40 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/23cb459153f3a69510e47bd7f7d3821b.pdf 5a7c81c64b13144c78287b3eabdb7d1b PDF Text Text Preservation and Management of Underwater Archaeological Resources: Role of Agency Sunny O. Ngirmang and Calvin T. Emesiochel Palau Bureau of Arts and Culture, Koror, Republic of Palau 96940 Email: bac_reg@palaunet.com Abstract Underwater archaeological resources within the Republic of Palau (henceforth referred to as the Republic) cover a wide array of types from famous World War II wrecks, to Yapese stone money disks which sank to the bottom of the sea during their transport, and to traditional sites - which includes but not limited to semi-submerged docks/piers, fish traps, burials, and a sunken city mentioned in traditional folklore. These resources are protected under the Cultural and Historical Preservation Act (henceforth referred to as Title 19) mandated by the Palau Bureau of Arts and Culture (henceforth referred to as the Bureau). More specifically, Chapter 3 of Title 19 known as the "Palau Lagoon Monument" is exclusively reserved for all submerged and semi-submerged foreign vessels located within the Republic’s territorial waters. Tour agencies play a proactive role in monitoring the health and condition of the wrecks, report new site locations, and notifies the Bureau of possible looting activities. A Geographic Information System database maintained by the Survey and Inventory/Archaeology Section within the Bureau keeps an inventory of underwater sites obtained from earlier works plus data from affiliated tour agencies. This paper will examine the current situation within the Bureau and its subdivisions particularly the Survey and Inventory/Archaeology Section. It will provide details of efforts, challenges and goals, and gaps pertaining to the preservation and management of underwater archaeological resources. In addition, present case studies where the "Palau Lagoon Monument" clause was enacted. Lastly, we will discuss the measures and other aides available within the Bureau aimed towards assisting the state government establish medium-term goals for preservation and management plus effective long-term objectives beneficial for their state in terms of underwater cultural resources. In addition, give an overview of the latest UCH training, sponsored by UNESCO, which was held in Palau and plans moving forward to increasing the advocacy of UCH in the Pacific Region, particularly Micronesia. Key words: Palau, WWII, Pacific, Micronesia, Yapese Stone Money Introduction Cultural heritage protection by means of public education is an effective medium for the positive awareness at local community level. In addition, it provides enough force for capacity building of key stakeholders or advocates and other leaders to set the stage for community level goals towards cultural resource management mechanisms. This will 1 �promote effective and sustainable resource management, training, public education and awareness, and advocacy that will instigate community based efforts and goals in preserving archaeological heritage sites. Cultural resource management will allocate the awareness of traditional cultural heritage that would embody sustainability and sensitivity towards cultural heritage. Underwater cultural heritage offer a vast selection of heritage wealth for the understanding and interpretation of our past. Underwater archaeology has yet to receive its much-needed recognition and appreciation within the Palauan community since the field is not fully popularized. This report examines the current situation within the Bureau of Arts and Culture (BAC) and its subdivisions particularly the Survey and Inventory/Archaeology Section of their efforts and goals pertaining to the management of underwater cultural resources. In addition, provide the outcome of the most recent Palau Underwater Archaeology Training in 2013. Palau Island Brief History, Geography and Geology The Palau Island is the westernmost archipelago in the Caroline chain approximately 7 degrees North of the equator, consisting of six island groups totaling more than five hundred high and low islands (only 16 of which are inhabited) including World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous mushroom shaped rock islands. The inhabited islands of Palau including from north to south is Kayangel, Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, Angaur and the Southwest Island groups. Most of the Islands are encompassed in a barrier reef that stretches for approximately 105 km except for the Southwest Islands. Palau lies on a subduction zone causing Babeldaob, the largest island, to submerge about a half millimeter per year. Consequently, it is hypothesized according to paleoenvironmental studies that the earlier colonization and settlement sites along the coast of Babeldaob are underwater (Dickinson and Stephen, 2007). More archaeological data is needed from other possible sites for examination and identification pending comparative analysis. The possibility to access other sites around Micronesia is needed for a further reexamination to cement together a proposed hypothesis of early settlement and exclude others. Role of Agency: Bureau of Arts and Culture The Bureau of Arts and Culture is a branch of the Palau National Government responsible for identifying, documenting, protecting, preserving and managing all 2 �cultural and historical resources within the Republic. First established in 1978, the Bureau of Arts and Culture - then called the Division of Cultural Affairs - and later renamed under the Executive Order No. 203 since 2001- is a Palau governmental entity under the Ministry of Community and Cultural Affairs, which mandates a framework for the adequate protection of archaeological sites and tangible cultural resources (Emesiochel, 2008: 4). Additionally, the Bureau implements Section 106 of the US National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The Bureau helps in the implementation of acceptable historic preservation laws in the 16 states of the Republic of Palau. The Bureau receives funds from the Palau National Government and the Historic Preservation Funds from the U.S. National Parks Service, Department of the Interior. The Bureau has nine staff members. It operates with the advice and assistance from the 16 members Palau Historical and Cultural Advisory Board, 16 members Society of Historians, and 5 members Technical and Professional Review Committee. The mission of the Bureau is to protect and preserve all the Republic’s cultural and historical resources to enhance, enrich, and foster the Palauan heritage now and into the future. To achieve this mission, the Bureau had four main goals: First, to preserve and foster cultural and historical resources for the benefit of Palauan people; second, to preserve and educate Palauan tradition that are threatened with extinction; third, to protect cultural and historical resources from destruction; and finally, to preserve culture and tradition in the face of inevitable increasing foreign contact and interaction. Historical and Cultural Preservation Act Title 19 PNC § 102. Created in 1974, the Palau Historic Preservation Act (PNC Title 19) is administered by the Bureau of Arts and Culture that is intended to serve as the official inventory of all those historical sites and tangible cultural properties, which are deemed of significance to the Palauan people and culture. Their significance makes them worth preserving, and protecting from destruction and impairment. The Palau Register is the legal instrument to ensure that registered properties or properties that may be eligible, threatened by public or private development will be subject to comment and review in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law. Title 19 PNC § 134: Each state reserves to itself the exclusive right and privilege of ownership and control over historical sites and tangible cultural property located on the lands and waters owned or controlled by the state. 3 �Section 134 allows the state government to create legislations for the protection of their UCH sites not limited to the foreign vessels located within their boundaries. The creation of the legislation is however at the discretion of the state. If the state does not have legislation in place, the state would comply with the procedures outlined in PNC Title19. Sites located underwater that may suffer potential damage or displacement during a development project are subject to and must comply with the rules, regulations, and provisions outlined in the PLM Act of PNC Title 19 through the project review process. Currently, all WWII wreck sites as well as the Yapese stone money disks on the shores of rock islands and the bottom of the sea plus other known or unknown submerged landscapes are not listed on the Palau Register of Historic Places. The BAC Survey and Inventory/Archaeology section has yet to perform a thorough underwater survey of the sites. Survey and Inventory/Archaeology The Survey and Inventory/Archaeology Section is the leading responsible body for the identification and inventory of all cultural and historical resources within the Republic. To carry out this responsibility, we have divided our survey into three phases: First, Babeldaob survey; second, rock island survey; then, underwater survey. The basis for determining and prioritizing our survey this way is based on economical, developmental, and policy factors, as well as a lack of staff, training and funding to do both surveys at the same time, especially Underwater Cultural Heritage that requires a more technical set of skills. The issue and plan of GIS in Palau and plan is to centralize a main information office that manages all data. Each relevant government agency should be interconnected to the Information office and have their own GIS program they manage and provide data to the central office. This will allow all agencies to share and upload files from different agencies. But due to lack of funding, only few government offices and NGOs are able to acquire a GIS program. Short-term Goals  Revisit identified underwater archaeological sites/resources for further analysis of site condition, assessment, and verification of information, and inventory  Identify immediate threat (deterioration, looting,) affecting underwater cultural resources 4 � Develop community and local state government interest and collaboration Long-term Goals  Method of conservation and preservation  Establish a database for underwater archaeological sites/resources  Create an underwater cultural resource management plan to be implemented at the state and national level  Continuous management, protection, and preservation of underwater cultural resources This section assist in public education in “disseminating information and educating the public through presentations and site visits, in order to foster awareness and importance of protecting, preserving, and conserving our cultural heritage that is our national identity for our future generations” (Emesiochel, 2008: 8). Palau Lagoon Monument 19 PNC § 306 It is hereby declared that it is a policy of the Republic to preserve foreverhistoric landmarks, structures, and other sites and objects of significance to the Republic of the Trust Territory situated within the jurisdiction of the Republic for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the Republic. All ships, other vessels and aircraft, and any and all parts and contents thereof, which formerly belonged to or were part of the armed forces or commercial fleet of Spain, Germany, Japan, and the United States or any other nation, which were sunk to or otherwise deposited on the bottom of the Palau Lagoon and its territorial waters, subject to applicable salvage laws, shall be and hereby are set apart as monuments which shall be collectively called the “Palau Lagoon Monument”. The administration, protection, and development of the monument shall be exercised under the direction of the President of the Republic or his duly authorized representatives. The strictness of this law, give us enough time to seek assistance and trainings to accomplish the survey and inventory of the underwater cultural heritage of Palau. In order to convict someone for violating the Palau Lagoon Monument, the government must prove that the individual (1) removes, appropriates, damages, or 5 �destroys (2) ships, other vessels or aircraft (or parts thereof), which formally belonged to the armed forces or commercial fleet of any nation and which are at the bottom of the Palau lagoon. Types/Categories of Underwater Cultural Resources The most notable types of UCH sites within the Republic are the WWII wrecks located mostly in the Rock Island Southern Lagoon (World Heritage Site – 2012). There are more than 60 WWII ship and aircraft (see Fig. 1 for sample aircraft) wreck sites in Palau (Bailey, 1991). The wrecks sites are popular tourists dive spots. Tourists who decide to dive the wrecks are educated on the types of ship, ship content, and their components. In the form of myths, locally known UHC sites and folklore for instance is the sunken City of Ngibtal. Fish trapping sites, stone docks/piers, underwater burial sites, and submerged landmarks (Olsudong et al., 1997 and 2000) are known UCH sites that are found in different parts of Palau – all are protected under Title19 PNC Chapter 1. Other known material that is not fully documented is the numerous Yapese stone money disks (Fig. 2) which sank to the bottom of the sea during their transport from Palau to Yap. Yapese islanders quarried these large stones or “megaliths” in Palau prior to European contact (Hazell and Scott, 2006: 12). During their oceanic voyage to Yap, which expanded several hundred kilometers, some vessels transporting the money disks capsized, leaving a trail of money disks from several trips on the ocean floor. It is not yet certain where exactly these money disks are located. There has yet to be a full documented, mapping, and surveyed report of the Yapese stone money disks under the waters of Palau. Recent work by Fitzpatrick (2008a, 2008b) in the management and protection of the quarry sites provides the opportunity for the local communities in Palau and Yap to take lead in the preservation of such sites. The proposed management plan covers sites located inland. Sites or money disks underwater are also given the same amount of attention and protection it deserve once the sites have been identified. Francis Toribiong, one of Palau’s local community leaders and a well-known scuba diver, has taken the lead in the advocacy and protection of UCH sites in the Republic. As part of public education and outreach projects, BAC in collaboration with PVA, the Belau National Museum, and local state government aims to promote community awareness 6 �of the types of underwater cultural heritage. From the shipwrecks to sunken city and to the Yapese megaliths, Palau aims to increase the fascination and value into the preservation and conservation of UCH sites. Fig. 1 (left)Jake Seaplane - History: A Japanese - Aichi E13A1-1 Navy Floatplane, built in 1941. The seaplane is a long range and high speed reconnaissance seaplane, 3-seat, single engine, twin float, 15 hr maximum endurance, range of 1,128 nautical miles. Primary role – bombing missions against land and shipping targets, air-sea rescues, staff transport and kamikaze sorties and destroyed in 1944. Today, the seaplane sits upright, mostly intact; artifacts around the site are radios, ammunition – small bomb inside cockpit to the right of the aft seat. Marine life surrounding the site consists of crocodile fish, Batfish, Octopus, Cuttlefish, whitecap Shrimp and Nudi branches. The marine life in surrounding shallow patch reef – Sponges, Staghorn Lettuce, Brain, and Table corals, small sea whips and colorful juvenile tropical fish. (Bailey, 1991; Emesiochel 2013 Palau Underwater Archaeological Training field notes) Fig. 2 (right)The site is Uet el Daob ma Uet el Chutem, a Yapese Quarry site on Orrak Island, Airai state. The Orrak Island site is undergoing UNESCO World Heritage nomination process as a Transboundary site with Mangyol Money Bank in Yap. (Scott M. Fitzpatrick, 2002, Airai, Palau) Tourism, location and accessibility Palau was the headquarters of the Japanese command in Micronesia and was heavily fortified by the Japanese in the years leading up to WWII in the Pacific. Malakal Harbor was a major forward supply base for Japanese shipping. On March 31, 1944 U.S. divebomber strikes from aircraft carriers Yorktown and Bunker Hill, of Carrier Task Force 58 destroyed over 50 warships and airplanes of the Japanese Imperial Forces, making Palau's western lagoon their final resting place (Bailey, 1991). Most of the wreck are located within a few minutes of Sam's Tours dive center and remain in excellent condition for diving. Each year in March, Sam Scott of Sam's Tours hosts Palau Wreck Week to mark the anniversary of the sinking of the Japanese fleet. WWII shipwreck sites are mainly located in Palau’s Southern Lagoon in Koror, the states of Peleliu and 7 �Angaur and other sites around the coast of Babeldaob. Most of Palau’s dive shops offer services, kayak, and dives to these WWII wrecks. Provided in the tour, the dive operator educates the tourist on basic information about the wreck. There are 10 popular wreck dive sites, which Sam’s Tour takes their clients for diving. Accessibility to the sites is not restricted; tour operators can freely access the wreck for photo taking, kayak, and other recreational activities. Most of the Palau tour agencies with the assistance of Palau Visitors Authority (PVA) promote eco-tourism and eco-heritage. Such promotion provides incentive to state legislatures to create or strengthen exciting laws pertaining to UCH sites within their boundaries. Current legislation, Preservation and Management of Underwater cultural resources Aside from PLM, local conservation legislations and regulations pertaining to the protection and management of UCH sites are minimal. The permit or MOA is administered by the office of the President for the stipulations of the management and treatment of UCH sites are only created in the event such salvage and research arises. With the exception of PNC 19 and PLM, the Protected Areas Network Act (PAN) and the Micronesia Challenge established in 2007 aims to protect not only terrestrial area up to 20% but also includes a 30% of marine areas where possible UCH sites are located. Since there is not a definite line where the 30% occupies, it would be logical to deduce that such percentage would be broken accordingly to where high concentrations of UCH sites are found. Included in the 30% there should be space reserved for the protection and preservation of high marine biodiversity areas. To be protected under PAN, local state government has to endorse the PAN Act and agree to the stipulations and guidelines under the Act to ensure full resource safeguarding. In turn, the sites designated by the states as PAN sites are eligible for funding and other opportunities for the effective management of the sites. Local state governments take full responsibility in the protection of the UCH sites located within their municipal boundaries. Such legislation, rules and regulations must address the proper protection, monitoring, and research around the areas. Special cases such as the salvage of a particular vessel or parts thereof will be under the unified consensus and understanding between the 8 �foreign entity, the state government, and the President with the cooperation and guidance from the BAC office. “Public involvement and interest in the underwater cultural heritage is at an all-time high, but, paradoxically, one of the major problems as regards marine-zone development and the historic environment remain that of convincing the government and the general public alike to consider cultural heritage within environmental impact assessments, and to see the protection of cultural heritage as not only a moral, social imperative but also as an economic one” (Flatman, 2009). UCH conservation is relatively new. Nevertheless, Palau is willing to take part in any capacity building opportunities for training to effectively manage underwater heritage. This will provide a foundational guidance to the local stakeholders and state government the necessary tools to build their conservation program to include the proper management of their known (and unknown) UCH sites. Threats The ever changing climatic changes, erosion, and looting are potential yet inevitable threats to marine cultural heritage. Climate change is a slow inevitable threat to semisubmerged sites and other coastal properties as it continues to change the physical characteristics of the area. This either alters the features or displaces them from the site. Unexploded Remnants of War (ERW) that leaks out picric acid, oil, and maybe other harmful elements are increasing threats to the livelihood of wreck divers and local community, environment as well as the heritage itself. There is an ongoing project at the famous Helmet Wreck dive site to remove fused depth charges. There are no thorough survey of all the wrecks to understand the extent of EWR and its impact on marine life. Salvage of particular artifacts, relics, or components of a UCH site when exposed to the elements may oxidize, which damages the objects. This possibility will hinder any salvage attempts but will not impede any foreign entity to reclaim their objects. Available expertise and Current Trainings Currently, there are only two staff members within the Palau HPO with adequate training on maritime archaeology. With the assistance from UNESCO’s Participant Program, Palau through the Bureau of Arts and Culture was able to secure funding to 9 �perform a three-week training course on Underwater Cultural Heritage from November 18 to December 06, 2013. Through this training, we were able to achieve valuable lessons: i. Educate local partners the benefits of the UNESCO 2001 Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage ii. Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) training program a. Introduction to Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology b. Part 1, Certificate in Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology c. Part 2, Intermediate Certificate in Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology iii. Study Tours – Peleliu and Koror State Southern Lagoon World Heritage Sites iv. Development of a Palau Underwater Cultural Heritage Team (PUCHT) a. Recording and documentation of UCH in Palau Through the Underwater Archaeology Training program, Dr. William Jeffrey of Flinders University and his associate Luis Cabral from the Guam Department of Education were able to train and certify 10 Palauans and 1 American environmental graduate student from the University of Guam in UCH surveying, conservation and preservation techniques. The UCH training gained a great number of supports from the local state governments, environmental NGO’s in Palau, as well as the Palau National Congress. This amount of support from the Bureau of Arts and Culture partner agencies encourages the Bureau to seek more funding from UNESCO to do more UCH trainings beyond technical skills. More importantly, this would help toward the completion of the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) certificate training program of Part 3 and Part 4. This request came through the Bureau by the state government if there is a possibility to do more training in 2014. The success of the training will be shared during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage in Honolulu. It is hoped that more publicity could build solid networking and interest to bring in more training opportunities to Palau. Training outcomes included: i. Trained 10 Palauans who have worked together very effectively in conducting a 3Dimensional survey and two quick 2-D surveys of 3 underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites in Koror and Airai States. 10 �ii. Can now work together on future Palauan UCH projects in combination of further training. iii. Well recorded and documented the Jake Seaplane that with further research could be nominated for the Palau National Register of Historic Places or the US National Register of Historic Places. iv. The cohorts have the capacity to conduct surveys of all types of underwater cultural heritage (tangible and intangible). Conclusion In conclusion, we are a small island nation and still in the process of getting ourselves to improve our capacity building and awareness regarding our UCH. We are hoping that the participants who just finished the UCH training will help the agency on both human resource and public awareness. We are also looking forward to seek any other sources to expand the capacity and awareness to the states so we can assist both working side by side to enhance the protection and preservation of our underwater cultural heritage. Acknowledgement We would like to take this opportunity and to extend our deep appreciation to the organizer of the conference that gave us the opportunity to participate and share the Role of the Agency regarding UCH heritage in the Republic of Palau. We would like to also thank all the participants for their contribution and experiences that will help paved us our way to improve and enhance our approach to our heritage. References Bailey, D. E., 1991 WWII Wrecks of Palau. California: North Valley Diver Publications, California. Dickinson, W. R., and Stephen, A. J., 2007. Holocene Paleoshoreline and Paleoenvironmental History of Palau: Implications for Human Settlement. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, Vol. 2 (2): 175-196. Emesiochel, C. T., 2008. Palau County Report: Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection: Research, Analysis and Preservation of Archaeological Sites and Remains. ACCU Nara, Japan. 11 �Fitzpatrick, S. M., 2008a. Maritime interregional interaction in Micronesia: Deciphering multi-group contacts and exchange systems through time. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Vol. 27: 131-147. Fitzpatrick, S. M., 2008b. Preservation and Management for Yapese Stone Money sites in Palau and Yap, Palau HPO. Palau. Flatman, J., 2009. Editorial. Conserving Marine Cultural Heritage: Threats, Risks, and Future Priorities. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, Vol. (11) 1: 58. Hazell, L. C., and Scott, M. F., 2006. The maritime transport of prehistoric megaliths in Micronesia. Archaeology Oceania, Vol. 41: 12-24. Olsudong, R., Calvin T. E., and Errolflynn, T. K., 1997. Draft: Inventory of Cultural Sites and Oral History in Melekeok and Irai, Bureau of Arts and Culture, Palau. Olsudong, R., Calvin, T. E., and Errolflynn, T., K., 2000. Palau Bureau of Arts and Culture, Draft: Inventory of Cultural and Historical Sites and Oral History in Ngarrard State, Vol. I: Inventory of Cultural and Historical sites, Bureau of Arts and Culture, Palau. Biography Sunny O. Ngirmang is currently the Director/HPO of the Bureau of Arts and Culture, also known as Palau Historic Preservation Office of the Ministry of Community and Cultural Affairs of the Palau National Government. Ever since in her post in the Bureau four years ago, she has attended several trainings, conferences, workshops and other activities related to managing, preserving and protecting historical and cultural heritage both in the state, national, regional and international level. She is passionate about cultural resource management of Palau’s tangible and intangible heritage. Calvin T. Emesiochel is currently the Deputy HPO of the Bureau of Arts and Culture, also known as Palau Historic Preservation Office of the Ministry of Community and Cultural Affairs of the Palau National Government. Emesiochel has over 12 years of extensive archaeological experience including extensive knowledge in GIS and Access database management, Section 106, surveying, and CRM. He is a certified PADI diver since 2002 with experience in underwater archaeological surveying techniques and also NAS Part 1 and Part 2 certified since 2006. He is passionate about the preservation and protection of the Palauan tangible and intangible heritage. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 4: Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 4 chair Akatsuki Takahashi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage. Underwater sites in Oceania span human history from the Stone Age to the Atomic Age. Due to the cultural richness of underwater heritage in the region and its complex history, the protection of these sites is of high importance for the region. Moreover, the potential for sustainable tourism in partnership with diving industry has been attracting a growing attention. The first UNESCO regional workshop on the Pacific underwater cultural heritage took place in December 2009 in Honiara, Solomon Islands. As possible steps towards building a capacity for managing UCH, participants at the workshop identified the following needs; systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites; exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites; and developing a training and education programme for managers. The papers presented by experts at the workshop were compiled, edited and published as "Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania" in 2010. Based on the recommendations made at the Honiara workshop, a Feasibility Study on Pacific Capacity Building Programme was prepared by Flinders University with UNESCO support. The Study recommends a possible capacity building programme to be hosted by the University of the South Pacific (USP) in Fiji. The launching of the Pacific Heritage Hub (PHH), a regional facility for knowledge management, capacity building and partnership building, at USP in 2013 presents an opportunity for the actual implementation of the capacity building programme. UNESCO is also exploring the possibility of organising regional and national consultations in the Pacific focusing on cultural policy development. The objectives of the session are to: • Enhance understanding of characteristics of UCH in the Pacific. • Identify priority actions. • Foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akatsuki Takahashi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Preservation and Management of Underwater Archaeological Resources: Role of Agency Description An account of the resource Underwater archaeological resources within the Republic of Palau (henceforth referred to as the Republic) cover a wide array of types from famous World War II wrecks, to Yapese stone money disks which sank to the bottom of the sea during their transport, and to traditional sites - which includes but not limited to semi-submerged docks/piers, fish traps, burials, and a sunken city mentioned in traditional folklore. These resources are protected under the Cultural and Historical Preservation Act (henceforth referred to as Title 19) mandated by the Palau Bureau of Arts and Culture (henceforth referred to as the Bureau). More specifically, Chapter 3 of Title 19 known as the "Palau Lagoon Monument" is exclusively reserved for all submerged and semi-submerged foreign vessels located within the Republic’s territorial waters. Tour agencies play a proactive role in monitoring the health and condition of the wrecks, report new site locations, and notifies the Bureau of possible looting activities. A Geographic Information System database maintained by the Survey and Inventory/Archaeology Section within the Bureau keeps an inventory of underwater sites obtained from earlier works plus data from affiliated tour agencies. This paper will examine the current situation within the Bureau and its subdivisions particularly the Survey and Inventory/Archaeology Section. It will provide details of efforts, challenges and goals, and gaps pertaining to the preservation and management of underwater archaeological resources. In addition, present case studies where the "Palau Lagoon Monument" clause was enacted. Lastly, we will discuss the measures and other aides available within the Bureau aimed towards assisting the state government establish medium-term goals for preservation and management plus effective long-term objectives beneficial for their state in terms of underwater cultural resources. In addition, give an overview of the latest UCH training, sponsored by UNESCO, which was held in Palau and plans moving forward to increasing the advocacy of UCH in the Pacific Region, particularly Micronesia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sunny O. Ngirmang Calvin T. Emesiochel, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/13/2014 Asia-Pac Session 4 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/e9501e89c86be4d23d22596ced86f864.pdf 161a636e91266705b1699c71225189bd PDF Text Text Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan: Legislation and Challenges Ching-Ching Kuo Ph.D. Student, Department of Environmental Biology and Fishery Science Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan kuomaster@gmail.com Chun-Pei Liao Ph.D. Student, Department of Environmental Biology and Fishery Science Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan a314172427a@hotmail.com Wen-Yan Chiau Dr. /Professor, Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan chiau0717@gmail.com Abstract The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted in 2001 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The convention acknowledges the importance of underwater cultural heritage as an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations, and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage. The responsibility of protecting and preserving the underwater cultural heritage therefore rests with all States (UNESCO, 2017.). By echoing the spirit of the above convention, the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) of Taiwan adopted the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act on November 24, 2015. The Act was promulgated by the President and was also put into force on 9 December 2015. The Law is in seven chapters with 44 articles. The chapters cover general provisions, attributed rights and international cooperation, activities involving underwater cultural heritage, in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage, excavation management in the sea, public education  Correspondent author. �and professional training, penalties, and supplementary provisions. This paper introduces the recent research projects of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan, illustrates the enactment process of the new law and highlights its main features. The paper concludes that it is essential to have further integration of management affairs, establishing national research institute, strengthening the international cooperation and the professional training, implementing related bylaws and mechanisms, and promoting public awareness, which also become daunting challenges faced by Taiwan as it marches toward the protection of its precious underwater cultural heritage. Key words: UCH, Taiwan, UNESCO Introduction Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) refers to all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical, or archaeological character, such as ruins, architecture, handicrafts, human remains, boats, aircrafts, environments having an archaeological character and natural environments. According to Article 3 of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act promulgated on December 9, 2015, “Underwater Cultural Heritage” means all traces of human existence having a historical, cultural, archaeological, artistic, or scientific character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously: (1) sites, structures, buildings, artifacts and human remains, together with their archaeological and natural context; (2) vessels, aircrafts, other vehicles or any part thereof, their cargo or other contents, together with their archaeological and natural context; and (3) objects of a prehistoric character. The UCH contains rich information related to cultures, history, geography and technology. A shipwreck, for instance, is testimony to trade and cultural dialogue between peoples. It also functions as a time capsule, providing a complete snapshot of the life on board at the time of sinking. Therefore, how to protect this common heritage of all mankind become the center of international concern. �Brief History of Legislation Since 2000, some scholars in Taiwan, Professor Wen-Yan Chiau (later served as legislator) with the National Taiwan Ocean University, have being concerned about the protection of UCH and have organized several international conferences. In 2005, Professor Chiau was commissioned by Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior to conduct a literature study on UCH in Dongsha (Pratas) Islands in the South China Sea. He concluded that at least 28 wrecks were clearly recorded. Over the past ten years, the UCH research projects made by the Academia Sinica and the National Sun Yat-sen University, under the authorization of the Ministry of Culture, discovered nearly 100 wrecks in the waters around Taiwan, including GUANG-BIN Warship that participated in the first SinoJapanese War and British S.S. BOKHARA were sunk in Penghu (Pescadores) Archipelagoes, British SOBRAON near Matsu Islands and the unknown “GREEN ISLAND No. I” in East Taiwan (Bureau of Cultural Heritage, 2014). These wrecks are as valuable as “NANHAI No. I” and “DANDONG No. I” of China and the important research projects in other countries. In the past, however, such precious UCH resources in Taiwan were not protected through a proper mechanism and were possibly destroyed by illegal and unappropriated underwater activities. Moreover, the important principles and spirit of the UNESCO UCH Convention have not yet been implemented in the domestic laws and the existing Cultural Heritage Preservation Act does not apply to the preservation, protection and management of UCH. Thus, there is an urgent need to formulate an exclusive law for Taiwan to preserve, protect and manage its rich and valuable UCH. In view of this, the Ministry of Culture drafted a specific law called the "Law on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage of the Republic of �China". After years of discussions, the draft of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act was finally proposed by the Executive Yuan (Cabinet) and submitted to the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) for discussion. The Draft was completed gradually through researches conducted by experts and scholars commissioned by the Ministry of Culture, expert meetings, national public hearings, and related legal operating procedures as well as the acquisition of public consensus (Ministry of Culture, 2015). In the Legislative Yuan, Legislator Wen-Yan Chiau and Legislator Pi-Han Chen also proposed the corresponding versions (Legislative Yuan, 2015). Since the 8th session of the Parliament had limited time for UCH discussions, Legislator Chiau consulted Professor Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu and some key officials with the Ministry of Culture and integrated three versions into one, which served as the basis of discussion upon the consent of the Committee. On November 9, 2015, the integrated version was reviewed by the Committee and submitted to the Legislative Yuan for determination. On November 24, 2015, the Legislative Yuan finally approved the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act through a three-reading procedure. The Act was promulgated by the President on December 9, 2015, becoming the first exclusive law regarding the preservation of UCH in Taiwan (Office of the President, R.O.C., 2015). The approval and implementation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act ensure the effective preservation, protection, and management of UCH in the waters around Taiwan under a specific and clear legislation. Principles and Main Contents Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act consists of seven chapters with 44 articles in total: Chapter One "General Provisions", �Chapter Two "Right Attribution and International Cooperation", Chapter Three " Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage ", Chapter Four " In-situ Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage", Chapter Five "Excavating Out Of The Water", Chapter Six "Penalty Provisions" and Chapter Seven "Supplementary Provisions". Main contents of the Act are summarized as follows (Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 2017). 1. Respect and response to the spirit of the UNESCO Convention The themes of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act are to preserve, protect and manage UCH, build the historical connection, and develop the characteristic of the maritime country in accordance with the spirit of the UNESCO Convention and other international agreements. In this regard, the Act includes the principles of the Convention in many articles with the hope to preserve and manage UCH in Taiwan like that operated in many parts of the world. For example, Article 4 of the Act reflects the spirit of the Convention and stipulates that “Any activity involving underwater cultural heritage should avoid unnecessary interference with human remains and historical sites” and that “UCH should not be commercially exploited.” 2. Carry out general survey and registry management Article 5 of the Act stipulates, “the competent authority shall undertake a general survey of underwater cultural heritage, or record and manage the files after conducting the investigation, research and review, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by this Act, on the reports from individuals or organizations that indicate a suspected underwater cultural heritage existed.” In addition, Article 6 also regulated that the competent authority shall fully set up case data for the investigation, �research, excavation, preservation, and restoration for underwater cultural heritage. The data shall be permanently preserved in accordance with the Archives Act and its relevant regulations. The survey of underwater cultural heritage is also stipulated in Article 9 of the Act：“Where an environmental impact assessment is required for an exploitation activity, or where a governmental agency and state-owned enterprise makes or ratifies a plan with respect to exploitation and utilization of a water area, it is required to conduct a prior investigation related to the existence of underwater cultural heritage or suspected underwater cultural heritage. A notification of the discovery shall submit to the competent authority if any.” 3. Establish a national institute for the preservation and research of UCH Referring to the foreign cases (e.g., Department of Underwater and Marine Archaeological Research, DRASSM, in Marseille, France), Article 7 of the Act stipulates that “the competent authority may designate a dedicated organization for the preservation and research of underwater cultural heritage to perform the investigation, research, excavation, restoration, education, promulgation, international cooperation, and other activities with respect to underwater cultural heritage.” For recruiting professionals to protect UCH in Taiwan, Article 11 of the Act also stipulates that “the competent authority shall educate and train the relevant professionals with respect to underwater cultural heritage in order to undertake the preservation of underwater cultural heritage.” The items, manners, procedures, examinations, evaluations, utilization, withdrawal, revocation, and other related affairs of the professionals will be further regulated by competent authorities after consulting related agencies. �4. Establish a Review Mechanism Regarding the administrative aspects, Article 8 of the Act expressly stipulates that the competent authority shall convene the review committee of underwater cultural heritage to review the following subjects: (1) applications for activities directed at underwater cultural heritage; (2) coordination with other authorities in charge of other affairs with respect to activities incidentally affecting underwater cultural heritage; (3) the recordation and management of underwater cultural heritage; (4) the zoning of underwater cultural heritage protection areas; (5) subject substantially relating to the preservation of underwater cultural heritage. 5. Report the discovery of cultural relics Pursuant to Article 13 of the Act, “anyone who discovers suspected underwater cultural heritage shall terminate any activity that has an influence on such heritage, maintain completeness of the site, and promptly report the discovery to the competent authority excepted that there is a need to prevent an urgent and severe danger or there is a substantial public interest at stake, such activity may not be terminated, and the discovery of such shall be reported to the competent authority.” After receiving the report referred to in the first paragraph, the competent authority may take the following measures: (1) restrict or terminate all or part of the activity which has an influence on the suspected underwater heritage in a specific water area; (2) undertake necessary investigation, research, and other related underwater operations; and (3) set up a temporary protection zone in the water area of the discovery site. Article 18 of the Act also stipulates that the citizen or the vessel master of the country, who discovers suspected underwater cultural heritage or activities directed at underwater cultural heritage in the �exclusive economic area or on the continental shelf of other states, shall promptly report such discovery or activity to the competent authority. The government of Taiwan may report such discovery or activity referred to in the preceding paragraph to the relevant states or international organizations. 6. Stipulate right attribution and international cooperation The right attribution and international cooperation are included in Chapter 2 of the Act. For instance, Article 15 of the Act stipulates that “any underwater cultural heritage discovered in the internal waters and territorial sea of the Republic of China, except for the state vessels and aircraft in which a foreign state declares an interest, shall belong to the Republic of China.” “The Republic of China, in the exercise of its sovereignty, has the exclusive jurisdiction to regulate, authorize, or approve activities directed at underwater cultural heritage in the internal waters and territorial sea of the Republic of China.” With a view to cooperating on the best methods of protecting the state vessels and aircraft prescribed, however, the competent authority, should inform the flag state and, if applicable, other states with a cultural, historical or archaeological link, with respect to the discovery of such identifiable state vessels and aircraft. Additionally, Article 21 of the Act stipulates that the ROC government may enter into bilateral, regional or other multilateral agreements or develop existing agreements with other states or international organizations, for the preservation, protection, and management of underwater cultural heritage. 7. Strictly regulate activities directed at UCH Article 22 of the Act stipulates that “activities directed at underwater cultural heritage shall not be undertaken unless an application with an �underwater cultural heritage activity plan is filed by a scholar, experts, or academic/professional scientific research institutions to the competent authority and approved thereby.” With the case of international cooperation, the Act further regulates that “foreigner(s) shall cooperate with domestic scientific research organizations or institutions to file such application.” Pursuant to Article 23 of the Act, those activities directed at UCH should be supervised by the competent authority; The competent authority shall also stipulate the regulations related to the UCH activities including the operational procedure, qualification of relevant operational personnel, method for in situ preservation, method for evacuated, preservation or protection method after excavation, and other matters related to the underwater cultural heritage activities should be complied with. Practically, this highlights the importance of bylaws of the Act. 8. In situ preservation and planning for UCH protected areas With echoing to the spirit of the Convention, Article 27 of the Act expressly stipulates that “the preservation in situ of UCH shall be the first option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage.” And, the proper means for in situ preservation may include recordation management, protection zone, or other proper preservation measures. When the review committees make a decision that it is necessary to designate a specific underwater cultural heritage protection zone, according to Article 28, the competent authority should consult with relevant authorities to designate and publicize an underwater cultural heritage protection zone within such water area to preserve the underwater heritage in situ. To allow the public engagement, Article 28 also regulated that the authority should hold a public hearing or explanation session inviting civilians or groups with an interest at stake to attend. �Article 30 of the Act regulates the content of the management and protection plan, which include the following: (1) basic data: location, measure of area, significance of the underwater cultural heritage, description and scope diagram of research; (2) range classification; (3) accountable authority distribution and reporting system (4) routine maintenance: preservation, maintenance and recordation of the environmental landscape; (5) emergency maintenance: prevention of natural or human damage and emergency disaster disposal; (6) education and promotion: production and exhibition of promotional material as well as education activities; (7) source of funding; (8) management plan of entrust; and (9) other matters related to management and protection. For well managing UCH, Article 31 of the Act regulates the activities that are prohibited within UCH protection zone, such as salvage of UCH, usage of explosives, trawling or anchoring, mining, installation of electric cables and pipelines, discarding waste water or hazardous substances, dredging and construction of ocean engineering. As for management and protection of the underwater cultural heritage and settling illegal matters, according to Article 32, the competent authority may request assistance from the Coast Guard Administration to help in the enforcement of the Act. 9. Regulate the conditions for UCH salvage In principle, the underwater cultural heritage shall not be excavated out of the water. Pursuant to Article 34, exceptions are only limited to the following situations: (1) the underwater cultural heritage related to historical status or recognition of the nation: (2) the absence of such underwater cultural heritage could be detrimental to a full understanding of human history; (3) the underwater cultural heritage is of substantial commercial value that cannot be protected without excavating it out of the water; (4) excavation is necessary for the investigation and research of �underwater cultural heritage; (5) the underwater cultural heritage cannot be sufficiently preserved, protected or managed without excavating it out of the water due to an emergency or the change of the existing environment; (6) other situations in which the competent authority deems necessary to excavate out of the water. While excavation to be undertaken, pursuant to Article 35 of the Act, the preservation and maintenance plan for UCH should be proposed at the same time, and in which “non-destructive technology and survey method shall be used preferentially.” In addition, the expertise of underwater archaeology, underwater operators, and preservative scientist shall jointly participate in the measure for the excavation or emergency disposal. 10. Stipulate strict penalties for protecting UCH Chapter 6 of the Act strictly stipulates the penalty provisions. As Article 37 regulates, for instance, any person who commits any of the following offenses shall be liable to imprisonment for up to five years, detention, and/or a fine of NT$200,000 to NT$10,000,000: theft of UCH with an intention to possess for his own or for a third person, damage of UCH within the protection zone or temporary protection zone, conveyance of UCH which belongs to the Republic of China out of the country, and undertaking UCH activities without prior approval of the competent authority. It is hope that the penalties can effectively stop the illegal activities which are harmful to the protection of UCH in this country. Challenges Ahead Over the past few decades, Taiwan has realized its richness of UCH through academic research and investigation, research projects commissioned by Ministry of Culture, findings by the local civil groups, fishermen or diving enthusiasts. However, these precious cultural relics �and artifacts were not protected properly due to the absence of related laws on the preservation of UCH in this country. Since the implementation of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act is still in its infancy, the protection of UCH is unavoidably encountering many challenges as follows (Chiau and Kuo, 2014). Dissemination and Implementation of bylaws The Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act is a fundamental law of Taiwan for the protection of UCH. In late 2016, the Ministry of Culture had already formulated some 9 bylaws for implementing the Act. They include the enforcement regulations on：UCH survey and management before development in the marine area, seabed and subsoil management, activities directed at UCH, UCH professionals training, promotion of public education on UCH, delineation and management of UCH protection zone, and incentives and subsidy on UCH research and protection. However, the challenges are to disseminate those concept of protecting UCH and smoothly implement those tasks among various stakeholders. Establishment of a national-level research institution Pursuant to Article 7 of the Act, the Ministry of Culture may appoint an institute responsible for UCH preservation, protection and management. It is believed that this national-level institute is able to best integrate various research resources, including technologies, professions and budgets. The DRASSM established in Marseille, France, for instance, is a national-level research institute with a history of more than 50 years. Having equipped with research vessels and many professionals, the Institute has been participating in various international UCH projects and has achieved abundant results with solid budgets and operations. In �2009, the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage was established in Korea to promote the country’s maritime culture and exchange research results with other international research institutions or museums. These institutes are all worth referring to as Taiwan establishing its own one. Enhancing technologies and professionals training The technologies such as side scan sonar, multibeam depth sounding system, sub-bottom profiler and magnetometer have been applied in UCH survey and research in Taiwan (Liu, 2010). However, there is a necessity for developing and/or enhancing new technologies especially for those UCH buried in shallow waters, lagoons, estuaries and river bed. On the other hand, it is in short of UCH professionals in Taiwan. Over the past ten years, although several training workshops for underwater archaeology have been held in Taiwan, few trainees are willing to engage in underwater archaeology due to limited job opportunities. After the Act is promulgated, the demand for professionals will definitely increase. The Ministry of Culture should be keen to training and employment of UCH professionals, especially their appropriate and stable job opportunities. The Ministry should also have professionals recruited in its subordinated agencies and even engage the international professional certification in order to provide appropriate and safe jobs for UCH professionals. Strengthening international exchange and cooperation Pursuant to Article 19 of the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage promulgated, the UNESCO urges the international cooperation and information sharing regarding the protection of UCH. As mentioned above, the research, protection and management of UCH is still in its infancy in Taiwan. As a cultural entity and a responsible country, �there is essential to learn from and/or work with other countries for better managing the common heritage for all mankind. Raising the public awareness on UCH protection With the development of underwater technologies and diving techniques, it is easy to dive into the deep sea, resulting in more opportunities of discovery, collection and destruction of UCH. However, different from treasury hunting, the concept of preservation of UCH must promote through the nation-wide education and propaganda to raise the public awareness of the protection of UCH. Firstly, the government may include UCH concepts in the textbooks for the public schools and encourage universities to establish related departments on UCH research. Secondly, many countries establish maritime museums and marine parks to encourage the public to engage in cultural tourism. For example, underwater museum in Alexandria, Egypt, Mary Rose in the UK, Baiheliang Underwater Museum in China, Underwater Archaeological Park in Finland and Dalarö Blue Park in Sweden showcase the creativity by combining nature and cultures. These examples are all worth referring to for raising the public awareness on UCH. In the aspect of social education, the educational promotion for diving enthusiasts is especially important in this case. Improving integration among related government agencies The management of UCH involves many aspects, including investigation, research, excavation, repair, education, promotion, supervision, enforcement, international cooperation and other related activities. Many government departments and agencies may engage in the administrative procedures in Taiwan, including Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Education, Council of Agriculture, Coast Guard Administration, Ministry of the Interior, �Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry Communications and local governments. of Transportation and Related stakeholders and interested parties, such as fishermen, diving clubs, or recreation industries are also involved. In view of this, a better governance of UCH issues will rely on the close cross-department cooperation. And, integration among the related agencies is a must and represents a daunting challenge faced by Taiwan. Concluding Remarks Although Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act is promulgated, daunting challenges remain in the implementation of this brand new legal system. It is hope the government can facilitate the establishment of a national research institute of UCH, training programs for professionals and the public awareness of the protection of UCH. International cooperation and information sharing also deserve the priority. Reference Office of the President, R.O.C., 2015. Promulgation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, Gazette of the President Office, No. 7223, Taipei. Ministry of Culture, 2015. Legislative Yuan Approved the Draft of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act through a Threereading Procedure and Implemented the Legislation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan, http://www.moc.gov.tw (Retrieved on 16 January 2016). Bureau of Cultural Heritage, 2014. The Phase 3 Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Waters around Taiwan, Ministry of Culture, Taipei. Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 2017. Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, �http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=H0170102 (Retrieved on 14 July 2017). Legislative Yuan, 2015. The Report of the Education and Culture Committee on the Draft of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act proposed by Legislator Pi-Han Chen and other 27 Legislators and Legislator Wen-Yen Chiau and other 28 legislators respectively, Legislative Yuan Related Documents, Yuan-Tsung No. 1082, Government Proposal No. 15341, Legislator Proposal No. 17968 and No. 17668-1. Chiau, W.-Y. and Kuo, C.-C., 2014. Current development and challenges of underwater archaeology in Taiwan, presented at the International Workshop on Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Building-up the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, South China Sea Institute, Xiamen University. National Development Council, 2012. Golden Decade and the National Vision, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. Liu, C.-Y., 2010. Applications of Underwater Technology in Marine Archaeological Survey, presented at the 2010 Seed Talent Training Workshop on Underwater Archaeology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2017. Underwater Cultural Heritage, http://www.unesco.org/new/zh/culture/themes/underwater-culturalheritage/2001-convention/ (Retrieved on 14 July 2017). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 7: Underwater Cultural Heritage Politics, Laws, Ethics and Values Description An account of the resource All cultural materials are potentially cultural resources. However, because not all of them can be preserved or studied, choices must be made based on evaluation and re-evaluation. Values are learned and depend on cultural, intellectual, historical, and psychological frames of reference. Consequently, valuation is made individually, but is shared by communities. Valuation of underwater cultural heritage has, then, a broad range of determining value depending on the community to which it belongs. A clear example of this is the protection of human remains. The 2001 UNESCO Convention includes, in its definition of underwater cultural heritage, human remains which have been underwater for more than 100 years. However, the Christian philosophy on the treatment of human remains is different to that of Asian philosophy that teaches that human remains will never become underwater cultural heritage since, if they are seen by someone in an underwater site, it is imperative to rescue the human remains and bury them on land according to their beliefs. This session aims to create a forum for policymakers, managers, and archaeologists devoted to underwater cultural heritage where they can share their experiences of and research on the valuation of underwater cultural heritage. We aim to accept papers that help us to understand the definition of ‘underwater cultural heritage’ in the Asia-Pacific regions, comparing those definitions with the definition of the 2001 UNESCO Convention and trying to find a common interpretation. We will also be looking to examine the meaning of the underwater cultural heritage sites and objects for different communities. Finally, we will be expecting papers exploring the different possibilities of the use and/or conservation of this underwater cultural heritage according to the values and needs of the different communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elena Perez-Alvaro Licit Cultural Heritage Ltd., UK Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan: Legislation and Challenges Description An account of the resource The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted in 2001 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The convention acknowledges the importance of underwater cultural heritage as an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations, and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage. The responsibility of protecting and preserving the underwater cultural heritage therefore rests with all States (UNESCO, 2017.). By echoing the spirit of the above convention, the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) of Taiwan adopted the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act on November 24, 2015. The Act was promulgated by the President and was also put into force on 9 December 2015. The Law is in seven chapters with 44 articles. The chapters cover general provisions, attributed rights and international cooperation, activities involving underwater cultural heritage, in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage, excavation management in the sea, public education and professional training, penalties, and supplementary provisions. This paper introduces the recent research projects of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan, illustrates the enactment process of the new law and highlights its main features. The paper concludes that it is essential to have further integration of management affairs, establishing national research institute, strengthening the international cooperation and the professional training, implementing related bylaws and mechanisms, and promoting public awareness, which also become daunting challenges faced by Taiwan as it marches toward the protection of its precious underwater cultural heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ching-Ching Kuo Chun-Pei Liao Wen-Yan Chiau Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Ching-Ching Kuo Chun-Pei Liao Wen-Yan Chiau Asia-Pac Session 7 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f1bbfa91c33b182af4c141d94f514c34.pdf b8a309bc6facd2b653da75d3347e91f8 PDF Text Text PRIISMH project: A Case Study of Community Involvement and Museum Collaboration on Maritime Cultural Heritage around Rottnest Island (Perth, Western Australia) Nicolas Bigourdan Western Australian Museum Kevin Edwards Tempus Archaeology Abstract The Program for the Rottnest Island Interpretation of Shipwrecks and Maritime Heritage (PRIISMH) project is a community-based initiative conducted under the aegis of the Maritime Archaeology Association of Western Australia (MAAWA), in collaboration with the Western Australian Museum (WAM), the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA), Tempus Archaeology, and Shipwreck Data, with sponsorship provided by the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme (MMAPSS 20162017) from the Australian National Maritime Museum. The main objective of the PRIISMH project was to enhance the presentation of Rottnest Island maritime cultural heritage through the use of new and innovative forms of interpretation involving terrestrial and underwater 3D Photogrammetry as a key element in for public engagement. Specifically, the project was initially developed to address issues identified in a recent condition report on the Rottnest Onshore Shipwreck Plaques (MAAWA, 2015), relating to existing interpretive signage on the island. As a consequence, MAAWA and RIA identified as a priority the need to update existing land-based shipwreck signage (currently over thirty years old) in order to address potential health and safety issues, to improve overall visitor experience, and to improve public accessibility to the Rottnest Island underwater shipwreck heritage. The project represents a new stage in an on-going long-term program of site documentation, management and interpretation within the broad Perth region, initiated by MAAWA in 2014 under the aegis of the ThreeDimensional (3D) Maritime Archaeology Project – Perth Region (3DMAPRR, Edwards et al. 2016). The structure and nature of the project also allowed it to be connected to another MAAWA earlier initiative (2013), namely the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ website and app platform to expand the audience outreach. Key words: Outreach, Photogrammetry, Heritage, Australia �Introduction As a geographical reference, Rottnest Island is located 18 kilometres off the coast of Western Australia, and it encompasses an area of approximately 19 square kilometres. The island is administered by the Rottnest Island Authority and mainly used currently as a popular holiday destination. Known as Wadjemup to the local Noongar people, the island has a rich and diverse history including the early Aboriginal presence, and the European exploration and settlement. The coast surrounding Rottnest Island is composed of outlying reefs which have been the resting place of at least 12 vessels since 1842. Access to, and interpretation of, the maritime cultural and archaeological heritage of Rottnest Island is currently facilitated through a variety of means, among which is the Rottnest Wrecks Heritage Trail (RWHT), which currently encompasses 12 wreck sites, namely Transit (1842), Gem (1876), Macedon (1883), Janet (1887), Lady Elizabeth (1878), Raven (1891), Shark (1939), Uribes (1942), Mira Flores (1886), City of York (1899) and Kyrio Maru I (1984). Information on each of these wrecks is provided through on-site underwater and terrestrial plaques, links to websites, and information pamphlets. Visitors are also encouraged to view the wrecks using a land trail, snorkel dives, semi-submersible tour, boat trail and dives (Rottnest Island Wrecks Heritage Trail pamphlet, 1981). The RWHT has been rightly praised for its innovation since being established in 1981 by the Western Australian Museum in conjunction with the Rottnest Island Authority (and with the participation of MAAWA) as the first underwater heritage trail in the Southern Hemisphere (McCarthy 1981; McCarthy et al. 1982). Nevertheless, a number of issues have been identified, both in terms of on-going maintenance of interpretive signage (now almost 30 years old), and the interpretive content itself. These issues are outlined in more detail, below. Project Background The Maritime Archaeological Association of Western Australia or MAAWA is a not-for-profit association created in 1974 in order to promote and encourage maritime archaeology in Western Australia. Since the 1990’s MAAWA and its members have been very regularly traveling to Rottnest �Island in order to undertake basic maintenance and the cleaning of the underwater plaques. This annual task has put the association in a favourable situation to be able to visually inspect these plaques, but also to visit and inspect the terrestrial plaques at each opportunity. This observer viewpoint led in 2015, some MAAWA members on their own initiative, to conduct a formal and documented visual inspection about the state of the terrestrial plaques. The final observations gathered in a report were subsequently sent to the RIA (MAAWA 2015). The condition report highlighted the poor condition of many interpretive plaques, prompting the RIA to initiate a long-term renovation programme of terrestrial signages as part of a wider Rottnest Island interpretation plan. Based on the MAAWA long standing past experience as well as these more recent observations, another group of MAAWA members (including the authors) listed a series of inherent as well as structural limitations concerning the various means of interpretation accessible to the public about the maritime cultural heritage of Rottnest Island. As a consequence, this group identified a number of points to address about these pamphlet and plaques (with the aim to update and improve these means), including:  The lack of accurate and updated visual representation and geographical localization for each of the sites;  The basic nature of the interpretation format in comparison to the more immersive experience provided by the possibility of diving/snorkelling on those shipwreck sites;  The level of inconsistencies between the different supportive media proposed to visitors for the various sites, in term of content but also regarding the general layout;  The degradation of the on-land signage due to the choice of material and the impacts of the natural elements. In terms of interpretive issues, these observations are consistent with an earlier review of maritime heritage trails in Australia conducted by Cassandra Philippou and Mark Staniforth (2003). Part of the reason behind these observations resides in the lack of consistent professional �archaeological monitoring of these sites during the past 20 to 30 years, and hence the lack of updated information to enhance the interpretive content and means accessible to the RIA to improve the visitor experience. Nourished by the points listed above, MAAWA embarked in an internal consultation stage, which resulted in the decision to shape the contours of a project in order to address these points, and hence instigated the basis of the PRIISMH (Program for the Rottnest Island Interpretation of Shipwrecks and Maritime Heritage) project. Once agreed on the definition of the objectives, and after consultation with project partners (RIA, MADWAM, Shipwreck Data and Tempus) this initiative became a reality when MAAWA was officially notified of the success of its grant application to the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme (MMAPSS) 2016-17 from the Australian National Maritime Museum (becoming as a result one of the project support). The project received strong additional backing with the in-kind support from the MADWAM and RIA. Finally, the fieldwork for the project was conducted in several phases between mid 2016 and mid 2017. Project Objectives Beyond the meaning of the acronym PRIISMH, the word ‘Prism’ has been chosen for its definition of a light refracting device. When applied in the context of this project, this word symbolises the project’s aim. Indeed, the idea developed as the basis of this project is to enlarge accessibility to the various components of the local knowledge on Western Australian maritime cultural heritage. Likewise, a prism enlarges the light beam to perceive all its colourful components. The PRIISMH project is inscribed in a wider strategy based on a continuity of projects established by MAAWA since 2011 in order re-invigorate the association as a crucial link and a central facilitator between the general public and its local maritime cultural heritage. Indeed, in addition to providing support for the RIAs Rottnest interpretation plan, the project aims to build upon several long-terms MAAWA initiatives, including the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, as well as the 3DMAPPR initiative. �As a consequence, and in order to fulfil its mission, the overall objectives of the PRIISMH Project can be summarised as follow: 1 To enhance the Rottnest Island content of the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ website and app; 2 To record three terrestrial features with maritime heritage values (specifically the anchors of the Kyrio Maru, City of York and Mira Flores); 3 To support the renovation of the terrestrial shipwreck trail on Rottnest Island as part of the wider Rottnest Interpretation Plan; and 4 To conduct 3D photogrammetric recording of six shipwreck sites around Rottnest Island (specifically the Lady Elisabeth, Miwok II, Uribes, Macedon, Mira Flores, City of York. Beyond building upon MAAWA’s existing skillset and projects, important aims of the PRIISMH project were also to address current documentation, management and interpretation priorities associated with the maritime and underwater cultural heritage in the Perth region and more particularly within and around the Rottnest Island. It was furthermore planned that this project would enhance the visitor experience and awareness (both in reality and virtually), as well as to increase to a wider audience the accessibility to the Rottnest Island shipwreck sites that are typically inaccessible to non-divers and people with reduced mobility. Finally, the project also provided an avenue for skill development among the MAAWA membership, with training being provided in respect of maritime archaeology best practices. Enhance ‘Shipwrecks WA’ The first objective of the PRIISMH project was to conduct a gap analysis in respect to the information content of MAAWAs ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, specifically as it pertained to Rottnest Island content. The gap analysis was performed in July 2016, by two volunteers from the University of Western Australia (UWA) during their internship at the Maritime Archaeology Department of the Western Australian Museum (MADWAM). Having identified deficiencies in the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ content, additional research was carried out to identify suitable documentary and/or image-based content from the MADWAM archives. This research was also conducted by the same two volunteers in August �2016, and was focusing particularly in looking at the digital photos, the slides and the paper archives specifically for the Rottnest Island shipwrecks site files. The results of these first two steps were then combined into a single working document with the purpose to use the content data collected to fill in the gaps identified within the MAAWA’s ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website. This task consisted in the migration (with MADWAM authorization and credit) of all content data from the MADWAM archives (text and/or visuals) deemed appropriate to each relevant entry to the MAAWA’s ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website. This data was migrated to the various platforms supported by ‘Shipwrecks WA’ by project partner Shipwrecks Data in September 2016. This aspect of the project has benefited significantly from the long experience and expertise accumulated by several MAAWA members involved in the development of the MAAWA’s ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, but also from the collaboration with MADWAM as the Western Australian custodian of the archives on the Rottnest Island shipwreck sites. Record maritime heritage terrestrial features The second objective was focused on the accurate recording of terrestrial maritime heritage features around Rottnest Island. As part of this component of the project, focus was placed on the recording of three anchors from local three different shipwrecks, namely the City of York (British three-masted ship, wrecked in 1899 after striking a reef), the Mira Flores (British built but German owned Barque, wrecked in 1886 after running around in poor visibility) and the Kiryo Maru (Japanese tuna boat, wrecked in 1984, in rough seas after its propeller shaft broke). These three anchors and their associated commemorative plaques are the only anchors installed terrestrially on Rottnest Island to mark (almost as reminders but also as urban decorations) the proximity of these three shipwreck sites. (Fig.1) �Fig 1: The measuring of the City of York anchor. (Nicolas Bigourdan) To fulfil this objective, it was decided that both manual and close-range 3D photogrammetric techniques would be employed. Here Photogrammetry was undertaken not only as a recording tool but also to provide additional data assets that could be used for interpretive purposes. The first recording technique used was based on the standards of the manual recording (coupled with detailed descriptions) developed by the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) as part of their international ‘Big Anchor Project’ (BAP) online anchors typology database project. The second one was centred around the use of photogrammetry in order to create an accessible interactive 3D model for each anchor, while following the methodology developed as part of MAAWA’s 3DMAPPR initiative. This also allowed various MAAWA members to practice the simple but crucial skills needed to complete the recording of a 3D model (Fig. 2). Fig 2: 3D Model of the City of York anchor. (Kevin Edwards) This phase of the project has required three visits on Rottnest Island and involved up to eight different team members during various visits between �December 2016 and July 2017. The task consisted firstly in taking hundreds of digital images for each of the 3D models anchors reconstruction, and secondly to undertake the necessary measurements for each anchor as required by the BAP. In addition, some testing attempts were implemented on nearby maritime cultural heritage features such as the Rottnest Island pilot boat. However, a few problems emerged, involving access difficulties the poor lighting conditions. As a result in participating in the world-wide maritime cultural BAP initiative coordinated by the NAS, it allowed MAAWA to become the Western Australian representative of this NAS BAP initiative after uploading the three anchors forms with corresponding images, and secondly has also permitted MAAWA to create three interactive 3D models for each of these anchors that were made accessible to the wider public on the MAAWA Sketchfab account. (https://sketchfab.com/MAAWA). Upgrade the Rottnest Island terrestrial shipwrecks trail The third objective was focused on upgrading one element of the terrestrial component of the RWHT. This aspect of the project was carried out as part of RIAs longer-term Rottnest Island Interpretation plan. This task was centred on the creation of the signage’s design, its manufacturing as well as its installation. This new sign, concerned a site for which no previous sign existed mainly due to its isolated location in a less visited area of Rottnest Island. This site concerned the shipwreck of the Uribes (three-masted Schooner, wrecked in 1942, after drifted onto rocks) The design of the sign followed a recent and consistent new generation of sign template developed by RIA (similar to others on Rottnest Island. Made out of solid metal, the sign was composed of a square pole onto which was fixed an information plate. The content of the sign was composed of a brief text provided by one of the authors and a MAAWA member about the Uribes wreck, a few images of the ship sourced and the wreck from MADWAM’s and MAAWA’s archives; a map showing the location of the shipwreck site relative to the sig, and a QR code. The presence of this QR code make this sign unique in Rottnest Island, and at least in Australia for a maritime cultural heritage site. This QR code is a �link that provides direct and in situ access for any visitor with a mobile phone to the page of the MAAWA Sketchfab account showing an interactive 3D model of the Uribes (Fig. 3). Due to unexpected issues encountered at the data acquisition and processing phase of this site as well as at the sign conception stage, this objective was only completed at a much later stage (around December 2017). Fig. 3: Home page of the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website. (MAAWA) The creation of this sign permitted a strong working collaboration between 3 partners (MAAWA for the 3D model and some visuals, MADWAM for the historic information and some visuals, and RIA for the design, manufacturing and installation) of the PRIISMH project. Once finalised and manufactured, the Uribes sign was installed, made operational and finally unveiled in February 2018. Record 3D models of six shipwrecks The fourth and final objective of the PRIISMH Project was to carry out detailed close-range 3D photogrammetric documentation of six wreck sites. This proved to be the most time consuming, challenging component of the PRIISMH project. The documentation of these sites was completed over the course of three visits between December 2016 and April 2017. Overall, fifteen MAAWA members and two MADWAM staff members have been involved. Weather and underwater conditions involving strong winds, surge as well as low underwater visibility have created numerous issues in term data acquisition and processing. These constraints forced the team to review the initial list of targeted sites, and replace two of the target sites with �fallback options; specifically, Denton Holmes (Irish built Barque, wrecked in 1890, after drifting inshore) and Shark (local Hopper Barge, wrecked in 1939, after going aground) were replaced by Miwok II (local flat top crane Barge, wreck in 1983, by explosives) and Lady Elizabeth (British threemasted Barque, wrecked in 1878, after running aground in a heavy gale) respectively. In addition to these two shipwrecks sites the list consisted in the Uribes, the Mira Flores, the City of York and the Macedon (British screw steamer rigged Barque, wrecked in 1883 after running aground on a reef). Several MAAWA divers recorded each site to ensure an optimal and maximum coverage of the area targeted. (Figs. 4 and 5). Gopro action cameras together with simple scale and orientation rig were used to implement the image recording methodology. In addition to the photogrammetric recording, basic length and width measurements together with surface GPS points were taken between pre-defined points across the site in order to ascertain the scale, orientation and geographic position of each site. Once captured, the images were processed using Agisoft Photoscan 3D Photogrammetry software through the contracted endeavour of the project partner Tempus Archaeology. After the processing phase, each 3D model was uploaded onto the MAAWA Sketchfab account (provided in kind as one of the project support), together with the 3D models of the terrestrial anchors. Fig. 4 (left): Shannon Reid recording the Macedon (Nicolas Bigourdan) Fig. 5 (right): Nick Sargeant and Shannon Reid undertaking measurement on the Lady Elisabeth (Nicolas Bigourdan) Because as a best practice in maritime archology, the collection and management of data should not be seen as an end in itself; it is important to remember as a principle that research becomes most valuable when it is effectively disseminated to a wider audience. This why as a tool to �respond to this principle, the MAAWA Sketchfab account facilitates a wider accessibility to and dissemination of information to the general public (Fig 6). These 3D models will also in due course be linked to the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, and as a consequence will become a touristic opportunity for the RIA to be used as promotional material of the underwater and maritime cultural heritage of Rottnest Fig. 6: Home page of the MAAWA Island (Figs. 7 and 8). Sketchfab account. (MAAWA) Fig. 7: 3D Model of the Lady Elisabeth (Kevin Edwards) Fig. 8: 3D Model of the Uribes (Kevin Edwards) The PRIISMH project was also designed as a capacity building exercise from the start, allowing MAAWA members to participate in several workshops (in October 2016) and training sessions on 3D �photogrammetric recording and processing in November 2016 as well as February and April 2017 (Fig. 9). The project also allowed further transmission of knowledge and skills, because it enabled MAAWA members to further engage in community education and outreach through a workshop to recreational divers from Perth Scuba dive club and shop in October 2017. This last action was pursued with the objective to further expand the accessibility for a wider audience to involvement opportunities in the preservation of the Perth region maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Fig. 9: MAAWA members teaching 3D photogrammetry (Perth Scuba) Conclusion The PRIISMH project represents the latest in a long-line of collaborative ventures between an institutional organisation and a community-base avocational group. In the context of ensuring a sustainable future for the local Perth Metropolitan maritime and underwater cultural heritage by actively involving and engaging the public into local, meaningful, useful and innovative projects, the PRIISMH initiative successfully responded in the most encompassing and proactive way to this complex but rewarding challenge. With the enhancement of the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, the recording of three anchors in 3D and in traditionally, the creation and installation of the Uribes interactive sign, and the processing of 3D model from 6 shipwreck sites around Rottnest Island, the PRIISMH has entirely fulfilled its 4 main objectives. MAAWA’s active role was central in the �PRIISMH project in initiating the condition report, but above all a number of its new assets can be accessed through its ‘WA Shipwrecks’ app and website or via Sketchfab where the majority of MAAWA 3D content has been made available to the public. The multiple facets of the PRIISMH project have highlighted the relationship between MAAWA and MADWAM (or in other words between a community group and a governmental institution), and will continue to be in the upcoming and even more inclusive SWAN RIVER project the beacon that will show the direction to follow for the connection between maritime heritage and local public. Acknowledgements Shannon Reid, Patrick Morrison, Michael McCarthy, Ian Warne, Colin Cockram, David Jackson, Rebecca Ryan, Rebecca Familton, John Cecchi, Nick Sargeant, Jacquie McGhie, Kosta Stamoulis. References Edwards, K., Bigourdan, N., McCann, I., Cooper, D. 2016 3DMAPPR: A Community-based underwater archaeological photogrammetry program in Perth, Western Australia. Journal of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 40:1-16. McCarthy, M. 1981 ‘The Rottnest Experiment’. Skindiving in Australia and New Zealand 11(4). McCarthy, M., Barblett, P. and Humphries, V. 1982 ‘Follow the Rottnest Wreck Trail’. Information pamphlet published for the Rottnest Island Board. MAAWA 2015 ‘Report on the Rottnest Onshore Shipwreck Plaques’. Unpublished MAAWA Report. Philippou, C. and Staniforth, M. 2003 Maritime Heritage Trails in Australia: an overview and critique of the interpretive programs. In Spirek, J.D. and Scott-Ireton, D.A. (eds), Submerged Cultural Resource Management: Preserving and Interpreting our Maritime Heritage. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York. pp. 135147. �Biography Nicolas Bigourdan graduated from the ParisSorbonne University in 2003 and from James Cook University in 2006 in nautical and maritime archaeology respectively. His research interests include 18th and 19th centuries French scientific sailing expeditions in the Southern Hemisphere, 3D visualisation of underwater maritime cultural heritage, Western Australian maritime Aboriginal rock art, Middle Eastern (Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf) early watercraft depictions, Indian Ocean French illegal slave trade, Citizen scientist’s involvement in maritime archaeology, and Ethnoarchaeological study of canoes traditions from Irian Jaya (Indonesia). He has an extensive fieldwork experience in multiple countries, and as worked over the last 10 years successively for Wessex Archaeology (UK) and the Western Australian Museum (Australia). Kevin Edwards graduated from the University of Western Australia in 1991 and is currently a post graduate student in the Maritime Archaeology program at Flinders University. His research interests include the archaeological potential of near and offshore disposals of military material in wartime and postbellum contexts, the application of social theory to shipwreck survivor camp studies, and the documentation of archaeological collections using a variety of 3D digitization technologies. He hopes to expand his study interests to include the social and material agencies involved in the creation of 19th century museum collections relating to maritime archaeology. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 4: Ensuring a Sustainable Future for UCH: Museums and Public Engagement Description An account of the resource Cultural heritage derives its value from societal contexts, and so public engagement plays an important role in growing support for, and interest in heritage. Engagement may take many forms, from awareness-raising to formal learning programmes to creating platforms for public participation in the process of heritage conservation, governance, and/or interpretation. Papers bridging theoretical and practical approaches to engagement with UCH are particularly welcome, as are papers which offer collaborative and/or participatory models, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building and development, approaches to the particular challenges of engagement with underwater cultural heritage vs other kinds of cultural heritage. Of course heritage exists in a variety of cultural frameworks, and ensuring sustainability requires approaches to engagement to be both responsive and sensitive to the overlapping cultural contexts in which UCH may exist. As a culturally diverse region, the treatment of heritage must be also tailored to cultural definitions, heritage management frameworks and conventions which may, in some cases, differ across jurisdictions/countries and their interests. The panel will also attempt to explore the ways in which UCH is managed within diverse cultural frameworks, and invites papers to examine topics including contested UCH, ownership, security, etc. The panel invites papers exploring significance within local, national and transnational historiographies and the implications for funding and management of UCH. UCH includes material that has been deposited on the seabed as a result of warfare and catastrophe, so papers which explore and/or engage with topics including loss, warfare, conflicted significance and contested heritage are particularly welcome. Other relevant sub-themes include: * Public engagement in the management of UCH * Interpreting maritime cultural heritage for non-specialist audiences * Significance, interpretative potential, stakeholders and support/sustainability * Museums, Education, Outreach and Conservation * Memory, memorials and memorialisation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raphael Igombo National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Michelle Damian Monmouth College (IL), USA Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PRIISMH project: A Case Study of Community Involvement and Museum Collaboration on Maritime Cultural Heritage around Rottnest Island (Perth, Western Australia) Description An account of the resource The Program for the Rottnest Island Interpretation of Shipwrecks and Maritime Heritage (PRIISMH) project is a community-based initiative conducted under the aegis of the Maritime Archaeology Association of Western Australia (MAAWA), in collaboration with the Western Australian Museum (WAM), the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA), Tempus Archaeology, and Shipwreck Data, with sponsorship provided by the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme (MMAPSS 2016-2017) from the Australian National Maritime Museum. The main objective of the PRIISMH project was to enhance the presentation of Rottnest Island maritime cultural heritage through the use of new and innovative forms of interpretation involving terrestrial and underwater 3D Photogrammetry as a key element in for public engagement. Specifically, the project was initially developed to address issues identified in a recent condition report on the Rottnest Onshore Shipwreck Plaques (MAAWA, 2015), relating to existing interpretive signage on the island. As a consequence, MAAWA and RIA identified as a priority the need to update existing land-based shipwreck signage (currently over thirty years old) in order to address potential health and safety issues, to improve overall visitor experience, and to improve public accessibility to the Rottnest Island underwater shipwreck heritage. The project represents a new stage in an on-going long-term program of site documentation, management and interpretation within the broad Perth region, initiated by MAAWA in 2014 under the aegis of the Three-Dimensional (3D) Maritime Archaeology Project – Perth Region (3DMAPRR, Edwards et al. 2016). The structure and nature of the project also allowed it to be connected to another MAAWA earlier initiative (2013), namely the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ website and app platform to expand the audience outreach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicolas Bigourdan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Nicolas Bigourdan Date Created Date of creation of the resource. November 2017 Asia-Pac Session 4 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/89001548fb93ec839763bf518e7b00f4.JPG c6eed4b5404725c1dd798daffe868940 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Proceedings of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Papers presented at the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Proceedings Cover image Subject The topic of the resource Hong Kong Harbor Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michelle Damian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/9/2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/592d22d827324f19a6d882099a9672ef.pdf 42f25a845b2f6a85b4ea87b1005066a2 PDF Text Text Project Approach to the Establishment of Underwater Heritage Management in the Kingdom of Cambodia Heng Kamsan Abstract The establishment of Underwater Heritage Management under the leadership of Cambodia‟s Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts started a project to set boundaries and recognize limitations in its ability to oversee activities in underwater cultural heritage (UCH) management. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization‟s (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and the UNCLOS III International Law of the Sea were adopted in November 2007 In 2011 Cambodia is the only Southeast Asian country to ratify the convention. This paper will provide an outline of the bureaucracy and project development currently ongoing in Cambodia. Details will be provided on the initiation of structural management and of limitations authorities must consider when establishing proposed project outcomes. I. Introduction Cambodia has a long and important maritime history. The 2001 Convention was adopted in June 2006 with the intention to define Cambodian UCH and protect it for future generations. What is the project approach to Underwater Heritage Management in the Kingdom of Cambodia? All operations are run under the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts with the following common characteristics: performed by people; generally constrained by limited resources; requirements in planning, execution, and control. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (henceforth the Ministry) assigned a Director General of Cultural Heritage to supervise. The Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit was established by the Ministry since January 2011 which consists of 11 members, one director, secretariat, and research team. “Project Start-UP” provides the basic framework in establishing subsequent projects. The proposed development entails a series of projects with the following parameters: define requirements; identify expected outcomes; results; fixed start and end dates; and extent of available budget/resources. Authorities must first define their expected results. A mission statement and name for the organization may be the first order of business. After the mandate has been established and a “project manager” (i.e. Ministry Director) assigned, the project starts. The end date is based on resources and limitations in the following factors: maritime cultural property, limits of authority on the sea and interior waters (lakes, rivers, baray [ancient Khmer reservoir); personnel, skills, and equipment. At this stage a comprehensive view of future requirements should begin to take shape (i.e. conceiving Phase 2, 3, 4, 5) and where it is anticipated that the organization will be in 5 years or more. With each project the following takes place in this order: 1. The Define phase: establish the plan; define what is to be accomplished and WHY. 2. The Start phase: Organization of people and equipment involved. 3. The Perform phase: Go do it! Track progress and maintain control while encouraging performance. 4. The Close phase: STOP! What are the results? 1 �II. Project Start-UP A) Phase 1 Projects are often implemented to achieve an organization‟s strategic plan. Operations and projects differ in that operations are ongoing and often the result of a project or projects, while projects are temporary and unique. According to the Project Management Institute (PMBOK) Guide a project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service”. The terms “temporary” denote a finite/defined beginning and end, and “unique” means that the product or service is in some way distinguishable from others. A project may be undertaken at almost any level within an organization. It may involve one or more people and run over a few weeks to several years. In many cases a project may cross inter-organizational boundaries and involve organizations that are outside the perimeters of control. Phase 1 is “Project Start-UP” or the basis for all that is to follow. Once the basic framework is established “Project Start-UP” would be complete and subsequent phases of the project initiated. Once the project is complete another project would be established to take the Ministries efforts to the next stage of development. Subsequent projects are expected to help in the strengthening and growth of the organization. i)- Temporary “Temporary” means that every project has a definite beginning and end (PMBOK p.5 see footnote). Temporary does not always mean short duration and some projects can last for several years until the desired results are achieved. However, a project has a definite end and cannot and should not be construed as an ongoing effort. The difference between a project and operations is that is a project ceases when the declared objectives are met, while operations adapt a new set of objectives and continue to work. The end is reached when the project objectives are achieved; or it becomes clear that the project objectives cannot be met; or the need for the project no longer exists and the project is terminated. ii)- Unique Projects involve doing something that has not been done previously. The establishment of a new department of underwater is unique even though the organization to which it will belong is large. The uniqueness is in the contents and context in which the organization is formed. iii)- Progressive Elaboration Progressive elaboration is a characteristic of projects that integrates the concepts of temporary and unique (PMBOK Guide p.5). Because of the uniqueness the project must be progressively elaborated. “Progressively” means gradual movement, proceeding in stages or development towards a destination or more advanced state; while “elaboration” means involving many carefully arranged parts; detailed and complicated, to develop or present in further detail. Initially broad elements are defined early in the project and progressively elaborated while the scope of work remains consistent. III. The Project All projects must meet the formal commitments made to the world community in complying with the 2001 Convention and UNCLOS III (1985). The unique product or service of a project 2 �is run under a specialized organization within the existing framework of the Ministry that can implement and sustain the Cambodian commitment to underwater heritage management. the PROJECT is to develop the framework for an Underwater Heritage Management Unit within the existing framework of the Ministry and integrate the Unit‟s objectives with those of other Ministries and government bodies. CONCEIVE=DEFINE=START=PERFORM=CLOSE The idea= The plan=The team=The work=The finish A) Defining Requirements: 1- Specific outcomes: results 2- Define start and end dates 3-Establish budgets/resources: people, funds, equipment, facilities, and information. B) What are the results? Before results can really be defined authorities must start the process by defining what desired results are expected. The results may simply be an interpretation of the 2001 Convention and how it applies to Cambodia or the required and expected results may be more complex. A mission statement and a basic name for the organization may be the first order of business. After the mandate has been established and a “project manager” (Ministry Director) assigned the project starts. The end date can now be set based on requirements of resources and definition of terms: 1- Maritime cultural property 2-Limits of authority on the sea and interior 3- Authority under existing Cambodia law 4- What personnel and skills are needed? 5- What equipment is required and when IV. The background of the Kingdom of Cambodia A)- Geographical setting Situated in the Southeast Asia Region, Kingdom of Cambodia forms part of the south portion of the Indochinese Peninsula between latitude 10º and 15º north and longitude 102º and 108º east. It is bounded on the north by Laos, on the east and southeast by Vietnam, and on the west and northwest by Thailand. In the southwest, Cambodia is bordered by the Gulf of Thailand (by the three provinces Koh Kong, Sihanoukville and Kampot) with a coastline of 435 kilometers (km). To the southeast of the country lies the delta of the Mekong River. 3 �Figure 1. Map indicating Cambodian waterways and plains (Encarta 2005) The capital and largest city of the Kingdom of Cambodia is Phnom Penh, sited at Chaktomuk, which translated means “four faces”, this relates to English as the geographical confluence of four rivers - the Upper and Lower Mekong, the Tonle Sap and the Bassac (MCDAI 1997). The city traditionally has been a commercial centre for the Mekong Valley with facilities for transportation by air, rail, river, and highway. Phnom Penh today, as it was in history, is a major river port with an outlet to the South China Sea through the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Cambodia‟s most important river and waterway is the Mekong River, the longest river in Southeast Asia and the tenth largest in the world. Originating from the Chinese Himalayas, it runs through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam before flowing into the South China Sea. The Mekong River runs southward through Cambodia for 486 km passing Phnom Penh where it divides into the aforementioned rivers. Both the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong River are the hub of Cambodia's economy, transportation, and supports fisheries, agricultural irrigation (particularly important for rice production), and other cultural activities (Choulean, et al. 1996). 4 �Oudong Figure 2. Satellite image of Phnom Penh showing the crossing Mekong and Tonle Sap in front of the city (Phnom Penh développement urbain et patrimoine, MC-DAI 1997) There are several other important river networks in Cambodia. To name a few, they include the Battambang rivers (centered on the Sangke River), the Stung Treng group (the Sesan, Sekong and Srepok Rivers), and the Sen River (Kompong Thom). B) Historical Review of Waterways in Cambodia Waterways have been and are important elements for communication. They are the most reliable natural feature to support transportation, thus providing passage for the movement of people, trade and culture. Maritime relations were established early between India, China, and the Arabs and then firmed between various parts of the coast of the Indochinese peninsula, the Malay Peninsula, the islands of Sunda in Indonesia and Japan (MC-DAI 1997). However, well before the arrival of foreign navigators the local populations living along the littoral of rivers had established their own fleets of ships and built cross-community relationships due largely to continual exchanges along the coasts (MC-DAI 1997). The river network provided the grid along which settlements were established, of which the Mekong River remains the most important feature. Further to the southeast, another city contemporary to Angkor Borei, was built on the coast. It was once the Gulf of Siam, now named Oc-Eo (in present day Vietnam). This was a Funan site (Pélliot 1903) and an important port where foreign merchants came to settle since sea routes from India and the Malay Peninsula probably ended here. The exterior wall of the Oc-Eo site consisted of four embankments with five moats. The principal axis of the site was probably a canal, and the site lay at the heart of a regional network of waterways. Aerial photographs reveal a large network of waterways, dug by humans, which served as drainage channels and irrigation canals. This network of canals, interconnected with each other and to rivers was also used for water traffic between population centers found along the Bassac and Mekong Rivers. In areas close to the sea, this system of waterways helped to regulate the degree of salinization from the sea. Waterways in the Oc-Eo region seem to have run from north-northeast to south-southwest, following the general gentle slope of the terrain. C) Natural Environmental influences on the Typology of Khmer Traditional Boats Cambodia is located in a tropical region and under the influence of seasonal monsoons. These weather patterns provide abundant water and forests are a dominant element in the Eco-Environment of the Kingdom of Cambodia. During the wet season access by land is 5 �sometimes difficult as the region is often penetrated by floodwaters. Winds are moderate and predictable with monsoons blowing from the west or south in May-August and northwest or northeast in December-March. The temperature of freshwater is uniform, encouraging fisheries and there is an abundance of wood near the river banks suitable for boat-building. These access factors were conducive for our Khmer ancestors. They used the waterways and maritime sea-lanes to supply the needs of their daily life. Artificial canals connected rivers or the Great Lake to cities and villages which required many kinds of craft to move over. It is unfortunate that today some types of traditional boats, especially sea-craft, have disappeared. Traditional boats are described in detail below. The information is primarily focused on the riverine boats that ply the Mekong River, the Tonle Sap and the Great Lake. It is sometimes difficult to precisely define the function or record the original name of boats so they are identified by either method and/or materials-used in their construction: Royal Barge is called Tuok Ke Hauv (early 20th Century) Boat Cabin is called Tuok Koeng (late 16th century ) Racing Boats is called Tuok Ngor (Angkor period «802-1432») Sugar Palm Trunk Boat is called Tuok Thnaot (French Colonia «1863-1953») Touk Mead or Tuok Bilan (late 20th century) Bamboo Raft in called Kbone Russei (Angkor period «802-1432») Fishing Boats (early 20th century) Pleasure Craft (Early 20th century) Ferry Boats (late 20th century) House Boats (around 17th century?) Figure 3a. Royal Barge called Tuok Ke Hauv, early 20th Century (National Museum), historic photographs 6 �Figure 3b. Royal Barge called Tuok Ke Hauv, early 20th Century (National Museum) (cont.), modern photographs 7 �V. Notes on underwater archaeology that provide scope to current and future project requirements Underwater archaeology fieldwork is not unlike its parallel sub-discipline of terrestrial approaches, in that it requires broad scanning methods and detailed visual inspection. The photography, recording, and surveying use the same general principles as on land, however it is more time consuming, cumbersome and dangerous. A) The assessment process of underwater archaeology: i) Site identification: chronological position, date and nature of the site fundamentals ii) Contents of the site: what type of evidence is expected to be encountered will dictate the excavation strategy iii) Condition: what are the condition of the site as well as the conditions at the site (depth, currents, boat traffic i.e. in a port, or offshore) iv) Recovery techniques: what if anything will be recovered and how, and the resources that make recovery possible v) Post-excavation/recovery: what samples should be considered for analysis, specialists need, and the specific requirements of the post-excavation / recovery vi) Conservation requirements: limiting exposure to air of fragile artifacts, and facilities to care for the immediate and long term preservation of organic and fragile finds. B) General view of UCH Not all underwater archaeology concerns ships. In areas where the land has been altered either naturally or manmade, the possibility of human habitation exists that should be explored and studied. Canals, wetlands1 and other manmade engineering features make for possible sites too. Sites are evaluated according to the following: 1. Site discovery 2. Initial assessment and research design 3. Excavation 4a. Feature and artifact recording and rising 4b. Structural recording, mapping and tracing 5a. Artifact and Spatial Analysis: activity area 5b. Structural disassembly, raise; record; rebury Cargo lading, ballasting 6a. Shipboard life 6b. Shipbuilding techniques VII. 2001 Convention This section is to provide clarity as to what Cambodian authorities understand the 2001 Convention to entail. It is a complement to other like international conventions. 1-Is a comprehensive international instrument on the protection of maritime cultural property. 2-The convention fills the gaps in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Imbedded within the charter is the need for building capacity for heritage management and conservation of artifacts in the coastal zone of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Capacity building denotes the development of a core group of highly motivated professionals to manage the heritage and cultural assets associated with the coastal zone and inland waterways. 8 �VIII. Objectives The team must be able to develop and expand six key objectives: A) Knowledge and understanding i) Maritime archaeology management; ii) Threats to underwater cultural heritage; iii) Role of the maritime museum; public interpretation; iv) Marine archaeological conservation; and v) Marine archaeological protection. B) Cognitive mastery i) Assessment of maritime landscapes with respect to the application of management skills; ii) Assimilate issues relating to legislation and preservation of marine archaeological resources; iii) Public awareness, and best practices of marine artifact conservation; and iv) Independent research. C) Practical application i) Assist in establishing framework and legislative systems changes to benefit protection of heritage; ii) Apply best in class conservation, management, and preservation practices; and iii) Develop future framework and systems. D) Transferable skills i) Research; ii) Conferences and seminars; and iii) Develop educational plans for future generations. E) Tasks i) Develop public interest in the historical environment with solid leadership, effective partnering, and a sound base with which to develop policies. ii) Develop the full potential of the historical environment as a learning resource. iii) Develop accessibility to the site, knowledge base iv) Protect and sustain the historical environment for future generations v) Develop the historical environment‟s importance as an economic asset. F) Special traits to be understood in current marine archaeology i) The site can be located outside the territory of their state of origin. ii) The discipline is poorly understood and as a result a poorly developed research framework. iii) The sites are situated in a hazardous environment subject to continuous and rapid change. iv) The sites are not easily accessible and manageable without specialized skills, techniques, and equipment. v) The undertaking of marine archaeology as a result of the above is expensive. 9 �Figure 4. View of shipwreck sites along the coastline provinces in the Kingdom of Cambodia IX. Summary The „Project‟ approach to heritage management provides a proven process and procedure that can be adapted and refined to meet all the requirements of planning, executing, and controlling a specific group of tasks that develop a unique product that will be on time, within budget, and conform to all required specifications. It is only now that Cambodia is beginning to progress and build its capacity in maritime archaeology after the country became the first, and only, Southeast Asian country to ratify the 2001 Convention. The Ministry has established an UCH Unit to lead the national efforts in the field of underwater archaeology, heritage protection and preservation. This team is currently conducting research and fieldwork surveys to establish a preliminary cartography of the heritage within the boarders of Cambodia. The preliminary cartography of underwater cultural heritage in Cambodia will be finalized and published at the end of year 2011. The UNESCO Phnom Penh Office has been working on a project dedicated to the inventory of Cambodia‟s UCH. The result of which will be a document that provides a synopsis outlining a three year plan to introduce a capacity building project that will allow for locating, protecting, conserving and studying the underwater legacy of Cambodia. This will lead to the development of a framework that will eventually enable a permanent public exhibition of this legacy. It will therefore be publicly accessible and will have the potential to be appreciated by people around the world. Within the framework of ongoing cultural 10 �activities and with the objective to preserve UCH, UNESCO is supporting the project The Preliminary Cartography of UCH in Cambodia. Through the efforts and resources of organizations and the sound project management of the people involved, the initiative to implement a world-class functioning Underwater Heritage Management and Archaeological Organization within the Ministry will be successfully achieved. Bibliography Choulean, A., Prenowitz, E., and Thompson, A., 1996 Ministère de la Culture, Département des Affaires Internationales (MC - DAI), 1997 Bunker, E.C., and Latchford, D., 2004 Coedès, G., 1989 Delaporte, L., 1880 Ishizawa, Y., 1999-2004 Higham, C., 2002 Hoc, C. S., 1973 Osborne, M., 1866-1873 Prak, S., 2000 Vann, M., 1999 Vann, M., 2003 Ya, D., 1995 Pélliot, P., 1903 Project Management Institute 2009 Française d'ExtrêmeOrient 1942 A manual for the Past, Present, and Future, APSARA, Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Angkor. Atelier parisien d'urbanisme, Phnom Penh, developpement urbain et patrimonie, Paris. Adoration and Glory: The Golden Age of Khmer Art, Art Media Resources, Chicago. Articles sur le Pays Khmer, Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), Paris. Voyage au Cambodge, Delagrave, Paris, Encarta 2006, Microsoft DVD ROM. Along the royal roads to Angkor, Weatherhill, Tokyo Early cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia, River Books, Bangkok. "Esquisse d'une étude de la batellerie khmère", in Memoire d'une fin d'étude, River Road to China, the search for the source of the Mekong "Traditional metalwork of Cambodia: A Case Study in the Kampong Luong Commune", in Renaissance Culturelle du Cambodge, 17, Socio-Cultural Development, Survey Report. Les cités khmères anciennes, Toyota Foundation, Phnom Penh. Modern Khmer cities, Reyum Publishing, Phnom Penh. Khmer Boat-racing, Thesis for Diploma in Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh. “Le Fou-nan", in Bulletin of Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), tome III, Paris. A Guide to the Project Management Body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Newton Square Pa, pp.4-5. tome XLI 1941, fasc. 2, Hanoi. 11 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Project Approach to the Establishment of Underwater Heritage Management in the Kingdom of Cambodia Subject The topic of the resource Session 12 Some Challenges and Issues in Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia Description An account of the resource The establishment of Underwater Heritage Management under the leadership of Cambodia’s Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts started a project to set boundaries and recognize limitations in its ability to oversee activities in underwater cultural heritage (UCH) management. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and the UNCLOS III International Law of the Sea were adopted in November 2007 In 2011 Cambodia is the only Southeast Asian country to ratify the convention. This paper will provide an outline of the bureaucracy and project development currently ongoing in Cambodia. Details will be provided on the initiation of structural management and of limitations authorities must consider when establishing proposed project outcomes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Heng Kamsan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 12 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/2e267aa8a94be98bd6fef9f6200dd39c.pdf e43a548d495d59b8fc278b77503c4833 PDF Text Text Protecting an Underwater Cultural Heritage through Visual Communication Skill Cipto Aji Gunawan Abstract The famous quotation, ―A picture speaks a thousand words‖ illustrates how effective visual communication is in delivering messages. If properly managed, visual communication tools may persuade public perception and inform audience opinion. In Indonesia, underwater heritage sites have limited range of visualization, so it is not a surprise that these sites are enjoyed by limited communities. In managing heritage, the involvement of the community and multiple stakeholders from different backgrounds are needed to enhance better management. This paper presents how to design a concept of visual communication such as video and still photography which can bridge the limited access between community and their heritage in order to build an understanding of the underwater cultural heritage protection and its historical value. Introduction Current forms of visual communication are scattered throughout our lives, from waking to sleeping, we are bombarded with a storm of visual communication through various media. Various forms of images, symbols, graphics are creating a billboard jungle that is slowly manipulating our subconscious to feel a "closeness" with the message conveyed by the billboard. Traffic signs, icons on the computer and compani‘s logos are a simple form of visual communication that is constantly affecting our awareness of the meaning of a symbol. "Seeing is believing" and "a picture speaks a thousand words", combine to create the first rank of visual communication that needs attention if we want to instill an awareness of an idea. Visual communication is done correctly and directed to the appropriate dose can be used to manipulate the masses. The development of audio visual media technology in particular is directly influencing the form of visual communication, graphic and other forms of moving images that can be combined with sound thus improving the model of visual communication into an audio visual communication that delivers far more intense impact, especially for the people of Indonesia. The most popular audio visual communication is video. Indonesian people are familiar with the concept of story telling, as it is used in delivering messages from generation to generation. This oral culture has very strong affects in Indonesia, however, development of audio technology immediately replaced oral culture. In 1960 Professor George Gerbner, a former Dean of the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, United States (U.S.), conducted a study of the impact of television on humans live and culturral change in society and pointed out "Cultivation Theory". This theory stated that a regular repetition on television show has influence on the mindset of an audience; the more often people exposed to a message, the more acceptable that message as a reality and truth. Believe on the television show could be �positive and also could be negative depending on the message that was delivered. One's initial interest in watching a show will determine how often people will continue watching the show and be re-exposed to the message that was delivered by the media. Here the role of design will determine the success of a show that will be implemented to influence the target audience. It has the potential to influence attitudes and change certain values, especially in the group ‗heavy viewers‘ (defined as people who watch television more or equal than four hours per day)1. A good design will certainly give a positive effect in accordance with the expectations of the institution that produces the message, but designing a bad audio-visual communication can have a negative effect on the messages delivered. Cultivation Theory is highly relevant in the endeavour to photograph the conditions of Indonesian society because it is very dependent on television as an entertainment center and a vast information network. Attainable television has an active role in the dissemination of entertainment and information with a relatively low cost. Although people have been exploring space, i.e. set foot on the moon and photographing the surface of mars, the underwater world is still somewhat of a mystery. Until now, many parts of the ocean floor have not been touched by human technology. The exploration of the ocean has lasted for centuries, but the seabed is still included as ‗the last frontier‘ (personal experience of over 5000 dives). For a small contingent of the community stories and underwater heritage can be easily seen but for most Indonesian people these stories and heritage will remain mysterious and unattainable. Indonesian society in particular often considers cultural remains as nothing more than a pile of junk expected to be sold as treasures. For most people the function of the underwater heritage is directly economic within a maximum extraction model (based on 10 years of personal experience). Historic function, aesthetics and science have not yet reached an understanding on the role of historical relics under water. Underwater heritage is very rarely seen by the public; even the majority of Indonesian people had never seen these sites, so that almost no attention and appreciation arises in the media. For years underwater heritage in Indonesia has been looted both legally and illegally. For some relics, it was indeed proper to lift and rescue on land, but retain greater value if left beneath the sea. For example, World War Two (WWII) relics scattered throughout the archipelago, including the remains of warships, aircraft and vehicles that were piled under the sea, have a historical, aesthetic, and sentimental value much larger than the value per kilogram of iron. It is more feasible to leave relics under the water where they can be used as historical and cultural sites that can bring economic value through the development of sustainable marine tourism. Study of the conditions and opportunities for restoration and conservation of underwater heritage is very important to support long-term planning of the visual utilization of sites and relics. 1 http://www.lombokpost.co.id/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1708:hindari-efeknegatif-nonton-tv-pada-anak&Itemid=543 �Solutions In Indonesia where poverty rates are still very high; Sustainability concept in managing natural resources and cultural heritage is ―expensive‖ and often not affordable for local community. Instant benefits are more considerable for the locals than thinking about the future. The mindset is "there will be no next day if today cant be succeeded well". With these conditions there is a pattern of instant understanding of an economic object (relics underwater can be classified as one of economic objects). Changing the pattern of instant view of the outlook process is something that is not easy. The solution to this problem can be approached through three approaches namely Regulatory, Economic and Combined Regulatory and Economic., Regulatory approaches Regulations made by the government to restrict and regulate the use, including allowing or not allowing an activity that affected on utilization. The concept can apply on a heritage object under air. Included therein is the extraction and/or non-regulatory approaches. In this kind of rule approaches need strong control and strict law enforcement so that this rule can be run properly. Case study: Biak Establishment of Maritime Conservation Area (MCA) aims to restrict the activities at sites where there is a archaeological remain within. One of the suitable places for the application of MCA is Biak - Papua. WWII Catalina aircraft is situated near the beach. This site is tourist attaraction. The formation of the MCA has a relatively low conflict of interest, and could potentially provide economic benefits through the development of the site. This approach can be successful if:  There is strong government interest and regulatory action and limited public resistance.  If the location does not already entail (or little) activity contrary to the values of conservation.  Requires proper socialization, meaning the target-oriented rules that apply specifically to all stake holders have an interest, either directly or indirectly also to the wider community in general. Economic Approach Creating economic benefits of a heritage object which can be enjoyed directly by the public will voluntarily enact community conservation of underwater heritage. Case study: Tulamben - Bali Tulamben is a small village in Karangasem regency - Bali. This village is one of the poorest villages in Bali. On Tulamben beach there is a WWII shipwreck., In 1963 when Mount Agung erupted, the ship was dragged into the water about 50 metres from the beach and sunk under 18-30m water depth (based on personal �experience since 1991). Since the mid-1980s, small groups of recreational divers began diving at the wreck site (based on personal experience with the community since 1990). Slowly the name Liberty Ship Wreck Tulamben became increasingly popular. The local community then switched their professions from fisherman to the tourism service. The village of Tulamben is no longer poor, communities benefit directly from the existence of heritage. Several times outside forces have attempted to disturb the site but the people of Tulamben have defended the site, including violence when it needed (based on personal observation). The Liberty Ship Wreck Tulamben has become part of local people's livelihood, their economy depends on the presence of the ship; its condition, restoration and conservation efforts are very important,when Liberty Ship Wreck Tulamben became the most famous dive site in Indonesia and natural heritage conservation process has occurred in Tulamben. This approach can be successful if:  The locals have not made an extraction of these remains, or in the other words salvage does not occur as a result of the economic advantages which is opposed to the conservation values.  The community has minimal resistance especially if it is related to the existence of alternative livelihoods.  Educating the local community is intended to provide understanding the economic benefit of sustainable development of the underwater heritage objects. Regulatory approaches and economic In the location of underwater heritage that has been massively exploited, a combination of regulatory and economic approaches is the most sensible choice for rehabilitation and conservation. In this case the government must enact legislation on the protection and utilization of heritage objects and at the same time approach the public, especially related to ongoing negative utilization (salvage) by providing alternative income solutions that can replace the income earned from salvage of underwater heritage (see Ridwan this volume). Here, the role of socialization is continuous, consistent and needs to be designed and carefully follow the developmental stages of the application of the rules as well as offering alternative livelihood opportunities. Using audio-visual communication methods can accelerate this change in mindsets towards the desired concept. Case study: Morotai Morotai was an important part of the history during WW II. As a result, this island enriched WWII underwater cultural heritage such as aircraft, tanks, Armour Personnel Carrier (APCs) which have found on land and underwater. Unfortunately, from the 1980s until now there has been massive looting on the site. The remainder-war has a lot of cut and sold in kilograms by both local people and also immigrants who load the iron from the remaining-war to the wrought-smelting. Government awareness of these sites arose after Morotai became part of the new district of North Halmahera, Morotai, and later, an �independent district separated from the North Halmahera. This awareness is quite late, and very few cultural heritage sites remain intact. Remaining sites include WWII aircraft wreckage Bristol Beuford & B, an Australian-made fighter sitting at a depth of approximately 45m South of the island of Morotai. Wreckage was accompanied by several other scattered aircraft and also some vehicles that still leave the steering wheel. If economic regulatory approaches appropriately ran strictly, then rapid economic alternatives can be offered to the public. Those witness to this history of exploitation and use of heritage as part of a limited maritime tourist attraction can raise awareness of the wider community with conservation plans that have been targeted over a longer period of time. This approach can be successful if:  Local community needs a strong government to enforce the law in line with the education on an alternative livelihoods for the people affected from the consequences of these rules.  Options are almost immediately utilization, so if this could be idealized as principally conservation it will invite the attention of the wider society to help support.  Need a way of communication and socialization that are objective and oriented on the rules that apply specifically to all stake holders. This must be of interest, either directly or indirectly, to the wider community in general. An Example of a Case in utilization of audio-visual communication methods that have an impact on changing attitudes and values of the villagers in Les-Bali  Messages that need to be delivered is the use of non environmentally friendly equipment in catching fish.  Target audience: males, aged 15-40 years, public education, indigenous people bali  Language of delivery: low context  Involving stakeholders: the central character of local community  Communications media: posters, photos and movies  Range of communications: local - international  Frequency of submission: each occasion (a variety of media: posters, photos, movies)  Social value of culture: the culture of Bali Les is a village on the north coast of Bali. At first sight there is nothing special compared to other fishing villages along the north side of Bali. Only when you approach the coastal area, you will find the fish ponds and aquariums containing sea water ornamental fish. The livelihood in this village is fisherman for ornamental fish. Originally, they were using traditional fishing tools but later due to the increase of the demand of ornamental fish and also the trading pressure pushed them to switch by using potassium cyanide, which they usually called "potash" or "pushers". The use of significant potash has increased their ability to find fish and bring home a bucket of ornamental fish. �Gradually the use of potash has damaged the marine environment. Potash sprays can be potentially fatal to coral reefs covering an area of 1-2 m within two to three months. We can imagine if there were an average of 30 people working every day for years using cyanide what sort of impact this may cause. It is therefore no wonder in the early 2000s, the condition of coral reefs in Les are severely devastated. Nearly 70% of coral reefs around the village are dead and destroyed. In early 2000, several people from the archipelago's Ark Foundation and the Society palm visit the village. By experiencing handling "destructive fishing" in the Philippines, they offered an alternative way of catching ornamental fish, using barrier nets and small nets. The method used to educate and introduce the community is an audio visual communication through films and photographs. The first step was - every time the Non-Government Organization (NGO) Yayasan Bahtera Nusantara and Telapak visits Les they followed the fishermen to catch fish using potassium cyanide and documented all the activities. After that they published a video and invited all the fishermen to watch it. It aimed to show the fishermen the damage that they had done to the natural environment due to their use of potash. In 2002 the fishing village of Les consciously abandoned the potash method and switched to the net method. In that year the group that established an ornamental fish village in Les, a group of fishermen Mina Bhakti Soansari, warned others that if they continued using potash they would be punished by new village regulatory reforms (based on personal experience since 2000). Conclusion Three approaches above, we can draw a thread of thought and process that every stage of these steps need to be communicated with the community, both specific (narrow scope) and in the general (broader scope). From the description on the effectiveness of audio-visual communication as well as the condition of underwater remains that are often still mysterious it can be concluded that audio-visual communication is a vital bridge that is able to reach people in the delivery of messages of conservation-oriented utilization of long-term of underwater objects in Indonesia. Things that need to be considered in designing the pattern of effective audio-visual communication are:  Messages to be delivered (regulatory approaches, economic or regulatory and economic)  Target audience (gender, economic level, educational level, social conditions of culture, age)  Language of delivery (high or low context language, a high context language is the language conveyed not directly, often 'winged' and in a form of communicating that requires interpretation from the listener. Low context language is a language communicated directly and "to the point" without much swapped stale. The selection is tailored to the context of language habits, and social culture of the target communication) �     Involvement and role of stake holders (and surrounding communities), as a crew, talent, models) in the production process of communication media (photos, pictures, movies, etc.) is. The selection of communication media (media photos / images or movies (audio visual communication)) Distribution range communications (local, regional, national or international) Frequency of delivery (more often delivered more easily influence on the change of mindset, a note: avoid boredom by providing a variety of delivery methods, visual communication can also be interspersed in the forms of communication other) Note the values of social culture that can support the effective delivery of messages (eg. use of traditional dress in the visualization of people on guard to protect the conservation area, on Bali's people are called Pecalang). Bibliography Bell-Jordan, K.E., 2008 Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., and Signorielli, N., 1980 Squires, C., 2008 "Black, white, and a survivor of The Real World: Constructions of race on reality TV", in Critical Studies in Media Communication, 25, pp.353–372. "The mainstreaming of America: Violence profile no. 11", in Journal of Communication, pp.10-25. "Tryin' to make it real—but real compared to what?", Critical Studies in Media Communication, 25, pp.434–440. http://www.lombokpost.co.id/index.php?option=com_k2&vie w=item&id=1708:hindari-efek-negatif-nonton-tv-padaanak&Itemid=543, retrieved at 17 August 2011. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Protecting an Underwater Cultural Heritage through Visual Communication Skill Subject The topic of the resource Session 5 UCH in the Making… online session Description An account of the resource The famous quotation, ―A picture speaks a thousand words‖ illustrates how effective visual communication is in delivering messages. If properly managed, visual communication tools may persuade public perception and inform audience opinion. In Indonesia, underwater heritage sites have limited range of visualization, so it is not a surprise that these sites are enjoyed by limited communities. In managing heritage, the involvement of the community and multiple stakeholders from different backgrounds are needed to enhance better management. This paper presents how to design a concept of visual communication such as video and still photography which can bridge the limited access between community and their heritage in order to build an understanding of the underwater cultural heritage protection and its historical value. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cipto Aji Gunawan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 5 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/707ae011556d3dbcccfa406a39d840fb.pdf 4c76ac592ca3b4428ebb1bb20f30f169 PDF Text Text PROTECTING AND PRESERVING THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES: A BACKGROUND PAPER Bobby C. Orillaneda1 and Wilfredo P. Ronquillo2 Abstract The archipelagic nature of the Philippines and its strategic maritime location in the South China Sea gives an indication of the country’s significant underwater cultural heritage. Indigenous rd and foreign watercraft dating from the 3 century C.E. has been discovered, excavated, exhibited and published by the National Museum of the Philippines and in collaboration with local and foreign research entities. However, the management and protection of this cultural heritage is far from perfect. Inadequate financial support from the government, weak legislation and enforcement and lack of qualified personnel are cited as some of the reasons. This is coupled with the ever active threat of pillage and destruction from treasure hunters, illegal fishing methods and the dive tourism industry. As such, the National Museum’s role as the leading government agency tasked with the conduct and management of the country’s underwater cultural heritage and the advance of underwater archaeology to an academic practice remains a challenge. The introduction of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region through the Regional Workshop in Hong Kong in 2003 with the aim of ratification has been an uphill battle, with Cambodia the only country to ratify the said convention in the Southeast Asian region thus far. This paper examines the impact of the 2001 Convention in the Philippines and examines the prospects for its ratification. INTRODUCTION The Philippines is an archipelago composed of approximately 7,107 islands, with a coastline of 36,289 kilometers, the fifth longest coastline in the world and surrounded by large bodies of water; the West Philippine Sea (South China Sea) on the west, the Philippine Sea that stretches to the Pacific Ocean on the east, the Sulu Sea on the southwest and the Celebes Sea on the south. There are 31 principal river basins and over 50 lakes scattered all over the archipelago (Cuevas et al. 2004). Considering the distribution of different land masses over vast waterways that have been utilized as a source of livelihood, migration, exchange, trade and other maritime cultural activities, it is unsurprising that the country has a rich underwater cultural heritage. Archaeological excavations inside Callao Cave in Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley, Northern Luzon unearthed the earliest human evidence dated to 67,000 years ago (Mijares et al. 2010). During the Neolithic period, after about the 4th 1 Museum Researcher II, Underwater Archaeology Section, Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, bobbyorillaneda@yahoo.com 2 Scientist II and Curator II, Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, wpronquillo@yahoo.com �millennium BCE (Before Common Era), Austronesian speaking people began occupying the Philippines bringing with them material culture consisting of pottery and stone artefacts (Bellwood 1997; Solheim 1994-95). The oldest archaeological evidence of indigenous watercraft in the Philippines are wooden lashed-lug, planked-boats termed balangay that was excavated in Butuan, northeastern Mindanao in the late 1970s (Scott 1982; Ronquillo 1989). Radiocarbon dates from one of the boats yielded a date between 260 to 550 CE (Common Era) while a similar vessel gave a date of 1270 to 1410 CE after calibration. The earlier radiocarbon date is purported to be unreliable, but further tests have yet to be conducted to validate or disprove this. Analysis of the boat building technology identified the Butuan boats as used for transporting people and goods over short-distance, inter-island travel that did not venture from the coast. By the 9th century, the Belitung shipwreck (Flecker 2000; Flecker 2001; Guy 2001-2002) excavated off Indonesia showed the development of maritime trade between Arab, Indian and Persian states with China. The West Philippine Sea used as a maritime highway along which they may have utilized the Philippines as a victual stop and a site for low level trade and exchange. The 10th century Chinese texts, specifically the official Sung History for the year 972 CE, mentioned trade relations with Ma-i, thought to be located in the present day Mindoro Island in southwest of the archipelago. Tribute bearing missions from Luzon and Butuan journeyed to China less than a hundred years later (Scott 1984). Chinese and Southeast Asian shipwrecks have been located in Philippine waters beginning with the 13th century CE until the early 16th century CE, indicating the participation of the Philippines in the regional Southeast Asian maritime trade network prior to the advent of the Europeans. The arrival of a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese captain Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 CE ushered in the colonial period and the fabled galleon trade that lasted 250 years (1565 – 1815 CE). During this period, indigenous watercraft and foreign ocean-sailing commercial vessels carried spices, forest and sea products, textiles and ceramics from all over the Philippine archipelago, China, Japan and other Southeast Asian countries to Manila and then brought these to Acapulco in Mexico, the entry point for the transshipment of goods for Spain via the naos de china or the ‘Manila Galleons’. In exchange, the galleons’ return voyage primarily carried silver metal mined from South America that was in high demand in China and Southeast Asia as currency (Schurtz 1985). The post galleon trade era during the 19th century saw the rise of Philippine exports such as sugar, abaca, tobacco and coffee that accounted for about 90 percent of the total export volume during that period (Legarda 1999). The commercial role of colonial Spain diminished and was replaced by trading partners such as Great Britain, the United States of America and China. This continued until the Philippine revolution in the last years of the 19th century. During the Second World War, the Philippines became the site of numerous naval engagements between the United States of America and Japan that resulted in huge loss of life and ships. To date, hundreds of World War II shipwrecks are scattered all over the Philippines. �HISTORY OF UCH MANAGEMENT Although the country’s Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) consists of varied material deposits from diverse sites such as an underwater cemetery in Camiguin, stone boat-shaped burials in Batanes (Dizon et al. 1995-1997) and reported submerged habitation sites and structures, research and management of UCH have been largely confined to shipwrecks. The earliest recorded shipwreck investigation occurred in 1967 at Santo Domingo, Albay in southeast Luzon (Lopez 1967), and then again in the 1970s (Conese 1989), but these early forays were purely salvage efforts unsupervised by qualified personnel or institution. In an effort to preserve and protect the country’s cultural properties, the Philippine government formulated Republic Act (RA) 4846, Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act, passed on June 18 1966. It was later amended by Presidential Decree (PD) 374, Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act No. 4846, Otherwise Known as the ‘Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act’ on January 10 1974. The National Museum was appointed as the lead government agency in implementing the provisions of these laws, including archaeological research and management. The Underwater Archaeology Unit (UAU) was created in 1979 with support from the Southeast Asian Minister of Education Organization Special Projects in Archaeology and the Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) (Ronquillo 1989). In the absence of an underwater archaeologist or a diving archaeologist, UAU was staffed with people from other disciplines such as zoology and engineering with scuba diving skills. The practice of collaborating with private entities that could financially support exploration and excavation projects in exchange for a share of recovered materials started, reflecting the fact that the government could not provide funds for fieldwork and stop the rising incidence of shipwreck looting. The bases for such collaborative agreements between the National Museum and private proponents were stated in the Underwater Archaeology Policy Guideline. Contained in the guidelines were the rules and regulations for the issuance of permits for parties who wished to engage in underwater archaeological activities within the archipelago’s maritime territory, as well as establish guidelines on the methodology of survey, exploration, excavation and post excavation activities that should be strictly adhered to. These guidelines have been improved and expanded to its present form as the Rules and Regulations for Underwater Archaeology in Exploration and Excavation in Philippine Waters. Appended in the rules and regulations is a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) that serves as the binding legal instrument between the National Museum and the proponent. The first project of the UAU was the excavation of the 16th century Marinduque3 shipwreck in 1982 (Conese et al. 1981; Alba 1999). This was followed by survey and exploration projects around the country and the 3 The shipwrecks listed in this text that have not been identified have adopted titles based on nearby placenames and so are not italicized. Italics indicate known ship names. �excavations of the following: Puerto Galera wreck in Mindoro in 1983 and 1989 (Conese 1983; Conese 1989; Alba 1984; Ronquillo 1998); the Royal Captain Junk, a 16th century Asian trade vessel in 1985, (Goddio and Jay 1988; Ronquillo 1998); the British East Indiaman Griffin (1761) that sunk off Basilan Island from 1985 – 87 (Goddio and Jay 1988); the Nuestra Señora de la Vida (1620) that sunk off Isla Verde, Mindoro from 1985 - 88 (Conese 1989); and the San Jose galleon (1694) that sunk off Lubang Island Mindoro from 1986 – 88 (Sorapora and Michael 1987; Cuevas 1988; Conese 1989; Ronquillo 1998). In 1988, UAU was renamed the Underwater Archaeology Section (UAS), headed by archaeologist Eusebio Z. Dizon. UAS members participated in advanced underwater archaeology training in Thailand (Conese 1989). Fittingly, the primary project of UAS was the re-investigation of the Marinduque shipwreck in 1989 (Henson 1989; Alba 1990). The objective was to improve excavation and recording methodology and undertake first-aid conservation treatment of recovered archaeological specimens. The 1990s was considered the ‘peak’ of Philippine underwater archaeology following the excavation of a number of important shipwrecks and the creation of a university program in archaeology: • in 1990 and 1991 The Breaker Reef (Dupoizat 1994) and Investigator Shoal shipwrecks (Goddio 1997; Dizon 2003), both dated to the 13th century; • in 1991 and 1992 the San Diego (Goddio 1996), a nao that was converted into a warship that sunk on December 14, 1600 during the naval engagement with the Dutch ship Mauritius off Nasugbu Island in Batangas; • in 1993 the mid-15th century Pandanan shipwreck, a trade vessel that contained more than 70% of Vietnamese ceramics (Diem 1996; Dizon 1996); • in 1996 the San Isidro, a 16th century trade vessel (Goddio 1997a); • and in 1997 the Lena Shoal shipwreck, another trade vessel (Goddio 2002; Orillaneda 2003); • in 1996 the creation of the Archaeological Studies Program at the University of the Philippines (UP-ASP) at Diliman, Quezon City that offers a diploma and masters program in archaeology (Barretto 1997). This is of particular importance because this marked the entry of university-trained archaeologists into underwater archaeology. • In 1999 two vessels were excavated: Royal Captain, a British East Indiaman vessel that sunk in the Royal Captain Shoal, West Philippine Sea in 1773 (Goddio et al. 2001); and the Española underwater site where Chinese and Southeast Asian ceramics along with metal, wood and animal bones were recovered but the ship itself was not found (Dizon et al. 2000; Orillaneda 2000; Orillaneda 2004). • At the turn of the century, the first major project during this period was the excavation of the late 15th – early 16th century Santa Cruz shipwreck. Revealed to be a trading vessel that carried mostly porcelain and �stoneware ceramics from China, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar that was excavated off Santa Cruz municipality, Zambales. • The last major project, thus far, was the excavation of the Tagbita Bay shipwreck, a late 19th century European vessel discovered off the shores of Sitio Tagbita, Barangay Taburi, Rizal Municipality, southwestern Palawan from 2003 – 07 (Santiago 2003; Santiago et al. 2006; Orillaneda 2007). There were other non-shipwreck projects that occurred during this period: the investigation of reported submerged stone ruins of former towns of Batangas Province beneath the waters of Lake Taal (Lacsina and Faylona 2002) and the investigation of a deep underwater cave site in Mactan Island, Cebu in March 2005 (Batoon and Lacsina 2005) and its subsequent mapping and excavation in May 2011 in collaboration with archaeologist John Peterson. Despite the difficulty in collecting sediment samples in a relatively deep underwater environment, an adequate number of sediment, core and rock samples were taken and sent to a laboratory for dating and environmental analysis and studies (Lacsina and Orillaneda 2011). The new UAS staff also underwent training to further enhance their understanding and skill in underwater archaeology. In January 2003, the primary author of this paper and Sheldon Clyde Jago-on, another National Museum archaeologist, attended an underwater training workshop on “Archaeology: Principles and Practice” sponsored by SEAMEO-SPAFA in Chonburi Province, Thailand. In September 2009, a workshop on underwater archaeological artefact collections and management was held in Manila as part of the Collections Asia (COLLASIA) 2010 initiative (Lacsina and Orillaneda 2010). Sponsored by SEAMEO-SPAFA and the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), with funding from the Getty Institute, COLLASIA’s aim was to address specific challenges facing Southeast Asian countries in managing and conserving their rich and diverse heritage collections originating from underwater archaeological sites. One of the objectives of the workshop was the upgrade of storage facilities. LEGAL PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Republic Act (RA) 4846 and Presidential Decree (PD) 374 recognize the importance of the Philippines’ cultural heritage as well the threats it faces from illegal excavations and cultural property commercialization. Section 2 of both laws states that, “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the state to preserve and protect the important cultural properties and National Cultural Treasures of the nation and to safeguard their intrinsic value.” Under Section 3, “ships or boats in part or in whole,” are part of the definition of cultural properties. Section 4 designates the National Museum as, “the agency of the government which shall implement the provisions of the Act.” Part of Section 12 of both laws states that: �It shall be unlawful to explore, excavate or make diggings on archaeological or historical sites for the purpose of obtaining materials of cultural historical value without the prior written authority from the Director of the National Museum. No excavation or diggings shall be permitted without the supervision of an archaeologist certified as such by the Director of the National Museum, or of such other person who, in the opinion of the Director, is competent to supervise the work, and who shall, upon completion of the project, deposit with the Museum a catalogue of all the materials found thereon, and a description of the archaeological context in accordance with accepted archaeological practices. Also contained are the penal provisions for violations of the law. Republic Act 8492, the National Museum Act of 1998, defines the role of the National Museum in the cultural development of the Filipino people. Section 4 establishes the National Museum Complex that included the Executive House Building, the Department of Tourism Building and the Finance Building. Section 7 defines the duties and responsibilities of the National Museum. Sections 7.8 through 7.9 emphasizes in the definition of archaeology to include research through controlled archaeological excavations on land and underwater, monitoring and regulation of archaeological activities and the collection of a national archaeological collection. Sections 7.15 through 7.23 mention information, dissemination and exhibition activities as well as establishing linkages with similar institutions to promote Philippine culture. The Cultural Properties Division (CPD) of the National Museum implements laws on the protection of the Philippine cultural heritage and conducts information dissemination activities throughout the country. To further strengthen the implementation of its mandate, the National Museum coordinates with other Philippine government agencies such as the Philippine Navy, Philippine Coast Guard, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Local Government Units (LGUs) that could be tapped for policing, monitoring and management purposes. The National Museum is also a member of the National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee (NALECC), Sub-Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, composed of directors of concerned government agencies. This is a venue for discussing environmental and cultural concerns at the senior level for immediate action. The latest legislation related to UCH is Republic Act 10066, the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009, this was approved on March 26, 2010. Article III Section 11 is a very important amendment to the previous laws since it states: No cultural property shall be sold, resold, or taken out of the country without first securing a clearance from the cultural agency concerned. In case the property shall be taken out of the country, it shall solely be for the purpose of scientific scrutiny. Article VI Section 23d further strengthens the previous section: The grant of permit export shall be based on the following conditions: (i) the cultural property is exported on a temporary basis; and (ii) the export of cultural property is necessary for scientific scrutiny or exhibit. �These provisions led to modified policies embodied in the National Museum Office Order 2011-108 entitled Guidelines Governing Categorization and Dealings of Archaeological and Traditional Ethnographic Materials. Section 5 of the Office Order categorizes archaeological and traditional ethnographic materials and assigns ‘grades’ based on levels of significance with the aim to, "rationalize the system of categorization," and, "provide appropriate guidelines for dealings of cultural property and disposition," while protecting the interest of the cultural heritage of the Filipino people. Grade I materials are National Cultural Treasures with the highest significance, Grade II are Important Cultural Properties while Grade III are Cultural Properties. The National Museum defines the criteria for the categorization. Article III Section 11 and Article VI Section 23d of RA 10066 are applicable to Grades I and II, while Grade III materials may be taken out of the country with the Permit to Export issued by the National Museum. These provisions aim to limit parties who wish to engage in archaeological projects with commercial intentions. Section 29 empowers the National Museum to, "recover or retrieve cultural properties which are under the custody of foreign nationals or entities and to bring these properties back to Philippine custody". Section 30, much like the RA 4846 and PD 374, assigns the National Museum to, "regulate and control archaeological exploration, excavation and research and to deputize other agencies to protect archaeological sites". THE UNESCO 2001 CONVENTION on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention) On the international level, the Philippines, along with other countries, has actively participated in drafting an international treaty that deals with the protection of UCH. This effort began in 1993 and was spearheaded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This culminated in the 2001 UNESCO General Convention that aimed to write a comprehensive framework of rules for the protection of the UCH. In the Asia-Pacific Workshop in Hong Kong in November 2003, a Philippine delegation was sent composed of Alberto Encomienda, then Secretary General of the Maritime and Oceans Affair of the Department of Foreign Affairs, UAS Head Dr. Eusebio Z. Dizon, Maharlika Cuevas, Deputy Director for Operations of the National Museum of the Philippines as well as Attorneys Rose Beatrix Cruz-Angeles and Wylie Paler, ICOMOS representatives. Another UNESCO Experts Meeting on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage held in Galle, Sri Lanka from 9th to 11th April 2007 was attended by Ms. Corazon S. Alvina, then Director of the National Museum. In this meeting the Philippines, through the Museum, made the position of actively preparing for the ratification of the 2001 Convention. In a recent UNESCO meeting in December 2009, Director Alvina was named as part of the technical working group to examine closely the text and implementation of the 2001 Convention. In 2010, Dr. Eusebio Z. Dizon was assigned to write on Rule �26 on Documenting a Site, and Rule 27 on Documentation Standards, of the 2001 Convention Annex on the Rules Concerning Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage. One of the main objectives of the Convention is developing heritage professionals through training and research programs. In line with this, UNESCO sponsored three Foundation Courses (October 2009, March 2010 and February 2011) and one Advanced Course (September 2010) in the newly established Regional Training Centre in Chanthaburi, Thailand under the auspices of the Underwater Archaeology Division of Thailand and funded by the Royal Government of Norway (Orillaneda and Lacsina 2010). The training program was entitled Safeguarding the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Asia and the Pacific: Building Regional Capacities to Protect and Manage Underwater Archaeological Sites through the Establishment of a Regional Centre of Excellence Field Training Facility and Programme of Instruction. The Philippines sent five participants to these courses, including the secondary author of this paper who was a participant of the first Foundation Course and who afterwards became a resource speaker on the 2nd and 3rd Foundation Course and assistant dive supervisor during the 3rd Foundation Course. Thus far, the courses have produced 72 graduates from 17 countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, Central Asia and the Pacific. These graduates are expected to advance the goals and objectives of the 2001 Convention to their respective countries. The 2001 Convention provides a comprehensive framework for the protection of UCH and the Philippines recognizes its importance. However, its ratification and implementation in the Philippines remains a difficult task with the following reasons. Firstly, the timeliness of ratification by the Philippine government needs to be considered. This involves not only the National Museum but also the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Office of the President, and the Philippine Senate. Preliminary talks between these agencies have been carried out after the 2001 Convention but have been put on hold due to what were reported as more pressing matters. The National Museum is currently reestablishing links to stimulate talks on the 2001 Convention. Secondly, the National Museum does not have adequate resources to carry out underwater archaeology projects on its own. This is a perennial problem for developing countries where funds for cultural research come second to economic priorities. There is also an urgency to protect submerged sites from fishermen and treasure hunters who are discovering and looting sites at an alarming rate4. This increasing incidence of uncontrolled looting has forced the National Museum into a dilemma. On the one hand, letting commercially-motivated individuals and companies destroy everything in the absence of funding or, on the other hand, reach a compromise with private entities that can bear the exploration and excavation costs in exchange for a share of the recovered pieces. The second scenario was adopted because it was deemed more advantageous to the National Museum and the UCH of the Philippines. This 4 This is based on numerous reports that the National Museum received but there has not been a specific study regarding numbers of looting activities. �arrangement at least guaranteed that the method of recovery followed archaeological procedures during excavation and post-excavation research contrary to letting aggressive treasure hunters and unaware fishermen destroy underwater sites for economic reasons. However, with the passing of RA 10066 and the possible adoption of the 2001 Convention by the Philippines, it is expected that there will be a shift from undertaking joint projects with profit-oriented proponents to collaborative projects with academic institutions and non-profit, research-geared, agencies and organizations in the management, preservation and protection of UCH. The National Museum would strongly welcome and support such an outcome. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS As shown above, the Philippines possess a rich and significant UCH that has been managed by the National Museum. However, the present framework needs to be improved and the Philippines has taken necessary measures in the form of strengthened legislation and training of personnel to conform to the principles and standards set forth in the 2001 Convention. However, the adoption of the 2001Convention remains challenging. Socio-political and economic problems will continue to influence decision making in undertaking underwater archaeological projects. At this time, no work on shipwreck preservation and protection, management and monitoring has yet been undertaken. There are numerous shipwrecks from the turn of the century to Second World War wrecks that are very vulnerable to looting and other forms of destruction. These submerged cultural resources need to be managed in conjunction with other stakeholders, such as the diving industry and local communities. There is a need to enhance information dissemination and public awareness through the Internet, television, books, journals, magazine articles and other media in order to reach a wider audience. Some National Museum projects have been televised but not widely or during primetime. More projects that have media coverage can be expected to provoke more public interest. The scuba diving community is a very important resource that needs to be tapped. In many cases divers possess first-hand information about shipwreck locations and most have the best intentions but not the knowledge of the process of shipwreck research and protection. This group has the most exposure to shipwrecks and can be a very valuable ally against UCH destruction if made more aware of the benefits of the preservation of heritage and if they can be involved in preservation programs. Finally, as the Philippines and the rest of the world face the challenges and opportunities in the preservation and protection of UCH, it is hoped that this Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage and similar meetings will be instrumental to formulating effective plans, establishing links and forming partnerships that could save this very important, but highly threatened, cultural resource. �Bibliography Alba, L. A., 1999 Alba, L.A., 1988 Barretto, G., 1997 Batoon, L. M. and Lacsina, L. SP., 2005 Bellwood, P., 1995 Brown, R., 2004 Conese, E. T., 2001 Conese, E. T., 1997 Conese, E. T., 1989 Conese, E., F. Aromin f., Jr., Palpal-latoc V., and de Celis, A, 1981 Crick, M., 2001 Cuevas, M., Ronquillo, W., and Santiago, R., 2004 Diem, A. I., 1996 Maritime Trade in Southeast Asia. Unpublished Manuscript. National Museum, Manila A Preliminary Report on the 1985 Royal Captain Shoal Expedition. 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Title A name given to the resource Protecting and Preserving the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Philippines: A Background Paper Subject The topic of the resource Session 12: Some Challenges and Issues in Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia Description An account of the resource The archipelagic nature of the Philippines and its strategic maritime location in the South China Sea gives an indication of the country’s significant underwater cultural heritage. Indigenous and foreign watercraft dating from the 3rd century C.E. has been discovered, excavated, exhibited and published by the National Museum of the Philippines and in collaboration with local and foreign research entities. However, the management and protection of this cultural heritage is far from perfect. Inadequate financial support from the government, weak legislation and enforcement and lack of qualified personnel are cited as some of the reasons. This is coupled with the ever active threat of pillage and destruction from treasure hunters, illegal fishing methods and the dive tourism industry. As such, the National Museum’s role as the leading government agency tasked with the conduct and management of the country’s underwater cultural heritage and the advance of underwater archaeology to an academic practice remains a challenge. The introduction of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region through the Regional Workshop in Hong Kong in 2003 with the aim of ratification has been an uphill battle, with Cambodia the only country to ratify the said convention in the Southeast Asian region thus far. This paper examines the impact of the 2001 Convention in the Philippines and examines the prospects for its ratification. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bobby C. Orillaneda Wilfredo P. Ronquillo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 12 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b90b4d72322545aa886b4402544d37f6.pdf 60402e662dbd39fbae88a644ddab0e09 PDF Text Text Protecting the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the waters surrounding Hong Kong Steven Gallagher Associate Professor of Practice in Law Professional Consultant The Chinese University of Hong Kong Email: stevegallagher@cuhk.edu.hk Abstract Since its colonial founding in 1841 Hong Kong has been a vibrant centre for international trade and commerce. Its strategic location at the head of the Pearl River made it a perfect location for maritime trade. Before this the waters surrounding Hong Kong’s 200 plus islands were the notorious hideouts of pirates seeking to plunder the rich merchant vessels trading between China and its South East Asian neighbours. The waters around Hong Kong are only now being fully explored for their cultural heritage. Professionals and amateurs are seeking the resting places of infamous pirate wrecks and the wrecks of their victims. Harbor developments and sea fortifications are being examined. However, the continued expansion of Hong Kong as a trading centre and the shortage of land for development places many underwater areas that may have significant heritage information at risk. Developments and land reclamation in the world famous Victoria Harbor have raised concerns locally and internationally. The building and expansion of the Chek Lap Kok Airport and the building of the Hong Kong-MacauZhuhai Bridge have given archaeologists opportunity to discover evidence of Hong Kong’s underwater cultural heritage but have also raised concerns regarding its damage and destruction. This paper considers the protection Hong Kong’s laws provide for the underwater cultural heritage in the face of threats from building projects, reclamation, increased traffic in established sea routes and the establishment of new commercial sea routes. Keywords: Hong Kong, underwater cultural heritage, law, Guangdong, legal framework Introduction Archaeologists have discovered evidence of human occupation of Hong Kong dating back 6,000 years to the Neolithic period (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013). Discoveries suggest that Hong Kong has always been a sea trading area with the concentration of its population on its coastline e.g. Lantau, Sai Kung, Tuen Mun and the Kowloon Peninsula. Hong Kong’s position at the mouth of the Pearl River, close to the trading port of Guanzhou (previously Canton), made it useful for the trade in tea, silk, 1 �porcelain and eventually opium. The many islands and the rich trade passing through these waters have also made the area a haven and rich plundering waters for pirates. The Portuguese, the first Europeans to pass regularly through these waters, referred to the islands of Hong Kong as ‘the islands of thieves’. The problem of piracy in the area led to the Great Clearance Order of 1661–69, when the inhabitants of coastal Guandong were ordered to move inland to prevent them from having any contact with pirates and perhaps providing aid to them. The area of Hong Kong was virtually deserted and only a small proportion of the original residents are said to have returned when the Emperor rescinded the order (Hayes, 1974). However, the coastal settlements around Hong Kong gradually re-established and benefitted from the opening up of Canton for the tea and opium trade (HSU, 2000); the islands of Hong Kong became watering, victualing and smuggling points. Piracy also continued with notorious local pirate chiefs controlling vast fleets in these waters, for example Cheung Po Tsai (17961820). After the First Opium War (1839-1842) the British took Hong Kong Island as a Crown Colony and it became the base for European trade in the area. Archaeological and historical study of the underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong The importance of the sea to the history and development of Hong Kong and the cultural heritage of the people oft is reflected in their beliefs and custom; for example the prevalence of Tin Hau temples and the dragon boat festivals which occur throughout the region. The recognition of the importance of Hong Kong’s maritime history is reflected in two dedicated museums (Maritime Museum and the Museum of Coastal Defence) and legislation such as the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance (Cap. 531), which recognises that ‘the harbour is a special public asset and a natural heritage of the Hong Kong people’ (Society for the Protection of the Harbour Ltd v. Town Planning Board [2004] 1 HKLRD 396). Discoveries of evidence of Hong Kong’s maritime cultural heritage have been made during the development of the infrastructure of Hong Kong including a Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) shipwreck that is now located within the High Island Reservoir. Archaeological investigation during the building of the new airport at Chep Lak Kok, 2 �Lantau Island, has resulted in evidence of coastal settlement in the region. Although no thorough archaeological exploration of the waters of Hong Kong has yet been carried out, in 2009 the Lord Wilson Heritage Trust, provided financial support for the Hong Kong Underwater Heritage Group to analyse and consolidate data for 300 Hong Kong sites in a wrecks database (Jeffery et al., 2013). Concern for underwater cultural heritage is driven by the problems related to the shortage of land in Hong Kong. Hong Kong consists of approximately 1,104 km2 (426 square miles) of land including over 200 islands. Its hilly terrain results in only some 25% of its landmass being developed for habitation with concentration mostly along the coastline. Official population figures of seven million people make it one of the most densely populated areas in the world (Census 2011). The constant reclamation of land from the sea, infrastructure projects in, under or over the sea, and the huge amount of sea traffic in the area endanger the underwater cultural heritage. The legal framework for the protection of underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and operates under the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ political system, which permits the region to use the common law until 2047. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Although there are many statutes which may indirectly affect the protection of underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong, there are two statutes which form the basis of protection for underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong: the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance (AMO) (Cap. 53), which provides the basis for all statutory protection of cultural heritage wherever situated in Hong Kong; and the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (Cap. 499). The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance was gazetted in 1971 and came into effect in 1972. AMO therefore predates the common usage of the term “cultural heritage” and so refers to “relics”, “antiquities” and “monuments”. AMO provides “for the preservation of objects of historical, archaeological and palaeontological interest and for matters ancillary thereto or connected therewith”, to be effected by way of designating ownership in relics and declaration of “any place, building, site or structure” as a proposed monument or monument. Although AMO expressly refers to discovery as including finding in Hong 3 �Kong ‘in, on or under land or sea’ (s. 2), Amo was drafted when the limitations of underwater archaeology and the appreciation of underwater cultural heritage meant that the protection of the underwater cultural heritage was only cursorily considered, which is apparent as subsequent sections only refer to land: e.g. ss 2, 2A, 2B, 3, 5 and 8. The Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance was gazetted in 1998 and has from its implementation been interpreted as necessitating consideration of the impact of proposed development of the seabed on cultural heritage. This interpretation was strengthened in 2007 after the Chief Executive’s Policy Address identified the protection of heritage and the requirement of Heritage Impact Assessments (HIA) as policy initiatives. The protection afforded the underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong will be considered under two headings: protecting underwater cultural heritage from unauthorised excavation and removal, and protecting underwater cultural heritage before and during development. Protecting underwater cultural heritage from unauthorised excavation and removal AMO places restrictions upon the searching for and excavating of sites, antiquities and relics, and specifies what must be done when an antiquity is discovered either accidentally or after deliberate search. Whenever an antiquity is discovered, the discoverer or any person who knows of the discovery must report the discovery to the Authority, presently the Secretary for Development (s.2), or to a designated person, identify the antiquity or supposed antiquity if requested to, and take all reasonable measures to protect the antiquity (s.11(1)-(3). A designated person includes, ‘(a) the officer in charge of a police station; (b) a police officer of or above the rank of inspector; and (c) any person specified by the Authority by notice in the Gazette’. The person making the report of the discovery of an antiquity may be paid a reward by the Authority, with the prior approval of the Chief Executive (s. 11(4)). AMO further provides that no person may ‘excavate or search for antiquities’ unless they have a licence to do so (s.12a). Licences are granted by the Antiquities and Monuments Office under the direction of the Authority. 4 �AMO (s.2) defines an antiquity as: a. a relic; anda place, building, site or structure erected, formed or built by human agency before the year 1800 and the ruins or remains of any such b. place, building, site or structure, whether or not the same has been modified, added to or restored after the year 1799. Although this definition was arrived at with terrestrial discovery in mind the provisions also apply to underwater cultural heritage predating 1800 as discovery may be ‘in, on or under land or sea’ (s. 2). Once an antiquity has been discovered and reported to the Authority, the Authority may designate it a proposed monument and or declared monument. The protection AMO provides is not restricted to places, buildings, sites or structures predating 1800, however, as AMO provides that the Authority may declare any place, building, site or structure a proposed monument (s.2A).Declaration lasts for 12 months with the possibility of extension for a further 12 months (s.2B). Furthermore, the Authority may declare any place, building, site or structure “to be a monument, historical building or archaeological or palaeontological site or structure if the Authority considers it ‘to be of public interest by reason of its historical, archaeological or palaeontological significance” (s.3). The “place, building, site or structure” may be ‘in, on or under land or sea’ and is usually referred to as a “declared monument”. The status of “proposed monument” or “declared monument” provides protection for the site and anything contained within it. AMO empowers the Authority, with the prior approval of the Chief Executive, to authorise the fencing, repair, maintenance, preservation or restoration of any proposed monument or monument, and the excavate or search for relics in any proposed monument or monument and the removal of any relics thereby discovered (s. 5 (1)).These powers are limited when interfering with the property rights of owners or occupiers of the proposed monument or monument (s.5(3)). Compensation may be paid to the owner or occupier of monuments or proposed monuments if the Authority exercises these powers (s. 8). The Ordinance provides a restriction on excavation and interference with any proposed monument or declared monument by way of a permit scheme (s. 6). The scheme prohibits, amongst other acts, the excavation, carrying on of building or other works, depositing earth or refuse on or in 5 �a proposed monument or monument, and the demolishing, removing, obstructing, defacing or interfering with a proposed monument or monument, except in accordance with a permit granted by the Authority. Anyone refused a permit to carry out these acts may appeal to the Chief Executive within 14 days of notice of the refusal by the Authority. The Chief executive may confirm, vary or reverse the refusal. The Chief executive’s decision is final. Once a site is designated a proposed monument or declared monument no person may use a metal detector there to excavate and search for antiquities unless they have a licence from the Authority for these purposes (s.12aa).Furthermore no person may remove any relic ‘hitherto undiscovered from a proposed monument or monument, or collect or remove any object which he supposes to be a relic from the site of its discovery’ unless they have a licence which permits them to do so for the protection of the relic or supposed relic (s.12b). Section 2 defines "relic" as: a. a movable object made, shaped, painted, carved, inscribed or otherwise created, manufactured, produced or modified by human agency before the year 1800, whether or not it has been modified, added to or restored after the year 1799; and b. fossil remains or impressions… Every relic discovered in Hong Kong after the commencement of the AMO belongs to the Government of Hong Kong, although the Authority may disclaim ownership of the relic on behalf of the Government when common law principles would then apply (s.10). The licensing scheme (s.13 (2) provides that a licence may only be issued if the Authority is satisfied that the licensee ‘has had sufficient scientific training or experience to enable him to carry out the excavation and search satisfactorily; (b) has at his disposal sufficient staff and financial or other resources to enable him to carry out the excavation and search satisfactorily; and (c) is able to conduct, or arrange for, a proper scientific study of any antiquities discovered as a result of the excavation and search.’ A licence may be granted for a renewable period of 12 months (s.13 (3)), to enter land for the purposes of excavation and searching (s.14), it is accepted practice for such licences to be issued for marine exploration. A license may be cancelled but the 6 �licensee must have the opportunity of making representation as to why it should not be cancelled (s. 15). An applicant or licensee may also appeal by way of petition to the Chief Executive within 14 days of a decision to refuse or cancel a licence: (s. 16). It may include such conditions as the Authority considers appropriate, e.g. the conduct of any excavation and search, the reporting, mapping and documenting thereof, the use of a metal detector, the preservation of materials discovered, their removal, examination and return, and the making and delivery of casts, rubbings, squeezes and other reproductions’ (s. 13(6)). AMO provides penalties for those who: knowingly make ‘a false statement to the Authority or to a designated person as to the situation or circumstances of the discovery of an antiquity’; do not report the discovery of an antiquity; excavate or search for antiquities without a licence (including the use of metal detectors (as proscribed in s. 12aa)); do not identify an antiquity they have reported if so requested; wilfully obstructs the Authority, or any designated person authorized by him (s. 19(1)). On conviction the offences carry maximum penalties of HK$5,000 and imprisonment for 6 months. There is a presumption in criminal and civil proceedings that any relic or alleged relic proved to be in Hong Kong after the date of commencement of the Ordinance was discovered in Hong Kong after the date of commencement of the Ordinance (s. 20(1)).The possessor of the relic or presumed relic must prove that the relic or presumed relic was in their possession or the possession from someone from whom they obtained possession for six years before the commencement of the proceedings or was imported into Hong Kong (s. 21(1)). AMO also provides more serious offences of excavating, carrying on building or other works, or depositing earth or refuse on or in a proposed monument or monument; or demolishing, removing, obstructing, defacing or interfering with a proposed monument or monument. These offences are punishable on conviction with a maximum fine of HK$100,000 and imprisonment for 1 year. The definition of antiquity limits the protection of undiscovered sites and artefacts to those predating 1800. However, the designation of a site as a proposed monument or declared monument will protect the site from any excavation or the removal of any object. Any wreck postdating this period and not subject to statutory designation may be subject to the law of salvage. The Merchant Shipping (Collision Damage Liability and 7 �Salvage) Ordinance (Cap. 508) incorporated the International Convention on Salvage 1989, but Hong Kong has adopted the Reservation permitted in article 30(1) of the Convention, as specified in the Ordinance s 9 and Sch 1, Pt2, para 2(1)(a), that the provisions of the Convention do not apply ‘when the property involved is a maritime cultural property of prehistoric archaeological or historic interest and is situated on the sea-bed.’ Such property will be subject to the pre-existing Hong Kong common law of salvage. The Hong Kong Government is entitled to all unclaimed wreck within Hong Kong’s territorial waters, except where the right has been granted to some other person (Pierce v Bemis, The Lusitania [1986] QB 384). Protecting underwater cultural heritage before and during development The most worrying prospect for those concerned with the underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong’s waters has been the continued expansion of Hong Kong into the sea and the major capital projects which have been undertaken in the seas. Contractors with the best intentions may never realise they have damaged underwater cultural heritage or may only realise there is an artefact or site which should be reported when major damage has already been inflicted on the integrity of a site. This concern has been reflected in Government policy to protect underwater cultural heritage. This policy has been described as “An excellent example of proactive management of underwater cultural heritage with relation to seabed development…” (Coroneos, 2006). The protection afforded underwater cultural heritage that may be damaged by building and development projects in Hong Kong is afforded by the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO). Implemented in 1998, the EIAO specifies in its Technical Memorandum that Heritage Impact Assessments (HIA) should be carried out at the early planning stage of any required development. The EIAO specifies in Schedule 1 Interpretation that ‘environmental impact’ for a designated project includes an on-site or off-site change that the project may cause in the environment on cultural heritage or a structure, site or other thing that is of historical or archaeological significance’. Schedule 1 also defines a "site of cultural heritage" as “an antiquity or monument, whether being a place, building, site or structure or a relic, as defined in the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance… and any place, building, site, or structure or a 8 �relic identified by the Antiquities and Monuments Office to be of archaeological, historical or palaeontological significance”. The EIAO Schedule 2 designates projects requiring HIA, which include: reclamation works (including associated dredging works) more than 1 ha in size with a boundary which is less than 500 m from the nearest boundary of an existing or planned site of cultural heritage; dredging operation which is less than 500 m from the nearest boundary of an existing or planned site of cultural heritage; sewage treatment works with an installed capacity of more than 5000 m3 per day and a boundary which is less than 200 m from the nearest boundary of an existing or planned site of cultural heritage; a sewage pumping station with an installed capacity of more than 2000 m3 per day and a boundary which is less than 150 m from an existing or planned site of cultural heritage; a drainage channel or river training and diversion works which discharges or discharge into an area which is less than 300 m from the nearest boundary of an existing or planned site of cultural heritage; All projects including new access roads, railways, sewers, sewage treatment facilities, earthworks, dredging works and other building works partly or wholly in a site of cultural heritage. Schedule 4 provides that any environmental permit granted may specify timing phasing or mitigation measures to mitigate the impact of a designated project. Mitigation measures include “processes, systems, practices, procedures or technologies for the conservation, preservation or protection of …sites of… cultural heritage importance”. The requirement for HIA was extended by the Chief Executive’s Policy Address of 2007 to cover any public works. Those undertaking HIA are required to engage “a qualified marine archaeologist” to “…identify whether there is any possible existence of sites or objects of cultural heritage, for example shipwreck, within any seabed areas that would be affected by the marine works of the Project” (Coroneos, 2006). The Technical Memorandum, Annex 19, provides ‘Guidelines for assessment of impact on sites of cultural heritage and other impacts’. These Guidelines explain that methodologies for assessing impact may vary depending on the site, and that there is ‘no quantitative standard in deciding the relative importance of these sites, but in general, sites of unique archaeological, historical or architectural value will be considered as highly significant. ’The Guidelines provide what must be done when undertaking the HIA: 9 �1. Baseline Study: to compile a comprehensive inventory of places, buildings, sites and structures of architectural, archaeological and historical value within the proposed project area; and to identify possible threats of destruction in whole or in part of sites of cultural heritage arising from the proposed project. 2. Methodology: information should be assembled to assess the sites to provide detailed geographical, historical, archaeological, ethnographical and other cultural data. Sources for the assessment should include public records, published papers, ‘records, archival and historical documents as well as oral legends. ’If these sources prove inadequate then field surveys and site investigations shall be conducted to assemble the necessary data. 3. Impact Assessment: the presumption is for ‘preservation in totality’. However, if site constraints and other factors permit only partial preservation then ‘this must be fully justified with alternative proposals or layout designs which confirm the impracticability of total preservation.’ Total destruction is the ‘very last resort’ and ‘shall only be recommended with a meticulous and careful analysis balancing the interest of preserving the archaeological, historical, architectural and other cultural values as against that of the community as a whole.’ 4. Mitigation Measures: mitigation measures shall not be used to avoid total or partial preservation. These general requirements for undertaking HIA have been further refined for underwater purposes by the Antiquities and Monuments Office’s Guidelines for Marine Archaeological Investigation specifying the tasks necessary for a successful HIA, colloquially referred to, as Coroneos notes, as “the Four Commandments”: Task 1 Baseline Review; Task 2 Geophysical Survey; Task 3 Establishing Archaeological Potential; Task 4 Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV)/Visual Diver Survey/Watching Brief. The Baseline Review is the equivalent of the Baseline Study. The Geophysical Survey is usually conducted by marine geophysical contractors. These two tasks then feed into Task 3, Establishing Archaeological Potential, which identifies, or isolates, anomalies or 10 �areas of archaeological potential. If no anomalies or areas of archaeological interest are found then Task 4 is not required. Otherwise Task 4 requires the use of ROV and/or visual divers, depending of the nature of the anomaly or area of archaeological potential, to investigate. If archaeological material is discovered then the Antiquities and Monuments Office must be notified to seek guidance on its significance and the preparation of appropriate mitigation measures. Conclusion Hong Kong’s framework for the protection of underwater cultural heritage is relatively simple and seemingly effective. The development of Hong Kong’s coast and seabed is undertaken with a requirement for heritage impact assessments specifying high levels of investigation and protection by professional archaeologists. Generally, no one is allowed to search for antiquities in Hong Kong’s waters without a permit from the Secretary or Development. Any chance discovery of an antiquity must be reported to the Secretary for Development. Any relic discovered belongs to the Hong Kong Government. Once a site is identified then it may be protected by designation as a proposed monument or declared monument. Of course there is room for improvement in the legal framework protecting the underwater cultural heritage in Hong Kong. For example AMO could be updated in language and provisions to specify the importance of underwater cultural heritage. Further measures may be implemented to protect underwater cultural heritage in line with policy statements from Beijing that China will bring its domestic laws into line with the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (FU, 2003). References Census, 2001. Retrieved 20 Janary http://www.census2011.gov.hk/pdf/summary-results.pdf 2014. From The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. China Unearthed, Soaring Phoenix Rising Dragon, Celebratory Exhibition for the 50th Anniversary of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong. Coroneos, C., 2006. The Four Commandments: The Response of Hong Kong SAR to the Impact of Seabed Development on Underwater Cultural Heritage. In R. Grenier, D. Nutley, and I., Cochran (Eds.), Heritage at Risk Special Edition, Underwater Cultural 11 �Heritage at Risk, International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Paris: 4648. Retrieved 20 January 2014. From http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2006/fulldocan.pdf FU, Kuen-Chen, 2003. A Chinese Perspective on the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law: 109-126. Hayes, J., 1974. The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events Since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, Vol. 14: 108–135. HSU, Immanuel C. Y., 2000. The Rise of Modern China. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jeffery, B., Li, M. L. H., Wong, P. P-K., Ho, L. W-C., Chan, T. S-M., Chow, G. S-M., Chan, R. K-Y., 2013. Recording and Documenting the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Hong Kong, Stage 1: a community maritime archaeology project. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 42 (2): 412- 419, retrieved 20 January 2014. From http://www.hkuhgroup.com/cms/ The Maritime Museum and the Museum of Coastal Defence, retrieved 20 January 2014. http://www.hkmaritimemuseum.org/ 1.php ; http://hk.coastaldefence.museum/en/section1- Biography Steven Gallagher is an Associate Professor and a Professional Consultant, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. He was called to the Bar of England and Wales in 2006 by Gray’s Inn after many years as an antiques dealer. Steven has taught Equity and Trusts for undergraduate level and masters’ students in England and Hong Kong, and on the Juris Doctor program in Hong Kong. In 2014 Steven began the first Cultural Heritage Law course in Hong Kong. Steven’s cultural heritage research interests include issues involving human remains, and the traffic in cultural heritage such as ‘wreck’ porcelain. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 15: Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 15 chair Dr. Craig Forrest. Description An account of the resource The legal framework for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage has gained momentum throughout the Asia-Pacific with a number of States turning their attention to this issue. For some this is due to concerns raised though specific incidents that have damaged or destroyed the underwater cultural heritage or the information that could be gleaned from its excavation, whilst for others, it follows from consideration being given to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This session considers the Legal Framework for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in a number of Asia-Pacific states. The objectives of session are to explore the various national approaches and to seek aspects of commonality and uniformity that provide frameworks for other state that have not yet addressed the issue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Craig Forrest Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Protecting the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the waters surrounding Hong Kong Description An account of the resource Since its colonial founding in 1841 Hong Kong has been a vibrant centre for international trade and commerce. Its strategic location at the head of the Pearl River made it a perfect location for maritime trade. Before this the waters surrounding Hong Kong’s 200 plus islands were the notorious hideouts of pirates seeking to plunder the rich merchant vessels trading between China and its South East Asian neighbours. The waters around Hong Kong are only now being fully explored for their cultural heritage. Professionals and amateurs are seeking the resting places of infamous pirate wrecks and the wrecks of their victims. Harbor developments and sea fortifications are being examined. However, the continued expansion of Hong Kong as a trading centre and the shortage of land for development places many underwater areas that may have significant heritage information at risk. Developments and land reclamation in the world famous Victoria Harbor have raised concerns locally and internationally. The building and expansion of the Chek Lap Kok Airport and the building of the Hong Kong-Macau-Zhuhai Bridge have given archaeologists opportunity to discover evidence of Hong Kong’s underwater cultural heritage but have also raised concerns regarding its damage and destruction. This paper considers the protection Hong Kong’s laws provide for the underwater cultural heritage in the face of threats from building projects, reclamation, increased traffic in established sea routes and the establishment of new commercial sea routes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Steven Gallagher, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/20/2014 Asia-Pac Session 15 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/d37f32241d20ff64236ffa7c4e0995be.pdf 2cd7d98f879376cfddfa48b9d503424c PDF Text Text Protection and Utilization of Underwater Cultural Heritage Bao Chun Lei (Hainan Museum, chunleibao2002@163.com) ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract fits best within this session, because underwater cultural heritage (UCH) are remains of ancient human civilization. Ancient maritime trade promoted economic and cultural exchange among coastal countries, and promoted the development of world civilization. They are very precious historical information and rare physical data. The case study under consideration are ancient ships and its accompanying UCH in the South China Sea. I briefly discuss the protection of the UCH and explore their development and utilization. Only by developing and utilizing UCH can the study of ancient civilization continue. The resources available to conduct the work include mainly taking ‘Huaguang Reef I’, ‘Nanhai I’, ‘Nanao I’ and other shipwrecks and their UCH as examples. I study the historical evolution and transformation of the three shipwrecks, as well as the cargo such as pottery, metal and the wooden hull. Creative products and related themes and activities are developed according to their historical characteristics, so as to let the cultural relics speak. The research approach is through the development and research of these cases whereby audience can walk into the site that stores the ancient ships, these are tourist attractions. The income from tickets or cultural and creative products provides financial support for the protection and maintenance of ancient ships and UCH. The results are forming a virtuous circle and bringing immeasurable cultural influence. INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper fits best within the session ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’. Ancient maritime trades have promoted economic and cultural exchanges among coastal countries and developed the histories of world civilizations, providing valuable historical information and rare materials. China has a long history of ancient maritime activities, and the continuous discoveries of shipwrecks from the past reveal its once-thriving maritime trade. The extensive history of maritime transportation has resulted in a rich underwater cultural heritage. Although China started its efforts for underwater cultural heritage relatively late, it has developed a series of advanced protection concepts such as ‘in-situ protection and overall salvage’. These concepts have greatly enhanced and deepened the understanding of underwater cultural heritage protection by conducting surveys of underwater cultural heritage and promoting public participation. In contact with seawater, substances undergo varying degrees of dissolution and corrosion. This damage primarily occurs due to the interaction of chemical, physical, and biological activities in seawater. The extent of damage to cultural heritage, which may have been submerged for hundreds or even thousands of years, can be imagined. Cultural heritage that has been underwater for centuries experiences deterioration, and the rate of deterioration accelerates after it is removed from the water due to rapid changes in the preservation environment. This is especially true for metal and water-saturated wooden artefacts, which can suffer from corrosion and cracking if not rescued and protected properly. Such damage can be irreversible. Preservation methods for underwater cultural heritage vary depending on the materials involved. Desalination and dehydration are the first necessary treatments. Salt substances present within raised artefacts pose a significant hidden danger to ceramics, metalware, and even wooden artefacts. The presence of salt can lead to glaze loss in ceramics and cyclic corrosion in metalware. Deionized water is the most cost-effective method for desalination, while complexing agents are used to remove sulfur iron compound salts from wooden relics. Additionally, some artefacts may be covered in a layer of white scale or even the remains of marine organisms. These should be preserved in a way that does not hinder historical research, as they serve as evidence and features of the underwater cultural heritage. The subsequent steps of restoration do not differ significantly from those applied to artefacts found on land. 1 �CASE STUDIES The case studies considered in this context include the following: the Song Dynasty shipwreck in Houzhu Port in Quanzhou Bay, the underwater inscription on Baiheliang in Chongqing, the Song Dynasty shipwreck of ‘Nanhai I’, the Ming Dynasty shipwreck of ‘Nanao I’, and the Southern Song shipwreck of ‘Huaguangjiao I’. Museums, along with their assistive technology products, are valuable resources for conducting this work. Museums serve as institutions for knowledge production, information dissemination, protection, education, research, and outreach. They should actively engage in social activities and respond to social changes, not merely exhibiting collections but also guiding public participation and contributing to local community development. In recent years, the three-fold concept of underwater cultural heritage in Chinese museums, namely ‘Display, Protection, and Research’, has become increasingly evident. Various museums, such as the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, Guangdong Museum, China Port Museum, and Hainan Museum, have successively established specialized laboratories for underwater cultural heritage protection based on ancient shipwrecks such as ‘Nanhai I’, ‘Nanao I’, ‘Xiaobaijiao I’, and ‘Huaguangjiao I’. These museums have developed systematic displays and research on underwater cultural heritage. Moreover, they have incorporated network communication technologies such as the internet, big data, cloud computing, 5G, and artificial intelligence into their exhibitions. These technologies are rapidly transforming the ways in which people interact with museums, deepening museums' involvement in local society across all aspects. They also present new challenges and opportunities for development. Among the technologies utilized by museums, cloud exhibitions and digital displays stand out, allowing audiences to enjoy museum exhibition information from the comfort of their homes. Such technologies also promote the protection and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. As an example, at ‘the 9th China Museum and Related Products and Technology Expo’ in 2022, China (Hainan) Nanhai Museum employed advanced 5G+ VR technology. This allowed visitors at the exhibition site in Zhengzhou, thousands of kilometers away from the South China Sea, to virtually experience the island of Sansha, providing a real-life experience spanning thousands of miles. Through this technology, the museum effectively enhanced its audience service, cultural artifact restoration, and security management capabilities. The research question for museums revolves around how to effectively utilize and promote the protection of underwater cultural heritage. The artefacts recovered from underwater sites enrich the museum's collections and inspire ideas and perspectives on the protection and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. With the growing recognition of the value of underwater cultural heritage, the number of maritime museums worldwide has significantly increased. Underwater cultural heritage has become a significant resource for many museums, and advancements in technology have made the exhibition of underwater cultural heritage more engaging and immersive. Modern digital technology and multimedia exhibition methods have enabled museums to showcase not only small artefacts that were easily raised from the water but also underwater archaeological sites that are challenging to retrieve. These technologies have made underwater cultural heritage more accessible to the general public, creating vivid and interactive exhibitions that capture the imagination of visitors. With the advent of new technologies, museums are leveraging underwater cultural heritage to develop innovative museum displays. One notable example is the Song Dynasty shipwreck in Houzhu Port, located in Quanzhou Bay, which is among the earliest historical shipwrecks excavated in Chinese waters. To create a compelling exhibition for this shipwreck, the government decided to construct the ‘Quanzhou Bay Ancient Ship Exhibition Hall’ within the local Kaiyuan Temple. The exhibition hall is designed with two floors. The lower floor features the physical display of the shipwreck, allowing visitors to view the actual remains. On the upper floor, the exhibition content encompasses a ‘three-in-one’ display, showcasing the port, shipwreck archaeology, and artefacts associated with the site. This integrated approach provides visitors with a comprehensive understanding of the historical context and significance of the shipwreck. The success of the ‘Ancient Ship Exhibition Hall’ in Quanzhou has had a profound impact on the exhibition design for historical shipwrecks in many other 2 �museums. The exhibition system pioneered by Quanzhou's museum has become a symbol of China's utilization of underwater cultural heritage, and its replication in other museums reflects its effectiveness and influence in showcasing and preserving these valuable artefacts. The year 2009 marked a significant milestone in the innovative integration of underwater cultural heritage protection and museums in China. The practices of ‘in-situ protection’ and ‘relocation protection’ of underwater cultural heritage at the Chongqing Baiheliang Underwater Museum and the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum were recognized by UNESCO as exemplary cases of protection and utilization. These initiatives showcase China's ingenuity and expertise in cultural heritage preservation and utilization. The Baiheliang site in Chongqing is renowned for its ancient inscriptions and stone fish carvings, which document hydrological information about the Yangtze River spanning over 1,200 years, including more than 60 years of dry periods. UNESCO recognizes it as ‘the world's first ancient hydrological station’ due to its remarkable preservation. However, with the completion of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, the Baiheliang site would be submerged. To safeguard this invaluable cultural heritage, an underwater museum was constructed based on the concept of ‘building a museum on the original site, preserving the environment in its original state, and displaying it in its original state’. Visitors to the Baiheliang Underwater Museum can descend via escalator to the stone carving exhibition area located 38 meters underwater. Even individuals without diving skills can admire the white crane beam through display windows. This groundbreaking presentation method, which allows non-diving visitors to access underwater heritage, had not been attempted by museums worldwide before. UNESCO hailed it as the ‘world's first non-diving accessible underwater heritage museum’. Subsequently, other countries, such as Italy, adopted a similar underwater display approach. For instance, in the Bay of Camarina in Sicily, Italy, a transparent underwater corridor was constructed, enabling people to enter the water from the shore and closely observe one of the ‘stone pillar wrecks’. These pioneering efforts in China and their subsequent replication in other parts of the world demonstrate the innovative and influential role that China's underwater cultural heritage protection and utilization practices have played in enhancing public accessibility and appreciation of submerged archaeological sites. The protection project of the ‘Nanhai I’, Song Dynasty shipwreck, is another remarkable example of the relocation and preservation of underwater cultural heritage. Through the ‘overall salvage’ initiative, the entire shipwreck site was relocated to the purpose-built Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum for archaeological excavation, scientific research, conservation, and exhibition purposes. This comprehensive approach to salvaging and protecting the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck represents a unique and innovative methodology and system for the preservation and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. It enables a seamless connection between excavation, protection, and exhibition within the museum, providing a holistic understanding of the historical context. The relocation and protection of the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck demonstrate the ingenuity of Chinese museums in safeguarding and showcasing underwater cultural heritage. The success of this methodology and system has proven its effectiveness in both heritage preservation and generating social benefits. In recent years, leveraging the power of the ‘Internet+’ and digital resources, the excavated artefacts have been widely utilized in social education, cultural and creative product development, animation and game creation, and the integration of new media technologies such as online live streaming, children's game consoles, message touch machines, naked-eye 3D studios, and VR or AR experiences. These advancements have significantly enhanced the interaction between museums and their audiences, amplifying the dissemination of historical and cultural knowledge related to the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck. The utilization of digital resources and new media technologies has greatly enriched the visitor experience, enabling a more immersive and interactive exploration of the history and cultural significance associated with the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck. In 2007, fishermen made a significant discovery in the three-point golden sea southeast of Nanao Island in Guangdong Province. They stumbled upon an ancient shipwreck from the Ming Dynasty, which had been missing for over 400 years. The shipwreck, named ‘Nanao I’, underwent subsequent excavation and recovery efforts. Between 2010 and 2012, underwater archaeological excavations took place, resulting in the retrieval of over 27,000 artefacts. The majority of these artefacts were blue and white porcelain, accompanied by pottery, metalware, wood, stone tools, and other items. Additionally, 3 �24,000 copper coins, 29,000 bead tube ornaments, as well as organic and inorganic specimens like fruit pits, tuber crops, and mercury were found. After the completion of the underwater archaeology project in 2012, ‘Nanao I’ was covered by a large probe frame to preserve its hull at the original site. The raised artefacts were transported to the museum for conservation treatment, where they are now displayed. The Nanao County Coastal Defense History Museum hosts an exhibition centered around the ‘Nanao I’ shipwreck. Visitors can embark on a high-fidelity virtual journey aboard an ancient wooden boat, wearing 360° VR equipment. Through the ‘VR Sailing Experience: ‘Nanao I’ Silk Road Story’ special 3D cartoon, visitors are transported back in time to the prosperous Ming Dynasty. They can explore vivid historical scenes, immersing themselves in the magnificent and longstanding legend of marine trade. The exhibition also features the ‘South Australia I’ VR panoramic navigation experience platform. By utilizing intelligent and information technology, this project presents intricate historical narratives, enhances the exhibition's quality, and effectively disseminates its themes and content. Visitors can wear 360° VR equipment for the ‘Underwater Archaeology VR’ project, simulating the experience of being an archaeological team member diving deep underwater to conduct underwater excavations. The exhibition hall also includes a restored model of the ‘Nanao I’ wreck, showcasing the shipwreck scene, cargo, and surrounding underwater world. Various artefacts from the ‘Nanao I’, such as seabed stones, plates, bowls, and jars, are exhibited to demonstrate the cultural relics of Nanao Port and South Australia, highlighting the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road. The three-dimensional surround sound effect further immerses visitors in the experience. An integral part of the exhibition's quality enhancement is the QR code self-service guide system. These QR codes facilitate multi-terminal adaptation, allowing visitors to access information on museum exhibits, real-life scenes, and virtual immersive experiences through digital collections. This system provides self-service automatic explanations, enhancing visitors' viewing experiences and improving the overall service quality of the exhibition hall. The ‘Nanao I’ Aquatic Cultural Relics Exhibition at Shantou Museum drew over 20,000 visitors in just over a month. Furthermore, the Guangdong Provincial Museum collaborated with the National Institute of Marine Cultural Properties of Korea to host the ‘Nanao I: Ming Dynasty Maritime Trade’ exhibition. This marked the first overseas cooperation of Guangdong Provincial Museum for an underwater archaeology exhibition. It is worth noting that the ‘Nanao I’ shipwreck site was selected as one of the ‘National Top Ten Archaeological New Discoveries’, signifying its significance in the field of underwater archaeology in China. CONCLUSIONS Chinese museums have embraced the rich underwater cultural heritage resources and are utilizing them in diverse and innovative ways. One such example is the Hainan Provincial Museum, which has curated a series of exhibitions centered around the artefacts recovered from the sunken ship ‘Huaguangjiao I’ in the Xisha Islands. These exhibitions aim to showcase the essence and stories of the sunken ship, particularly in relation to the history of maritime trade and the Maritime Silk Road. Notably, the exhibitions titled ‘Direction of the Sea: Special Exhibition on Huaguangjiao I Sunken Ship’ and ‘Pan Boat of the South China Sea: Exhibition on the Maritime Civilization of the South China Sea’ have both received the prestigious National Top Ten Exhibition Awards, a rare achievement in the field of exhibitions. Another noteworthy endeavor is the ‘Silk Road Sailing Far’ exhibition led by the Fujian Provincial Museum. This exhibition brings together artefacts from over 50 museums nationwide to comprehensively depict the extensive and magnificent history of the Maritime Silk Road. Alongside other historical artefacts, the exhibition also showcases underwater archaeological achievements, highlighting the importance of maritime heritage in the context of the Silk Road. These initiatives demonstrate the commitment of Chinese museums to utilize underwater cultural heritage to tell compelling stories and shed light on the historical significance of maritime trade routes like the Maritime Silk Road. By integrating artefacts recovered from underwater sites, these exhibitions offer visitors a unique perspective on the past and contribute to a deeper understanding of China's rich maritime history. Bibliography Wei J., 2020. Museum Display of China’s Underwater Cultural Heritages. Chinese Museum. Vol. 3: 9-16. Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong. Available through: https://www.msrmuseum.com/Home 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Protection and Utilization of Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract fits best within this session, because underwater cultural heritage (UCH) are remains of ancient human civilization. Ancient maritime trade promoted economic and cultural exchange among coastal countries, and promoted the development of world civilization. They are very precious historical information and rare physical data. The case study under consideration are ancient ships and its accompanying UCH in the South China Sea. I briefly discuss the protection of the UCH and explore their development and utilization. Only by developing and utilizing UCH can the study of ancient civilization continue. The resources available to conduct the work include mainly taking ‘Huaguang Reef I’, ‘Nanhai I’, ‘Nanao I’ and other shipwrecks and their UCH as examples. I study the historical evolution and transformation of the three shipwrecks, as well as the cargo such as pottery, metal and the wooden hull. Creative products and related themes and activities are developed according to their historical characteristics, so as to let the cultural relics speak. The research approach is through the development and research of these cases whereby audience can walk into the site that stores the ancient ships, these are tourist attractions. The income from tickets or cultural and creative products provides financial support for the protection and maintenance of ancient ships and UCH. The results are forming a virtuous circle and bringing immeasurable cultural influence. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bao Chun Lei Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bao, Chun Lei. 2023. “Protection and utilization of marine cultural relics.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1888 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c79bd9cbbffd4c481955de83e9e50081.pdf c7da8baf056a35586964d3c3220d2cde PDF Text Text Protection of Catalina Wreck Site in Biak Water and Rehabilitation of the Surrounding Marine Environment Zainab Tahir Abstract Over more than a decade ago a United States of America’s (USA) Air Force aircraft was found underwater off the coast of Biak in West Papua. The aircraft is believed to be Pby Catalina, a WWII amphibious bomber aircraft. When the Papua Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries operated regular monitoring for marine ecosystems in Biak waters the team recorded severe problems with marine life directly associated to the waters surrounding the Catalina Wreck Site. National and Local government have been working together since 2010 to manage the underwater heritage and the marine environment in an integrated way. It is aimed that integrated management of the site will preserve the historical value of the WWII remains and rehabilitate the surrounding marine environment. Rehabilitation involves the establishment of coral gardens surrounding the wreckage of the aircraft. My intention in this paper is to present the plans of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries to recover the coral reef to a healthy condition, to protect the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) and to manage the area for reasonable use. Introduction Nowadays, the site popularly known as Catalina Wreck Site (CWS) has become one of the biggest attractions to tourists in the West Papua area. It was probably shot down by the Japanese during WWII when the islands of Biak were used as a base by both the USA and Japanese forces. The USA Air Force was based on Owi Island which is less than 10 nautical miles from the Island of Biak where the Japanese were stationed. The sunken aircraft is located between these two islands and is still intact because it is lying in relatively calm water which is only less than 30 meters deep. In addition to the presence of the WWII remains, Biak waters have a variety of marine biodiversity. However, when the team from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries conducted regular monitoring of the marine ecosystem they found severe problems with the underwater life and especially surrounding the CWS. It was assumed this was cased by destructive fishing activities including the use of dynamite. These activities have caused severe damage to the coral reefs, this has left only a remaining 20% healthy coral surrounding the entire Biak Island (Research Center for Maritime Territory and Non Living Resources 2006). �Figure 1. Catalina from the top part (left). General Condition of Coral Reefs Along the Site (right) (photographs taken by Cipto A.Gunawan, 2009) Since 2010 the National and Local Government have attempted to manage the underwater resources in an integrated way. One long-term goal of the management is to set up the area as a Maritime Conservation Area within which the WWII remains and coral reefs would be managed and protected for reasonable use. The practical idea to remedy this particular marine ecosystem is to establish coral gardens. Other advantages of creating these artificial reefs are increasing local economic growth through creating a tourist attraction and raising the awareness of local people and to engender respect for their heritage as well as the marine environment. On the other hand, based on regulations, extending some features surrounding cultural sites means changing the original landscape and this is prohibited. The Governmental Decree No.10/1993 chapter 29 on the Explanation of Law No.5/1992 of Cultural Protection Objects declared that the activities classified as damaging actions are reducing, extending, changing, moving and polluting a protected heritage, however, this policy is not set in stone, the other chapters (chapter 22 and 23) point out that in order to protect and maintain the cultural heritage, development is allowed with certain restrictions, taking consideration of the site and environmental boundaries. Moreover, this is reinforced by the new Law No.11/2010 on Cultural Protection, stating that in order to preserve its sustainability as well as to benefit the community; the development of cultural sites is permitted with strict terms and conditions. Establishing a set of plans is a significant step in order to bridge the regulations, the protection of the CWS and the rehabilitation of the coral reefs. One of the plans is a zoning system. This is a spatial planning approach which divides areas into different zones based on their characteristics and functions. Jon Day (2002:141) pointed out that, “managing marine areas refers to the concept of ‘zoning’ to separate conflicting uses or to keep sensitive, ecologically valuable or recovering areas free from use”. Examples of how to protect a cultural site can be found in the management of terrestrial heritage sites in Indonesia. For example, the Borobudur temple uses zoning plans and other policies on access to better control the impacts of humans or the environment on the site. This World Heritage Listed site is divided into the following five zones: Zone 1 is a strict protection zone at a radius of approximately 200m from the temple; Zone 2 is the �buffer zone established 500m from the core zone and open for visitors, facilities and the office; the other three zones, which are at a variety of radial, contain some protected cultural sites (Baiquni 2009). In Indonesia zoning plans are popularly implemented for terrestrial archaeological sites, land and marine national parks, urban planning and other industries (such as mining). Implementation of this style of management to underwater cultural sites is indeed a new task to all parties, including the government. This country has a huge number of historical submerged sites which are supposed to be protected with the intention for long-lasting future existence and to be managed for its benefit to local communities. Therefore, establishing the plans for the site management is crucial to bring into an action. In this case the Catalina Wreck Site would be a pilot project. “Zoning” is a popular term used for spatial planning. Act No.27/2007 on Management of Coastal Zone and Small Islands defined it as “a spatial engineering technique in dividing zones based on its resources and its “carrying capacity””, and zoning plan is a set of plans ruled whether the activities are allowed or not in the determined zones. Generally, it is divided into three areas: first, the core zone; and second, the protected area, aimed to preserve important objects or ecosystem; third, is a buffer or supporting zone. An example for Zone 2 is David.H. Williamson’s (2004) Marine Park “no take” zone, it is a location allocated only for the preservation of marine biodiversity. In Borobudur Zoning Plans, this zone is multi-functional with particular restrictions located a half kilometer from the temple. It is almost the same as what Day (2002) pointed out about the buffer zone of the Great Barrier Reefs, in that it allows for commercial and recreational activities but restricts shipping, trawling, oil drilling and mining. The third zone is rehabilitation or development; according to the Ministerial Decree of Ministry of Forestry No.P.56/Menhut-II/2006, all rehabilitation activities such as recovering the devastated ecosystems are suggested for inclusion in this zone. Considering these regulations in managing the CWS and rehabilitating the marine ecosystem the following zoning model and coral reef recovering method is presented. Zoning Plans Zoning is a cornerstone of area management. The Great Barrier Reef is a remarkable example for its zoning plans. They are aimed to conserve, to regulate the use of the Marine Park while “allowing reasonable use, to regulate the activities that exploit the resources as well as to minimize the effect of those activities, to reserve the areas for public appreciation and enjoyment, and finally to preserve the resources in its pristine undisturbed condition except for the purposes of scientific research” (Kenchington 1990 in Day 2002). Zoning is also implemented to minimize conflict of use. �Figure 2. The sceme of coral garden (Designed by I Ketut Sudiarta) There are three main objectives in the creation of zones in the CWS. Firstly, protect the underwater cultural heritage. Secondly, conserve the marine ecosystem. Thirdly, manage the reasonable use by visitors and local community. Table 1 (below) illustrates the zoning plans of CWS, divided into four major categories: Activities Coral Transplantation Diving Coral Adopt Memorial Stone Table 1. Zoning Matrix of the CWS Protection Buffer Rehabilitation Utilization Zone Zone Zone Zone No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Notes: • • • • Protection Zone is the zone where the UCH “Catalina Wreck Site” is spotted. Strict entry for tourism is allowed in this area, however, fishing and all extensions such as establishing a coral garden are prohibited to a certain width. Strict entry means it is a “look but don’t touch” zone, in which all forms of extraction (including fishing) are prohibited. Buffer Zone, in this area all activities are prohibited in the protection Zone. It provides support to the protection zone. Rehabilitation Zone is part of the area where the marine ecosystems are severely damaged and need to be recovered if it is to continue existence. In this area establishment of coral garden is part of the long-term plan. Utilization Zone. As it seen from the scheme above, this zone is divided into two parts, first is creative zone aimed at encouraging local communities to recruit and grow coral as an coral ornament for aquarium; the second is Catalina Reef Aware concerned in the persuation and introduction to tourists in the adoption of coral reefs. �Rehabilitation William Precht (1998) mentioned two options of recovering coral reefs: first is rehabilitation, “enhancing natural recovery through substrate stabilization”, and the second is restoration, which means, “reestablishing the structural, biological and aesthetical aspect of the reefs”. Helen E. Fox, et.al (2005) suggested that rehabilitation is more practical and costs less than the restoration option. Rehabilitation of the marine ecosystem is a recovery process of the damaged environment to revive its existence. However, restoring damaged coral reefs are complicated. Sometimes specific corals are unsuccessfully transplanted (Clark and Edwards 1995; Harriot and Fisk 1995; Edward and Clark 1998 in Fox, et al. 2005). There are some methods that have been implemented such as cultivation of coral gardens through transplantation (Harriot and Fisk 1995; Rinkevich 2000 in Fox, et al. 2005) and another different technique that accelerates the growth of recruited coral (Hilbertz 1992; Van Treeck and Schuhmacher 1997; Van Treeck and Schuhmacher 1999 in Fox, et al. 2005). According to Mark Baine (2001) “rehabilitation” means creation of artificial coral reefs, protection of coastal areas, conservation of the sea life and providing new tourist attractions (which can generate market impacts to gain local economic growth). National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2007) guide states that, properly constructed, and strategically sited artificial reefs can enhance fish habitats, provide more access to quality fishing grounds, benefit fishermen and the economies of shore communities, increase total fish biomass within a given area, and provide managers with another option for the conservation and management of fishery resources. The term rehabilitation can also be used in the sense to mitigate the loss of the habitats. James Spurgeon and Ulf Lindahl (2000) pointed out that “manipulation” of the coral habitat is a popular experimental option to manage and conserve coral reefs. Relocating and fixing it to the particular substrate is one of the methods to recover this habitat. However, policy of restoring or rehabilitating coral reefs should be standardized by the government. An example of which is what Ministry of Environment in Japan has done by arranging manual for restoration and remediation of coral reefs done by Japan Government (Ministry of Environment, 2004). In the USA, the government has developed an approach that considers biological and economic information to assess the significance of ecosystem restoration, known as Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) (Unsworth and Bishop 1994; Milon and Dodge in press; Spurgeon and Lindahl 2000:132). NOAA’s (2007) guideline established important aspects to consider in the success of artificial reefs “manipulation habitats” such as sitting, material and design, regulatory requirement, construction, management and liability. In the CWS transplantation plans are based on the considerations of the ecosystem recovery, the opportunity to gain local economic growth and raising awareness of the local community, as well as protection of the UCH. The methods which are planned are divided into two major parts. Firstly, the Rehabilitation Base, which is located approximately at 15 to 20 meters depth. �This area has provided for a coral garden. The design is about block writing “CATALINA BIAK”. This consists of two different parts and different material block and writing. The block is formed by a hard structure, while the writing is from specific pipes (Term of Reference of Directorate of Coastal and Ocean Affairs 2010). Figure 3. Models of the artificial reefs structure’s block (designed by Dondy Arafat). The transplant corals, which placed on the block, are taken from rare deep coral species that grow in Biak waters. The types of the species (sp) (hard coral, soft coral dan googonian) are lobophytum strictum, Blastomussa sp, Caulastrea sp, Nepthea sp (Research Center for Maritime Territory and Non Living Resources 2006). Secondly is the involvement of the community base which provides location of creative zone and adopt coral or Catalina Reef Aware to encourage people participating in planting corals. For example, in a creative area located in 3 – 5 m depth the local community is persuaded to grow various types of coral ornaments, which can be managed as an alternative livelihood. It also can generate an embryo or source of the next coral transplantation. However, in the Catalina Reef Aware Zone, located in 5 – 10 m, tourists are offered to buy recruited coral and tag their name in each as personal memories. This method was successfully implemented in Sanur – Bali (I Ketut Sudiarta, 2009). Additionally, as a tourist attraction, coral transplantation also reduces the strength of the coastal current in this area. It must be stated that remarkable achievement of coral rehabilitation could not be generalized due to the different conditions of each environment. The coral reefs recovery program and the protection of the CWS have long-term targets to achieve. All above-mentioned plans are starting points in the recognition of the area as a Maritime Conservation Area. Maritime Conservation Area “Maritime Conservation Area” (MCA), is a title found in Ministerial Decree of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 17/2008 concerning Conservation of Coastal Zone and Small Islands. It is defined as “certain area which legally stated to protect the existing traditional maritime custom and maritime archaeological �site which is closely related to the conservation of coastal and small islands”. Basically, the concept is a similar to the Marine Protected Area (MPA) as a conservation tool in locations to limit public access in order to improve its sustainability. However, MPAs are mostly used to determine locations where fishing activities are socially and economically important (Sutton and Tobin 2004), while MCAs rely on the presence of the maritime heritage whether its tangible, such as coastal and underwater cultural sites, or intangible, for instance its traditional or local wisdom related to maritime aspects. According to the Ministerial Decree (2008), Maritime Conservation Area is classified into two categories; first is protected area of intangible maritime heritage, and the second is protected area of tangible maritime heritage. The CWS and the surrounding area’s long term goals fall within the second category. Establishing the MCA requires the following systematic stages (Figure 4): • collection of data related to the biophysics of the area and the ecosystems, social economic and culture of the local community, local policies in order to support conservation program; collecting general data such as history, position and boundary of the site, providing thematic and bathymetric map of the site and the related area. • survey and significant assessment aims to verify and collect data from the field, such as climate, coastal and oceanography, social economic of the community, infrastructures, cultural sites and urban development planning. Based on survey results and the available data, significance of the marine ecosystems, social economic and cultural aspects are assessed to measure the feasibility of the establishment of the MCA, as well as, the extent of coverage for the protected area; • public consultation to obtain input from the local community, as well as to educate people about policy of the protection of the marine environment and UCH; • recommendation to the authority whether to endorse or not. All stages above are suggested be done or facilitated by local government who proposes the establishment of the maritime conservation area. In the case of the long term five year program of the CSW, some stages such as collecting data were done in 2010 and the public consultation is planned in this year. However, the involvement of local community still needs to be refined. Maritime Conservation Area Collecting Data Survey and Significant Assessment Public Consultation Recommendation Figure 4. Diagram of the MCA systematic stages (Ministrial Decree 2008). �Conclusion The purpose of the management of the CWS and its surrounding marine environment are to conserve its present state and to preserve its sustainability for future generations. Furthermore, the CWS is part of several significant sites in Biak Island related to the WWII. In consideration of the evidence provided in this paper one could conclude that regional protection is required in this area. However, the plan of this small project is expected more systematic than its current plan to provide an advanced management plan before establishing it as a MCA. Introducing the program to the local community and ensuring their involvement from the beginning should be integrated into part of the plans. Another concern is the arrangement of related guidelines such as artificial reef guidelines and diving in/on the UCH. By managing WWII remains in Indonesia the country’s officials can provide an opportunity for future WWII sites to establish mutual heritage center for WWII remains and conduct a heritage trail join-program between Asia Pacific countries to introduce the existences of the heritage, widely. Bibliography Baine, M., 2001 “Artificial reefs: A Review of Their Design, Application, Management and Performance”, Ocean & Coastal Management 44, pp. 241-259. Baiquni, M., Belajar dari Pasang Surut Peradaban Borobudur dan Konsep Pengembangan Pariwisata Borobudur, Forum 2009 Geografi, Vol 23, no. 1, July 2009, pp. 25-40. Zoning: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Day, J. C., Ocean & Coastal Zone Management. Staff Paper 2002-20. 2002 In press Fox, H. E., et al “Experimental Assessment of Coral Reefs Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing”, Conservation Biology, Vol.19, pp. 2005 98, 1 Feb 2005 I Ketut Sudiarta “Konsep Pengembangan Coral Garden”, Presented in Marine Tourism Workshop, 13 October 2005. 2009 “The Art and Science of Reef Restoration”, in Geotime, 43, Precht, W., 1998 pp.16-20 Spurgeon, J., and Economics of coral reef restoration, pp.132 Lindahl, U., <http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/564/1/cesar_12 2000 .pdf>, retrieved at 30 August 2011. Sutton, S. G., and “Recreational Fishers’ Attitudes Towards the 2004 Tobin, R., Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park”, Environmental Conservation 36, 3, pp.245–252. 2009 Foundation for Environmental Conservation December 2009. Cultural Protection Act 2010, No.11. The Government of Indonesia 2010 �The Government of Indonesia 2007 The Government of Indonesia 1993 The Ministry of Forestry, the Government of Indonesia 2006 Research Center for Maritime Territory and Non Living Resources, The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the Government of Indonesia 2006 The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the Government of Indonesia 2008 The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the Government of Indonesia 2010 United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2007 Williamson, D.H., Russ, G.R., and Ayling, A.M., 2004 Management of Coastal Zone and Small Islands Act 2007, No.27 The Governmental Decree 1993, No.10, the Explanation of Cultural Protection Object Act 1992, No.5. The Ministerial Decree on Zoning Guidelines in National Park 2006, No.P.56/Menhut-II “Inventory of Carrying Capacity of Cendrawasih Bay”, Final Report. The Ministerial Decree on Conservation of Coastal Zone and Small Islands 2008, No. 17 Term of Reference of Directorate of Coastal and Ocean Affairs 2010. National Artificial Reef Plan (as Amended): Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Athmospheric Administration. “No-Take Marine Reserves Increase Abundance and Biomass of Reef Fish on Inshore Fringing Reefs of the Great Barrier Reef”, Environmental Conservation 31 (2): pp149–159. Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2004. � https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/94c88484552b33daedb0c74a71388300.jpg 0f91ad9ec3e6de2e3e55ebe4284d91f1 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Protection of Catalina Wreck Site in Biak Water and Rehabilitation of the Surrounding Marine Environment Subject The topic of the resource Session 11 Diversity in approaches to maritime archaeology, underwater cultural heritage and related areas Description An account of the resource Over more than a decade ago a United States of America’s (USA) Air Force aircraft was found underwater off the coast of Biak in West Papua. The aircraft is believed to be a PBY Catalina, a WWII amphibious bomber aircraft. When the Papua Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries operated regular monitoring for marine ecosystems in Biak waters the team recorded severe problems with marine life directly associated to the waters surrounding the Catalina Wreck Site. National and Local government have been working together since 2010 to manage the underwater heritage and the marine environment in an integrated way. It is aimed that integrated management of the site will preserve the historical value of the WWII remains and rehabilitate the surrounding marine environment. Rehabilitation involves the establishment of coral gardens surrounding the wreckage of the aircraft. My intention in this paper is to present the plans of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries to recover the coral reef to a healthy condition, to protect the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) and to manage the area for reasonable use. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zainab Tahir Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 11