FAD 2002: 65) or Dong Lakorn in
Nakorn Nayok province (FAD 1997: 23) It is usually dated to the 3rd – 7th
centuries AD but it was thought that technical production was still carried on
until the Early Islamic Period(Pongkasetkan 2010: 134). During the time of the
Sassanian Empire, the Iranian highlands had an important role in the history
of East-West contact, both on the Overland Silk Road and Maritime Silk Road.
Some Sassanian treasure were left all over Asia and Europe (Fukai 1981:35).
It is extremely difficult at this time to distinguish ceramics from Late
Parthian (249 B.C. – 226 AD) and Early Sassanian periods(226-642 AD); just
as in other fields it is difficult to define the works of the late Sassanid Period
and the Early Islamic Period (Harper 1978:160). The basic typology that was
defined by Shinji Fukai (1981:36-46) composed of two glaze colours of green
and blue-turquoise and in the forms of jar and cup.
The excavation at Dong Mae Nang Muang revealed some pieces of
Sassanids ceramics, both of green and blue glaze, probably jar, associated
with Chinese Northern Song and Khmer ceramics. The stratigraphy dates
these finds to the 10th-11th centuries AD, according from the Northern Song
and Phnom Kulen ware, therefore, it could be implied about that there’re the
usage of imported ceramics from Western Asia, Chinese and Khmer in the
Dvaravati settlement in the upper Chao Phraya basin during 10 th-11th
centuries AD.
Glass Vessel
Glass vessels were also found. From the analysis of glass vessel sherds 15,
with LA-ICP-MS technique16 (Lankton and Gratuze 2010:4). James Lankton
suggested that they might be made in Western Asia rather than locally made.
Figure 5. Glass sherds from Dong Mae Nang Muang (SF336).
15
These glass sherds were analyzed by James W Lankton, Honorary Senior Research
Fellow, UCL Institute of Archaeology, London, UK and Bernard Gratuze, IRAMAT, Institut de
Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux, Centre Ernest-Babelon, C.N.R.S, Orleans, France in
2010.
16
Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
�Dong Mae Nang Muang as a Regional Centre
The evidence presented here shows clearly that Dong Mae Nang Muang was
an important regional centre in the Upper Chao Phraya Basin. Its location on
the Ping and Nan tributaries opened it to communication with other sites in the
area such as Khaogralone, Chansen, Thap Chumpon, U-Trapao and Kok Mai
Den(Pongkasetkan 2010: 200). Khaogralone, for instance, was also located
on a tributary of the Ping River thus facilitating access with Dong Mae Nang
Muang. The Ping and Nan rivers join to create the Chao Phraya River with the
confluence located at Pak Nam Po, Muang district, Nakorn Sawan. Dong Mae
Nang Muang, with its direct access to those major waterways should therefore
be considered a regional centre within the Upper Chao Phraya Basin.
From an economic and commercial point-of-view this site can be
considered a trade centre. Excavations have revealed Chinese Northern Song
17
ceramics, green-glazed Angkor-period ceramics , Sassanid Ceramics, glass
and semiprecious stone beads. None of those products were manufactured
locally. All were obtained through trade connections with sites along the coast
or directly through the maritime network. The excavations in 2009 unearthed
Sassanid Ceramics in the Upper Chao Phraya Basin for the first time. Before
then, Sassanid Ceramics had only ever been discovered at Dvaravati
settlements in the Lower Chao Phraya Basin close to the coast. The discovery
of Sassanid Ceramics along with the other imported goods further
emphasises the active role Dong Mae Nang Muang played in trade and
commerce during the Dvaravati period. The earthenware pottery record also
shows close connections with sites in the Chi and Mun river systems of
northeast Thailand.
Even though Phnom Kulen ware can not be considered ship’s cargo
since it has never been found in context on a sunken ship site it is regardless
a very interesting artefact to consider in the overall economic system of the
Upper Chao Phraya Basin. The trade items from both the sea and inland ports
were unearthed associated with each other at this one site, this fact infers that
the goods distribution from both sea ports and inland-ports are similar. It
appears therefore that Dong Mae Nang Muang was interacting with both the
northeast and Lower Chao Phraya Basin.
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�
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Ship's Cargo beyond the sea: New Evidence from Dong Mae Nang Muang,
Nakorn Sawan Province, Central Thailand
Subject
The topic of the resource
Session 4
The archaeological study of ships’ cargo, hull, and maritime infrastructure
Description
An account of the resource
This paper mainly focuses on Trade Ceramics and other cargo found from the Dvaravati settlement in Upper Chao Phraya basin, Central Thailand. Specifically, this paper focuses on the case study of the site of Dong Mae Nang Muang, Nakorn Sawan province.
In 2008 an archaeological project was done to gain better knowledge of the site. Four test pits, one test trench and an earthen mound were excavated. These activities expanded the current understanding of the site's characteristics. The excavation revealed imported goods from all over the world such as; ceramics, glass and semi-precious stone beads and glass vessels. This important phenomenon was a strong impact on current knowledge of the inter-relationship between Dvaravati, an ancient settlement in the Upper Chao Phraya basin, and the sea port town via China and Western Asia2, this has reconsidered the role of economics in the area especially the details of trade-routes and the merchandise during the Dvaravati period (5th-12th centuries AD).
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Pimchanok Pongkasetkan
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
November 2011
Asia-Pac Session 4
-
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/9b07e93589094c191c5afba278c6f3aa.pdf
2a3351954a1284e5c8c2111db8cc8acd
PDF Text
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Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Ships and Navigation in the Medieval South India
Subject
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Session 2
Nautical (Ship and boat) Archaeology of South Asia
Description
An account of the resource
The maritime activities of Indian sub continent have a hoary past. The inscriptions of medieval South India disclose information about the ports of Coromandel coast, the various kinds of boats and ships and goods that were imported and exported through these ports. The inscriptions of the Cholas, Pandyas and the other major dynasties in the Andhra region give valuable evidence on this aspect. Besides, the inscriptional evidences there are quite a number of sculptures, coins bearing the figure of ships and boats attest to the various kinds of vessels of that period. The Cholas who ruled over the entire Tamil country in the medieval period made sevaral voyages to the South-East Asian countries through big vessels. Rajaraja I, the great Chola king (A.D.985-1014), allowed Srivijaya king Sri Mara Vijayadunga Varman son of Sulamanivarman to build a Buddhist vihara in the name of his father Sulamanivarman at Nagappattinam, which suggests that he had a cordial relatio nship with the kingdoms of far east countries during his regime. His able son Rajendra I (A.D.1012-1044) he crossed the Bay of Bengal and reached many countries which were listed in the lengthy prasasti. His prasasti mentions that he used many kinds of ships on the ocean to reach the Southeast Asian countries such as Kadaram (modern Kedha) Java and Sumatra.
An inscription from Mottuppalli refers to the various kinds of ships which were anchored on the Andhra coast. The port had a yard for ship repair. This port was declared as a tax-free zone for the ships affected during storms. An inscription from Nagalapuram near Chittor in Andhrapradesh refers to a kind of ship knows as tongukappal in Tamil. In all probability it could be a big Chinese vessel, namely the jung. This paper discusses in details the nature of the ships and navigation in medieval south India
Creator
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S.Rajavelu
Date
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November 2011
Asia-Pac Session 2
-
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Ships in the Ancient Arabian Sea: The Development of a Hypothetical Reed Boat Model
Creator
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Tom Vosmer
Date
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2000
Type
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Journal Article
Zotero
Author
Tom Vosmer
Item Type
Journal Article
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2000
Pages
235-42
Publication Title
Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
Title
A name given to the resource
Ships in the Ancient Arabian Sea: The Development of a Hypothetical Reed Boat Model
Volume
30
India
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ships on Hero Stones from the West Coast of India
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sila Tripati
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2006
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Journal Article
Zotero
Author
Sila Tripati
Item Type
Journal Article
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2006
Issue
1
Pages
88-96
Publication Title
Internationa Journal of Nautical Archaeology
Title
A name given to the resource
Ships on Hero Stones from the West Coast of India
Volume
35
India
-
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/602be7c3ab21d47684c6e448ea2ebbb0.pdf
cc921531300da3ed349db1e779d4ee58
PDF Text
Text
Ships sunk on the east coast of Sri Lanka during the British era
Author – Jinali Ekanayake (jinaliekanayake88@gmail.com) Maritime Archaeology Officer,
Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund, Sri Lanka
Co-Authors – Indika U. Hevage (hewageindika@gmail.com), Rasika Muthucumarana
(muthurasika@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The eastern coast of Sri Lanka is considered to be the coastal region from the Kokilai lagoon in the north to Panama
in the south. The coastal region has been used for various activities with various marine relations since the BC
period. The activities of the Portuguese, Dutch and English in this coastal region during the period of colonial rule
were continued. This can be confirmed by reference to archaeological and literary sources.
Due to the uniqueness of Trincomalee natural harbor in the world, this area can be recognized as an area
that has been controlled as a colony by various foreign nationalities since the past. This Paper outlines the
information about the sunken ships in the naval activities of the British rule in the east coast region of Sri Lanka.
There are many ships that sank due to natural disasters, industrial errors and human activities. and the most notable
are the ships sunk due to attacks during the Second World War. The number of ships found in that area are about
twenty-one. Of these, about eight of these ships sank during the Second World War.
In addition to discussing information about the ships SS Ava, HMS Diamode, SS British Sergeant, another
unique quality of this research paper is the graveyard of the Pasikuda area, which has been introduced by Mr.
Darshana Jayawardena, who is engaged in diving research in the sea Coast around Sri Lanka, in the book called
Ghost of the Deep. Discussing the identification of the four sunken ships at the place called shipwrecks with the
intervention of the Maritime Archeology Unit. Accordingly, it is hoped to identify the cultural heritage related to the
water created by sunken ships in the eastern sea region, which is a special sea region, and to discuss related
activities.
KeyWords: East Coast in Sri Lanka, Shipwrecks, Cultural Heritage, British Era
INTRODUCTION
The Eastern Sea region of Sri Lanka can be identified as an area where archaeological factors
representing all periods from the prehistoric era to the colonial period are found. The eastern sea region
extends from Pulmude to Pothuvil, facing the Bay of Bengal and has a unique position in the Indian Saga.
The current Trincomalee Port, which was known as Gokanna Port in the past, has attracted world
attention historically and geographically, is also located in this area. This region is also home to many
important cultural and religious places including Buddhist Hindu Muslim temples and churches, as well
as forts like the historical Batticaloa Dutch Fort, Trincomalee Fort, etc. In addition to its natural beauty
and cultural significance, the Eastern Coast has also played an important role in Sri Lanka's history. The
region has been the site of many battles and conflicts throughout history, including during the colonial
period when it was a strategic location for naval powers.
Sri Lanka became a colonial state of different countries at different times due to various reasons such as
spreading religion and establishing colonies with the main purpose of trade.Sri Lanka became a British
colony for the last time. When the British expanded their power in Sri Lanka, more attention was given to
the eastern region.
For several reasons, the British chose the eastern part of Sri Lanka to expand their power. Sri Lanka's east
coast is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, which made it an ideal location for the British to
establish a naval base to control trade routes and protect their interests in the region.
1
�In expanding its power through trade, the eastern region of Sri Lanka was rich in resources such as wood,
spices and gems, thus the ability of the British to gain economic advantages in the region was a factor.
The main exports of the East Coast during this period were coffee, tea, rubber and spices, which were
grown on plantations located inland. These goods were transported by rail to the coast and then shipped to
Britain and other parts of the British Empire. The British began large-scale fishing operations in the seas
off the east coast, and exported dried fish and fish oil to markets in Europe and Asia. In addition to
exports, the east coast of Sri Lanka functioned as an important center for the import of goods such as
textiles, machinery and buildings.
Sri Lanka's east coast has a long history of trade with countries in the Indian Ocean and beyond. Another
reason for the British to increase their wealth and establish themselves as a leading trading power was that
the east coast was an easier way to access this trade network.
In addition to this matter, it was unique that the British were able to use the natural harbor of Trincomalee
to expand their power in order to gain an advantage over their rivals and other colonial powers when
establishing control over the east coast.
There are various reasons why ships usually sink on Coastal areas. As the most common reasons are,
Hurricanes, big waves, weather changes are one of the reasons for being affected by natural disasters.
Various accidents like collision with other vessels, collision with rocks or rocks, technical faults in
vessels, mistakes made by sailors is another reason.
Naval battles that occur when naval powers compete for control of their regions are another reason.
Deliberate sinking of vessels to create artificial reefs and disrupts enemy shipping lanes, to prevent
surrender to enemies, as a decommissioning method, for various operations, etc. is also a reason. The
same is true for the east coast of Sri Lanka as a whole.
The unique facts identified in the study about these ships were that the majority of the sunken ships were
ships that were destroyed during naval battles during the Second World War. Also, upon further study, it
was possible to identify that the ships were named by the shipping companies with abbreviations.
−
−
−
SS - Steamship
RMS - Royal Mail Ship
HMS - Her Majestic Service
The identified ships were found in the areas of Trincomalee, Wakare, Pasikuda, Batticaloa, Kalmunai,
Pothuvil in the East Coast region and such ships it was possible to discover that about twenty ships had
sunk in those areas. Through this research paper, some unique ships will be discussed among the sunken
ships during the British period.
SS British Sergeant Wreck
The SS British Sergeant was a British fuel tanker that was broken in two and sunk off the coast of Sri
Lanka during World War II by a Japanese air attack. The accident happened on April 9, 1942. The attack
killed 36 of the crew and another 65 were rescued by nearby ships. The middle part of the ship is divided
into two parts: the front part which is laid upside down and the rear part which is tilted to the side and
buried in the sea. It can be identified as the safe ship from sunken ships. Its width is 16 meters and the
length of one part is 75 meters and the other part is 52.80 meters. (Exploration report 2012, 33)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_British_Sergeant - 2023.04.03)
The wreckage of the SS British Sergeant was discovered in 2012 by a team of divers off the coast of
Batticaloa in Sri Lanka's Eastern Province. The wreck lies at a depth of 25 meters and is now a popular
2
�dive site for experienced divers. The site is also considered an important historical artifact as a reminder
of Sri Lanka's role in World War II and its long history of maritime trade.
SS Lady McCullum
This ship has been engaged in duties around the Sri Lankan sea limits since the year 1908. Information
has been revealed that this ship was also involved in the rescue operations related to the sinking of the Sir
John Jackson ship that sank in the Batticaloa area in 1908. (The Times of Ceylon 28, September 1908))
While sailing from Trincomalee to Kalkuda hit a reef and sank on January 01, 1926 CE. At that time it
was working under the Ceylon Steamship Company. The parts are broken and scattered all over the place.
But it is possible to identify the bow part and the stern part of the ship. The poplar and the poplar shaft are
well preserved. Two boilers and three iron anchors can be seen, one anchor is located in the front part and
the other two anchors are located in the center and rear parts of the ship. According to the information
from a diver in the area of 13.10 meters length and width from the front section to today according to the
remains of the remaining parts of the ship, according to the information from a diver, he sold some parts
of Sri Lankan iron for money and one of them was called "Ally & Macleelan" and "CLA" or "CIA
Company" was recorded. (Exploration report 2012, 32-33)
HMS Hollyhock
HMS Hollyhock was a Flower-class corvette of the British Royal Navy that sank off the coast of Sri
Lanka. A vessel that saw great service in the British Royal Navy during World War II. The speed of this
940 ton ship is 16 nautical miles. Forty-nine people have lost their lives due to the attack on this ship. It is
60 meters long. At present, it is submerged at a depth of 42 meters in the sea limits of Kalmunai.
(Jayawardene 2016,175) ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hollyhock- 2023.04.03)
HMS Hermes
HMS Hermes was a British aircraft carrier that served in the Royal Navy during World War II. It was one
of the first purpose-built aircraft carriers launched and the first to be sunk by enemy action. The 20
number of aircraft that could be carried on this enormous ship, which was 182.9 meters long .During the
war, HMS Hermes served in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Pacific theaters. It was involved in the
Battle of Calabria and the Battle of Crete and provided air support during the Allied landings in North
Africa and Italy.
Due to the threat of Japanese attack, the ship left for the Maldives but was hit by several bombs and
torpedoes on April 9, 1942 and finally sank with 307 crew members on board.
Today, the wreck of HMS Hermes is considered a war grave and protected site under the Antiquities
Ordinance of Sri Lanka. The wreck is located about 10 nautical miles off the coast of Batticaloa in eastern
Sri Lanka at a depth of 53 meters and is a popular dive site for experienced divers. (Jayewardene 2016,
175) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hermes_(95) - 2023.04.01)
HMS Diomede
In the 1960s, Arthur C. Clarke and Mike Wilson's group, including diving activities, have taken
underwater photographs near Pegeon Island in Trincomalee. During those activities, efforts were made to
locate the alleged location of the HMS Diomede, but their efforts were unsuccessful. It is said that in the
year 1795 AD, the English Navy came to Trincomalee port in Sri Lanka with three ships: HMS Diomede,
Suffolk, Centurion, Heroine and received a positive response to the request to surrender to the Dutch
governor who ruled Trincomalee. But it is said that during this journey, the ship unfortunately hit an
unidentified ship and its crew threw cannons into the sea to save the ship.(Clerk & Wilson 1964, 200)
3
�James Martin Hill House Company can be identified as the manufacturer of the HMS Diomede ship
among the things that were discovered in the search of information on the Internet. It has also been
reported that this ship was involved in the capture of South Carolina in 1782 CE and the capture of the
Indian Ocean in 1794 CE. About eighteen cannons were identified here by the Marine Archeology Unit
during the research conducted in 2011 CE, and a large number of small-sized gun bullets, a large number
of broken bottles, wood and metal parts were identified. According to the facts mentioned above, the ship
that was found in the Uppuveli beach which was wrecked by the British on the second day of August
1795 CE can be called HMS Diomede because no other wooden ship has been found in the eastern region
of Trincomalee. It was possible to further confirm this based on the amount of artillery and the size of the
cannons found. (Exploration Report 2012, 23-25)
Four sunken ships were found in a small area of about one square kilometer in the Pasikuda area. Due to
this, identifying each ship separately has become a difficult task. Mr. Darshan Jayawardene, who has
published a book called "Ghosts of the deep" related to drowning, has introduced this place as "the
graveyard of ship wrecks" in his book. Three of the four ships were identified separately after comparing
the data obtained during the discoveries and research carried out by the Maritime Archeology Unit.
Accordingly, the new nomenclature could be given to the ship instead of the existing nomenclature.
Through this research paper the facts related to those identified vessels are unique. (Jayawardene 2016,
198)
SS Gladys Moller
It has now been confirmed that the ‘Pasikuda steamship 01’ identified during research by the Galle
Marine Archeology Unit is the SS Gladys Mula Nauka. The reason for this is that in the research activities
of the Galle Maritime Archeology Unit, measurements have been taken that these ships are 125 meters
long and 17 meters wide. It is closest to the SS Gladys Moller, which are 129.5 meters long and 15 meters
wide. It can be said so because the remaining three ships lost at this point are less than 108 meters in
length. Also taking into account the fact that the information found on the ship includes three
steam-powered boilers with a single aft rod and an aft blade. This ship, located at a depth of about 8
meters, was used as a cargo ship during the British rule. (Jayawardene 2016 ; 198) (Exploration report
2012: 39-40)
SS Clan Lamont
After engaging in research through the information about the ship SS Clan Lamont that sank on May 3,
1891 mentioned in the book of Mr. Darshan Jayawardena, it was identified that this ship is the ship
introduced by the Galle Sea Archeology Unit as steamship number two. The ship was measured to be 94
meters long and 11 meters wide. The length is similar to the length of the SS Clan Lamont and the facts
found in the information found about the ship were also similar to this ship in having three boilers with a
single stern and on the other side. The most important facts were that the ship known as Pasikuda steamer
number two also had the double mast used for sails found on the SS Clan Lamont. This ship also sank at a
maximum depth of eight meters. This ship is the most decayed of the sunken ships at this location.
(Jayawardene 2016, 198)
SS Amarillys
This can be introduced as a ship found by chance. In the year 2014, while taking photographs of Pasikuda
steamship number two, this ship was found and it was identified that this ship was operated by steam
power and had three boilers. The maximum depth of the ship was about 11.5 meters. The information
that it was not sunk in the Kalkuda area was found in a book written by the hand of a contemporary
British officer in this country. "In February 1908, the Amarillys steamer of the Stagalin Company was
4
�wrecked at Venludis Point near Calcutta," it says. Researching the information revealed that the ship was
carrying coal from Calcutta to Bombay in India and was wrecked in the Kalkuda area.
Although the information about the ship was found in this way, it was quite a difficult task to identify
these ships from the ships sunk at that place. After engaging in a comparative value with the information
received, it was possible to identify what the ship was. The information received there is that the Anva
ship is 106.68 meters long and 14.63 meters wide. During the records taken by the Galle Maritime
Archeology Unit, a ship with a length of 108 m and a beam of 15 m was found and it was named Pasikuda
steamer No. 03. It was confirmed that steamer number three was none other than the SS Amaryllis, as all
three ships, which were difficult to confirm, were less than 100 meters in length, and had three boilers and
a stern and a stern.(Exploration report 2014, 40-41) (gunawardane 2008, 48).
In addition to these vessels, there are many sunken ships of the British rule, now identified by various
names such as SS Ava, SS Sir Jhon Jackson, Pasikuda Iron wreck 01, SS Brenus, Batticloa boiler wreck,
Umari, Komari etc., which are now part of the historical story and have functioned as bio-systems and
helped to create the beautiful diving site. Accordingly, we can recognize that because of these ships sunk
during the British period, they give great value to the history of the region and have also helped to
strengthen the economy of the region.
Bibliography
Clerk, A. C. The Reefs of Taprobane. Hapor and Brothers.(1956).
Clerk, A. C., & Wilson, M. The Treasure of the Great Reef. New York: Harper and Row.(1964).
Deraniyagala, S. The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective (Vol. 1). Department of Archaeological Survey.(1992).
Deraniyagala, S. U. Prehistory of Sri Lanka. Department of Archaeological Survey.(1992).
Exploration Report 2012 – East Exploration, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central cultural fund
Exploration Report 2014 – East Exploration, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central cultural fund
Green, J. Maritime Archaeology: A Technical Handbook. Elsevier Academic Press.(2004).
Gunawardene V.D. Madakalapuwa Distrikkaye wruthanthaya, Nugegoda, visadunu Publication. 2008.
Jayawardhana, Darshana,(2015). Ghosts Of The Deep, Vijitha Yapa Publication. Colombo.
Panabokke, C. R. (1996). Soils and Agro-Ecological Environment of Sri Lanka. Colombo 7, Sri Lanka: Natural Resources,
Energy @ Science Authority.
The Ceylon Observer. (1908, September 28).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_British_Sergeant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hollyhock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hermes_(95)
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�
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Title
A name given to the resource
Ships sunk on the east coast of Sri Lanka during the British era
Description
An account of the resource
The eastern coast of Sri Lanka is considered to be the coastal region from the Kokilai lagoon in the north to Panama
in the south. The coastal region has been used for various activities with various marine relations since the BC
period. The activities of the Portuguese, Dutch and English in this coastal region during the period of colonial rule
were continued. This can be confirmed by reference to archaeological and literary sources.
Due to the uniqueness of Trincomalee natural harbor in the world, this area can be recognized as an area
that has been controlled as a colony by various foreign nationalities since the past. This Paper outlines the
information about the sunken ships in the naval activities of the British rule in the east coast region of Sri Lanka.
There are many ships that sank due to natural disasters, industrial errors and human activities. and the most notable
are the ships sunk due to attacks during the Second World War. The number of ships found in that area are about
twenty-one. Of these, about eight of these ships sank during the Second World War.
In addition to discussing information about the ships SS Ava, HMS Diamode, SS British Sergeant, another
unique quality of this research paper is the graveyard of the Pasikuda area, which has been introduced by Mr.
Darshana Jayawardena, who is engaged in diving research in the sea Coast around Sri Lanka, in the book called
Ghost of the Deep. Discussing the identification of the four sunken ships at the place called shipwrecks with the
intervention of the Maritime Archeology Unit. Accordingly, it is hoped to identify the cultural heritage related to the
water created by sunken ships in the eastern sea region, which is a special sea region, and to discuss related
activities.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jinali Ekanayake
Indika U. Hevage
Rasika Muthucumarana
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Museum of Underwater Archaeology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2023
Language
A language of the resource
English
Bibliographic Citation
A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.
Ekanayake, Jinali and Indika U. Hevage. 2023. “Ships sunk on the east coast of Sri Lanka during the British era.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Brian Fahy. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1987
Asia-Pac Session 9 2023
-
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/18779e381eec30571d73bb09801981a0.pdf
30ef72f990767c5a20aa63c3bd402f7a
PDF Text
Text
Shipwreck Site and Earthenware Vessels in the
Philippines:
Earthenware vessels of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site
Kazuhiko Tanaka and Eusebio Z. Dizon
Abstract
Eighteen shipwreck sites had been identified and researched in the Philippines by 2003 (Dizon
2003). The main goods of the cargos of these ships were porcelain wares and stoneware jars
which had been produced in kiln sites in China and Mainland Southeast Asia such as Vietnam,
Thailand and Myanmar (Alba 1993; Crick 1996; Diem 1996; Desroches 1996; Salcedo 1993;
Valdes 1993). Many scholars have been interested in these porcelain wares and stoneware jars.
Beside these porcelain wares and stoneware jars, earthenware vessels were also found
in the shipwreck sites. However, only a few scholars have paid attention to earthenware vessels
found in shipwreck sites. One of whom is Amalia de la Torre (1993; 1996), she conducted the
study of earthenware vessels found in the San Diego Shipwreck Site. Earthenware vessels found
in the shipwreck sites are often not goods for trading or bartering but for daily utensils of the
people on a voyage (de la Torre 1993; 1996).
The Pandanan Shipwreck Site is one of the rare shipwreck sites dated around the middle
of the 15th century, its rarity is presumably because the Chinese imperial court totally banned
private trading during this period (Sakuma 1989). Allison Diem (1996) has already conducted the
study of glazed ceramics such as porcelain wares and stoneware jars found in the site and
identified as wares produced in kiln sites in central Vietnam (Binh Dinh Province). However, she
did not conduct the study of the unglazed earthenware vessels. Consequently there is no
significant documentation of the earthenware vessels excavated in the Pandanan Shipwreck Site
The writer believes that earthenware vessels of the shipwreck sites are also very
important artifacts which sometimes indicate daily lives of the people on board and the possible
route of the ship and the trade, even though they are easily neglected. In this article, the writer
will point out the similarity of the forms of globular pots with a spout excavated in the Pandanan
Wreck Site, the Lena Shoal Wreck Site and the Calatagan Sites (the terrestrial sites) in Batangas
Province (Tanaka 2005). On the basis of this similarity, the sailing route of the Pandanan ship will
be discussed in this article.
Introduction
A number of scholars have been interested in and studied porcelain and
stonewares excavated in shipwreck sites (Alba 1993; Crick 1996; Diem 1996;
Desroches 1996; Salcedo 1993; Valdes 1993). This is because porcelain and
stonewares are the main surviving artifacts among the cargoes.
Meanwhile, earthenware, which has also been excavated in shipwreck
sites, has received less attention. In the Philippines, only de la Torre (1993,
1996) conducted the study on such kind of artifacts excavated in shipwreck sites.
Earthenwares excavated in a shipwreck site have a different character from
porcelain and stonewares. In many cases, earthenwares were employed by crew
members and passengers for daily lives use and passengers (de la Torre 1993;
de la Torre 1996), whereas the latter are the goods for trades.
Furthermore we would like to consider the possible routes of the ship on
the basis of earthenwares excavated in the Pandanan Shipwreck Site.
�Location of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site (Figure 1)
The western part of the Philippines is composed of Palawan Island and adjacent
small islands. This island stretches in an orientation from northeast to southwest.
The southernmost part of it faces the northernmost part of Borneo, although
there are several small islands between these large islands. The strait between
these large islands becomes a passage from the South China Sea to the Sulu
Sea and vice versa.
The Pandanan Island is located near the southern tip of Palawan Island
(Figure 1). It is 9.6km long and 4km wide quadrangular small island. The
shipwreck site is located about 250 meters off the northeast coast of the island
(Dizon 1996:64).
Figure 1. Large scale location of Pandanan shipwreck site and related sites.
Discovery and Archaeological Research of the Pandanan
Shipwreck Site
The Ecofarm Resource Inc. runs a pearl farm in the sea around Pandanan
Island. Pearls are cultured in a quadrangular basket the inside of which are
divided into parts. The baskets are tied to a rope in the sea. One day in 1993,
Mr. Gordirilla, who works in the Ecofarm Resource Inc., noticed that one basket
was missing (Honasan 1996:14). He looked for it at the bottom of the sea around
�the farm. During his search of the pearl basket, he accidentally found the
shipwreck site. It is now known as the Pandanan Shipwreck Site (Honasan
1996:14). He informed the manager of the farm, Mr. Efren T. Anies about the
shipwreck. Then Mr. Efren T. Anies informed the accidental discovery of the
shipwreck site to the National Museum of the Philippines on June 9, 1993. The
National Museum conducted the archaeological excavation of the site from Feb
17 to May 31, 1993 (Dizon 1996:64).
The Wreck of the Pandanan Site
The wreck was found at the bottom of a coral cliff, covered with sand and mud
(Dizon 1996:70). The remaining portion of the ship is estimated to be about onefourth of the whole body of the ship. The size of the ship was estimated to be 25
to 30 meters long and about six to eight meters wide. It was pointed out that
there were the typical holes in the divisions of the bulkhead for the purpose of
letting water pass through it to be eventually pumped out. Two possible reasons
were presented why only one-fourth of the body of the ship had remained. One is
the infestation of the exposed wood by the tropical sea worms; and the other is
the rapid movement of the under-water current (Dizon 1996:70). Eusebio Dizon
(1996:70) identified the origin of the ship as possibly from Vietnam or southern
China from its cargo as well as from particular details of ship construction. Dizon
also pointed out that 70% of the artifacts found from this site were from presentday Vietnam (Dizon 1996:70).
Artifacts found in the Pandanan Shipwreck Site
There were 4, 722 artifacts found in the Pandanan Wreck Site. These are divided
into six categories on the basis of kind of artifacts: earthenwares, porcelain,
metals, coins, glass artifacts and stone tools. In this section, the artifacts except
earthenwares are summarized.
Chinese porcelain and stonewares
Chinese Porcelain are composed of blue-and-white wares and white wares
produced in Jing-de-zhen kiln and celadon wares produced in Longquan kiln.
The stonewares were produced in kilns in Fuchien Province and Guangdong
Province in southern China. The blue-and-white wares are composed of saucers,
bowls, large bowls and small jarlets. White wares are two pieces of gourdshaped pouring vessels, one of them has dots of an iron pigment. Celadon wares
are composed of dishes with a floral flaring rim, bowls with lotus design, saucers
and stemmed cups. The stonewares produced in Fuchien and Guangdong
Provinces are brown glazed six eared jars with a dragon design.
Porcelain of northern Vietnam
Porcelain of northern Vietnam are blue-and-white wares produced in Chu Dau
kiln in northern Vietnam (Dizon 1996:99). These are composed of bowls, dishes
or saucers, pots, jarlets, covered boxes and water droppers.
�Porcelain and stonewares of central Vietnam
Porcelain and stonewares of central Vietnam were thought to have been
produced in the Go Sanh kiln in Binh Dinh Province in Central Vietnam. These
are composed of celadon saucers or dishes with an unglazed ring portion at the
inside.
Porcelain and stonewares of Thailand
Porcelain of Thailand is composed of a large bowl with a fish design drawn in
iron pigment inside. Stoneware of Thailand is a blackish brown glazed four-eared
large jar. The former was produced in the Sukhothai kiln, the latter was produced
in the kilns along the Noi River.
Metal artifacts
Metal artifacts are divided into bronze artifacts and iron tools. Bronze artifacts are
composed of two small canons, one lamp, one scale balance, one mirror, one
covered box, one disc, one fish hook, one ferrule and five gongs. Iron tools are
composed of one sword, one knife and over 60 cauldrons (Dizon 1996:68).
Coins
Several Chinese coins were found in the wreck site. One of them was identified
as a coin which had been made during the rule of Emperor Yung Le
(reign:1402~24)(Dizon 1996:66).
Glass artifacts
Thousands of glass beads were found in a storage jar (Dizon 1996:66; Cayron
2006).
Stone tools
Stone tools were composed of 21 grinding stones. These stones were either
used for honing metal blades or for food processing.
The main cargos of porcelain and stonewares are the products in
Vietnam. Dizon mentioned that about 70 % of artifacts had been produced in
present-day Vietnam (Dizon 1996:66).
Date of Sinking of the Pandanan Ship
Dizon (1996:72) thinks that the date of sinking of the ship is at the middle of 15 th
century, because most of the ceramic cargo belongs to this period, although
porcelain found in the site ranges from the Yuan Dynasty (1271~1368) to the
Ming Dynasty (1368~1644).
Two Japanese scholars also mentioned the date of the ship sinking.
Kenichi Morimura (1996) thought that it is from the middle of the 15 th century to
the late 15th century on the basis of dates of tombs in China with associated
Chinese porcelain similar to the porcelain found in the wreck site. These are a
celadon dish with a flaring rim made in Longquan kiln and a small jarlet with a
�peony design produced in Jing-de-zhen kiln. The former was found in a tomb
with a gravestone with an inscribed date of 1444 (Morimura1996:112). This is the
tomb of Wei Yuan and located Yongxiu County in Jingxi Province. The specimen
similar to the latter in shape and design was found in a tomb with an inscribed
gravestone dated to 1437 (Morimura1966:112). This is the tomb of Zhu Panshi
and located in Xinjian County in Jiangxi Province.
Ko Mukai (2003:96-98) sequenced the black glazed four-eared jars made
in Thailand, and from this, thought that the Pandanan ship was
contemporaneous to the wreck of the Royal Nanhai found off the eastern shore
of the Malay Peninsula, the wreck found off the Ko Khram Island in the Gulf of
Thailand and the Feature no. SK01 at the Kyonouchi area in the Shuri Castle
Site in Okinawa, Japan. He thought that all of them belonged to the middle of the
15th century (Mukai 2003:96-98).
Earthenwares of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site
These are 301 earthenware vessels and fragments found in this site. The
earthenwares of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site are divided into five categories by
type: pot, lid, jarlet, pouring vessel and stove.
Figure 2. Eartenware Jarlet (1), Pot (2), Stove (Type1)(3) of the Pandanan
shipwreck site.
Pots
There are four pieces of whole and restorable pots. One pot has a decoration
and the other three pots are plain.
The decorated one has a carination at the middle of the body and an out-turned
rim. The rim diameter is 15.6 centimeters. The height is 10.8 centimeters. The
maximum width of the body is 17.2 centimeters. The decoration was executed
�from the neck to the upper part of the body by a pronged tool. Two parallel
vertical lines are incised from the neck to the upper part of the body with about 7
to 8 millimeters intervals. The lower ends of these incised parallel vertical lines
are bordered by an incised horizontal wavy line. Some parts from the rim to the
upper portion of the body were covered with soot, indicating this pot was used for
cooking on the ship.
One of plain pots has polishing marks on the surface of the bottom. They
were executed in only one direction all over the surface of the bottom. The pot
has an out-turned rim. The rim diameter is about 13.7 centimeters. The height is
8.2 centimeters. The width of the bottom is 13.2 centimeters. This pot is a
relatively small one. The outer surface of it, except the bottom, is covered with
soot.
The other plain pot with accession no. 3684 is a relative large one. It has
an out-turned rim and a rounded bottom. The rim diameter is about 17.1
centimeters. The maximum width of the body is about 17.7 centimeters. The
height is around 10.8 centimeters. The outer surface from the rim to the curved
potion of the body is covered with soot.
Another plain pot with an accession no. 3044 has also out-turned rim and
a rounded bottom. The rim diameter is 14.8 centimeters. The maximum width of
the body is 19 centimeters. The height is 14.5 centimeters. The outer surface
from the rim to the angle-body is partially covered with soot. The bottom is also
partially covered with soot.
Lids
There are three whole lids. All of them have a similar shape. They have a
concave top portion and a convex bottom portion. They have a small knob at the
center of the concave top. Two of them have a knob with a flattened top of the
knob, the other one has a knob with a rounded top. There are two sizes. One is
11.8 centimeters to 11.9 centimeters in diameter. The height is 2.6 to 2.7
centimeter. The other is 14.3 centimeter in diameter. The height is 3.0
centimeters. Three of them have a lot of reddish brown small particles in the
paste. These three lids are thought to have been made in Thailand on the basis
of the characteristics of the shape.
Jarlet
There is one piece of jarlet. It has an out-turned short rim, a short neck and an
ellipsoidal body. The rim diameter is 6.8 centimeters. The maximum width of the
body is 10 centimeters. The height is 6.5 centimeters. The joining trace of a neck
part and a body part is evident. There are also horizontal traces of wiping at the
rim and the neck.
Pouring vessels
There are two pieces of pouring vessels. One is almost a complete one. The
other lacks the rim and the neck. Only the body, the bottom and a lower portion
of a spout remained.
�The almost complete one has an out-turned short rim, a short neck and a
spherical body. The outer surface of the bottom has a dimple at the center. There
is a horizontal applique ridge at the upper portion of the body. The bottom is well
polished. This pouring vessel is very similar to one of the pouring vessels (KT
Slipped and Polished, Form D-I-C) excavated in the Calatagan Site in Batangas
Province in Luzon by Fox (Main and Fox 1982:27).
Another pouring vessel has only the body, the bottom and the lower
portion of the spout. The shape of the body is ellipsoidal. The upper part of the
body is relatively flat. There is a distinctive shoulder. The center portion of the top
of the body is a little bit higher than the outside part. Then there is a 3.1
centimeters diameter hole. It is thought that the neck portion was joined at this
portion originally. However, that portion is already missing. The outside of the
bottom is slightly hollow and has a concave shape. The inside of the bottom has
a convex shape. The maximum diameter of the body is about 16 centimeters.
The height of the remaining body and bottom is about 9.7 centimeters. The
diameter of the broken hole at the center of the upper part of the body is about
3.1 centimeters. The width of the spout is 7.3 centimeters at the joining portion to
the body.
Figure 3. Earthenware Stove (Type 2) of the Pandanan shipwreck site.
Stoves
A stove has two sections. One is used to put the pot on top of it and the lighted
firewood are placed underneath. The long end of the firewood stretches to the
other section where the cook can handle the firewood to keep the fire under
control.
�The first type (Type 1) (Plate 1:1~3):
The shape of the part for putting firewood of the first type has a shape like a fan.
The adjacent part for burning firewood is a half-cut cylindrical shape. Three small
cleats are put on the top of this cylindrical shaped wall. The ringfoot is attached
to the bottom. The total shape of the stove of this type is similar to the stove
excavated in Sta Ana Site in Manila (Fox and Legaspi 1977:Figure 8).
Figure 4. Earthenware Stoves of the Pandanan shipwreck site.
The second type (Type 2)(Plate 1:4~6):
The shape of the part for putting firewood of the second type is quadrangular.
This part is edged with low walls.
The third type (Type 3)(Plate 1:7~9):
The shape of the part for putting firewood of the third type is also quadrangular.
This part is also edged with low walls. Meanwhile, the part for burning firewood is
a cylindrical shape with an quadrangular large cut-out at the front part. Therefore,
the top of this part is like a ring. Three small cleats are attached on this ring.
�Discussions
The following things are already revealed on the observation of earthenwares
excavated in the Pandanan Shipwreck Site.
As mentioned before by Dizon (1996:67), there is a pouring vessel (a
globular pot) similar to the pouring vessel (the globular pot) excavated in
the Calatagan Sites in Batangas Province in Luzon (Main and Fox
1982:Figure 72); at least three kinds of stoves; and pots were used for
cooking because all of them have soot on the outer surface.
One type of stove, whose shape of the section for handling the firewood to
keep the fire under control is like a fan, is similar to the stove excavated in
Sta Ana Site in Manila (Fox and Legaspi 1977:Figure 8).
Two other types of stoves have the quadrangular shapes at the section for
handling the firewood to keep the fire under control. Stoves with the
section for handling the firewood of quadrangular shape were excavated
in the Butuan Sites in northeastern Mindanao (Cembrano 1998:Figure 10).
There is the pot with an incised design whose design elements are similar
to the those of the pot excavated in the Calatagan Sites in Batangas
Province in Luzon (Main and Fox 1982:Figure 84-(b)).
There is a pot whose polishing marks on the bottom is similar to the pot
excavated in the Calatagan Sites in Batangas Province in Luzon (Main
and Fox 1982:Figure 5:Type III of Base Polish).
Concluding Remarks
There are several earthenwares excavated in the Pandanan Shipwreck Site,
which are similar to the earthenwares excavated in the Calatagan Sites in
Batangas Province, Luzon Island: a pouring vessel, a pot with incised design and
a pot with polishing marks at the bottom. In addition, there is a stove whose
shape is similar to the stove excavated in Sta Ana Site in Manila. The Calatagan
sites in Batangas Province and the Sta Ana Site in Manila revealed the stoves
similar to the stove of Type 1 of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site. However, these
sites did not revealed the quadrangular stoves like the stove of Type 2, which is
similar to the stove found in the Butuan Sites in Northeastern Mindanao.
Meanwhile, the Butuan sites did not revealed the stove of Type 1. It seems that
the stoves have the local characteristics. In addition, the Calatagan Sites
revealed celadon dishes (Fox 1959: Plate 90, 91) made in Binh Dinh Province
which were one of main cargoes of the Pandanan Ship. This fact suggests one
possibility of the route of the ship. That is the ship had passed near Batangas
area before the ship sank off the Pandanan Island, since Dizon’s view via south
route (Dizon 1996:70) is still another strong option. Further archaeological
excavations of the terrestrial sites in Southern Palawan is awaited. Until then, it is
also probable that the Pandanan ship might had been trading too in Calatagan
and Sta Ana and even Butuan.
Bibliography
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Excavations at Santa Ana, National Museum of thePhilippines,
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�
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Title
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Shipwreck Site and Earthenware Vessels in the Philippines:
Earthenware vessels of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site
Subject
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Session 4
The archaeological study of ships’ cargo, hull, and maritime infrastructure
Description
An account of the resource
Eighteen shipwreck sites had been identified and researched in the Philippines by 2003 (Dizon 2003). The main goods of the cargos of these ships were porcelain wares and stoneware jars which had been produced in kiln sites in China and Mainland Southeast Asia such as Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar (Alba 1993; Crick 1996; Diem 1996; Desroches 1996; Salcedo 1993; Valdes 1993). Many scholars have been interested in these porcelain wares and stoneware jars.
Beside these porcelain wares and stoneware jars, earthenware vessels were also found in the shipwreck sites. However, only a few scholars have paid attention to earthenware vessels found in shipwreck sites. One of whom is Amalia de la Torre (1993; 1996), she conducted the study of earthenware vessels found in the San Diego Shipwreck Site. Earthenware vessels found in the shipwreck sites are often not goods for trading or bartering but for daily utensils of the people on a voyage (de la Torre 1993; 1996).
The Pandanan Shipwreck Site is one of the rare shipwreck sites dated around the middle of the 15th century, its rarity is presumably because the Chinese imperial court totally banned private trading during this period (Sakuma 1989). Allison Diem (1996) has already conducted the study of glazed ceramics such as porcelain wares and stoneware jars found in the site and identified as wares produced in kiln sites in central Vietnam (Binh Dinh Province). However, she did not conduct the study of the unglazed earthenware vessels. Consequently there is no significant documentation of the earthenware vessels excavated in the Pandanan Shipwreck Site
The writer believes that earthenware vessels of the shipwreck sites are also very important artifacts which sometimes indicate daily lives of the people on board and the possible route of the ship and the trade, even though they are easily neglected. In this article, the writer will point out the similarity of the forms of globular pots with a spout excavated in the Pandanan Wreck Site, the Lena Shoal Wreck Site and the Calatagan Sites (the terrestrial sites) in Batangas Province (Tanaka 2005). On the basis of this similarity, the sailing route of the Pandanan ship will be discussed in this article.
Creator
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Kazuhiko Tanaka
Eusebio Z. Dizon
Date
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November 2011
Asia-Pac Session 4
-
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/972e25a134b41b3b26a436e0e2971aac.pdf
a6e1585e3cc5b42e4cd57e138f83284d
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Text
Si Satchanalai Ceramic Figurines from Klang Aow Shipwreck, Thailand: ideas,
Functions and Their Roles
Khongkamon
Rattapat
(Curator,
National
Maritime
Museum
in
Chanthaburi)
lonelymount@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Amongst the most remarkable commodities of Thailand on the maritime trade routes during the fourteenth to the
seventeenth centuries was Thai ceramics “Sangkhalok” (the ceramics characterised by green glazed, brown
glazed, and underglaze black stoneware produced from Si Satchanalai and Sukhothai kilns). They were made in
various shape, such as bowl, jar, plate and figurines. They are marked as one of the significant products found
from shipwrecks around Thai waters. The figurines were originated from Pa Yang kilns as one group of kiln at
the Si Satchanalai kiln complex; as it was also a dependency under the Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) where
the people made ceramics by local materials and applied local wisdoms and handicraft skills to the ceramics. The
research materials for this paper focused on the 80 Si Satchanalai figurines recovered from the Klang Aow
shipwreck. The shipwreck date (cal. 1305–1420 CE) is based on the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) result
of a small bamboo sample stuck on the body of Si Satchanalai green glazed small bottle. This paper aims to find
out what was the manufacture purpose of these figurines, as they played a major role in Southeast Asian and East
Asian maritime trade networks during the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries? The result indicates these figurines
were created at the Pa Yang village of Si Satchanalai kiln in Sukhothai province during the late fifteenth to the
sixteenth centuries, to meet the demand for religious activities and toys in folk theatre.
List of Figures
Figure 1 Seizing of Klang Aow shipwreck in 1992.
Figure 2 The human figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck
Figure 3 The animal figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck
INTRODUCTION
“Sankhalok” wares are one of the most remarkable commodities of Thailand dated to fourteenth to
sixteenth centuries. Typically, this type of stoneware ceramic originates from kilns in Sukhothai
province, especially Ko Noi and Pa Yang kilns. Located in Si Satchanalai city as a dependency under
the Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438 CE). The kilns are well-known as Si Satchanalai or Sawankhalok
kiln complex and Turiang or Sukhothai kiln located in Sukhothai city, capital of the Sukhothai
Kingdom. All kilns are located outside of the city wall. Si Satchanalai kiln is located in the north along
the bank of the Yom River. While the Turiang kiln is located in the north of the city beside the Turiang
and the Phrapai Luang temples. Potters use the local clay as the main materials for ceramic production.
These ceramics have various shapes: bowl, jar, plate, dish, human and animal figurines. These are
decorated by slipping, incising, engraving, impressing, applying, painting and glazing.
These ceramics were the products which made high profits for Siam or Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–
1767 CE). Ayutthaya as the capital of the kingdom located in central Thailand along the Chao Phraya
River, which linked to the Gulf of Thailand - played the role as the middleman who linked the ceramic
productions and supplied the ceramics to maritime routes. Since the establishment of the kingdom,
Ayutthaya maintained a close relation with China, with diplomacy and tributary trade. However, the
international policies of Early Ming Dynasty affected the supply of Chinese ceramics for Southeast
Asia and were insufficient (Brown 2009,69-70). The international trade block under the emperors’
decree of Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE) made space in the market for Southeast Asian states,
1
�especially Ayutthaya and Dai Viet (now northern Vietnam) who already had their own ceramic
manufactures, to supply their products.
A word “Sankhalok” is a mispronunciation from a word “Sung-chiao-lo” in Chinese Mandarin or “Sung
ka lok” in Chinese Swatow (Shantou), but it is not possible to determine exactly when this word began
to be used (Plaicharnjit 2002, 287). In the sixteenth century, a word “Sunkoroku” was mentioned in the
Japanese records (Nelson 1965, 127). These words are mispronunciations that referred to the area called
Sawankhalok district, Sukhothai province where kilns are located. According to fourteenth-century
historical records of Ayutthaya Kingdom, Si Satchanalai referred to Sawankhalok (Kasetsiri 2002,8).
The collection for this paper comprises of 80 human and animal ceramic figurines recovered from the
Klang Aow shipwreck, which recently preserved in the storage of the National Maritime Museum in
Chanthaburi and the National Museum Storage in Pathum Thani. The paper aims to explain the details
of ceramic figurines, production sites and answer the research question: what was the manufacture
purpose of these figurines, as they played a major role in Southeast Asian and East Asian maritime trade
networks during the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries?
KLANG AOW SHIPWRECK
The Klang Aow shipwreck was named after the location as a word “Klang Aow” meant the middle of
the Gulf of Thailand located at the latitude 11°37’N and longtitude 100°59’E, which is approximate 60
nautical miles from the coastline of Sattahip district, Chonburi province, (Vilaikaew 1992,8-33). In
February 1992, this shipwreck and its cargo were recovered by vessel named AHTS Australia Tide in
the Gulf of Thailand as Thai exclusive economic zone and Thai task force included Royal Thai Navy,
Thai Marine Police Division and the Fine Arts Department intercepted the vessel and seized 12,000
artifacts to be the national treasures of Thailand, protected by the National Act of Monuments, Artifacts,
Art Objects and National Museums (firstly announced in 1961 and revised in 1992). The origins of
these artifacts can be divided in to three different groups (Plaicharnjit 1992,34-37).
i.
ii.
iii.
Thai ceramics, especially Si Satchanalai, Sukhothai and Maenam Noi or Singburi ceramics
(97 per cent of all artifacts)
Vietnamese ceramics, especially Chu Dau blue-and-white wares (2.5 per cent of all
artifacts)
Chinese ceramics, especially Jingdezhen blue-and-white wares (0.5 per cent of all
artifacts).
The scientific date (1305–1420 CE from Beta Analytic Inc. 1999, Beta-134072) from Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry (AMS) is from a small bamboo piece stuck on the body of the Si Satchanalai green glazed
small bottle with two ring handles. This bamboo seems to be a part of ship structure or cargo hold
because of the concretion when the Klang Aow sunk. This feature was also found on a Maenam Noi or
Singburi jar.
2
�Figure 1 Thai task force on duty of seizing the recovered artifacts from Klang Aow shipwreck in 1992. (left)
Recovered artifacts from Klang Aow shipwreck during the seizing in 1992. (right)
(The Fine Arts Department of Thailand)
SI SATCHANALAI CERAMIC FIGURES FROM KLANG AOW SHIPWRECK
The human and animal figurines can be classified into four different types as follows.
i.
ii.
A man figurine with 28.8 centimetre height in the form of a man sitting on one of his knees
up and holding a poultry in the hands on the chest. His appearance shows a short hair with
moustache and beard on man face, wearing of the Chinese style dress (possibly an
overcoat), and holding of a poultry (possibly a bird or a cock) in the hands on the chest.
Inside the figurine is hollowed with a hole on the top of man head and another hole as the
poultry head. The glaze was eroded and concretion was occurred.
Two women figurines with 21 centimetre height in the form of woman sitting on her knees
and holding a basin on the shoulder. Her appearance shows a hair tied into the bun shape,
women face, wearing of the tube skirt with no upper-body cloth, and holding of basin on
the shoulder. The glaze was eroded and concretion was occurred.
3
�Figure 2 The human figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck, fourteenth to fifteenth centuries:
[top] man and [bottom] woman.
Chinese man carrying a poultry functioned as a water dropper. Woman carrying a basin functioned as a candle
holder. (National Maritime Museum in Chanthaburi)
iii.
iv.
41 small poultry figurines (possibly a cock or a quail) with 6.8 centimetre height, standing
on the rounded base. The head was sculpting as a beak, the eyes and wings were formed by
sculpting and applying, some were incising the detail of wing, and a tail was also sculpting
and applying.
34 small elephant figurines with 7.4 cm. standing. The figurines showed realistic details of
a head, eye, ear, and trunk by sculpting and applying.
4
�Figure 3 The animal figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck, fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. (top)
(National Maritime Museum in Chanthaburi)
The figurine in the form of an elephant from Klang Aow shipwreck, fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. (left)
The figurine in the form of a horse from Klang Aow shipwreck, fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. (right)
(National Museum Storage in Pathum Thani)
There are other animal figurines from the Klang Aow Shipwreck preserved in the National Museum
Storage in Pathum Thani: an elephant and a horse.
i.
ii.
An elephant figurine with 27 centimetre height with a mahout sitting on the neck, a howdah
on the back, and four warriors holding a sword and a shield protect at the elephant feet. The
glaze was eroded. concretion.
A horse figurine with 27 centimetre height with a horseman sitting on the neck and a bowl
affixing on the back, and four men holding a lotus flower standing at the horse feet. The
glaze was eroded. concretion.
Production site of figurines
The production site of these figurines can be identified by the comparative study between the
production, glazing and decoration techniques such as clay body textures, glazing characteristics, and
decoration or design styles. The sources for comparative study are the figurines preserved and on
display of the National Maritime Museum in Chanthaburi, National Museum, Bangkok (Chongkol
1999,91), Ramkamhaeng National Museum in Sukhothai, Sawanworanayok National Museum in
Sukhothai (Srisumang 1992,39–40), and the figurines discovered at kiln sites of Si Satchanalai.
Previous excavation at the kiln site by Don Hein (2001, 156–262) resulted the figurines and even the
architectural ornaments were produced at Pa Yang kiln, Si Satchanalai kiln complex within specific
kilns separated from other kilns for other utensils production. Additionally, the chronology of trade
ceramics recovered from the shipwrecks around Southeast Asian waters by Roxanna Brown (2009) and
Atthasit Sukkham (2016) suggest the figurines were supplied to maritime trade routes during the
fifteenth to sixteenth centuries.
Production process began by a preparation of local clay acquired from the riverbank nearby the kilns
where materials were mixed with the sands or stone pebbles. They were formed into various shapes
before they were decorated by slipping, incising, engraving, impressing, applying, and painting.
5
�The green or brown glaze was reactive of clay slip mixed with plant ash and silicate during firing in the
cross-draught kiln with temperatures around 1,200–1,300 degree Celsius (Hein 2001). The evidence of
these processes is supported by a large number of cross-draught kilns discovered in Ko Noi and Pa
Yang village of Si Satchanalai kiln on the riverbank of the Yom River (Nithiarchakul, Rattanawong
2022,73-82).
FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF FIGURES
Functions of figurines from literature review
Generally, the manufacturing purposes of figurines produced at Si Satchanalai kiln can be reviewed as
follows:
i.
Beliefs and religions: especially the ceramic figurines in the form of a Sukhothai style
Buddha image in various postures, Ganesha (a deity in Hinduism influenced from Khmer
Empire), a man riding a swan and Norasingh (the man with the lion head in Hinduism
influenced from Khmer Empire) were produced related to this cultural aspect. These
figurines also represented the Buddhism and Hinduism in Sukhothai Kingdom associated
the both religious temples around the capital (Vudhaditya 1984,78-89).
Some utensils were built in the same form of figurines or attached by sculpted figurines, especially
an incense burner, kendi in the form of a deity riding on a swan, water dropper in the form of a man
holding a jar or other animal, and a candle holder in the form of a cup or a basin attaching on the
back of various kinds of animal. The incense burners, kendis, water droppers and candle holders
can be considered to be the utensils used in religious activities, such as pouring a scared water or
burning a candle in front of Buddha image (Sukkham 2016).
Additionally, most common characteristic of figurines discovered from excavation is the figurines
in the forms of a man or a woman with headless which was referred to the intention of the figurine
head as a ritual practise for protecting from the sickness or bad spirits (Vudhaditya 1984). Some
scholars also believed that this form of headless figurine was accidentally broken in the
archaeological deposit because the part of figurine neck was softer than other parts (Sukkham
2016).
ii.
iii.
Household items: some other cultural aspects may occur in the figurines, such as the
figurines in the form of a man carrying a container on his head (Suzata and Srisuchat et al
2022, 290), a humpbacked elder carrying a jar by one hand beside the body as seen in the
museum collection of Ramkhamhang National Museum in Sukhothai (Suzata and Srisuchat
et al 2022,306).
Playing equipment: the figurines can be used as toys or games for children. A piece of
ceramic chess glazed by the white and brown color (Ram Khamhang National Museum
exhibition) has been unearthed during an excavation at Si-Satchanalai old palace.
Function of figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck
The figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck can be considered as bespoke or on-demand manufacture. A
lot of Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai ceramics were found in many shipwrecks sank around Southeast
6
�Asia. For example, the Turiang shipwreck sank near the coast of Malaysia there are approximately
3,735 of 6,475 ceramics identified to be Siamese ceramics included Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai, and
Suphan Buri or also-called Bang Poon ceramics associated with Chinese and Vietnamese ceramics
dated cal. 1305–1435 CE (Sjostrand 2001,101). Similarly, Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai ceramics have
also been found in the shipwrecks sank in the Philippines waters, notable on the Pandanan, the Lena
Shoal and Santa Cruz dated in the mid-fifteenth to early sixteenth centuries (Orillaneda 2016,85-88),
and the San Isidro and the Kanduli dated in the sixteenth century (Orillaneda 2021).
The excavation at Calatagan peninsula, Batangas province, Luzon Island in the Philippines revealed the
Si Satchanalai jarlets in Calatagan burial site dated in the fifteenth century (Fox 1959,355). Moreover,
the figurines in the form of an elephant were found in Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Kalimantan, Indonesia
dated to the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries (Kerdpanyawat 1987,32). While fragments of glazed
figurines in the form of an elephant were recovered from the Brunei shipwreck, dated late fifteenth to
the early sixteenth centuries (Maidin 2017,173).
A man figurine found in the Klang Aow is likely a Chinese man carrying a poultry. This style was
possibly influenced from Chinese’s zodiac god figurines discovered in the Ming tomb, where the
figurine in the form of Chinese man carrying a cock was found (The Barakat Gallery 2013,118) (Fig
3).
Based on the characteristics of this figurine that has the hollow body, holes at the top of man and poultry
heads, it can be indicated that the function of this figurine was the water dropper for pouring a sacred
water.
In Vietnam, there are the blue-and-white figurines with 28 centimetre height have been found. It
illustrated the man sitting on knees and holding the vessel dated to the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries
(Stevenson and Guy 1997,369). Other small blue-and-white figurines originated from kiln site in
Vietnam was to be a rabbit or a frog with 3-4 centimetre height and 4-5 centimetre length. In the middle
of figurine body has punched holes around 0.7-1 centimetre diameter. These Vietnamese figurines can
be identified as a water dropper. The dating and function were related to the figurines found in the Klang
Aow.
The figurines in the form of a women carrying a cup on her shoulder, an elephant with a howdah on its
back (Chongkol 1999,91) and a horse with a cup on its back (Watcharangkul 2002,129) (Figs 2, 3) show
the traces of use that are probably functioned as a candle holder for using in the religious activity in the
households or temples. All of them were attached a small cup that used to hold the candle.
The figurines used as a candle holder or an incense burner previously appeared in Chinese ceramic
figurines since Western Jin Dynasty (fifth to sixth centuries). This represented by sacred animals with
some forms of vessel on their back (Valenstein 1989,52). There are some figurines from Si Satchanalai
kiln were produced in the Chinese stylistics, such as a Chinese wearing officer hat, dressing the Chinese
monk outfit (Sukkham 2016). These characteristics also appeared on the figurines found in the Klang
Aow especially the appearances, postures, and outfits that can be considered to be Chinese style.
According to this reason, figurine production at Si Satchanalai kiln has also been influenced by the
Chinese craftsmanship.
The duplication can also be seen on animal figurines in the form of a swan and an elephant from the
Klang Aow (Figs 3). Those were indicated the mass production of these forms of figurine. Additionally,
the animal figurines were formed as various kinds of animal in mass production scale, such as quail,
7
�ox, cow and monkey, for example, which discovered from archaeological sites and were transferred to
display at the national museums around Thailand. Undoubtedly, they were recognised as a indigenous
or domesticated animals, (Suzata and Srisuchat et al. 2022,301-304). Although these forms of figurine
are commonly found especially in the terrestrial sites around central Thailand, they are found in small
amount from the shipwrecks around Southeast Asia. According to the quantity in shipwreck context,
these forms of figurine are probably gifts, souvenirs, or collectibles for their consumers at the ports of
call or destination.
Commercial role of figurines from Klang Aow shipwreck
Since the fourteenth century the Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai ceramic trade was incorporated with
Ayutthaya Kingdom. According to Ayutthaya historical records mentioned that the trade and diplomacy
with other country were managed by Ayutthaya royal court. The trades in South China Sea and even
Southeast Asian waters had directly manipulated by Chinese merchants and diplomats who were
probably conducted a close connection with the Ayutthaya royal court under the Chinese-Ayutthaya
tributary trade system (Kasetsiri 2002,42-43).
According to the ban on the international trade in Early Ming Dynasty, many Chinese merchant junks
active in the South China Sea stuck and smuggled in Southeast Asia. Some Chinese immigrants who
stayed in Ayutthaya had received a job opportunity for high-ranked officers worked in Ayutthaya royal
court. In the Ryukyu Kingdom, a trade archive named “Rekidai Hoan” (precious documents of
successive generations) recorded that one of the royal letters mentioned the correspondence between
Ayutthaya and Ryukyu was written in Chinese language by an overseas Chinese who stayed in
Ayutthaya (Ichii and Yoshikawa 1999,42).
Before the Ming ban, most of the Southeast Asian states consumed the ceramics from China for a long
period of history. During the late fourteenth to the mid-fifteenth centuries, the Chinese ceramics were
deemed for domestic market only. This was an important opportunity for the Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai,
Vietnamese, and Burmese ceramics. It raised their supply to maritime trade routes in Southeast Asian
market. The ceramics from Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and others were acquired by those Chinese
merchants because they knew well about market demands. Other reason is the Sukhothai and Si
Satchanalai ceramic form and decoration had influence from Chinese and Vietnamese ceramic
productions. The Ming Dynasty removed the ban for international trade and the Chinese ceramics were
returned to Southeast Asian market from mid-fifteenth century onwards. Then, new forms and
decorations of Si Satchanalai ceramics were created during the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, such as
the two-colour glazed wares, architectural ornaments, and especially the figurines.
CONCLUSION
The shipwreck contexts ceramic characteristics and quantity of the figurines from Klang Aow
shipwreck demonstrated a context of figurines originated from Si Satchanalai kiln during the fifteenth
to sixteenth centuries
The AMS date result from the fourteenth to fifteenth century of the shipwreck suggested the dating of
figurines between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This also represented the cultural pattern on
ceramic trade during this time. There was the mixed cargo between Chinese, Vietnamese, Maenam Noi
or Singburi, Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai. Ceramics were spread around the South China Sea and the
8
�Islands of Southeast Asia. This is supported by several types of evidence, especially the ceramics
recovered from both shipwrecks and terrestrial sites.
According to the identification result of the sources of influence and functions for figurines found from
the Klang Aow, it can be suggested that the figurines were used as the utensils and household appliances
for some ritual practises. They were also considered that the Chinese and Vietnamese figurines were
the sources of influence for Si Satchanalai figurine production and remarked that the figurine production
was a new creation became a mass production to compete with the return of Ming ceramics to Southeast
Asian market.
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�
Dublin Core
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Title
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2023 Session 5: New Research Findings of Archaeological Ceramics from the Maritime Cultural Heritage of the Asia-Pacific Region
Subject
The topic of the resource
Session 5 papers
Description
An account of the resource
Papers presented at Session 5 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage
Creator
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Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage
Publisher
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The Museum of Underwater Archaeology
Date
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November 2023
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Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage
Language
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English
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Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Si Satchanalai Ceramic Figurines from Klang Aow Shipwreck, Thailand: ideas,
Functions and Their Roles
Description
An account of the resource
Amongst the most remarkable commodities of Thailand on the maritime trade routes during the fourteenth to the
seventeenth centuries was Thai ceramics “Sangkhalok” (the ceramics characterised by green glazed, brown
glazed, and underglaze black stoneware produced from Si Satchanalai and Sukhothai kilns). They were made in
various shape, such as bowl, jar, plate and figurines. They are marked as one of the significant products found
from shipwrecks around Thai waters. The figurines were originated from Pa Yang kilns as one group of kiln at
the Si Satchanalai kiln complex; as it was also a dependency under the Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) where
the people made ceramics by local materials and applied local wisdoms and handicraft skills to the ceramics. The
research materials for this paper focused on the 80 Si Satchanalai figurines recovered from the Klang Aow
shipwreck. The shipwreck date (cal. 1305–1420 CE) is based on the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) result
of a small bamboo sample stuck on the body of Si Satchanalai green glazed small bottle. This paper aims to find
out what was the manufacture purpose of these figurines, as they played a major role in Southeast Asian and East
Asian maritime trade networks during the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries? The result indicates these figurines
were created at the Pa Yang village of Si Satchanalai kiln in Sukhothai province during the late fifteenth to the
sixteenth centuries, to meet the demand for religious activities and toys in folk theatre.
Creator
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Khongkamon Rattapat
Publisher
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The Museum of Underwater Archaeology
Date
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2023
Language
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English
Bibliographic Citation
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Rattapat, Khongkamon. “Si Satchanalai Ceramic Figurines from Klang Aow Shipwreck, Thailand: ideas, Functions and Their Roles. 2023.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Atthasit Sukkham. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1938
Asia-Pac Session 5 2023
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Siraf: A Sasanian Port
Creator
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D. Whitehouse
Date
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1971
Type
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Journal Article
Zotero
Author
D. Whitehouse
Item Type
Journal Article
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1971
Pages
262-7
Publication Title
Antiquity
Title
A name given to the resource
Siraf: A Sasanian Port
Volume
45