41 10 700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Qana’ (Yemen) and the Indian Ocean: The Archaeological Evidence Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.V. Sedov Himanshu Prabha Ray Jean-Francois Salles Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference Paper Zotero Author A.V. Sedov Editor Himanshu Prabha Ray Jean-Francois Salles Item Type Conference Paper Conference Name International Seminar “Techno-Archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Ocean, 4th cent. B.C.-15th cent. A.D. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Pages 11-35 Place New Delhi February 28-March 4, 1994 Title A name given to the resource Qana’ (Yemen) and the Indian Ocean: The Archaeological Evidence India Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Queen Hatshepsut’s expedition to the Land of Punt: The first oceanographic cruise? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource El-Sayed, Sayed Z Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 1995 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author El-Sayed, Sayed Z Item Type Journal Article Access Date 2005-09-21 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Spring 1995 Issue 1 Publication Title Quarterdeck Title A name given to the resource Queen Hatshepsut’s expedition to the Land of Punt: The first oceanographic cruise? URL www-ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD3.1/Elsayed/elsayed-hatshepsut.html Volume 3 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/432af427947dccb9b5ad175773098259.jpg 97dbdec1110d132dc516cb5a039248da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Poster Session 2014 Description An account of the resource Posters presented at the Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Poster Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Re-examining the Butuan Boats Pre-colonial Philippine Watercraft Subject The topic of the resource Poster Session Description An account of the resource Poster presented at the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ligaya Lacsina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/9/2014 Asia-Pac Poster 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/698ffaab552da9f86d8915e24515eae0.pdf cf1be6134ac8eb198a59bbcc90e1a901 PDF Text Text Reading of the contemporary social consciousness through the shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury Mr. A.M.A.Dayananda Abstract The shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury is buried on the southern coast of Sri Lanka very close to a frequented tourist destination. It was run aground hitting on a rock at Akurala about three miles away from the shore. In 1893 when sailing from Bombay to Diamond Island the ship sailed past Rangoon through Colombo harbour after unloading charcoal. It is an iron build four mast sailing vessel. It collided with a reef due to rough waves. Six of the crew drowned and 22 survived. The shipwreck settled at a 50 foot depth. The incident was first reported in the The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper on 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th of May 1893. The value of the vessel was estimated at Indian Rupees (Rs.) 300,000 at the time. In one article there is another steamer ship reported wrecked some years previously. This paper includes details of the wreckage as are available from the newspaper reports. What happened after her wreckage was an interesting story. The time was the British colonial period in “Ceylon” (now Sri Lanka) during which time there was a growing general unrest against the colonial masters. Some information reveals that this mindset may have influenced the rescuers during their rescue efforts of the drowning crew. This paper it is going to elaborate on the story behind the shipwreck of the Earl of Shaftsbury and investigate the social influences towards the wreck site then and now. Introduction Even though Sri Lanka is a small island it is located at a geographically important juncture which joins the sea routes of East and West in the Indian Ocean. It was used as a trade centre within which goods were exchanged and as a resting place for navigators after a long sea voyage. “This ship was built in 1883 and belonged to the English firm The Browns and Sons” (Bruzelius 1996). A metallic vessel with four masts and a contemporaneously superior ship on the company's registration (The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper 08,05,1893). The ship had often arrived to the Colombo harbour but was wrecked in 1893 in the southern ocean of Sri Lanka marking its end of long sea voyages. The wreckage of the coal-transport ship is located between Hikkaduwa and Akurala and 14 meters deep in the seabed. Two of the newspapers, The Otago Daily Times and The Ceylon Examiner (Figure 2) reported over several days of the ship's tragedy and the problematic situation that the crew had to face after the wrecking. A minute detail of the reported facts and the way that they have been reported exposes the social background and the mentality of the social context. Discovery and Recognition of the Ship ‘Earl of Shaftsbury’ The Earl of Shaftsbury attracted both local and foreign divers visiting Hikkaduwa It was reported by Arthur C. Clerk in the 1960s (Clerk 1956-57:38). A very brief introduction of it is also mentioned in his book The Reef of Taprobane.” We later discovered, marked the resting place of the Earl of Shaftesbury, which ran on to the Akurala Reef in 1893” (Clerk 1956-57:p,38). A formal survey on this place has not been done since the diving activities conducted in the 1960s. This shipwreck not only entails historic and archaeological value but bears great significance to bio diversity as well. The ship which provides a place of living for different marine species of various colours represents an important environmental system. The Maritime �Archaeology Unit (MAU) in Galle, which is under the Central Cultural Fund, planned for an archaeological exploration on the shipwreck. Archaeological investigations on the ship first started in January 2008. The second step involved basic surveying activities in March and April 2008 by the participants of the Asian Pacific Regional Maritime Archaeology Training School established in association with the MAU (Figure 1). Figure 1. The group that assisted the exploration (Photo - R. Muthucumarana) Scriptorium Research Work Research was carried out on documents in search of the facts that had not yet been revealed. The divers who lived close to the site were aware that the Earl of Shaftsbury wrecked in 1893. The fact had been further proved by Clerk's book The Reef of Taprobane. So steps were taken to carry out an archive search based on the year 1893. Nishantha Kumara, an undergraduate who came to the MAU as a volunteer was sent to search the old newspapers. The attempt was fruitful because the Examiner reported the details of the shipwreck. This ship had been built in the Leigh region in England by the firm Reimage and Ferguson. It was registered under Lloyds, the authority on certificates of quality for ships. The Earl of Shaftsbury was of the highest condition among the ships then registered under the firm(The Ceylon Examiner news paper 08,05,1893). The length of the ship was 289.6 feet (ft.) and the width of it was 42.01 ft, her tonnage was 2079, and the dimension was 2869 ft. The owner of the ship was the Brown and Sons in England. The estimated value of the ship was three hundred thousand rupees in 1893. Out of the 28 members of staff onboard, six lost their lives in the wreckage (The Ceylon Examiner News paper 08, 05,1893). The ship had sailed to Bombay from New York harbour in America loaded with paraffin oil and coal. The empty vessel, which had been reloaded with ballast stones for balance, wrecked while sailing around Sri Lanka towards Diamond Island in Rangoon. At the time of the wreck the captain may have possessed a large sum of money; the money that the ship had earned from the goods unloaded at Bombay (Rasika 2010:06). �Figure 2. Otago Daily Time 23/06/1893 The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 08,05,1893 The Present Situation of the nautical ship, the Earl of Shaftsbury According to the initial research carried out in 2008, it was observed that the central part of the naval ship had been severely damaged. Further investigations of the ruins revealed that this was not only natural causes but also due to the activities of treasure hunters and metal collectors, who had caused the destruction using explosives. The bow and the stern sections are still in good condition and the massive iron masts of the ship can be well recognized. The ballast stones that had been used to balance the empty vessel are still lying around the ship. The ship which lies inclining on its left maintains unity from the front to the back. �Figure 3. The Ruins of the Earl of Shaftsbury (Photo - R. Muthucumarana) Field Strategies In 2008 the members of the MAU, did a survey on the wreck in a collaboration with the UNESCO Bangkok office. The wreck was measured and recorded by the team using 06 temporary control points fixed around the wreck. The site was divided in to two parts (from bow to mid-ship and from stern to mid-ship) and the two parts were measured separately. Each part was measured by using control points and the help of the Site Recorder program (a software developed by the 3H Consulting/United Kingdom). Also a base line was established covering the entire archaeological field. It was about 60 meters long and measurements were taken in the off-set method. For photographic records we used underwater digital still camera (Olympus C-770 camera with Ikelite housing) and video (Sony HC-90E camera with Ikelite housing). The expected goals were not achieved by this limited surveying activities conducted over four days(2008-03-27-29 and 2008-04-03) but they were enough to identify the naval ship as the Earl of Shaftsbury (Figure 4). �Figure 4. A Sketch of the wreck Earl of Shaftsbury (Drawing from the MAU archives) The Last Few Hours of the Earl of Shaftsbury The ship sunk due to natural hazards. The actual event was recorded by Leyers in (The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper 09,05,1893): After cruising around Sri Lanka the ship sailed to the right of Colombo harbour towards the Diamond Island in the City of Rangoon. At about 3 a.m. the nature of the sea turned extremely wild and brought howling storms along. The ship was expeditiously glided forward and pushed up and down by the ferocious waves. Suddenly something black appeared before the crew who were observing the route in the front of the ship. Through intermittent flashes of lightening the crew identified a reef. At once the crew on board started shouting. As the captain rushed out of his cabin to examine the cry the ship collided on the rock with a big noise. The captain was overwrought by this and rushed into the control cabin in attempt to take the ship into the deep sea. His efforts were futile and the ship was repeatedly raised by the harsh waves and thumped several times against the rock. The ship was ultimately steered into the deep sea with the captain's efforts. The ship had been unfortunately pierced by the knock against the rock and sea water rushed in. Soon it was filled with water and descending in the sea. Before the navigators stationed in the lower part of the ship's decks had time to think the ship started sinking (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09, 05,1893). Some other navigators who were saved from drowning, said the captain watched the navigators fight for their lives against the harsh waves. The waves threw the crew about as they hung on to the masts that had emerged out of water and others clasped the wreckage of the ship. “The captain was spotted convulsing, entering his cabin and locking himself in” (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 10,05,1893) .Moreover, according to their revelations, at the moment of wrecking the Second Officer of the ship had acted immediately and been successful in launching a life saving boat. Fourteen navigators had boarded the lifeboat and headed towards the coast. The Earl of Shaftsbury then buckled up throwing all on board into the sea at about 150 meters from the coast. This unexpected incident made the tired crew more miserable (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05,1893). �There were also recorded some inconsistencies with the events around the captain. This may be an indicator that the crew itself were largely unaffected by the death of the captain. Perhaps the first entry to follow is indicative of the locals' mere dismissal of the captain, while the second entry is more emotional and perhaps more about the shocked tone of the crew. The officers were housed by the special agent of the government until dawn and then taken to the guest house in Ambalangoda. Three days later the body of the captain, which had been badly destroyed, was carried to shore by the water. After recognition of the body by the chief officer of the ship and the rest of the crew, it was carried to Saint James church and buried with religious rituals (The Ceylon Examiner news paper 11,05,1893). The Otago Daily Times (Allen 26,01,2010). revealed an entirely different story about the captain's death, according to Mr. Jones, a rescued crew member of the Earl of Shaftsbury, the only reason the captain died was because he fell off the lifeboat. The lifeboat had loosened in its ties from the ship and had fallen on the captain's head while he was swimming for his life which knocked him out. In the aftermath of the unfortunate event, (Levers 08,05,1893) records the reaction of the locals. This record is in fact a glimpse of the socio-politics at the time and is symptomatic of the Sri Lankan anger towards the European oppression. The survivors had no other option but to swim for their lives. They swam a small distance and soon realized the European uniform they wore was a swimming hindrance. They pulled them off and swam towards the coast. They were reported to be mentally imbalanced and shocked, with bleeding wounds caused by being knocked against the rocks close-in to shore. The locals provided the naked navigators with native clothing. The surviving navigators later said that even though they requested the locals to save the lives of those who are still hanging on the masts and wreckage of the ship, they were denied with mentions that money was needed if they are to be saved. Later, all the men hanging onto the wreckage were saved by government special agents who were dispatched to the location. European suits were sent from Colombo for those officers who were clad in native clothes. The Examiner reported what a great shame for the Europeans to have been in native clothes for the whole day until the arrival of European uniforms(The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05,1893). The Names of the Drowned Captain T.B Mayyard, aged about 56 years, Second Mate. W.K Loyle, aged about 20 years. Steward, E. Morentz, aged about 21 years. Sail Maker. W perry, aged about 50 year. Two coloured seamen, natives of St Helena and Fiji Islands. The Survivors Chief Mate, JL Jones Carpenter, W Guest. Apprentices, G.O Trofaint, O.E pokely, and Thomson 14 coloured able seamen, 2 boatswains and the cook. Altogether 22. (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05.1893). �Reported Incidents After Sinking; Lack of Humanity? The Earl of Shaftsbury was smashed and wrecked in a period when Sri Lanka was a British colony (1815-1948). There had been no other shipwreck than the Earl of Shaftsbury to have revealed the detail of the area's social background. The thoughts and ambitions of the locals who were ruled by the Europeans and some of their behaviours can be seen through these reports. “Humankind does not always continue to exist with the same monotonous life style. Their thoughts and ambitions do fluctuate with time. Exterior influences are mostly responsible for these fluctuations”(Somarathne 1960 p,01). When studying social impacts and noting the larger context in which people conduct themselves, projects like this one, can reveal an underlying agency. To address this, newspaper records of the navigators' comments were gathered in hopes to note the voice of a colonized society. Among the reports that appeared on the wreckage the incident of not-saving crew members is the most highlighted fact. The Examiner reported that even though the surviving navigators had pleaded with the fishermen on shore to save the lives of the rest of the crew, the fishermen had demanded a considerable amount of money if they were to do so and would not otherwise. The newspaper report had highlighted that, “natives showed their lack of humanity” (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05,1893). In my personal view, the behaviour of the fishermen at a crisis like this could never be appreciated and should not take place in any civilized society. Especially in a great society that has been nurtured by Buddhist philosophies. Yet the reason for such hard hearted people must be found out by a subtle and thorough case study. The people in that society were under true agony from being oppressed with revolutionary attitudes. The influence of three powerful European nationalities that largely focused on economic advantages, from 1505 AD fostered a feeling of loss of freedom and the consequential loss of their culture. Up to the time of the wreckage there had been no other opportunity to record the deep-seeded anti-colonial feelings. The fishermen, with the mentality for freedom, may have refused saving the navigators due to their revolutionary attitudes caused by this anti-colonial sentiment. They might have used this incident to show their frustration and envy towards the colonists. They might have thought they would have been betraying their own nation by rescuing their enemies. Furthermore they would have been reluctant to throw their lives at risk by launching their small boats when the sea had become so violent that even large ships, such as the Earl of Shaftsbury, were not safe. The chagrin was not only visible in natives but also in Europeans. The report, “The Captain, Europeans and two Coloured men Drowned”, ( The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 08, 05,1893). highlights this, in that the report on the survivors and the dead had grouped the black and Europeans separately. Navigators’ were in local clothes until the European clothes were received and this was reported as an insult to them. All the above mentioned facts reveal that there had been a social conflict between the Europeans and the locals. Conclusions The only iron vessel with four masts so far found in Sri Lanka territorial waters is the wrecked Earl of Shaftsbury. This is an important research station for any marine �archaeologist studying ship building technology. Although there are so many laws and conventions enacted internationally and locally in order to protect these monuments, there are many practical difficulties in implementing them. One of the main difficulties is to find funding for archaeological projects. We had to depend on funds allocated by the state under the national budget. So it has become a common feature for a developing nation like Sri Lanka to depend on funds from other sources. However, I emphasize that archaeological sites of this nature shall be further studied and shall be protected for the use of future generations. As a place of archaeological importance for more than 100 years this wreck site is protected by archaeological law (Department of Archaeology 1940; Department of Archaeology 1998). Besides, steps are been taken to declare this site as protective monuments under purview of Government of Sri Lanka and thereby will get a blanket coverage for the site. Acknowledgements I wish to thank the organizers of the Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage for giving me an opportunity to participate. I also extended my gratitude to professor Mark Staniforth and professor Nimal de Silva, The Director General (Central Cultural fund) for encouraging me to publish this report. Bibliography Allen, T., 2010 Bruzelius, L., 1996 Clerk, A.C., 1956-1957 Department of Archaeology 1940 Department of Archaeology 1998 Levers, R.W., 1893 "Wreck of the Earl of Shaftsbury six Lives Lost", in Otago Daily Times 23 June Viewed 03 October 2011 http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?138941/>. Earl of Shaftesbury, Viewed 04 October , 2011. http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Earl_of_S haftesbury(1883).html The reefs of Taprobane, printed in the united states of America, Harper and Brother publishers, New York. Antiquities ordinance No 9 Amendment to the Antiquities ordinance No 9 of 1940 (21st May 1998) "Total Loss of The Ship Earl of Shaftsbury Off Akurella, Near Ambalangodde", in The Ceylon Examiner News Paper, 08,09,10,11, May. Dalanidu Magazine Vol II. Akurala verele Kedavachakaya Earl of Rasika, M., 2010 Shaftsbury, Maritime Archaeology Unit Central cultural fund. Somaratne, W., A Modern Ceylon and world history, Ceylon publishing 1960 cooperation. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reading of the contemporary social consciousness through the shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 Nautical (Ship and boat) Archaeology of South Asia Description An account of the resource The shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury is buried on the southern coast of Sri Lanka very close to a frequented tourist destination. It was run aground hitting on a rock at Akurala about three miles away from the shore. In 1893 when sailing from Bombay to Diamond Island the ship sailed past Rangoon through Colombo harbour after unloading charcoal. It is an iron build four mast sailing vessel. It collided with a reef due to rough waves. Six of the crew drowned and 22 survived. The shipwreck settled at a 50 foot depth. The incident was first reported in the The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper on 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th of May 1893. The value of the vessel was estimated at Indian Rupees (Rs.) 300,000 at the time. In one article there is another steamer ship reported wrecked some years previously. This paper includes details of the wreckage as are available from the newspaper reports. What happened after her wreckage was an interesting story. The time was the British colonial period in “Ceylon” (now Sri Lanka) during which time there was a growing general unrest against the colonial masters. Some information reveals that this mindset may have influenced the rescuers during their rescue efforts of the drowning crew. This paper it is going to elaborate on the story behind the shipwreck of the Earl of Shaftsbury and investigate the social influences towards the wreck site then and now. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.M.A.Dayananda Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 2 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c523833a25bb03cde5fb458c778031d7.pdf 39f063505a1ab66bbff69c2fbc9a12a7 PDF Text Text Recent Efforts in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Dave Ball Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Region, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Camarillo, California 93010, USA Email: david.ball@boem.gov Abstract The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is responsible for managing the nation’s energy and mineral resources on the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). These resources include conventional energy (oil and gas), renewable energy (wind and hydrokinetic) and sand and gravel extraction for beach restoration. As with any federal action or undertaking, an assessment of potential impacts to the environment, including cultural resources, is required to make an informed decision. The BOEM Pacific OCS Region is taking a proactive approach to cultural resources management on the OCS by funding research efforts that provide baseline information on known and potential underwater cultural resources, and by identifying best practices for incorporating information from indigenous communities in the planning process. Key words: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Cultural Landscape, Offshore Renewable Energy, Outer continental Shelf, Submerged Landform, Tribe Introduction The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is responsible for managing over 1.76 billion acres of seafloor off the coast of the United States (U.S.) and is charged with regulatory oversight of offshore conventional energy (oil and gas), renewable energy (wind, wave and ocean currents) and marine minerals (primarily sand and gravel resources for coastal restoration). The Bureau’s jurisdiction begins 3 nautical miles offshore and extends approximately 200 nautical miles, to the extent of the Exclusive Economic Zone1. BOEM’s authority over conventional energy and marine minerals was established through the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) of 1953, which gave the Secretary of the Interior authority over mineral exploration and development on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Through the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005 BOEM (then operating as the Minerals Management Service) also has authority over offshore renewable energy. The EPAct significantly expanded the bureau’s offshore energy responsibilities and renewed interest in energy development on the Atlantic and Pacific OCS. For any federal action or undertaking within the Bureau’s authority, BOEM 1 �must comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and other legislative and regulatory environmental requirements. Included in those requirements is the obligation to consult with federally recognized tribal governments, as mandated through Executive Order 13175 and Secretarial Order 3317. Additionally, the NHPA requires consultation with federally recognized tribes and Native Hawaiian Organizations for cultural resources that are considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. As BOEM’s offshore renewable energy program has developed, and applications for construction of offshore facilities are increasing, it is important that the Bureau properly engage with the nation’s coastal indigenous communities. To ensure that the Bureau is consulting properly, BOEM is funding several projects that seek to be more proactive in developing the best practices for identifying appropriate information gathering protocols and survey measures in order to avoid or mitigate adverse effects during development on the OCS. Each of these projects is rooted in the cultural landscape concept, which seeks to develop a more holistic understanding of areas that could be affected by a proposed action or undertaking by integrating environmental science with historical, archaeological and traditional knowledge. Cultural Landscape Approach The concept of cultural landscapes is not new. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “[I]n 1992, the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscapes” (Mitchell et al., 2009: 19). UNESCO defines a cultural landscape as embracing… “…a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature…Cultural landscapes are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time” (Mitchell et al., 2009: 19-20). In recent years the cultural landscape approach has also gained traction and acceptance within the federal historic preservation program in the U.S. For example, the U.S. National Park Service’s Bulletin 36 defines a cultural landscape as, “a 2 �geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values” (NPS, 1994). More recently, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Marine Protected Areas Federal Advisory Committee issued a white paper in 2011, which recommended incorporating a cultural landscape approach to “strengthen conservation of resources that cross the land/sea interface, promote sustainability of those resources and improve the socio-economic resilience of communities which depend upon them” (MPAFAC, 2011: 4). Additionally, in 2011 the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) released the Native American Traditional Cultural Landscapes Action Plan, which is designed to:  Promote the recognition and protection of Native American traditional cultural landscapes both within the federal government and the historic preservation community  Address the challenges of the consideration of Native American traditional cultural landscapes in the Section 106 review process as well as in NEPA reviews (ACHP, 2012). This plan was adopted by the ACHP in November 2011 and announced by the White House on June 28, 2012 (Donaldson, 2012). BOEM Environmental Studies Established in 1973 under the former Minerals Management Service, the Environmental Studies Program (ESP) is an applied science program that was created to develop, conduct and oversee scientific research specifically to inform policy decisions regarding offshore energy and marine minerals activities on the OCS. Research conducted through the BOEM ESP covers physical oceanography, atmospheric sciences, biology, protected species, social sciences and economics, submerged cultural resources and environmental fates and effects. The primary goal of the ESP is to provide information needed for the assessment and management of environmental impacts on the human, marine and coastal environments of the OCS and the potentially affected coastal areas. As a result, BOEM is a leading contributor to the growing body of scientific knowledge about the nation’s marine and coastal environment. Through BOEM’s ESP, baseline 3 �analysis of underwater cultural heritage resources has been updated off the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Pacific coasts (Pearson et al., 2003; TRC, 2012; ICF International et al., 2014, respectively). Each of these studies includes a database of identified and reported historic shipwrecks and a predictive model of high probability areas that could be associated with submerged prehistoric landforms, areas that would have been exposed thousands of years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Additionally, in support of potential offshore renewable energy development, initial baseline assessments have been completed along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of historic properties that could be affected by alteration of the seascape from construction of offshore facilities (TRC, 2012; ICF International et al., 2014, respectively). BOEM held the first commercial offshore renewable energy lease sale for an area off of Rhode Island in July 2013, and a second sale was held off Virginia in September. Interest for developing offshore renewable energy has also been expressed elsewhere on the Atlantic OCS, as well as off the coasts of Hawaii and Oregon within the BOEM Pacific OCS Region. Offshore renewable energy siting could have an affect on submerged prehistoric sites and coastal sites that are important to indigenous groups. Expected impacts to the seafloor will occur from the installation of individual wind, wave or ocean current generators and associated transmission cable corridors. Additionally, wind turbines, which can stand 300-500 feet above the ocean surface, will have a definite visual signature. Depending on how far offshore wind turbines are constructed, many of these facilities will be visible to some extent from the coast, and therefore will have some level of affect to the offshore view. Therefore, as BOEM reviews applications for offshore renewable energy projects, it is critical that the Bureau not only develop protocols that honor the unique relationship between the federal government, sovereign tribal nations and indigenous communities, but also incorporates traditional knowledge and oral tradition into the decision-making process. To meet these challenges, BOEM has awarded several research studies that seek to develop best-practices protocols for working with federally recognized tribes and Native Hawaiian communities, as well as incorporating information from these groups into the analysis of offshore geophysical survey data. Some of these projects are briefly 4 �highlighted below and two of these efforts will be detailed further in this session by Valerie Grussing and Hans Van Tilburg. Submerged Paleocultural Landscapes Project Off the Atlantic coast of the U.S., where interest in offshore wind energy has been more prominent, BOEM has entered into a cooperative agreement with the University of Rhode Island, in partnership with the Narragansett Indian Tribal Historic Preservation Office, to develop a science-based, standardized best practices methodology for incorporating tribal knowledge into a predictive model for identifying submerged landforms. Developing Protocols for Reconstructing Submerged Paleocultural Landscapes and Identifying Ancient Native American Archaeological Sites in Submerged Environments seeks to enhance and refine the Bureau’s understanding of submerged paleocultural landscape distribution on the Atlantic OCS and to better understand and identify paleocultural landscapes of importance to regional tribes through collaborative research. Specifically, the project is designed to incorporate Narragansett Indian Tribal oral history and traditional knowledge with remote sensing surveys off the coast of Rhode Island in order to develop a geospatial predictive model that will identify offshore environments with varying archaeological sensitivity for containing ancient Native American archaeological resources. The first phase of the project was completed in the spring of 2013, which consisted of a 2-day workshop between invited tribal representatives and archaeologists from Europe and the U.S. The workshop reviewed current theories on submerged landform identification and discussed how to respectfully engage Native American tribes. The second phase of the project will synthesize the information obtained at the workshop, along with published sources, to develop a methodology aimed at incorporating tribal knowledge into best practices protocols for developing a model to identify submerged landforms. Once a working model is developed, researchers will conduct field investigations and data acquisition, combined with tribal traditional knowledge in order to validate the model and create a more complete understanding of the paleocultural landscape off Rhode Island. The project also includes an outreach component with the Narragansett Tribe and will develop training materials and a documentary film. This project was awarded as a cooperative agreement through the North Atlantic Coast 5 �Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit in July 2012 and should be completed in September, 2016. Characterization of Tribal Cultural Landscapes At the time of this writing, the BOEM Pacific OCS office has received two applications for offshore renewable energy projects off the Oregon coast. These proposed projects include a commercial floating wind lease off of Coos Bay and a marine hydrokinetic (MHK) research lease off of Newport. Prior to receiving these lease requests, the BOEM Pacific OCS office entered into an interagency agreement with NOAA’s Marine Protected Areas Center and the Maritime Heritage Program to develop best practices protocols for working with west coast tribes to incorporate information on tribal cultural landscapes into the Bureau’s decision-making process. The goal of this project, Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes, is to develop a proactive approach to working with Native American communities in order to identify areas of tribal significance that need to be considered in the planning process. A more detailed discussion of this project is provided elsewhere in this session by Dr. Valerie Grussing in her paper, Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes for Resource Preservation and Protection. Hawaii Maritime Heritage The BOEM Pacific OCS Region office has not yet received any completed applications for renewable energy projects offshore Hawaii, however, interest has been expressed for offshore wind development. In May 2012, the BOEM Pacific OCS Region signed an inter-agency agreement with NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries to provide baseline information on underwater cultural heritage resources off the eight main Hawaiian Islands. The project, Assessing Historic Properties and Cultural Resources in the Main Hawaiian Islands, will develop a database of underwater and land-based cultural resources that could be affected by construction of offshore renewable energy facilities. The project also seeks to develop a best practices methodology for engaging Native Hawaiian communities, similar to the Tribal Cultural Landscapes project, so that information important to Native Hawaiians is included in the planning and review process for any future offshore renewable energy applications. This is the first cultural resources-related project that BOEM has undertaken for Hawaii and the information 6 �collected through this effort will provide critical information for taking into consideration the effects of offshore renewable energy development on cultural resources near the eight main Hawaiian Islands. Further information on this effort is discussed elsewhere in this session by Dr. Hans Van Tilburg in his paper, Assessing Historic Properties and Cultural Resources in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Submerged Landforms on the Pacific OCS With the completion of the updated baseline study on underwater cultural heritage for the BOEM Pacific OCS Region, BOEM developed this follow-up study to further investigate submerged landforms off the U.S. west coast and to refine the predictive model for where these landforms might be expected. Archaeological and Biological Assessment of Submerged Landforms off the Pacific Coast is a multi-disciplinary effort that will examine existing data sets from areas off the southern California and central Oregon coastlines that have been identified as having a high potential to be associated with previously exposed landforms. The project will develop and field test a geospatial model that will aid in the identification and classification of potential submerged cultural landforms from existing remote sensing data and seafloor maps in areas along the Pacific coast. Similar to the Narragansett project on the Atlantic OCS, this project will evaluate existing remote sensing data and review current theories on sea level rise during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) on the Pacific OCS in order to identify high probability areas for further testing. Biological indicators, such as hard-bottom features, will also be assessed to see if these features correlate with possible submerged landforms. The project will also conduct fine-scale survey and ground-truthing of identified features and analyze new data for possible indicators of prehistoric human activity. This project should be completed in 2017. Pacific Region Ocean Uses Atlas The last project that the BOEM Pacific Region office is currently undertaking, which has the potential to incorporate cultural use information from indigenous communities, is the Pacific Region Ocean Use Atlas (PROUA). The PROUA project was developed through an inter-agency agreement with NOAA’s National Ocean Service and is designed to document where coastal communities use the ocean across a full range of typical human activities and sectors. The primary objective of the project is to enhance ocean 7 �planning for offshore renewable energy development and inform other ocean planning strategies that require insight on how and where ocean areas are used for recreational, commercial and industrial types of activity. One component of this project is to conduct interactive participatory mapping workshops in order to capture the knowledge of community experts about the patterns of ocean uses occurring off the coasts of Hawaii, Oregon and Washington. Though the previously discussed efforts have not yet been completed to fully develop protocols for engagement with coastal indigenous communities, efforts have been made to invite these groups into the process appropriately. Conclusion With the passage of the 2005 Energy Policy Act, BOEM’s mandate over offshore energy and marine minerals expanded to include offshore renewable energy. In an attempt to improve BOEM’s environmental review process and better fulfill the Bureau’s obligation to consult with federally recognized tribes and Native Hawaiian Organizations, BOEM is developing a more proactive approach to engage indigenous communities in the decision-making process in support of offshore renewable energy. Information on each of the studies described in this paper, as well as other research funded by the Bureau, can be found on our website at: www.boem.gov\studies\. Acknowledgement Funding for the research projects identified above has been provided through the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. The author would like to thank the Tribal Historic Preservation Offices of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, the Makah Tribe, and the Yurok Tribe for their efforts on the Tribal Cultural Landscapes project, as well as the Narragansett Indian Tribal Historic Preservation Office for their efforts on the Submerged Paleocultural Landscapes project. Endnote 1 OCSLA and the Submerged Lands Act define the OCS as all submerged lands lying seaward of state coastal waters. For most coastal states federal waters begin 3 nautical miles past the mean low tide line, the exception to this rule includes offshore Texas and the west coast of Florida, whose state waters extend 9 nautical miles offshore. 8 �References ACHP (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation), 2012. The ACHP’s Native American Traditional Cultural Landscapes Action Plan. http://www.achp.gov/traditional-culturallandscape.pdf, accessed 05 December 2013. Donaldson, M. W., 2012.Native American Traditional Cultural Landscapes Action Plan – Better Decisions for Historic Properties. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/06/28/native-american-traditional-culturallandscapes-action-plan-better-decisions-histo-0, accessed 05 December 2013. ICF International Davis Geoarchaeological Research and Southeastern Archaeological Research, 2013. Inventory and Analysis of Coastal and Submerged Archaeological Site Occurrence, Pacific OCS. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS, Camarillo, CA OCS Study BOEM 2013-0115, pp. 363. Mitchell, N., Mechtild Rössler, and Pierre-Marie Tricaud., (Eds.), 2009. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A Handbook for Conservation and Management http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_26_en.pdf, accessed 04 December 2013. NPS (National Park Service), 1994. Bulletin 36 Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/preservedocs/preservation-briefs/36PreserveBrief-Landscapes.pdf, accessed 04 December 2013. MPAFAC (Marine Protected Areas Federal Advisory Committee), 2011. White Paper and Recommendations of Managing Marine Resources across the Land/Sea Interface. http://marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov/pdf/helpfulresources/mpafac_rec_protected_landsea_12_11.pdf, accessed 04 December 2013. Pearson, C. E., James, Jr., S. R., Krivor, M. C., El Darragi, S. D., and Cunningham, L., 2003. Refining and Revising the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf Region HighProbability Model for Historic Shipwrecks: Final Report. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2003-060, 2003-061, 2003-062, 3 Volumes. TRC Environmental Corporation, 2012. Inventory and Analysis of Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of 9 �Ocean Energy Management, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study BOEM 2012-008, pp. 324. Dave Ball is the Pacific Region Historic Preservation Officer and Diving Safety Officer for the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). Before joining BOEM he worked for several archaeological firms in the Pacific Northwest. He received a BA in anthropology from Sonoma State University in 1992 and an MA in anthropology from Florida State University in 1998. Dave has over 20 years’ experience in archaeology and has directed field research on both terrestrial and underwater archaeological sites across the country, including inundated prehistoric sites, World War II shipwrecks, and deepwater shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico. He is currently serving on the Board of Directors for the Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 2: New Approaches in UCH Management in the US Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 2 chair Dr. Hans Van Tilburg and links to the papers included in the session. Description An account of the resource In 2009, responding to the effort to protect the significant natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations, the U.S. National Marine Protected Areas Center formed a Cultural Heritage Resources Working Group to provide expert advice on improving the conservation and management of maritime heritage resources. The resulting White Paper provided a series of recommendations to both the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior, including new definitions for cultural heritage, marine cultural resources, tribes, indigenous peoples, and cultural landscapes. Central to these recommendations was a strong endorsement for the Cultural Landscape Approach in the understanding and management of maritime heritage resources (or UCH). Subsequently, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Maritime Heritage Program has adopted the recommendations of this paper and is implementing a “maritime cultural landscape” approach to the management of cultural resources within the National Marine Sanctuary System. Also as a part of this initiative, NOAA and the Bureau of Ocean Energy and Management (BOEM) have teamed up to support maritime cultural landscape studies of heritage resources by Native American Tribes and Native Hawaiian communities in the Pacific region. These projects on the U.S. West Coast and in the Hawaiian Islands demonstrate the necessity of adapting a broader range of recognized cultural resources and a more inclusive and participatory management and preservation process. Charismatic resources like historic shipwrecks will always provide unique information for archaeologists and historians, but we do ourselves a disservice if we focus solely on these types of properties, and neglect other perspectives and the broader nature of all types and traces of human existence that lie underwater. Participants in this session will focus on the status of these ongoing ground-breaking projects, the advantages of a broader and more inclusive approach compared to the previous cultural heritage management paradigm in the U.S., and the challenges that this creates. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Hans Van Tilburg Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recent Efforts in Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Description An account of the resource The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is responsible for managing the nation’s energy and mineral resources on the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). These resources include conventional energy (oil and gas), renewable energy (wind and hydrokinetic) and sand and gravel extraction for beach restoration. As with any federal action or undertaking, an assessment of potential impacts to the environment, including cultural resources, is required to make an informed decision. The BOEM Pacific OCS Region is taking a proactive approach to cultural resources management on the OCS by funding research efforts that provide baseline information on known and potential underwater cultural resources, and by identifying best practices for incorporating information from indigenous communities in the planning process. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dave Ball, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/13/2014 Asia-Pac Session 2 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/551877d374d308fe7dd63dd1a7e57ffb.pdf a900805d210982110759d494dc35410a PDF Text Text Recent Research in the Southeast Sumatran Region John N. Miksic Abstract Since 2010, a new threat to the maritime heritage of Southeast Asia has arisen in the form of looting of the bed of the Musi River in Palembang, site of the capital of the maritime kingdom of Sriwijaya in the ninth century. Port archaeology in Southeast Asia is a gravely underdeveloped field. This river has been a major artery of commerce for 2,000 years. The local adaptation to the area’s swampy, flood-prone environment has been to live on stilt houses over water, on ships, and on rafts. This pattern of settlement presents special problems for archaeologists. It is likely that a major proportion of the area’s archaeological heritage lies on the riverbed. Recent items on the antiquities market include a wide range of items, including Chinese porcelain of the ninth and subsequent centuries, local pottery, and a wide range of metal items including statuary, coins, and jewelry. This source of archaeological data has never been systematically explored, and unless something is done urgently, it will be lost forever. This paper explores the nature of the problem, demonstrates the importance of the subject for maritime archaeology, and proposes a potential methodology for exploring the area. Riverbeds and Harbors as Sites of Underwater Cultural Heritage The study of underwater cultural heritage in this panel focuses mainly on cargoes of shipwrecks beneath salt water. Shipwreck archaeology in Southeast Asia has experienced major advances in the last 15 years, but the archaeology of ports and other sites at the place where land and sea meet, such as shipyards, lags far behind. In Sumatra, seaports can be located over 100 kilometers (km) from the mouths of rivers and estuaries. The east coast of Sumatra is largely tidal swampland, and the influence of the tides extends to these ports. Palembang, ancient capital of Sriwijaya, one of Southeast Asia’s greatest maritime kingdoms, lies 90 km up the Musi River. At this point the river is one km wide. Muara Jambi might be considered its sister; it was the capital of the kingdom of Malayu which flourished between the 9th to 13th centuries. This site lies 120 km up the Batanghari. The coastal plain narrows progressively as one moves north, but other ancient ports such as Kota Cina in northeast Sumatra are still 10 km inland. On the eastern side of the Straits of Melaka, in the state of Kedah, Malaysia, the port sites of Pengkalan Bujang, Sungai Mas, and Sungai Batu, are 10-15 km up the Muda River. The same phenomenon can be observed for sites such as Bago (formerly known as Pegu), Syriam, and Mrauk U in Myanmar. Very little archaeological research has been carried out in Southeast Asian ports. Such sites pose special challenges to archaeology. Stratigraphy of such sites is rarely well-preserved. Environmental factors include floods, tides, tsunamis, rapid sedimentation interspersed with erosion, river course change, and human activity such as construction of piers and warehouses, which are often built of temporary materials subject to rapid weathering, constant repairs, expansion, and other alterations. The most common artifacts found at ports are pottery fragments and organic materials. Large quantities of such remains are needed in order to draw accurate statistical inferences about the past. �Figure 1. Early Southeast Asian Ports (drawn by Dr. G.Y. Goh) Archaeology of Ports in Southeast Asia Bali There are a few exceptions to this generalization. Excavations at Sembiran in north coastal Bali have yielded important remnants of port activity on a sandy beach which is now being rapidly eroded. Discoveries include fragments of Romano-Indian rouletted ware made in south India during the period 200 Before Christ - Anno Domini (BC-AD)1 200. Diribonucleic acid (DNA) of a 2,000-year-old skeleton found at Sembiran has been identified as possibly Indian, although this conclusion has been disputed (I Wayan Ardika, et al. 1997; Lansing, et al. 2004; Lansing, et al. 2006; McLaughlin and Thomas 2006). In southern Thailand the site of Khao Sam Kaeo has yielded evidence of port activity as early as the 3rd century BC (Bellina-Pryce and Silapanth 2006). The site of Oc-èo in south Vietnam, Southeast Asia’s largest port of the early historic period (3rd- early 7th centuries AD) was investigated in the 1940s, and again in the 1990s (Manguin 1998). This site lies 15 km from the ocean, to which it may have been connected by a canal. It lies in a swampy flood-prone area, where some organic remains were fortunately preserved. 1 Georgian Calendar designation with the year one starting at the birth of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, years in BC are -1 with a negative year added for every year before the birth of Jesus; years in AD are added progressively one by one for each year after his birth. �Malaysia The oldest dated boat found in Southeast Asia was discovered in peninsular Malaysia, at the site of Pontian, Pahang, where it seems to have been preserved by a sudden slumping of soil of a riverbank in a river about a mile from the coast (Evans 1927:94). The timbers of the Pontian ship belong to varieties found from Cambodia to the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia (Gibson-Hill 1952). Radiocarbon analysis found that the trees for building the ship were felled between 260 and 430 AD (1657±60) (Manguin 1993:256). In Malaysia the Kuala Selinsing site has been under investigation since the 1920s. Recent excavations at this site, which consists of mounds surrounded by mangrove swamp, have shown that the area was inhabited approximately 2,000 years ago, and continued in use for a millennium (Nik Hassan Shuhaimi bin Nik Abdul Rahman in press). The Pengkalan Bujang site near the foot of Kedah Peak was investigated in the 1950s; this was apparently an important port in the 12th century, but only a preliminary report was ever published (Lamb 1961). In 2010 the Malaysian government allocated a sizeable quantity of funds for research in south Kedah. The site of Sungai Batu has yielded major new discoveries, including large brick structures which Malaysian archaeologists believe were used as landing stages for boats. These seem to date from the early to mid-first millennium AD. The Bujang Valley Museum displays a number of well-preserved hulls from sites in south Kedah. No radiocarbon dates on them have yet been published; this data would be of great potential significance. The boats are of the lashed-lug design characteristic of early Austronesian boat-building. Java In the coastal plain of west Java, the site of Batujaya is another waterlogged site which has yielded significant evidence of Buddhist activity in the early first millennium AD (Manguin and Agustijanto 2006). No evidence of a port or nonreligious activity has however yet been located there. Singapore In Singapore, numerous sites of 14th-century activity have been studied. One of these sites, named Empress Place after the colonial-period building which stands there and which is now the Asian Civilisations Museum, lay on the ancient bank of the Singapore River. The area excavated in 1998 consisted of the intertidal zone. Artifacts recovered included a wide range of ceramics, metal objects, and some organic materials including poles which had perhaps been used for tying up boats. Kota Batu, Brunei The former capital of the Sultanate of Brunei was a trading site and capital from around 1400 to 1580, when a Spanish attack destroyed it (Harrisson 1970). Further study of the site could yield important new understanding of the economy of one of the most important Southeast Asian trading kingdoms of the fifteenth century. �Sumatra Malayu/Jambi Somewhere in the Batanghari valley, possibly at a location now called Muara Jambi, the site of the capital of this very rich and cosmopolitan kingdom must exist. Archaeological research in the province has been focused on the site of Muara Jambi, about 25 kilometers down the Batanghari from the modern capital of Jambi Province, where 39 candi or brick temples have been recorded (M. Nazir 1980/81:23). Archaeological evidence of trade in Jambi consists of Chinese porcelain ranging from the Five Dynasties through the Yuan period (9th through 13th centuries), scattered over a number of sites between Muara Jambi and the sea (Edwards McKinnon 1982a; Edwards McKinnon 1982b; Edwards McKinnon 1992; Abu Ridho 1992; Abu Ridho 1995). A survey project in 2006 concentrated on looking at exposures in the banks of the river at low tide, and identified numerous sites of the 11th and 12th centuries (Miksic N.D.). Kota Cina This site lies near the mouth of the Deli River in northeast Sumatra. Abundant remains of entrepot activity of the late 11th through mid-13th century were recovered, including Buddhist and Hindu brick structures, stone statuary, Chinese coins and pottery, and local ceramics. Preserved house posts and many post molds were recorded. Unfortunately the probable location of the port itself, a silted-in harbor, was destroyed through excavation of soil for a modern construction project. Remains of ceramics of the 11th-13th centuries, and associated ship timbers were observed (Edwards McKinnon 1984; Miksic 1979). Barus This is the only known early port yet excavated on the west coast of Sumatra. The center of activity seems to have shifted between several locales within this general area. Artifacts found here date from the 10th through 14th centuries, and include many imports from the Persian Gulf and India (Guillot 1998; Guillot 2003). Karangagung In the lowlands of southeast Sumatra, the oldest site which may have been that of a port of the period between AD 1 and AD 500 has been located at Karangagung, between the Musi and Batanghari rivers (Endang 2002; Erwan, et al. 2008). Excavations there since 2001 have provided important new data for the study of pre-Srivijayan commercial activity. Many artifacts such as beads and gold had been looted from the site, but jewellery, bronze and glass bangles, pendants, and preserved house pillars found in excavations indicate that a large settlement or series of settlements existed here, dated by radiocarbon to 220-440 CE (Manguin 2004:287-288). Artifacts recorded include beads of carnelian, rock crystal, a shiny black stone which may be onyx, and glass beads of several styles. The discovery of this site has had the salutary effect of inspiring the head of the archaeological office for South Sumatra, Mr. Nurhadi Rangkuti, to establish a website devoted to the development of Wetland Archaeology �(http://nurhadirangkuti.blogspot.com/ 2009_05_10_archive.html; accessed 30 August 2011). This website and its reports of archaeological research gives important recognition to the identification of wetlands in Indonesia as a specific focus of archaeological research; the website reads in part: Lahan basah yang mencakup rawa pasang surat, rawa gambut, rawa bekalang sungai, hutan bakau, danau, lagun, dataran banjir sungai dan lainnya pernah menjadi tempat bermukim manusia masa lalu. Pusat peradaban kuna jug muncul dari lahan basah. Penelitian, pelestarian dan pemanfaatan situs-situs arkeologi di lahan basah sudah waktunya diprioritaskan untuk mengungkap kejayaan maritime bangsa Indonesia” (Wetlands which comprise tidal swamps, swamps with acid soil, back swamps, mangrove forests, lakes, lagoons, flood plains etc. in the past were locales of human habitation. Ancient centers of civilization also arose from wetlands. It is time that research, conservation, and exploitation of archaeological sites in wetlands be given priority to expose the success of Indonesian maritime people.) This proclamation surely deserves commendation and support where possible. Palembang and the Musi Riverbed Much of Srivijaya's material culture may be permanently lost due to the use of perishable materials and habit of living on rafts or stilt houses above flowing water (Manguin 1987). Enough archaeological remains have now been discovered in and around Palembang to confirm the earlier assumption that Palembang was Srivijaya’s capital (Manguin 1992; Manguin 1993) from the seventh to eleventh centuries. Between 682 CE and 686 CE, several large inscriptions were set up in Palembang and vicinity (Manguin 1987). The wetlands around Palembang have yielded remains of two boats of the first millennium AD: one dated to 610-775 CE, with a length estimated to have been 26 meters, and one dated 434-631 CE. Another ship found at Butuan, Mindanao, south Philippines, dating from 1270-1410 CE, is estimated to have been 20 meters long (Manguin 1993:256-258). Archaeology on dry land has yielded rather unprepossessing results, which do not seem commensurate with the glowing descriptions found in Indian and Chinese sources of a wealthy port kingdom here (Bronson and Wisseman 1976; Wolters 1979). Much settlement of the left bank (termed the hilir area in Palembang nomenclature) next to Pulau Kemaro is now occupied by a huge urea fertilizer plant owned by PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (Pusri), the state fertilizer company. Indonesian archaeologists are convinced that the site of the factory was formerly a major area of Sriwijayan activity (Dr. Mundardjito pers. comm.). Much of the remaining archaeological potential of Palembang probably lies beneath the Musi River. History and ethnography show that whereas the nobility of Sriwijaya lived on dry land, much of Sriwijaya’s population lived on water, either on stilt houses or on rafts (van Sevenhoven 1825; Wallace 1869). Evidence of their existence as well as port activity such as warehousing and transshipping of cargo therefore is likely to be in the mud beneath the river. �Figure 2. Musi River, Palembang (Phot by author, June 1, 2011) In recent years a large quantity of artifacts is reported to have been recovered by local fishermen from the riverbed. A reconnaissance trip to Palembang in May 2011 indicated that a wide range of artifacts is still within easy reach on the riverbed, but that the supply is diminishing. Local men dive in the Musi River, using primitive equipment, when tidal flow is slack, to obtain ancient artifacts. During this trip we were shown a wide assortment of ceramics, beads, bronze articles, coins, old wooden implements, and gold objects. As news of the presence of foreign visitors spread through the neighborhood, groups of divers came to visit to offer wares that they had obtained through diving in the river. It seems that the number of men who pursue this occupation as a regular activity is significant, using only goggles and a hose by which they are fed compressed air. They probe the muddy bottom with iron rods which often cause serious damage by fracturing Chinese porcelain. We also visited two sites – Candi Gede Ing Suro and Candi Penembahan -- where brick structures dating from the 14th century have been converted into graves for Islamic-period rulers and their consorts. These sites are located next to the fertilizer plant noted above. During our visit, laborers were busily erecting a brick wall next to Candi Gede Ing Suro which will form a barrier between the site and the fertilizer plant. We were able however to walk through a gap in the wall and view a complex of earthen ramparts of substantial extent, bounded by a stream which leads directly to the Musi River. This may have been part of an ancient site. As far as we could discern, no research has been directed at this feature. �Archaeological Remains It is probable that we were only shown the least valuable items, including broken ceramics. The more salable items were no doubt quickly disposed of through networks leading to Jakarta, where the majority of Indonesian antique collectors and people of means live. Yet even among what are probably the dregs of the treasures lying under 20 meters of water and a meter of river mud are many objects which hold the potential to clarify many details of our knowledge of early shipping activity in Southeast Asia. The divers had acquired a range of small gold items. Sumatra was known as Suvarnadvipa (“Golden Island”) in ancient India (Wolters 1979), and numerous sources of gold are known to exist in the hinterland of Palembang. These items, including locally-made coins and pieces of jewelry, belong to types found in central Java and dated to the late first millennium AD. Their collections also contained large quantities of beads of glass and stone in addition to gold examples. Illustration 3. Gold ear ornament, 2 cm high (Palembang,Sumatra; no catalogue number) Religious objects included numerous items associated with Buddhism. In addition to bronze statues of Buddha, there were examples of what appear to be stamps used to print Buddhist texts on clay. More research on these is needed to clarify their significance. �Illustration 4. Head of Buddhist deity, stone. Height approximately 13 cm (Palembang,Sumatra; no catalogue number) Decorative bronze items were also present, among them several faces of Kala, mirrors, and bells with vajra handles for use in esoteric Buddhist rituals. Cylindrical amulet containers meant to be suspended from strings hung around the neck were made of gold. Other rolled-up pieces of heavier metal may have been tin or lead votive objects inscribed with sacred formulae. Utilitarian objects included scale weights. Large quantities of Chinese coins were also collected. Porcelains spanned a wide range of types of Chinese export wares, from Tang Yue bowls through cobalt blue decorated wares of the middle Ming period. Some examples of fine-paste earthenware, probably from southern Thailand, were also in the assemblage. Quite probably many more examples could be found on the riverbed, but since these are not generally salable, they were probably left there. Prospects for Future Research The form of salvage archaeology project involving the local branch of the Indonesian archaeology department in a controlled dredging operation may be the best way to proceed. The field of underwater excavations in rivers is uncharted territory in Southeast Asian archaeology. Such research would face considerable technical and financial challenges. The conventional approach used by marine archaeologists would be to lay out a grid on the riverbed and excavate using an airlift. Whether this would be feasible in the Musi River would need to be investigated. An alternative which could be considered would be to adopt methods analogous to those used in salvage archaeology, where time is an important factor. 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Merriwether, M.F. Hammer, 2004 Lansing, J.S., A.J. Redd, T.M. Karafet, J. Watkins, I Wayan Ardika, S.P.K. Surata, J.S. Schoenfelder, M. Campbell, A.M. Merriwether, M.F. Hammer, 2006 Nazir, M., 1980-81 Manguin, P.-Y., 1987 Manguin, P.-Y., 1992 Manguin, P.-Y., “Sembiran and the first Indian contacts with Bali: an update,” Antiquity, Vol. 71, pp. 193-195. “Miscellaneous papers on early Hindu and Buddhist settlement in northern Malaya and southern Thailand,” in Federation Museums Journal New Series, Vol. 6. “An Indian trader in ancient Bali?,” in Antiquity, Vol. 78, pp. 287-293. “Reply,” in Antiquity, Vol. 80, p. 307. Benda-Benda Arkeologi Klassik Daerah Jambi, Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Jambi, Jambi. “Palembang et Sriwijaya: anciennes hypothèses, recherches nouvelles,” in Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême Orient, Vol. 76, pp. 337-402. “Excavations in South Sumatra, 1988-1990: new evidence for Sriwijayan sites,” in I.C. Glover, ed, Southeast Asian Archaeology 1990: Proceedings of the Third Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, University of Hull, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Hull, pp. 63-73. “Palembang and Sriwijaya: an early Malay harbour-city �1993 Manguin, P.-Y., 1993 Manguin, P.-Y., 1998 Manguin, P.-Y., 2004 Manguin, P-Y., and Indrajaya, A., 2006 McLauchlan, R. and Thomas, R.G., 2006 Miksic, J.N., 1979 Miksic, J.N., Unpublished Report. Nik Hassan Shuhaimi bin Nik Abdul Rahman in press Van Sevenhoven, J.L., 1825 Wallace, A.R., 1869 Wolters, O.W., 1979 rediscovered.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 66,No. 1, pp. 23-46. "Trading ships of the South China Sea: Shipbuilding techniques and their role in the history of the development of Asian trade networks," in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 36, pp. 253-280. Mission Archéologie du Delta du Mékong. Rapport sur la Campagne 1998. EFEO, Paris. “The early maritime polities,” in I. Glover and P. Bellwood, eds., Southeast Asia from Prehistory to History, RoutledgeCurzon, London, pp. 282-313. “The archaeology of Batujaya (West Java, Indonesia): an interim report,” in E. A. Bacus, I. C. Glover and V. C. Piggott Uncovering Southeast Asia’s Past. Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, NUS Press, Singapore, Vol. 2, pp. 45-257. “Indian traders in ancient Bali: a reconsideration of the evidence,” in Antiquity, Vol. 80, pp. 307. Archaeology, Trade, and Society in Northeast Sumatra,. Cornell University, Ph.D. Dissertation. Ithaca. Report on the Survey of the Lower Batanghari River, 2006, N.D. “The archaeology of later prehistoric ports and preMelakan entrepots and evidence of inter-regional trade in Malaysia,” in (eds.) John Miksic and G.Y. Goh, The Archaeology of Early Southeast Asian Harbours, SPAFA, Bangkok, accessed 30 August 2011: (http://nurhadirangkuti.blogspot.com/ 2009_05_10_archive.html) “Beschrijving van de hoofdplaats van Palembang,” in Verhandelingan van het Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Vol. 9, pp. 41-126. The Malay Archipelago, Macmillan, London. “Studying Srivijaya,” in Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol 52,No. 2, pp. 1-32. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recent Research in the Southeast Sumatran Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 4 The archaeological study of ships’ cargo, hull, and maritime infrastructure Description An account of the resource Since 2010, a new threat to the maritime heritage of Southeast Asia has arisen in the form of looting of the bed of the Musi River in Palembang, site of the capital of the maritime kingdom of Sriwijaya in the ninth century. Port archaeology in Southeast Asia is a gravely underdeveloped field. This river has been a major artery of commerce for 2,000 years. The local adaptation to the area’s swampy, flood-prone environment has been to live on stilt houses over water, on ships, and on rafts. This pattern of settlement presents special problems for archaeologists. It is likely that a major proportion of the area’s archaeological heritage lies on the riverbed. Recent items on the antiquities market include a wide range of items, including Chinese porcelain of the ninth and subsequent centuries, local pottery, and a wide range of metal items including statuary, coins, and jewelry. This source of archaeological data has never been systematically explored, and unless something is done urgently, it will be lost forever. This paper explores the nature of the problem, demonstrates the importance of the subject for maritime archaeology, and proposes a potential methodology for exploring the area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John N. Miksic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 4 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/408c6b696503dcb0ad2d9a18773efb3b.pdf 14759500d63d9ebe5ad97e2519c30663 PDF Text Text Recoding the Nautical Archaeology: Virtual Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Turkey Dr. Guzden VARINLIOGLU1 Abstract The preservation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) requires availability and access to data produced by nautical archaeology alongside tools for analysis, visualization and communication. Although numerous archaeological surveys and excavations have been carried out in the past decades in Turkey, there is no publicly available information system integrated to nautical archaeology. This paper proposes a framework of a virtual museum of UCH. For the creation of this framework, a data collection methodology for underwater surveys has been formulated and a webbased information system has been designed to store the collected data. This paper explores the methods of analysis, visualization and communication embedded in this online system towards the development of a virtual museum. Virtual museum (VM) incorporates the practices of collection, preservation, research, visualization and exhibit, thus offering new approaches to the preservation of cultural heritage. In this paper, a web-based information system has been developed for a model of a virtual museum using the data collected during underwater surveys conducted on the coastal region of Kaş, Turkey in 20072010. Divers from a variety of professional backgrounds followed the practice of in situ preservation. They collected visual, geographical and descriptive data using structured datasheets. Through the analysis of these non-destructive methods, an open-content information system is designed aiming the contribution of all interested parties in a collaborative manner. The system currently contains information on 22 sites in the form of sketches, measurements, drawings, photographs of finds. Combined with Google Maps, the database illustrates the initial technological steps towards the development of a virtual museum. Divers, archaeologists and other interested users of this information system participate in the musealization of information through separately applied analysis, visualization and communication tools by open software programs. These initial steps demonstrate the methods for the automation of data analysis and visual documentation, the visualization of information and the communication of this knowledge. Futuristic concepts of automated, immersive and interactive design redefine the virtual museum of UCH as well as offer different approaches to the discipline of nautical archaeology. Keywords: nautical archaeology/ underwater cultural heritage/ database/ digital/ virtual museum/ information system /in situ preservation/ museology/ Kaş. Research aims The research responds to the lack of systematic methodology for the collection, preservation and dissemination of data in cultural heritage studies. Although numerous underwater archaeological surveys and excavations have been carried out in Turkey since the 1960’s (Bass 2005), there is no publicly available information system for nautical archaeology. This work comes within the context of research conducted as part of the Ph.D. thesis entitled “Recoding the Nautical Archaeology: Virtual Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage” (Varinlioglu 2011). The author proposes the creation of a virtual museum, in other words, a framework of a digital repository of underwater cultural heritage. Within this framework, a data collection methodology for underwater surveys has been formulated. Data collection using this 1 Güzden Varinlioğlu, PhD, Bilkent University, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture; Principal Manager of Kaş Archaeopark Projects on behalf of SAD (Sualtı Araştırmaları Derneği, Ankara, Turkey, (Underwater Research Society), e-mail: arkeopark@sad.org.tr. �methodology is stored in a web-based information system specifically designed for this purpose. Furthermore, the methods of analysis, visualization and communication are explored to enable the development of a virtual museum in the second phase of the project. The virtual museum is not in place yet, however, basic information on the field studies called Kaş Archaeopark Projects is publicly online on www.sanalmuze.org.tr. In the near future, a model of the system is expected to be online on this webpage. Introduction The widespread use of information technologies brought new challenges to the preservation of cultural heritage as well as to museology. A new concept of virtual museum has emerged from a need to acquire, store, research, communicate and exhibit the digital heritage data. Drawing parallel lines between the virtual and underwater environments, this paper aims to explore the conceptual framework for a virtual museum of underwater cultural heritage. The objectives of the study are to formulate a framework for the collection of data on underwater cultural heritage using the non-destructive process of in situ preservation methodology and documentation, and explore the methods of transferring, storing and sharing the collected data in the digital domain. The information system is designed to store various types of data and also allows collaborative analysis, visualization and communication. Furthermore, at a conceptual level, the digital technologies of the future are explored to promote a framework of a virtual museum and to develop a tool for the archaeology. Theoretical framework This paper questions the so-called “brick and mortar” (Schweibenz 2004:3) museum and its practices. The International Council of Museums (ICOM) founded in 1946 defines the museum as a “non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment” (ICOM 2010). These activities of musealization include the collection, conservation and research of museum objects through exhibition for better communication with the public. Separated from its context, however, is isolated from its meaning; the cultural heritage is enclosed in a single place, which may be termed a heterotopian space (Foucault 1998:178). Once an object is detached from its original context and placed in a museum environment, the archaeologists categorize, classify, and derive meaning in order to impose a new order on artifacts. As an alternative to this decontextualization, a virtual museum is proposed as a product of the revolutionary changes in digital reproduction, which led to the emergence of new definitions in the field of museology (Kalay 2008). The digital reproduction of the heritage is one of the most attractive ways in which computer technology can be employed in the field of archaeology (Forte 1997). The use of this technique allows visual reproduction of the data through representation, modeling, and display. These methods of display allow the creation of virtual exhibitions in the web environment. The virtual domain, unlike the “brick and mortar” museum, is a flexible medium for sharing information in various formats, such as digital images, video recording, hyperlinked texts, etc. Moreover, the digital domain recodes the way the information is displayed in such a way to move it from a passive to a more interactive style. �Literature Review In the field of heritage preservation, five digital repositories stand out with their applications of the practice of virtual repositories: Historical American Building Survey (HABS) dealing with acquisition of building documentation data in the US (Burns 2004); Turkish Archaeological Settlements Project (TAY) focusing on the conservation of archaeological data through archival documentation of publications in Turkey (TAY 1998); Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL) designed as a research tool on multilingual manuscripts in Texas A&M University, Nautical Archaeology Program (Castro 2006); Institute for the Visualization of History (VIZIN) projects about visualization of the artifacts discovered in various archaeological excavations (VIZIN 2003); and Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC), a user-centered virtual museum network of the Canadian museums (CHIN 2009). These digital projects illustrate the diverse applications of cultural heritage management. The digital repositories focusing on three main types of underwater remains, namely anchors, amphoras, and sites are respectively Big Anchor (NAS 2008), Roman Amphorae (Keay 2005) and VENUS (2006) projects. Although none of these three examples can be considered within the category of virtual museum, it is worth mentioning that these three are the most prominent information systems on nautical archaeology. Their assessment is a useful exercise to conceptualize the information system for the virtual museum of underwater cultural heritage. A digital cultural heritage repository of a virtual museum is a medium that allows the heritage professionals to preserve, manage, and make the data accessible to the public. Even though the digitization of the repositories challenges the heritage professionals in technical terms, these issues are being gradually solved with technological progress. The construction of knowledge in virtual space involves hyperlinks between different types and aspects of information, which is, in essence, groups of data. Within this general framework, a model in virtual space illustrates the concept of the museum as an interactive, recurrently re-interpretive, and experimental experience. The aim here is to form a platform of knowledge building through the collaboration of multiple authorities with different backgrounds and a variety of interests. In order to achieve this aim, the initial stage of operation is forming a web-based information system. Information System The deficiencies and drawbacks of information systems currently used in the field of cultural heritage are related to the establishment of databases for archaeological sites using collection methods other than in situ preservation. Currently, there is no information system satisfying the needs of this data collection methodology. Furthermore, the analysis and visualization of the collected data through a collaborative method necessitated an online system of data storage and sharing. The idea was then to propose an information system for underwater cultural heritage, which aimed notably to avoid the difficulties mentioned before. By the help of three computer programmers, a tool was developed for the management of the data collected during the surveys conducted since 2007. Essentially an online database for systemic data collection, description, and interpretation, the system currently contains information on approximately 600 finds through sketches, measurements, drawings, and photographic entries of individual finds, in addition to regional descriptions and observations made by divers. Combined with the GPS locations of sites and findspots, the result of integrating the database with Google Maps illustrates the distribution of �sites along the Kaş shoreline. The process of gathering and recording data for the Virtual Museum has been interactive and continually increasing. Figure 1. Screenshot from the information system showing the distribution map of the findspots (G. Varinlioglu based on Google Maps) Field Studies The field surveys were preceded by the introductory training of the divers on the survey and documentation methodology to be followed. After this brief introduction, divers from a variety of disciplines were assigned various tasks in order to fill datasheets, test the database, and collect visual data. These field surveys were followed by primary data analysis. This was the first interaction between divers and archaeologists. As a result of this evaluation, datasheets and database were modified according to user needs. Following the data produced by field surveys, the information system was designed and developed. As a result of the comprehensive research on and study of available tools, financial and technological contingencies, the information system was selected to be used as a tool for the virtual museum implementation. With the participation of almost one hundred divers, the author and her team developed a data collection system for recording, preserving, sharing, presenting and analyzing the underwater cultural heritage in the coastal region of Kaş (Varinlioğlu 2011). Considering the costly nature of research on the sea and underwater, the project intends to rely on a team of divers using simple and standard tools for scanning the bottom profile and recording underwater features in datasheets. While using these data collection methods, the main concern was the in situ preservation. The constraints of in situ preservation without dislocating the material culture helped to develop optimized solutions to data collection methodology (UNESCO 2001). These constraints are considered as challenges for the design and realization of a unique archaeological survey all along Kaş coastal area. A Model of Virtual Museum As mentioned before, the virtual museum is not in place yet. However, basic methods necessary for the creation of the virtual museum are investigated as well as the methods that are followed and the examples that are created by online users working in collaboration. Thus, the users of this information system participated in the musealization of information through independently used open source analysis, �visualization and communication tools such as Gimp, QCAD, Picasa, Hugin, SketchUp etc. The first step in the data analysis is the definition of the sites and finds, the analysis of the collected data, the distribution maps of the finds and the statistical study of these maps. Figure 2 Panoramic view of a cargo site discovered during the surveys (G. Varinlioglu based on Hugin software) Once meaningful information is driven from these analyses using different software programs, the data was visualized. The drawings and 3D models were driven from the measurements and typological data. The images were created using digital darkroom that is processing and enhancing photographs through digital photo editing programs. In addition, photogrammetric, panoramic and photomosaic images were generated from of the photographs. The last step was the communication of data through geo-referenced maps. Figure 3 Solid modeling of an amphora (G. Varinlioglu based on Google SketchUp software and handdrawings ). Analysis of the systematically collected data is a necessity for further research in the field of archaeology. As analysis tools are not yet integrated to the system, the analysis is driven manually from the information system. The archaeological questions answering the distribution map of the findspots and of the find types, some statistical approaches to distribution maps and to dating of the artifacts, description of the sites, environment, and finds should have adequate query mechanisms. The comments of users showed that collected data should be displayed on the same page. As the system stores and displays all the collected data, there are inconsistencies between the measurements and observations of different users. Archaeological measurements have discrepancies related to the skills of divers measured objects and measurement tools. As separately stored entities, these ambiguities and inconsistencies should not be eliminated, but rather, a statistical mechanism should be integrated to standardize the data. Similarly, the visualizing of �the data should have some automated tools for producing drawings, for enhancing photographs, and for stitching images to create the photogrammetric representation of the sites and objects. The application of visualization tools to archaeological data is part of both analysis and exhibition of the artifacts. Initially the applications are implemented by computer-knowledgeable interested parties. Advances in experimenting with these tools show that archaeologists tend to replace the traditional conventions with new recording strategies. As the ease of use of adequate software programs is taken into account, these tools would be largely used not only for visualization but also for analysis and interpretation. Automated 3D tools, as well as panoramic and photomosaic, would enhance the level of interaction with the depicted objects. To date, there is no exhibition tool integrated to the information system. The Google Maps, listing tools, and preview images of the visual materials such as photographs, images, sketches, and drawings are used as the main navigation pattern in the information system. However, a variety of exhibition strategies should be added to the system, coupled with an interactive interface that will attract the attention of the users from different backgrounds. Conclusion The survey on the Kaş shoreline followed closely the principles of in situ preservation, which prohibits the dislocation of material culture. This constraint introduced challenges in designing and conducting an archaeological survey. Hence, it necessitated the development of optimized solutions for data collection, which led to the creation of a unique methodology. The survey relied on a team of recreational divers rather than archaeologists. For this reason, during the project, most of the developed techniques were quotable by different groups of divers. Keeping the methods simple helped to cover more nautical miles along the coast. The participation of recreational divers and the local people living in Kaş raised the awareness about cultural heritage. This will ensure the sustainability of the project for the preservation of the underwater cultural heritage. The information system discussed in this paper was the first web-based collaborative and open-content platform for raw data of nautical archaeology in Turkey. In this respect, it was a pioneering and unique project for local underwater cultural heritage preservation. Based on the analysis of the datasheets and later the database, this information system met the majority of the needs of archaeologists; hence the possibility of its use should be considered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (MoCT), which aims to put a regulation similar to the currently available information systems into practice. Thus, the archaeological data collected during the surveys can be used to prepare an official underwater archaeological repository of Turkey. Although the components of the information system were designed according to the material remains found in Turkey, with little modification it can be adapted to other remains of material culture in different countries. Users of this information system participated in the collaborative process by using a limited number of open source software programs that are not integrated to the information system. In visualizing the data, the emphasis was on photogrammetry because of its ease of use and availability. The 3D modeling was done at a basic level, as “blank” models. However, three-dimensional digital models are required in applications of inspection, navigation, object identification, visualization �and animation. In 3D modeling, photogrammetry has limited use. Therefore, in addition to reconstructions, archaeological documentation data and the photogrammetric depictions should be included in the system. The interactive user interface that will be designed in the future should include all these features. Further research will include these applications of advanced technology for modeling and immersion tools for an interactive user interface. Once a fully integrated system is created, the user analysis should be evaluated for the impact of the system on the users. Bibliography Bass, G., 2005 Burns, J. A., HABS, HAER & HALS 2004 CHIN, 2009 Forte, M., 1997 Foucault, M., 1998 ICOM, 2010 Kalay, Y. E., Kvan, T. & Affleck, J., 2008 Keay, S., 2005 NADL, 2006 NAS, 2008 Schweibenz, W., 2004 TAY, 1998 UNESCO, 2001 Varinlioglu, G., 2011 Beneath the seven seas: adventures with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Thames and Hudson, London. Recording Historic Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J. Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC), Canadian Heritage Information Network, viewed 24 March 2011, <http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca>. ”Introduction”, in Forte, M. & Siliotti, A. (eds.), Virtual Archaeology: Great Discoveries Brought to Life Through Virtual Reality, Thames and Hudson, London, pp. 9-13. ”Different Spaces“. Essential works of Foucault, 1954-1984. Penguin Books, London. Key Concepts of Museology, in Desvallées, A. & Mairesse, F. (eds.). Armand Colin ICOM International Committee for Museology. New heritage: new media and cultural heritage, Routledge, New York. Roman Amphorae: a digital resource, Archaeology Data Service (ADS), viewed 21 June 2010, <http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?amphora2005>. Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL), Texas A&M University, viewed 26 June 2010, <http://nadl.tamu.edu> Big Anchor Project, Nautical Archaeology Society, viewed 28 June 2010, < http://www.biganchorproject.com> ”The development of virtual museums“, Icom News, vol. 57, no.3, pp. 3. TAY Archaeological Settlements of Turkey, viewed 23 June 2010, <www.tayproject.org>. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, viewed 28 June 2010, <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001260/126065e.pdf> ”Data Collection for Virtual Museum on the Underwater Survey at Kaş“, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 40, pp. 182-188. �VENUS, 2006 VIZIN, 2003 Virtual Exploration of Underwater Sites, viewed 1 March 2011, <http://sudek.esil.univmed.fr/venus> The Institute for the Visualization of History, The Institute for the Visualization of History, viewed 30 June 2010, < http://www.vizin.org> � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recoding the Nautical Archaeology: Virtual Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Turkey Subject The topic of the resource Session 10 Technology and Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource The preservation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) requires availability and access to data produced by nautical archaeology alongside tools for analysis, visualization and communication. Although numerous archaeological surveys and excavations have been carried out in the past decades in Turkey, there is no publicly available information system integrated to nautical archaeology. This paper proposes a framework of a virtual museum of UCH. For the creation of this framework, a data collection methodology for underwater surveys has been formulated and a web based information system has been designed to store the collected data. This paper explores the methods of analysis, visualization and communication embedded in this online system towards the development of a virtual museum. Virtual museum (VM) incorporates the practices of collection, preservation, research, visualization and exhibit, thus offering new approaches to the preservation of cultural heritage. In this paper, a web-based information system has been developed for a model of a virtual museum using the data collected during underwater surveys conducted on the coastal region of Kas, Turkey in 2007- 2010. Divers from a variety of professional backgrounds followed the practice of in situ preservation. They collected visual, geographical and descriptive data using structured datasheets. Through the analysis of these non-destructive methods, an open-content information system is designed aiming the contribution of all interested parties in a collaborative manner. The system currently contains information on 22 sites in the form of sketches, measurements, drawings, photographs of finds. Combined with Google Maps, the database illustrates the initial technological steps towards the development of a virtual museum. Divers, archaeologists and other interested users of this information system participate in the musealization of information through separately applied analysis, visualization and communication tools by open software programs. These initial steps demonstrate the methods for the automation of data analysis and visual documentation, the visualization of information and the communication of this knowledge. Futuristic concepts of automated, immersive and interactive design redefine the virtual museum of UCH as well as offer different approaches to the discipline of nautical archaeology. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Guzden Varinlioglu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 10 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/9bba08e219f080e6008b5359073b6261.pdf 82a3b79e218b1cc1bbd2a0f31f7a5bac PDF Text Text Julie Mushynsky, Herman Tudela, Genevieve Cabrera, and Jennifer McKinnon (from Butler and De Fant 1991:6) Saipan (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands) has an extensive seascape history. The first group of people to populate the island, the Chamorro, possessed both the skills to build ocean-going watercraft and the knowledge of seafaring. For the first 2,000 years Chamorro communities lived exclusively in settlements at coastal sites and nearly every endeavour involved interaction with water. The sea was an important part of economic and social life and their main source of food came from catching pelagic, inshore fishes, crabs and clams by netting, spear fishing, and constructing fish traps. The sea also influenced village and settlement patterns set up on a hierarchical system where by coastal groups were of higher status. Chamorro people have also had a long history of contact with Carolinian people who sailed to and settled on Saipan in the 1800s. Carolinians have an extensive connection with the sea having their own traditions of seafaring and watercraft construction. Seascape approaches view the sea as connective rather than divisive and recognise the sea as part of forming social and cultural identity. Studying seascapes can help describe the relationship people have with the sea, how the sea influences culture and how it can be manipulated into a cultural space. Seascape studies have largely focussed on Indigenous interaction with water and the sea, in contrast to maritime cultural landscape studies which primarily focus on historical, Western heritage. Maritime cultural landscape studies investigate the combination of terrestrial and underwater heritage related to maritime activities. This approach erases the artificial boundary at the water’s edge to look at maritime culture in a more holistic way. This project borrows concepts and methods from both approaches to investigate the Indigenous maritime heritage of Saipan. If you were to break it down into western and local perspective you’d say oceans divide, but for us oceans unite. You say typhoons are devastations, yes it is devastation, but it’s also a blessing for us. Without those storms we wouldn’t get our fair shares of our [fish] runs, our oceans will not shift, provide us with our annual [fish] runs Herman Tudela - 2011 Communication and consultation between community members and archaeologists occurred at all stages of research. During fieldwork, Indigenous researchers identified sites significant to them and decided which sites should be archaeologically recorded. Collaboratively, sites were recorded, photographed and mapped. This joint effort allowed for sites of importance and value to the community to be clearly identified and their significance to be recorded. Many Chamorro and Carolinian people feel that their maritime heritage is being impacted by human and natural interference. Thus, the more oral stories and traditions that can be recorded for future generations to read, the better. The goal of this project is to work with the community of Saipan to record their heritage and explain their long standing relationship with the sea. Historical, ethnographic and archaeological data is being recorded to understand the maritime cultural landscape and seascape of Saipan. Two field seasons (2010 and 2011) have focussed on this effort and the results, although preliminary, demonstrate a longstanding and strong connection with the sea and varied related sites and material culture. Traditional Carolinian watercraft “Chumming device, fish and clavicle bone” rock paintings in Kalabera Cave References Cabrera, Genevieve S. 2005 Historic and Cultural Sites of the CNMI: The National Register Sites. The Division of Historic Preservation, Saipan. Russell, Scott 1998 Tiempon I Manmofo’na. Micronesia Archaeological Survey No.32, CNMI, Saipan. Butler, Brian M. and David G. De Fant 1991 Archaeological Survey on the Leeward Coast of Saipan: Garapan to Oleai. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report Number 27, Saipan. Navigational features in topography Many Chamorro feel that the more information pertaining to Indigenous culture that can be put down on paper for young people to read, the better Genevieve Cabrera - 2011 Maritime themed petroglyphs Tangible and intangible links of Indigenous relationships with the sea are demonstrated through a number of types of heritage including: fish traps, caves with rock art depicting maritime themes, canoe access points, ancient coastal latte sites, Indigenous fishing locations, oral traditions and a number of navigational features in the island’s topography. Researchers were able to establish continuity, demonstrating how the past seascape still manifests itself today in fishing practices, rituals and issues surrounding sea tenure. Possible fish weir in Laulau Bay Latte pillar at Unai Bapot Latte Site Sagua (channel/canoe track) in Laulau Bay “Netting site” � https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/bc7064d4e4fe2b664aa636e60d6ec177.jpg cde6e1cc1eb43b9e191146f5eeb10909 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 268 Height 237 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recording the Indigenous Maritime Cultural Landscape and Seascape in Saipan Description An account of the resource The goal of this project is to work with the community of Saipan to record their heritage and explain their long standing relationship with the sea. Historical, ethnographic and archaeological data is being recorded to understand the maritime cultural landscape and seascape of Saipan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Julie Mushynsky Herman Tudela Genevieve Cabrera Jennifer McKinnon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Poster Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Records of the Grand Historian Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sima Qian Burton Watson Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Renditions-Columbia University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Sima Qian Translator Burton Watson Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Edition Rev. ed. Number of Volumes 2 Place New York Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Renditions-Columbia University Press Title A name given to the resource Records of the Grand Historian China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/a87f2e86f9fd917bc87bc3be80372224.pdf ff2d174625828b66b640412bbbd12ed5 PDF Text Text Regional Identity and Local Variety: Plank Configurations in Lashed-lug Boatbuilding of Southeast Asia Ligaya Lacsina (University of the Philippines) Abhirada Pook Komoot (CSEAS, Kyoto University) ABSTRACT This short paper is suitable for session 6. It is written to report the result of the recent survey of the lashed-lug boatbuilding technology in the Southeast Asian region. In addition to desk-based assessments, investigations were undertaken at Khlong Thom in the south of Thailand, Chau Tan remains in central Vietnam, and Butuan in the south of the Philippines. This project aims to observe the variety of the lashed-lug boatbuilding to better understand meaningful, technical connections. Keywords: lashed-lug boatbuilding, Southeast Asia nautical knowledge, ship comparison List of Figures Figure 1. Distribution of archaeological ship remains in Southeast Asia (illustrated by Abhirada Komoot) Figure 2 Diagram of plank configurations: A) Khlong Thom, B) Punjulharjo, C) Chau Tan and D) Ban Khlong Yuan (illustrated by Abhirada Komoot) Figure 3 Diagram of Butuan boat remains, from top: (A) Butuan 1, (B) Butuan 5, (C) Butuan 2, (D) Butuan 4 (illustrated by Ligaya Lacsina). Figure 4. Conjectural lug-lashing of Butuan 2 and other exclusively doweled planks based on the Punjulharjo boat lashing example that crosses planks (illustrated by Ligaya Lacsina). List of Tables Table 1. Khlong Thom wood ID (UAD report 2019) Table 2. Punjulharjo wood ID (Abbas 2010; Nugroho 2010) Table 3. Ban Khlong Yuan wood ID (UAD report 2019) Table 4. Butuan 1 Wood ID (Lacsina 2016) Table 5. Butuan 5 Wood ID (Lacsina 2016) Table 6. Butuan 2 Wood ID (Lacsina 2016) Table 7. Butuan 2 Wood ID (Lacsina 2016) Table 8. Plank Configurations INTRODUCTION Lashed-lug construction is a distinctive nautical technology that facilitated Southeast Asian regional networks from the early 1st to the late 2nd millennium CE. It refers to a boatbuilding technique in which the planks were cleated with lugs and assembled by individual stitching and/or wooden dowels. The seams of stitches, if any, were only visible inboard. The remains of lashed-lug vessels are distributed over coastal areas linking mainland and island subregions (Figure 1). Yet, each of the vessels reflect the unique personality of the boatbuilders. This paper thus hopes to highlight the techno-cultural diversity and links to realise the complexity that shapes the way our region is today. Plank features are the most prominent attribute for understanding hull assemblage. The details of the keel plank designs are focused and have been previously noted (Lacsina and Mochtar 2019). Regarding plank fastenings, an earlier hypothesis by Adrian Horridge (1982, 1; 32–33; 56–58) posited that the oldest plank-built boats were held by stitching or sewing without the use of edge dowels. He based this on the assumption that dowel holes could not be produced without the aid of metal tools, though it must be noted when he wrote this, no plank boat remnants had been found that predate the use of metals in Southeast Asia. Pierre-Yves Manguin (1993; 2021) and Sean McGrail (2001) surmised that edge dowelling was incorporated to supplement stitching, leading to dowelling supplemented by stitching, until stitching was set aside entirely for exclusive dowel fastening. The reason for shifting to an exclusive reliance on dowelling is unclear, whether this was the result of technological or arbitrary choices. Our observations thus present a review of this aspect by sharing the results of a preliminary 1 �comparison of the fastening methods in several examples. It hopes to contribute to the growing dataset of lashed lug boats and lead to greater insights into their construction. REGIONAL VARIATION OF PLANK CONFIGURATIONS This section provides information gathered from existing research and field survey in Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. Eight examples of lashed-lug remains were selected for this comparison. They are classified into two main categories – those with no edge dowels present and those with edge dowels. The utilisation of dowels is divided into three distinct methods, stitched-dowelling, pinned-dowelling, and exclusive dowelling. Illustrative diagrams are produced to present a schematic configuration of the lashed-lug planking. It should be noted that they are based on approximate measurements and authors’ observations (Figures 2 and 3). No Edge Dowels Khlong Thom (KT) The remains studied in this paper are based on the report written by the Thai Underwater Archaeology Division (UAD) during the 2019 investigation (Piromrak 2019). The timber fragments were removed from the sandy-clay bed of Khlong Thom, near Kuan Luk Pad archaeological site in Krabi Province, Thailand. Khlong Thom is a waterway giving access to the inner land from the Andaman Sea. Figure 2A illustrates how the planks feature a narrow face of about 20 centimetres in width and a thickness of about three centimetres. Lugs are almost the same width but double in thickness. The total thickness of plank ranges from 9 to 12 centimetres, including lug. Lugs were made at about 40 centimetres gap without a link, except for the keel plank of which the centre was carved into a longitudinal, narrow ridge linking with the rectangular ones. On the moulding face of the central ridge, there is an oval-shaped hole. The rectangular shape lugs have a pair of square holes diagonally chiselled near the upper edge. This differs from the lugs on the keel plank with round holes. The row of lugs seems to be carved off-centre. The base of the lug is longer than the plank on one side, suggesting a locking function. On either side of the lugs are a pair of rounded, L-shaped holes, not visible outboard. The cordage remaining in the holes indicates that planks were secured by stitching with a cross and 2 �Figure 1. Distribution of archaeological ship remains in Southeast Asia (illustrated by Abhirada Komoot). wrap pattern. A small wedge was hammered in to ensure the knots were tight. No indication of dowels are seen throughout. Between lugs, the remaining stitching exhibits cordage with a delicate braiding technique tightened by a piece of wedge. Table 1. Khlong Thom wood ID (UAD report 2019) Samples Descriptions 1 Wooden wedge 2 Caulking/ luting 3 Plank Species Mesua ferrea L. Payena acuminate (Blume) Pierre Hopea sp. With Edge Dowels and Stitches Punjulharjo The Punjulharjo boat is located on the northern coast of Rembang District, Central Java. It was accidentally discovered by local villagers during the rehabilitation of the salterns and was investigated archaeologically between 2008 and 2009 by the Yogyakarta Archaeological Center. An open building was built in place with an elevated floor to house the wooden remains after Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) impregnation treatment was done. A comprehensive diagram of plank configuration is drawn following the measurement conducted by Agni Mochtar (2018). Figure 2B demonstrates the hull of the Punjulharjo was assembled mainly by edge dowels and stitching. Tenon and mortise joints also appear in the mix. Mochtar (2018) reports that the keel plank is 15.6 metres long and has a maximum width of 56 centimetres. It was tapered on both 3 �Figure 2. Diagram of approximate plank configurations of: A) Khlong Thom, B) Punjulharjo, C) Chau Tan and D) Ban Khlong Yuan (illustrated by Abhirada Komoot). 4 �ends to receive wing-ends. The lugs are mostly flat and rectangular. The largest lug size is 40 by 25 centimetres at midship. Pairs of the rounded holes appear on lugs and next to lugs. On the edge, there are dowelling holes with uneven intervals. There are sets of several dowelling holes (3-4 holes) alternating with two pairs of stitching holes. There is no report on the length of dowels or dowel holes. For the purpose of this paper, the Punjulharjo’s dowel holes in Figure 2C are based on the finding in CT and BKY, but remain conjectural. Notably, the documented construction of the Punjulharjo boat depicts the lug-lashing that secured frames, stringers, beams, and other parts also fastened two adjacent planks to one another, supplementing the stitching and dowelling (see Manguin 2019, Figure 7a and 7c; Mochtar 2018, Figure 5-10). Table 2. Punjulharjo wood ID (Abbas 2010; Nugroho 2010) Samples 1 2 3 Descriptions Wooden dowels Plank Stringer Species Melaleuca leucadendron Palaquium gutta Scorodocarpus borneensis Chau Tan (CT) The Chau Tan ship remains were found by local fishermen off the coast of Quang Ngai, Central Vietnam. The remains were discovered by accident during a fishing activity in 2011 and are now kept in a shed at the house of a local collector, Mr. Lam. There is no scientific documentation of the original context of the site. A team of Japanese researchers processed post-salvage documentation of the recovered timbers and published their findings in 2017 and 2018 reports (Noriko et al. 2017). The reports reveal the ship date to be between 663 and 715 CE. This paper adds to existing information based on the authors’ survey in January 2023. The Chau Tan planks are relatively large, as seen in Figure 2C, and long. The keel plank measures 41 centimetres at the maximum width and about 22 metres in length. The width of the lugs is almost the same as the plank width, although the size of the lugs was carved with tapering ends. All holes are round and about 2.5 to 3 centimetres in diameter. The lug interval is about 40 centimetres, except for the midsection, where the break is about 150 centimetres. Lugs on the keel plank were connected to a narrow ridge of 14 centimetres maximum width. A pair of through holes are on the ridge at the interval of lugs. The fastening technique of the Chau Tan boat is stitching and dowelling. A pair of stitching holes appear on the sides of lugs, alternating with a row of dowels. Ban Khlong Yuan (BKY) Ban Khlong Yuan is located east of the peninsula, facing the Gulf of Thailand. It is under the administration of Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province. The boat remains were found buried in the terrestrial area, away from the sea. There are 84 pieces of boat remains that were recovered by the landowners during the reservoir construction in 2002. They are now transferred to the UAD office in Chantaburi for further analysis. The ship was reported with an approximate dating between 768 and 890 Cal CE (Rahotan 2019). The diagram (Figure 2D) shows that the broadest part of the keel plank measures about 30 centimetres. Lug thickness is about 2 centimetres, while the overall thickness of the plank is about 5-6 centimetres. Lugs were carved along the length with regular intervals of about 35 centimetres and linked by a 10centimetre wide ridge in the middle. Ligature and dowelling holes are round and about 1.5-2 centimetres in diameter. A pair of ligature holes present next to lugs alternating with rows of dowelling holes. Some dowels are still intact in the holes. 5 �Table 3. Ban Khlong Yuan wood ID (UAD report 2019) Samples 1 2 Descriptions Wooden dowels Plank Species Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. Hopea sp. Pinned-dowelling Butuan 1 The Butuan boat 1 was the first of several lashed-lug boats found in Butuan City, north-eastern Mindanao, Philippines. It was discovered by salvagers in 1976. A site museum was constructed to house Butuan Boat 1 in 1980, where it remains to this day. A report states that the wood received Wolmanized treatment, a pressure treatment used for commercial lumber. The lugs of Butuan 1 are unique in known lashed lug boats to date. Figure 3A illustrates that they have three pairs of L-shaped lashing holes on relatively wide lugs. On the keel plank are also three pairs of lashing holes but on three sets of lugs. Plank fastening was by dowels, with roughly every alternate dowel locked in place with a wooden pin. The boat remains were measured at a maximum of 10.2 meters in length. The longest piece is the keel plank at 9.74 meters. Table 4. Butuan 1 Wood ID (Lacsina 2016) Samples Descriptions 1 Wooden dowel 2 Plank 3 Wing end Species Vatica sp. Petersianthus quadrielatus, Shorea sp., Vatica sp. Shorea sp. Butuan 5 Butuan 5 was first unearthed in 1985, and then recovered in 1986 as part of a regional training course on archaeological conservation organised by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN 1986). The final ASEAN report describes Boat 5 timbers as being so fragile that they could not be lifted in one piece. They were cut into fragments, which were reportedly labelled and soaked in a tank of fresh water in Butuan until PEG could be acquired. Unfortunately, when researchers visited to examine Boat 5’s timbers, they found the water had dried and the wood was warped and dissociated from their labels. Boat 5 also seems to have unique features, particularly in the lashing holes on the lugs, which run through the breadth of the lugs (Figure 3B). Its keel plank is also unique in that it does not have individual lugs, only a continuous ridge that runs the length of the keel plank through which lashing holes are also bored breadthwise. The hull parts are badly degraded and warped. When Butuan 5 was excavated, the remains measured 11.5 metres in length, the same as its keel plank. It was found with eight strakes on one side and seven strakes on the other. Like Butuan 1, some of Butuan 5’s dowels are locked with wooden pins driven from the inboard of the plank. Table 5. Butuan 5 wood ID (Lacsina 2016) Samples Descriptions 1 All hull parts 2 Frames 3 Wing ends 4 Dowel Species Pistacia chinensis Dimocarpus sp., Vitex parviflora Pterocarpus indicus Dimocarpus sp. Exclusive Dowelling Butuan 2 The Butuan 2 remains were found by pot hunters in 1977, several months after Butuan 1 was unearthed. The excavation was carried out by the National Museum of the Philippines in 1977. Butuan 2 was found 6 �Figure 3. Diagram of approximate plank configurations of: (A) Butuan 1, (B) Butuan 5, (C) Butuan 2, (D) Butuan 4 (illustrated by Ligaya Lacsina). within several metres of Boats 4 and 9, and reportedly Boat 3, though this has yet to be confirmed. It is currently in storage at the National Museum in Manila, where it was previously on display before the gallery that contained it was dismantled. The planks of Butuan 2 only show evidence of dowelling and no apparent locking feature to keep the planks from separating. Lacsina (2016, 208) has suggested that lashed lugs, as they were applied in the Punjulharjo Boat, might have also been used here to compress planks together, though this cannot be 7 �Figure 4. Conjectural lug-lashing of Butuan 2 and other exclusively doweled planks based on the Punjulharjo boat lashing example that crosses planks (illustrated by Ligaya Lacsina). confirmed due to limited evidence of ligatures in Butuan. The keel plank is the longest piece and measures 11.3 metres. It has two sets of lugs and two pairs of L-shaped holes (Figure 3C). Individual lugs on the planks also have two sets of L-shaped holes. Table 6. Wood ID of Butuan 2 (Lacsina 2016) Samples Descriptions 1 All hull parts 2 Wing ends Species Hopea sp. Pterocarpus indicus Butuan 4 Butuan 4 was found several meters from Butuan 2. A looter’s pit was extended by archaeologists in 2012 to find the remains of this Boat, half of which appear to be missing; the keel plank is sawn cleanly at this point. So far, the planks of Butuan 4 appear to only use dowels. There are two pairs of L-shaped lashing holes on the individual lugs. The keel plank lugs are connected by a continuous ridge running the length of it Figure 3D. Table 7. Wood ID of Butuan 4 Samples Descriptions 1 All hull parts Species Vatica sp. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION While its prominent feature is the protruding lug on the inboard planks, arranged in traversal rows for fitting and locking frames, our investigation conducts a comprehensive review of the characteristics of plank modification and assembling methods in several examples in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In closely observing lashed-lug boat remains of the currently documented examples, the result demonstrates a variety of planking techniques and configurations (Table 8). Keel plank configurations are notable as they are generally carved in different designs than the other planks (Lacsina and Mochtar 2019). The most common variation is an individual lug joined by a raised ridge. The greatest variation can be seen in the Butuan assemblage which include two and three sets of lugs, a raised edge with no lugs, and the aforementioned lugs joined by a ridge. No raised ridge is presented in the Punjulharjo’s keel plank. The size of keel planks range between 20 and nearly 40 centimetres. As presented, the Butuan boats’ planks and lugs are narrower compared to others. The keel 8 �plank on the KT is also narrow but lugs were uniquely carved to lock with adjacent planks. All holes were predrilled and mostly round, except for the KT remains. Lashing holes on the KT lugs feature square but ligature holes for stitching on the planks, are round. Lugs were transversely aligned to fasten the full frames. Manguin (2021) provides a technical proposition that lug lashing on frames, the increased edge dowels and pinning could be a compensation for plank stitching that disappeared completely from the lashed-lug vessels at the beginning of the 2nd millennium CE. Figure 4 presents a hypothetical illustration of the lug lashing based on a key surviving example. The evidence from the Punjularjo boat reveals cross-plank lashing, in contrast to ethnographic examples that show lug-lashing is isolated to individual lugs and planks (Horridge 1982, 15, 16). This fastening technique is believed to have assisted to strengthen the hull and would provide especially significant reinforcement to exclusively dowelled vessels. This paper also found that the lashed-lug vessels had the most configurative variation during the late 1st millennium CE. Exclusive stitching was used in the 1st century (KT), even as dowels were used to supplement stitching in other vessels (Manguin, 2019). An increased use of dowels as a main fastening occurred toward the second half of the 1st millennium. The use of dowelling appeared in the CT and Pubjulharjo in the 8th century and the BKY of the 9th century. Only the boats found in Butuan did not have stitching, only dowelling throughout the 8th and 10th centuries. This finding brings a question of regional variation: what could be a driving force for these differences? More inclusive approach to consider materials (i.e., type of wood) and plank modification (i.e., different lug shapes and size of plank) is necessary. The variations observed here need further study to learn about the technical performance and effectiveness of each. A closer observation of the elements of hull construction, scrutinising their characteristics for previously unnoticed qualities and, if possible, understanding the efficiency of each fastening technique should follow. In the future, it is hoped to better understand how the technical variety contributes to the understanding of technological development. Table 8. Plank Configurations Dates Sites Central ridge on keel plank 85-229 CE Khlong Thom Vertical ridge, standing up right Lugs/ligature holes Ligature holes on planks Narrow/square and Round round 660-780 CE Punjulharjo No ridge Round 663-715 CE Chau Tan Flat with 2 lashing Broad/round holes on every interval Round 715-940 CE Butuan 2 No. 2 sets of lugs Round - 768-890 CE Ban Khlong Yuan Flat with no lashing holes Broad/round Round 775-973 CE Butuan 4 777-971 CE Butuan 5 777-988 CE Butuan 1 Yes, with Round individual lugs Yes, no individual Round lugs No. 3 sets of lugs Round Round - 9 Plank assembling Special features 2 pairs of stitching holes and wedgedstitching 2 pairs of stitching holes alternated by a row of dowels 2 pairs of stitching holes alternated by a row of dowels Exclusively dowelled -Locking lugs - visible wedges Tenon and mortise 2 pairs of stitching holes alternated by a row of dowels Exclusively dowelled Pinneddowelling Pinneddowelling - Tenon and mortise (wing end) - - �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere gratitude is extended to Suvarnabhumi Studies Center under the auspices of the Thai Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation for funding this project. Our partners at the National Museum of the Philippines, and local authority in Vietnam and Indonesia are appreciated for their assistance. BIBLIOGRAPGHY ASEAN. Report on the third intra-ASEAN Archaeological Excavation and Conservation Butuan City, Philippines 16 November–10 December 1986. Manila: ASEAN, 1986. Horridge, Adrian. The lashed-lug boat of the eastern archipelagoes, the Alcina MS and the Lomblen whaling boats. Maritime Monographs and Reports. Greenwich: Trustees of the National Maritime Museum, 1982 Lacsina, Ligaya. "Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques." PhD diss., Flinders University, School of Humanities and Creative Arts, 2016. Lacsina, Ligaya, and Agni Sesaria Mochtar. ‘The Lashed-Lug Tradition Beyond the Commonalities: A Closer Examination of Variations in Keel Design within Southeast Asian Shipbuilding Tradition’. In Advancing Southeast Asian Archaeology 2019: Selected Papers from the Second SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology, Bangkok, Thailand 2019, edited by Noel Hidalgo Tan. Seameo-Spafa, 2020.https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafapub/issue/ view/136. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Trading ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding techniques and their role in the history of the development of Asian trade networks.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 36, no.3 (1993): 253–280. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. Sewn Boats of Southeast Asia: The Stitched-Plank and Lashed-Lug Tradition. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 48(2), 2019, 400-415. doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12367 Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “The assembly of hulls in Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions: from lashings to treenails”, in Giulia Boetto, Patrice Pomey & Pierre Poveda (Eds), Open Sea / Closed Sea: Local and Inter-Regional Traditions in Shipbuilding (Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Marseille 2018, ISBSA 15), Archaeonautica, 21, 2021, pp. 135–138. Mcgrail, Sean. Boats of the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Mochtar, Agni Sesaria. "The Seventh-Century Punjulharjo Boat from Indonesia: A study of the early Southeast Asian lashedlug boatbuilding tradition." PhD diss., Flinders University, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2018. Noriko, Nishino, Toru Aoyama, Jun Kimura, Nokami Takenori, and Le Thi Lien. Nishimura Masanari’s Study of the Earliest Known Shipwreck Found in Vietnam. Asian Review of World Histories, 5, no. 2 (2017): 106-122. Piromrak, Napat. Report on the Survey of Lashed-Lug Remians in Khlong Thom Tai Subdistrict, Khlong Thom District, Krabi Province 2019, Research Unit, Underwater Archaeology Division, Fine Arts Department, 2019 (in Thai and unpublished). Rahotan, Wongsakorn. Preliminary Report on the Survey of Lashed-Lug Remains in Ban Klong Yuan, Surathani Province 2019, Research Unit, Underwater Archaeology Division, Fine Arts Department, 2019, (in Thai and unpublished). 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 6: Lashed-lug boats: Emerging research from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 6 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regional Identity and Local Variety: Plank Configurations in Lashed-lug Boatbuilding of Southeast Asia Description An account of the resource This short paper is suitable for session 6. It is written to report the result of the recent survey of the lashed-lug boatbuilding technology in the Southeast Asian region. In addition to desk-based assessments, investigations were undertaken at Khlong Thom in the south of Thailand, Chau Tan remains in central Vietnam, and Butuan in the south of the Philippines. This project aims to observe the variety of the lashed-lug boatbuilding to better understand meaningful, technical connections. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ligaya Lacsina Abhirada Pook Komoot Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Lacsina, Ligaya and Abhirada Pook Komoot. 2023. “Regional identity and local variety: Plank Fastening Techniques in Lashed-lug Boatbuilding of Southeast Asia.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Ligaya Lacsina, Agni Mochtar, and Pierre-Yves Manguin. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1939 Asia-Pac Session 6 2023