39 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/34b414ba51dcc2fe4f0f2a29849ddeeb.pdf 6375b0a513e7a93fb6b439a9b197a13f PDF Text Text Feasibility study on capacity building in Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific Jennifer F. McKinnon East Carolina University Program in Maritime Studies Greenville, 27858 USA Email: mckinnonje@ecu.edu Abstract The first UNESCO regional workshop on Pacific underwater cultural heritage (UCH) took place in December 2009 in Honiara, Solomon Islands. As possible steps towards building capacity for managing UCH, participants at the workshop identified the following needs: systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites; exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites; and developing a training and education programme for managers. Based on the recommendations made at the Honiara workshop, a Feasibility Study on a Pacific Underwater Cultural Heritage Capacity Building Program was prepared by Flinders University with UNESCO support. The study recommends a possible capacity building programme to be hosted by the University of the South Pacific (USP) in Fiji. Key words: UNESCO, Capacity Building, UCH, Training Programme, Pacific Introduction Experts from Pacific Island nations and underwater cultural heritage (UCH) practitioners identified the need for UCH capacity building during the December 2009 workshop “Towards the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific” held in Honiara, Solomon Islands and sponsored by the UNESCO, Apia. During this meeting it was identified that, although there are limited resources available, most Pacific nations recognize the need to develop a program of UCH management and have staff trained in recording, managing and protecting this heritage. As possible steps towards building capacity for managing UCH, participants at the meeting specifically identified the following needs: systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites; exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites; strengthening assessment and mitigation techniques for negative impacts to underwater sites; and developing a training and education program for managers. These views were expressed in light of increasing threats 1 �posed by lack of legislation, tourism, development, natural disasters and climate change. The UNESCO Apia Office contracted Flinders University’s Program in Maritime Archaeology to conduct and write a feasibility study for developing capacity in UCH management in the Pacific (McKinnon and Kimura, 2011). The Program has a history of participation in UNESCO sponsored programs and an ongoing research agenda on UCH within the Pacific region and was suited to conduct such a project. Selected Existing and Planned Capacity: Programs, Projects and Activities The development of a capacity building program rests on knowledge of what capacity already exists and any future planned capacity. Thus a review of existing programs, projects and activities including UNESCO Pacific member, associate member and non-member nations located in the Pacific was conducted. This included the following nations: Australia, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (non-member), Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam (non-member), Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau (Associate member), Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. A review of the existing programs included thorough Internet searches, library searches and targeted emails to relevant practitioners to identify activities related to UCH. Each program, project and activity was then reviewed and information was collected to assess their capacity. Data collated included: institution name, geographic area, previous and current research/work/projects related to UCH, available facilities, contact information, associated websites and publications/texts/references. This information was compiled into a database and each nation was assessed for their potential to contribute to or host a capacity building program. For the purposes of identifying capacity building potential, the definition of “capacity” in the feasibility study involved two key criteria: framework and sustainability. In order for a project, program or activity to be viable and capable of supporting long-term capacity it should provide a general framework that may include, but not be limited to expertise, administration and funding. As well, that project, program or activity must be sustainable over time, that is, not a one-off effort. Thus the existing and planned capacity projects, programs and activities outlined in the feasibility study fulfilled both these criteria. The following nations were outlined for their potential to contribute capacity building programs for UCH in the Pacific: Australia, Commonwealth of the 2 �Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, New Zealand and Palau. The programs, projects and activities of these nations were investigated further and subdivided into the following categories: government organisations, university programs, non-government (NGOs) and not-for-profit (NFPs) organisations, museums and private organisations and businesses. The best location for hosting a UCH capacity building program was identified as Fiji, discussed further below. A new Pacific Underwater Cultural Heritage Capacity Building Program During the December 2009 workshop in Honiara, participants discussed the possibilities for building capacity in the Pacific region and decided that it was too early to attempt establishing a Regional Centre of Excellence Field Training Facility as had been done in the Asia region at Chanthaburi, Thailand. Thus, the capacity building program in the Pacific would need to take an approach suited to the Pacific. As a result, the capacity building program focused less on the need for certification in SCUBA and diver training and more on knowledge building and knowledge transfer. Most practitioners and agencies would agree that knowledge is at the core of sustainable capacity development. By increasing knowledge, the capacity building program would develop a framework for training future practitioners to have actual UCH working capacity. The UNESCO Apia Office outlined the following requirements for a capacity building program (UNESCO, 2010a):  combine classroom/online lectures with field training for diving at UCH sites, including those in Pacific island countries  use ICT as a tool for knowledge sharing and networking  be based on public-private partnership, involving tourism diving industry, in order to ensure sustainable funding These three requirements were incorporated into the design of a program that met the needs identified by Pacific nations during the workshop (UNESCO, 2010b) including:  systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites  exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites 3 � strengthening assessment and mitigation techniques for negative impacts to underwater sites  developing a training and education program for managers as possible steps towards building a capacity for managing UCH Training Based on the above needs identified by Pacific nations, a capacity building program would include an intensive, regional training in one of the Pacific nations involving relevant representatives from each nations’ management authorities and experts in the field of UCH and heritage management. The training would focus on basic knowledge and capacity building. It could be offered during one long training session (i.e. three-four weeks) or divided into two, three, or four sessions over an extended period. The following was a proposed outline for the training separated into sessions, modules and subject matter: Session 1: Underwater Cultural Heritage: Identification, Recording and Database Management Module 1: Defining UCH using a Pacific approach: Introduction to UNESCO and ICOMOS; What is intangible and tangible heritage? Regional priorities in Pacific UCH management Module 2: Requirements for systematic recording of UCH: site identification, recording and delimitation: What types of sites are UCH? Cultural maritime landscape and seascape approaches; Recording techniques for UCH; Defining site boundaries Module 3: Understanding site significance: The Burra Charter process; What is significance? Writing a significance statement; Thematic frameworks and approaches Module 4: Building and maintaining a database of UCH: What is a heritage database? What is included in a database? What software to use? Maintenance of databases; Successful uses of databases Module 5: Practice in recording sites: Conduct an actual archaeological survey of a UCH site 4 �Session 2: Underwater Cultural Heritage: Management Module 1: Identifying risks to intangible and tangible heritage: What are the risks to Pacific UCH? Preventative approaches; Case studies Module 2: In situ conservation and preservation: What is in situ conservation and preservation? Developing and conducting conservation surveys; Developing a conservation management plan Module 3: Disaster risk management and developing a plan: What are natural disasters? Vulnerability of various types of UCH; Planning for disasters; Writing a disaster risk management plan Module 4: Assessment and mitigation of impacts to UCH: Damage assessment investigation and surveys; Violation investigations; Damage assessment report preparation; Case studies Module 5: Developing a network of support: local and regional capacity: Strengthening inter- and intra-island communication and collaboration; Identifying regulatory agencies for partnerships; Trainings for law enforcement on UCH protection; Public outreach programs; Developing local heritage interest groups Session 3: Underwater Cultural Heritage: Interpretation and Heritage Tourism Module 1: Methods in public interpretation: in situ and museum approaches: What is public interpretation and what forms does it take? In situ interpretation and museums; Traditional approaches to museum interpretation Module 2: Respecting Indigenous UCH places and values: What is an Indigenous heritage place? Identifying traditional owners’ rights and interests; Consulting with traditional owners; Dealing with disputes Module 3: Restricting access to UCH by the public: licensing, permitting and regulation: Legal implications of restricting access; Licensing and permitting schemes using case studies; Regulation of access restriction; Dealing with breaches of access restriction Module 4: Heritage tourism strategies: What is heritage tourism? Regional issues and how can it be sustainable; Working with and training local tour companies and dive shops; Developing a plan for monitoring heavily visited sites; Developing site stewards programs; Heritage Awareness Diving Seminar Trainings Module 5: Successful heritage tourism approaches: UCH parks, trails and preserves; Case studies 5 �Location The preferred location chosen was Fiji. Fiji is an accessible island nation and is serviced by three international airlines including Air New Zealand (Star Alliance member), Air Pacific (Fiji’s national airline) and Pacific Blue (Virgin) as well as several smaller regional airlines. This makes getting to and from Fiji easy for both Pacific nation representatives and experts. Fiji was chosen as the location because the government and the Fiji Museum have previous experience with hosting UNESCO capacity building training programs (Smith and O’Keefe, 2004). The previous capacity building training was run with the permission and support of the Ministry of Fijian Affairs; the Department of Culture and Heritage; the Fiji National Commission for UNESCO; and the National Trust for Fiji. Fiji also was chosen due to the location of the University of South Pacific and the possibility of a partnership between the University’s School of Marine Sciences (SMS) and the Fiji Museum. This would increase capacity for the use of infrastructure such as classrooms, wet and dry labs, boats and ICT tools. According to USP, “SMS is situated in a modern, state-of-the-art facility on the shore of Laucala Bay in Suva, not far from the main Laucala Campus. Its buildings were purpose-built through a grant from Japan, and include offices, science and computer laboratories, lecture theatres, aquaria, a comprehensive library (PIMRIS), a modern fish processing laboratory, collection, SCUBA and boat service facilities”. SMS has a fully equipped and self-contained dive shop with lockers, showers and change-rooms and equipment hire is available. Additionally, there is continual availability of small and medium boats with capacities of 6-20 persons. All are equipped with navigational and safety equipment and operated by trained personnel. Once the training is completed there exists the opportunity to continue taking advantage of USP resources through their online ICT services. USP has campuses located in Suva, Labasa and Lautoka, Fiji; Apia, Samoa; Port Vila, Vanuatu; Rarotonga, Cook Islands; Tarawa, Kiribati; Majuro, Marshall Islands; Nauru; Alofi, Niue; Honiara, Solomon Islands; Tokelau; Nuku'alofa, Tonga; and Funafuti, Tuvalu. The town of Levuka on the island of Ovalau, Fiji, was chosen as the dive training site because Levuka offers a diverse array of prehistoric, colonial and post-colonial heritage in the form of built and archaeological heritage and more specifically shipwrecks. Three historic shipwrecks in Levuka Harbour have already been 6 �archaeologically surveyed (Hosty and Hundley, 1998). These sites are easily accessible and lie in 5m, 12m and 20m of water. Shallow sites such as these with good visibility are excellent sites to use for training purposes. Alternatively, for those participants with no SCUBA qualification, there are inter-tidal and terrestrial “maritime-related” sites that could be chosen for the practical component. Delivery The delivery mode of the training modules was designed to be face-to-face and involves experts in the field of UCH and heritage management in the Pacific delivering module lectures, practical and discussions. This approach was preferred due to the difficulty of content and the need to demonstrate during practical sessions and discussions. It is understood that for this capacity building exercise to be sustainable and to build a stronger network of practitioners who interact on a regular basis, several follow-up developments should be put in place. The first development would be the production of a CD for distribution to participants that includes all of the readings, training modules, PowerPoint slideshows, lectures and other materials developed for the program. This CD could be used by participants to review materials and develop programs based on some of the examples and case studies presented. Another development would be two Webinars whereby the participants and experts participate in an online web-based seminar to discuss any issues that developed out of the program, relate any advances made in the recording and management of UCH sites, and ask questions of the experts about specific queries or directions for future work. The Webinars could be conducted through an online program such as GoToMeeting™ (http://www.gotomeeting.com.au/fec/). Another development would be the creation of a listserv for practicing professionals and experts in the field of UCH in the Pacific. Such a listserv would provide a useful communication vector for discussing ideas, issues and developments in UCH in the Pacific. Finally, another option would be the creation of a blog through WordPress.org on the topic of UCH in the Pacific. A blog would facilitate discussion and interaction in a slightly more creative and interactive way. The blog could be a place to post photographs, stories, developments, questions, etc. The development of the blog could begin with a short training session during the program so that all participants are able to utilise the software. Access could be restricted to only those who 7 �participated in the program. Restricting access would allow potentially sensitive information from being distributed widely. Steering Committee The steering committee was designed to include a range of practicing professionals and experts in the field of UCH and cultural heritage management. It would consist of individuals from a variety of institutions and countries with a focus in research and management within the Pacific region. Timeframe The development of such a capacity building program would take 9-12 months of planning so that the maximum amount of participation can be achieved. Below was an estimated timeframe: Planning (9-12 months) Develop steering committee Send out invitations to training Develop curriculum Organise logistics such as airfare, lodging, transportation, boats, diving needs, training classrooms, site survey areas, etc. Training (1 month) Run training over one month period or split into two or three sessions of a week or two each Follow up Developments (6 months) Organise and run Webinar at 3 months and 6 months after training Organise and run Listserv Organise and run blog Create CD of course materials Total timeframe (16-19 months) Table 1. Timeframe for developing a capacity building program Budget An estimated budget for the costs of running a capacity building program was created. It included costs related to travel, accommodation and equipment for up to 25 participants. The 25 participants would include between three to five trainers and the remainder would be trainees. The budget did not include the costs of organising the training or curriculum development, nor did it include the follow-up organisation of Webinars, a list serve or blog. It is expected that some of the training content and curriculum development might exist in some capacity within organisations identified 8 �in the list of capacity building programs reviewed in the study. For example, Flinders University offers courses and curriculum in the subject of maritime archaeology and has run similar trainings in the past (i.e. ALA Fellowships). If partnerships or arrangements were made with such organisations, these training components and curriculum could be made accessible. However, it was recommended that a specific curriculum that is catered to the Pacific region that deals with Pacific issues be developed for this program. This would require financial support that could be negotiated through a one-off contract with an organisation already equipped with the capacity to develop such a program (i.e. existing framework, specialists, administration support, etc.). This program curriculum could then be used in the future in other locations or successive years. An estimated budget for the development of the curriculum and the delivery of curriculum (for one person/organisation) was provided separate from the main budget for operating the program. The budget assumed the trainers would participate as volunteers and present content relevant to their own experiences/projects/programs and did not include preparation time or salaries. Conclusion In concluding it is pertinent to re-state that the Pacific region has its own unique set of challenges and issues that are quite different to adjacent regions. Thus it is important when designing a UCH capacity building program that other “models” for capacity building, training, and management are not applied wholesale to this region. A careful approach that considers the challenges and difficulties the Pacific is facing should be taken, and a program that is suited to deal with these challenges and resolve them into the future should be outlined for a successful program of capacity building. As Anita Smith has stated in Contested Heritages in the Pacific, “Communities and governments in the region are keen to engage with international conservation programs not only because they are interested in protecting their heritage and resources but also as they provide a source of income, training and avenue for communication with the global community. The challenge is for processes of heritage protection and national legislation to govern and enforce this protection to be based in and evolve from traditional systems of governance and cultural practices rather than imposed from the outside”. 9 �Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge and thank Jun Kimura and Ross Anderson who provided input on the original UNESCO feasibility study. References Hosty, K., and Hundley, P., 1998. Maritime Archaeological Investigation off the Port of Levuka, Island of Ovalau, Fiji. Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney: 151. McKinnon, J. F., and Kimura, J., 2011. Feasibility Study on a Pacific Underwater Cultural Heritage Capacity Building Program. Flinders University, Maritime Archaeology Program, Adelaide, South Australia: 1-32. Smith, A., and O’Keefe, D., 2004. Training Workshops in Cultural Heritage Management in the Pacific Island Nations: Interim Report, Workshop 1. Report prepared for UNESCO Division of Cultural Heritage, Paris: 1-63. UNESCO., 2010a. Financing Activities Contract between UNESCO and Flinders University. On file at UNESCO, Apia Office: 1-2. UNESCO., 2010b. Report on Workshop: Towards the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific, Honiara, Solomon Islands, 16-18 December 2009. On file at UNESCO, Apia Office: 1-53. Jennifer McKinnon is an Assistant Professor at East Carolina University in the Program in Maritime Studies. Prior to teaching at ECU, she was a Senior Lecturer at Flinders University, South Australia for seven years. Jennifer is a Research Associate of the non-profit organization Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Corpus Christi. She has conducted a number of archaeological research projects on terrestrial and UCH sites in the Pacific. Jennifer’s research focuses on public and community engagement and collaborations with coastal and heritage agencies. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 1: UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Cooperation Description An account of the resource The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the UN. It has 195 Member States. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage adopted in 2001 is the international community’s response to the destruction of submerged archaeological sites by treasure hunters and industrial activities. It reflects the growing recognition of the need to ensure the same protection to underwater heritage as that already accorded to land-based heritage. It provides legal protection, enables States Parties to adopt common approaches to preservation and provides effective professional guidelines on underwater cultural heritage. The Convention and its Annex have been officially endorsed by most professional associations of underwater archaeologists. The 2001 Convention entered into force on 2 January 2009. Today it has been ratified by 44 States. The objectives of the UNESCO session are to: * Enhance understanding of the 2001 Convention in terms of its background, its benefits, its ethics and its potentials for contributing to sustainable development, * Identify a strategy for enhancing capacity in the protection and research of underwater cultural heritage, * Identify a way forward for increasing ratifications of the 2001 Convention by the countries in the region. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Etienne Clement Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Feasibility study on capacity building in Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific Description An account of the resource The first UNESCO regional workshop on Pacific underwater cultural heritage (UCH) took place in December 2009 in Honiara, Solomon Islands. As possible steps towards building capacity for managing UCH, participants at the workshop identified the following needs: systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites; exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites; and developing a training and education programme for managers. Based on the recommendations made at the Honiara workshop, a Feasibility Study on a Pacific Underwater Cultural Heritage Capacity Building Program was prepared by Flinders University with UNESCO support. The study recommends a possible capacity building programme to be hosted by the University of the South Pacific (USP) in Fiji. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jennifer F. McKinnon, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Asia-Pac Session 1 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1dc30a1edabb8f9d05a62934b8b7cb1f.mp4 5b16cb3efafc3a2af0ea63f1c6bbe674 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Proceedings of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Papers presented at the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. 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Title A name given to the resource Introduction to 2023 conference by Dr. Jenny Craig Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jenny Craig Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Asia-Pac 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f63d821c199555675a2da60c93b76a93.pdf 9a1c7595f1a742cb75a7b9c4722ef43d PDF Text Text Restoration of Shipboard Life in the Goryeo Period Jeong Heon (Researcher, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT This study aims at understanding the characteristics of an ancient ship as a residence that moves independently, and preparing basic data for life on ship accordingly. First of all, the excavation location of daily artifacts on ships were classified and reviewed according to Goryeo shipwrecks recovered with shipboard artifacts . As a result, the composition of artifacts in the bottom center space identical to the views of previous studies was confirmed. However, there were ships with uncertain remaining conditions and records, and in the case of some artifacts such as combs, the location is sporadic and there are few cases, so it is difficult to determine the location of the excavation. Daily artifacts on ships show a high proportion of batch artifacts, but there is a limitation in that the absolute number of artifacts in the water is limited. Therefore, in addition to conducting a comparative study, we tried to prepare a basis for the composition of space and artifacts. As for the basis of the living space on ships, a comparison was made between Joseon Dynasty and modern ships. The basis for the composition of artifacts in the space in the center of the ship bottom was sought through comparison of land artifacts of the same period. As a result of comparison with later ships, it seems that until the extinction of modern ships, the space in the center of the bottom was located in the third compartment based on the bow. However, we cannot know the exact time, but when it comes to modern ships after Mado no. 4, there is a difference in that the center space of the ship is changed from the front of the mast to its back. As a result of the comparison to the selected cooking space of daily remains on land, there were fewer distinct examples of artifacts in the cooking area of land living remains than underwater remains. We indicate the importance of a linked study rather than an isolated study of the land and underwater artifacts. Keywords: underwater archeology, ships of era, life on ships, comparative research List of Tables and Figures Figure 1 Current state of underwater excavations in Korea Figure 2 Floor plan of shipwreck and composition of artifacts of shipboard life Figure 3 Living space on wooden ships of the Joseon Dynasty and modern times Figure 4 Comparative diagram of batch artifacts of land and underwater remains INTRODUCTION An ancient ship has the characteristics of a place of limited activity and residence that moves independently, and provides a lot of information on the relevant underwater artifacts, such as the ship's production place, arrival and departure points, and living area. The importance of comparison study with the land artifacts of the same era has already been emphasized in past studies (Ju 2013, 419; Bowens 2009, 27), but in Korea, related research has not progressed due to the lack of excavation materials. Both land and underwater excavation are increasing, remains of the latter of which are small in number compared to the former, but they are in relatively good condition. In addition, daily artifacts on ships, which are distinct from cargo, show essential material and cultural elements of the narrow space in the ship that sailors occupied for a short period of time in the past, and there is a need for research on the restoration of life on ships. Major research on domestic underwater excavation mainly focuses on history of ship, ceramic, and maritime exchange. On the other hand, there is relatively little interest in research related to shipboard life. Recently, some studies on daily artifacts on ships, including those from sunken ships, have been conducted (Moon 2017; Lee 2021). In addition, as the daily artifacts of the Goryeo Dynasty were classified in various ways according to their function and material, such as metal, ceramic, and wood, chronological and analytical studies of individual artifacts have also been conducted. 1 �THE REVIEW OF SHIPBOARD DAILY ARTIFACTS OF THE GORYEO DYNASTY Figure 1. Current state of underwater excavations in Korea It is known that underwater artifacts including shipwrecks are in good condition as the air is blocked by mud and seawater. However, the remaining states of shipwrecks and artifacts are affected by environmental factors such as the angle of the hull, pests, and corrosion. For this reason, the remaining state of ancient ships and artifacts is different for each site. However, as the space in the middle of the hull and the central part of the hull was used as a storage space and cooking space for daily artifacts on ships during the Goryeo Dynasty. Fortunately, there are relatively many cases in which daily artifacts on ships remain. This chapter examines the current status of ships and daily artifacts on ships during the Goryeo Dynasty, and reviews the work log of the overall report and the records of the location of artifacts by area are reviewed in order to identify the context of the excavation of daily artifacts on ships, and to present the composition of collective daily artifacts on ships. The review indicated there were various cases such as recording method for each excavation report, the location of unrecorded artifacts, and the deviation from the original location of the artifacts according to the remaining hull. However, as shown in Figure 2, the shipboard daily artifacts showed the same composition in the center compartment of the hull, located in the third compartment from the bow. 2 �Figure 2. Floor plan of shipwreck and composition of artifacts of shipboard life 3 �Shipboard daily artifacts consist of an iron part, an iron bowl, and an iron steamer for cooking, one or two pieces of pottery with a capacity of 100 L or more for storing drinking water, a jar, a bamboo basket that are situated at the middle of bottom of the ship. Except for them, a bronze spoon, a comb, and a whetstone were recovered. The large pottery pot is presumed to have stored only drinking water, unlike the land one. Hyunhwasa Goryogojeon, a memoir of Goryeo’s record of personal experience by Seo Kyung, specifically mentioned the supply of potable water to the port of calls, and material, capacity. and name of a large pottery pot. Bongrae no. 3 shipwreck shows same recovery contexts with those of Mado no. 4 in Joseon Dynasty. Pottery is easy to manufacture in large sizes and is light compared to its size, making it suitable for storing and transporting drinking water for ships (Han 2014, 228), and various types of a large pottery pot show a certain capacity, which is closely related to Yangje of the Goryeo Dynasty. (Han 2012, 71). In addition, there is a need to conduct research on comparative study on the drinking water storage method of foreign ships and an review of previous studies on the amount of drinking water and the number of people on a ship, as the limited drinking water capacity on a ship has a mutual relationship with the number of people on a ship, the voyage period, and the port of calls. In the meantime, artifacts that are relatively small in size and light in weight, such as combs, bronze spoon, bronze chopsticks, and wooden tools, have a high loss rate and sporadic cases. Daily artifacts on a ship include various artifacts, such as wooden hammers, ropes, handle of an adze, and pottery handles, but the number is limited and the excavation locations are scattered, making it difficult to estimate the existing location. Wooden comb for sanitation (Eolraebit) and bamboo comb (Chambit) have been found on Daebudo no. 2, Mado no. 1, and Mado no. 3 shipwrecks, but the number of artifacts is also small and the excavation location of each artifacts is different. Lastly, as artifacts related to play, chess pieces were found in Mado no. 3 and wooden chess pieces were found in Sinan shipwreck. The context of all excavations is uncertain. RESTORATION OF SHIPBOARD LIFE THROUGH COMPARATIVE STUDY Figure 3. Living space on wooden ships of the Joseon Dynasty and modern times 1: 3rd exposed surface of a Mado no. 4 (1417-1425), 2: Yeonggwang nonpowered ship 3: Jindo Gwanmaedo ship, 4: Sinan Gageo Island Ship Comparative review of living spaces of a wooden ship in the Joseon Dynasty and modern times The utilization of the space in the center of the bottom of the ship of the Goryeo Dynasty, as examined above, is also seen in the Mado no. 4 shipwreck in the Joseon Dynasty (Figure 3). The location and name of the central space of the ship bottom is also found in the modern wooden ship. The second picture of Figure 3 is the general layout of the non-powered ship of Sangnakwol Island in Yeonggwang, which was surveyed in 1936 by Saptaekgyeongsam. Even though the nature is different from that of a cargo ship, but the name and location of the cooking space is referred to. The name of the cooking room of a non-powered ship was marked as fire field (Tusi). The location of the cooking room is the same as that of the ship examined above, as the third compartment based on the bow, but it is located behind the 4 �mast. The third picture of Figure 3 is also a ship surveyed in the 1920s during the Japanese colonial period, and is a general layout and central section of a ship in Gwanmae Island of Jindo. The fourth one in Figure 3 is the floor plan of the ship of Sinan Gageo Island, which was surveyed in 1996. The location of the compartment of Tusi in the ship is the same as the ships discussed above. Some of the ancient ship data, literature records, and pictorial data of later ships examined so far have the meaning of comparative research as a basis for identifying that the location of the central space of the ship's bottom is the same as the central compartment from the early Goryeo Dynasty to the modern age until the disappearance of wooden ships. After the discovery of Mado no. 4 shipwreck, the location of the central space in the bottom of the ship is the same as being located in the third compartment, but in modern ships, there is a difference that it is changed not to the front of the existing mast, but to the back of it. Comparative study of cooking space of land remains in the Goryeo Dynasty Before the comparison of land and underwater remains, the similarities and differences between land and underwater remains are to be mentioned, and comparison objects are to be selected. Domestic ancient ships show the characteristics of short-term occupied residential area, the good remaining state of artifacts, and the consistent composition of artifacts, but there is a limit in that the absolute number of objects to be analyzed is small. On the other hand, the land remains provide the characteristics of relatively long-term occupied residential area, and a large amount of excavation data, but there is a limit in that it is not possible to see the composition of the state of remaining objects and artifacts in a not good condition, and composition of batch artifacts. These differences and similarities are determined to provide complementary grounds in terms of research on restoration of living between underwater and land remains of the same period. Figure 4. Comparative diagram of batch artifacts of land and underwater remains (left: cooking space of land remains (target: 14); right: ;living space on ships (target: 7) The selection method of comparison target is as follows. First of all, about 570 residential areas and pit dwellings were examined for 125 living artifacts in Gyeonggi province, where relatively many remains of the Goryeo Dynasty are distributed. For selecting the remaining objects that have the nature of a cooking space, the remaining objects that have different possibilities in terms of the place that were originally used for reasons such as heating facilities, disposal, production, and exiting, were excluded from comparison. As a selection criterion for this, first, the remaining objects where cooking artifacts such as pottery steamers and iron pots have been reported, second, traces of cooking spaces such as sintering marks, furnaces, and stoves were reported, and finally, the remaining objects with good location records of excavated artifacts were selected for comparison as much as possible. The results are displayed in Figure 4. The high proportions of batch artifacts in underwater remains with 5 �few objects can be seen as a direct basis for the composition of artifacts related to life at the time. In particular, the fact that there is a high proportion of bamboo baskets, which are rarely excavated, as well as bronze bowl, combs, and bronze spoons and chopsticks, which are mainly excavated from tomb burial items, are found in underwater remains, suggest the need for a linked study of land and underwater remains. However, there are not many excavation data for underwater remains, and there are limitations due to differences in the remaining state of the hull, the size of the hull, and the recording method at the time of the excavation. In the meantime, in the case of a large pottery pot presented in this study, there is a big difference in the proportions between land and underwater remains. This is due to the fact that it is not that the space in the central space of the bottom of the ship have only the characteristics of a storage space for cooking artifacts. As described in previous chapter, the large pottery pot for storage and transportation on a ship has a different function from the large pottery pot of land artifacts, which stored grains and fruits, as it had potable water in it. In addition, as the location of a large pottery pot of the land remains is separated from the cooking area, there is a need to conduct independent research on potable water for ships and a large pottery pot. CONCLUSIONS The overall context of the excavation of daily artifacts from the Goryeo Dynasty was reviewed according to the characteristics of the floor, plane, and internal space of the hull. The examination found the consistent location and composition of certain artifacts in the central space of the bottom of the ship, the third compartment, which is in line with the opinions of the existing studies and reports. The artifacts in the central space of the bottom of the ship consist of artifacts for cooking, such as iron hatchets, iron wells, iron bowls, steamers, cooking slabs, bronze spoons, bronze chopsticks, bronze bowls, and whetstones, as well as artifacts for storage and transportation, such as bamboo baskets, a large pottery pot, and a pottery pot. In the meantime, in the case of a large pottery pot, there are cases where it is located in the 6th compartment of the stern like Daebudo no. 2 shipwreck, but it is mostly concentrated in the 3rd compartment, the central space of the bottom of the ship. Relatively light artifacts in a small quantity such as combs and wooden tools are sometimes located in the central space of the ship bottom, but there are few cases and they have sporadic excavation locations. The comparison of ships in later age found that there was no big difference in the space in the center of the bottom of Mado no. 4 and the drawings of modern ships. In particular, even in modern ships, it seems that the living space on ships are also located in the third compartment. Although it is still difficult to determine the changes in the space in the center of the bottom of the ship within a wide period, it was found that the location of the space in the center of the ship's bottom continued to be the third compartment from the Goryeo Dynasty to the point of extinction of wooden ships. However, the bottom center space is maintained as the third compartment, but the central space of the bottom of the ship is located in front of the mast until Mado no. 4 and then moves to the back of the mast. The comparison between the underwater remains and land remains of the same period found that there was a big difference in the composition proportion of the artifacts including iron hatchets, iron wells, and pottery steamer found in the underwater artifacts. Even though the number of life artifacts on ships is small, they show a continuous composition of artifacts and provide complementary grounds with land remains related to studies on life at the time. This shows the need for connected study rather than a disconnected study of both terrestrial and underwater remains. We aim to unify underwater remains with land remains of the same period. 6 �Bibliography Primary sources Xuanhuafengshi Gaolitujing Yuamchongseo Secondary sources Han, Hyesun. ”Use and the Metrology System of the Goryeo Dynasty Stoneware Salvaged from the 1st and 2nd Ship in Mado.” Maritime cultural heritage 5, (2012): 101-154 (In Korean). Han, Hyesun. “A study on pottery during the Koryo Dynasty.” Ewha Womans University PhD Dissertation (2014) (In Korean). Jeong, Heon. “Study on restoration of shipboard life in the Goryeo Period.” Chungnam National University Master’s Thesis (2022) (In Korean). Joo, Kyeong-mi. “A Study on some Kitchen Goods from Shipwrecks in Late Goryeo Period: Focusing on Taean Mado Shipwrecks in the Thirteenth Century.” The Journal of East Asian Studies 32 (2013): 383-431 (In Korean). Lee, Jun-Hyuk. “The Sailor and Life on Board through Underwater Excavation Artifacts in the 13th Century.” History & the Boundaries 119 (2021) (In Korean). Mun, Gyungho. “Study on the Tax Shipping System in Goryeo Period and Developing Instruction Materials.” Kong ju National University PhD Dissertation (2016) (In Korean). Mun, Gyungho, “Shipboard Life of Jojols in the Early Joseon Period envisioned based on the relics of Taean Mado Shipwreck No.4.” Journal of the Island Culture 48 (2016): 37-66 (In Korean). Nautical Archaeology Society. Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (2009). Shin, Jongkuk. “The Characteristics of Shipwrecks in the Goryeo Period and the Study on Artifacts Recovered from Them.” Kongju National University PhD Dissertation (2020) (In Korean). 7 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Restoration of Shipboard Life in the Goryeo Period Description An account of the resource This study aims at understanding the characteristics of an ancient ship as a residence that moves independently, and preparing basic data for life on ship accordingly. First of all, the excavation location of daily artifacts on ships were classified and reviewed according to Goryeo shipwrecks recovered with shipboard artifacts . As a result, the composition of artifacts in the bottom center space identical to the views of previous studies was confirmed. However, there were ships with uncertain remaining conditions and records, and in the case of some artifacts such as combs, the location is sporadic and there are few cases, so it is difficult to determine the location of the excavation. Daily artifacts on ships show a high proportion of batch artifacts, but there is a limitation in that the absolute number of artifacts in the water is limited. Therefore, in addition to conducting a comparative study, we tried to prepare a basis for the composition of space and artifacts. As for the basis of the living space on ships, a comparison was made between Joseon Dynasty and modern ships. The basis for the composition of artifacts in the space in the center of the ship bottom was sought through comparison of land artifacts of the same period. As a result of comparison with later ships, it seems that until the extinction of modern ships, the space in the center of the bottom was located in the third compartment based on the bow. However, we cannot know the exact time, but when it comes to modern ships after Mado no. 4, there is a difference in that the center space of the ship is changed from the front of the mast to its back. As a result of the comparison to the selected cooking space of daily remains on land, there were fewer distinct examples of artifacts in the cooking area of land living remains than underwater remains. We indicate the importance of a linked study rather than an isolated study of the land and underwater artifacts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeong Heon Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Heon, Jeong. 2023. “Restoration of Shipboard Life in the Goryeo Period.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/items/show/1923 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/7f4221a12526523dd542a543130f7e97.pdf c2115accb6ed88866daebe1183e29455 PDF Text Text Types and Characteristics of Ships in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE) Jeong Hong-il (Curator, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT Ships of Goryeo come in various types and purposes, such as military ships like the large Taejo Wang Geon, Jounseon1 merchant ships used for trade with China, Gwaseon2 that defeated pirates from Jurchen, ships used for Japanese expedition and coastal carriers. This paper intends to examine the types, size, and structure of ships depending on internal and external impacts through literature review on archeological ships in Goryeo area, and note changes of ships by period. Based on the literature review and analysis on the use of ships of the Goryeo Dynasty in historical materials, the existence of ships in various types and sizes at that time was confirmed. The size and structure of ships changed due to internal and external influences after the early Goryeo Dynasty. In naval activities the number of ships in operation gradually increases as the types of ships diversify and the role of large ships increase. Jounseon experienced structural developments and decreased in size. These factors of change can be confirmed through frequent naval activities at the time. The change in the naval force was also an important cause of external influences such as Yuan's intervention, Three Elite Patrols’ rebellion, and invasion by Japanese pirates, as well as internal factors such as the maintenance and strengthening of the naval organization and the development of shipbuilding technology. Jounseon appeared as a result of external factors such as Japanese pirates and internal factors such as corruption including private use. Various usages of ships in Goryeo Dynasty could be identified. Through literature review, it was possible to confirm types and changes of ships by period in Goryeo and accordingly, social and economic changes can be identified as well. Military ships operated by the naval forces of the Goryeo Dynasty were not active in the early days and their uses were not mentioned much. However, ships operated by the naval forces have various uses and shapes in the later period. Jounseon and envoy ships appeared in the later period. We expect to hypothesize socio-economic changes of the time based on the changes in the type, size, and structure of ships. Keywords: Goryeo Dynasty, ships, military, cargo INTRODUCTION Goryeo conducted naval activities actively with Later Baekje during the Later Three Kingdoms period. Through these maritime activities, it unified Three Kingdoms and shipping to transport grains to the capital through sea transportation. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Goryeo established trade with China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE). In the latter half of the thirteenth century, worked with Mongolia to visit Japan and conducted various maritime activities. This paper examines the nautical archaeology literature to note the pattern and causes of changes including size and structure of ships, and aligns these changes with internal and external influences of Goryeo period. Various usages, types and changes of ships in Goryeo dynasty were identified; and accordingly, social and economic changes. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIPS IN THE EARLY GORYEO DYNASTY Military ships Daeseon of Goryeo Taejo Taejo used various warships in the naval battle with Gyeon Hwon during the Later Three Kingdoms period. From 903 to 932 CE, the size of the naval forces mobilized by both sides was generally between 70 and 100 ships and around 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers during several naval battles. There is a record of 1 2 Ships used for carrying tax to the capital Ships equipped with spears. 1 �the size of Taejo Wang Geon's battleship in The History of Goryeo I. A) Taejo governed 100 military ships, 10 of which were large Daeseon with the size 16 bo3 to the extent that were big enough to ride a horse. He went to Naju with 3,000 soldiers. The historical record above stated that Taejo had 100 ships built, 10 of which were large ships, and a watchtower was built on the deck to run horses. In addition, even though it is said that the size of the Daeseon was 16 bo4 (Kim 1984, 37), as the length and width cannot be same, the length is assumed to have been 16 bo (96 cheok). Gwaseon After the eleventh century, Goryeo was invaded by the Jurchens from the northeast, and for its defense, the navy was deployed and the Seonbyeongdo department was set up to prepare for the invasion of the Jurchens (History of Goryeo 5. 20th year of King Hyeongjong. Feb.). At that time, the military ship operated by the Goryeo naval forces was Gwaseon. Gwaseon was a representative ship of Goryeo military ships during the reign of King Hyeonjong, and spears were inserted throughout the hull to prevent enemy soldiers from climbing to the deck during close combat. In addition, iron horns were attached to the bow to collide with the enemy ship, breaking the hull and causing it to sink, serving as an assault ship. Jounseon and underwater excavation ship From the beginning of the country, Goryeo installed 13 warehouses throughout the country to transport local taxes. In the 10 warehouses adjacent to the coast had Chomaseons that can carry 1,000 seok5 and 21 and 20 Pyeongjeoseon were placed that can carry 200 seok. The specific size of Jounseon can be assumed from Gyeonggukdaejeon in Joseon Dynasty. Pyeongjeoseon is generally a middle-sized ship and Chomaseon is a large ship. Since the first Goryeo ship was discovered on the seabed of Wando in 1985, several Goryeo ships have since been discovered. Most of these ships sank on route to their destinations, carrying various cargoes including ceramics. The upper structure of the Sibidongpado shipwreck was lost, and only parts of the ship, such as bottom plate, shell plate, bow materials were found (see Kang Won-Chun this session). The ships discovered from underwater showed slight differences by time. In the ships from earlier Goreo period L-shaped connection member exists at the center between lower and external plates, holes were made through half of the lower plate without penetrating the whole lower plate.6 Except for these, the bottom plates are flat and the size of ships are adjusted by row of the bottom plate and connection member. Through the structure of these ships, it is possible to check the changes in shipbuilding technology by comparing the changes in structure with that of ships in later Goryeo Dynasty. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICIS OF SHIPS IN THE LATE GORYEO DYNASTY Military ships Various types of military ships appeared with various naval activities such as Yuan's intervention, Three Elite Patrols’ rebellion, and invasion by Japanese pirates in the later Goryeo period (late thirteenth to fourteenth centuries). Yuan made two expeditions in 1274 CE and 1281 CE together with Goreyo. The ships built at that time 3 Measuring unit to count the distance. 1 bo = 6 check (1 cheok = 30.3 cm). 5 Measuring unit of volume. 6 Ships excavated from underwater in later Goryeo showed structure that penetrates through the lower part of bottom plate. 4 2 �were made in Goryeo and there were 300 large ships called Gyeongkwaeseon and Geupsusoseon respectively (Kim 1984, 32). The ships for expedition to Japan would be different from existing warships as the ships should cross the ocean far from Goreyo. The first expedition of combined Jurchen and Mongolia forces had 900 warships, and composition and shipboard crews are mentioned in the following historical sources (The History of Goryeo 29. Sixth year of King Chungyeol. Nov.): B) There are a total of 900 military ships and 18,000 should be on 300 ships. The population was decreasing so how did were 300 ships filled? To Japan 126 large ships were not filled. The population was at 15,000 people, including farmers. If these were all mobilized how were the remaining 3,000 people recruited? The record B) is about the military ships and crews preparing for the expedition to Japan in 1281 CE. It is stated that about 18,000 people were required for 300 large ships, indicating that about 60 crews were required per ship. Records confirmed the number of Goryeo military ships at the time include 100 military ships led by Nase and Choi Mu-seon and the oppression of the Mukho Rebellion in Jeju Island during the reign of King Gongmin (The History of Goryeo 44. 23rd year of King Gongmin. Jul.; 113. Choi Young): C-1) Kim Yu was made to the commander to defeat Jeju. There were 314 warships and 25,605 elite troops. C-2) It is said to officials: “If a marshal in a distant region loses with the small number of soldiers, he will be referred to military law. What about those who ran away without fighting, with 50 large warships and 1,000 fighters? Various kinds of military ships in addition to Daeson were utilized in later Goryeo period. Mongchoong7 was used in the naval warfare with Sambyeolcho. It refers to ships damaging the enemy by hitting it, which is one of the representative warships of China with pointed and long hull. Kwaeseon8 is assumed to be small and speedy ship. Geomseon prevented enemies from climbing up the ship by inserting knife without empty space on the board (Goryeosajeolyo 30. third year of Sinwoo. Mar.). Cargo and underwater excavation ships In the Later Goryeo Dynasty, it is shown that small cargo and envoy ships were used. Small cargo ships were developed structurally to minimize the damage from Japanese pirates. It is thought that it was probably transported in several ships rather than transporting a large amount at once. When rice was transported at the request of King Chungryeol, it seems that an average of 100 seok per ship were loaded. This boat is smaller than a pontoon with a capacity of 200 seok. These changes in carriers appear after the latter half of the thirteenth century, when the invasion of Yuan, Three Elite Patrols’ Rebellion, and the plunder of Japanese pirates became extreme. Ships presumed from the late thirteenth century including Mado no. 3 shipwreck (after 1265 CE), Dalido shipwreck (thirteenth to fourteenth centuries), and Anjwado shipwreck (late fourteenth century). Those built in the late Goryeo Dynasty has lower and external plates connected directly without any 7 When general Yang Dong-mu rushed toward enemies with Mongchoong, they were scattered and fled and he could escape as the position was collapsed (History of Goryeo. 104, Kim Bang-gyeong) 8 As Japanese pirates were on defensive, many people fell off the cliff and died. Remaining pirates fled to the sea and stole small ships to run away. Jeon Soyoon and Na Gongeon chased after them with Kwaeseon and killed all enemies and captured 13 (History of Goryeo 134, seventh year of King Woowang Apr.) 3 �connection unit. Over time, the thickness becomes thin and stern became narrow to have sharp hull shape. This shape is related to the speed of ships. This is because advancement of shipbuilding technology possibly related to increased ship speed, in case of robbery of Japanese pirates. FACTORS IN CHANGING SHIPS IN THE GORYEO DYNASTY Ships of Goryeo period changed types and size with internal and external influences such as activity of naval force in Late Goryeo Dynasty, role of Daeseon and way of dealing with Japanese pirate. In Early Goryeo Dynasty, Jounseon belonged to warehouse with Chomaseon and Pyeongjeoseon with its regulations. However, the change in the naval force was also an important cause of external influences such as Yuan's intervention, Three Elite Patrols’ rebellion, and invasion by Japanese pirates, as well as internal factors such as the maintenance and strengthening of the naval organization and the development of shipbuilding technology. Coastal cargo ship was developed to have the sharp shape compared to those in the Early Goryeo Dynasty to minimize the damage from Japanese pirates. The capacity per carrier was about 150 seok in Late Goryeo Dynasty. It was equivalent to or smaller than the loading capacity of Pyeongjeoseon (200 seok). In 1350 CE, at the end of Goryeo period, the raids by pirates became severe nationwide and damage to Jounseon and other cargo ships9 was severe, so transportation was conducted between June and November, which is different from operation rule (February to April). Shipwrecks discovered on the coastal route of the Southwest Sea show structural changes in ships based on the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. First, the existence of L-shape that connects the lower and external plates as shown in the ships in the Early Goryeo Period. Second, existence of Chagaryong. Chagarong is the member of longitudinal strength shown in ships in the Late Goryeo Period. The differences and structural method can be identified as Garyong and Chagaryong holes, these remain in the Dalido shipwreck (the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries) and Anjwado shipwreck (the fourteenth century). Anjwado shipwreck indicates changes in shipbuilding technology in the Early and Late Goryeo period. As reviewed above, Anjwado shipwreck comes with a similar structure to Dalido shipwreck, yet more advanced. Pointedly, the outer plate method and the mast reinforcement. The bottom plate becomes narrow and the line becomes sharp. These changes in shipbuilding technology are attributed to both external reason of expedition to Japan and pirate10 issues and internal of development of shipbuilding technology. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the types and changes of ships in Goryeo period were examined. Ships in the Goryeo Dynasty changed in terms of size and shape due to internal and external influences around the thirteenth century. First, cargo ships including Jounseon became smaller with structural advancement after the thirteenth century. This seems to be related to external factors such as raid by Japanese pirates as well as internal factors such as accumulation and development of shipbuilding technology. Second, in the naval activities, the types were diversified into Mongchoong, Kwaeseon and Geomseon and the role of Daeseon increased. Such changes were related to external factors such as Japanese pirate in late Goryeo and internal factors such as maintenance and reinforcement of navy. 9 Betrayers of Jeju invaded port of Heoheyongheyon, Haejehyeon and Haenamhyeon in March and April this year to raid Jounseon of the area and raided in large scale in May in Hoeryeonghyeon and Tamjinhyeon. 20 ships and 3,200 seok of grains were stolen and 12 were killed and 24 were abducted (History of Goryeo 27, thirteenth year of Wonjong. Jun.). 10 If we are armed with warships and defend key areas by king off the enemies along the sea route, how can they cross the sea even though they are accustomed to water? If the situation becomes advantageous, we can eradicate the enemies (History of Goryeo) 4 �As such, the diversification of the types and sizes of ships in the Goryeo Dynasty and the changes in their shapes should be considered from various aspects. Shipbuilding technology of Goryeo inherited past technology, and coped with social changes. This is reflected in the technological advances such as structural changes. It is found that examining changes in ship structure in relation to social context is important in understanding the size, shape and structural changes of ships. Bibliography Cultural Heritage Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Public Information. Underwater Artifacts of Wando. Mokpo: Sanwa Printing Co., 1985 (In Korean). Hong, Sun-jae. “Change in the Structure and production Technology of Goryeo Shipwrecks.” The Journal of Maritime Cultural Heritage 4 (2011): 233-288 (In Korean). Kim, Byung-keun. “Study on Structure and Chronicling of Goryeo Vessel Excavated Underwater.” The Journal of Maritime Cultural Heritage 3 (2010): 5-50 (In Korean). Kim, Geon-su. “Study of ships on Three Kingdom Period through boat-shaped vessel.” The Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 42 (2013): 81-103 (In Korean). Kim, Jae-geun. “Problems of Korean Shipbuilding and Shipbuilding Technology.” The Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea 7 no. 2 (1970): 97-103 (In Korean). Kim, Jae-geun. A Study on the History of Korean Ships, The General Administration of Cultural Research in Korea 24, Seoul: Seoul National University Pres,1984 (In Korean). Kim, Seong-beom. “Two Goryeo Wrecks Unearthed from Penglai Shuicheng in China.” The Journal of Korean Medieval History 27 (2009): 233-184 (In Korean). Kwak, Yu-seok. “A Study on Ship and Shipbuilding of Goryeo Period.”Department of Korea Regional History Graduate School of Mokpo National University (2010) (In Korean). Lee, Jun-hyuk. “The Change of Ship in the Goryeo Period and Its Meanings.” The Journal of the History & the World 38 (2010): 145-177 (In Korean). Lee, Jun-hyuk. “The Development of Shipbuilding Technology in the Early Joseon Period and Mado Shipwreck No.4.” The Journal of the Chiyeok Kwa Yeoksa 42 (2018): 199-227 (In Korean). Mun, Gyuung-ho. “A Study on the Structure and Cargo of Tonsinsa Ship in 1811 via Sinmitongsinilrok .” The Journal of Korean Classics 58 (2021): 203-244 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum. The Underwater Excavation of the Sea off Sibidongpado, Gunsan, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 8. Mokpo: National Maritime Museum, 2005 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum. The Excavation of Anjwaship, Sinan, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 9. Mokpo: National Maritime Museum, 2006 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 1 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 20. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2010 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 2 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 22. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2011 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on Conservation and Restoration of Dalido Shipwreck. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2012 (In Korean). 5 �NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 3 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 27. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2012 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Incheon Ongiingun Yeongheungo Shipwreck Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 35. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2014 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 4 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 40. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2016 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Ansan Daebudo Shipwreck No. 2 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 42. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2016 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Traditional Shipbuilding Technology No. 6: Chief Envoy’s Ship of Joseon, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 55. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2018 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Shipbuilding Technology of Korean Traditional Ship No 7: Academic Restoration Research Report on Panokseon, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 64. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2021 (In Korean). 6 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Types and Characteristics of Ships in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE) Description An account of the resource Ships of Goryeo come in various types and purposes, such as military ships like the large Taejo Wang Geon, Jounseon1 merchant ships used for trade with China, Gwaseon2 that defeated pirates from Jurchen, ships used for Japanese expedition and coastal carriers. This paper intends to examine the types, size, and structure of ships depending on internal and external impacts through literature review on archeological ships in Goryeo area, and note changes of ships by period. Based on the literature review and analysis on the use of ships of the Goryeo Dynasty in historical materials, the existence of ships in various types and sizes at that time was confirmed. The size and structure of ships changed due to internal and external influences after the early Goryeo Dynasty. In naval activities the number of ships in operation gradually increases as the types of ships diversify and the role of large ships increase. Jounseon experienced structural developments and decreased in size. These factors of change can be confirmed through frequent naval activities at the time. The change in the naval force was also an important cause of external influences such as Yuan's intervention, Three Elite Patrols’ rebellion, and invasion by Japanese pirates, as well as internal factors such as the maintenance and strengthening of the naval organization and the development of shipbuilding technology. Jounseon appeared as a result of external factors such as Japanese pirates and internal factors such as corruption including private use. Various usages of ships in Goryeo Dynasty could be identified. Through literature review, it was possible to confirm types and changes of ships by period in Goryeo and accordingly, social and economic changes can be identified as well. Military ships operated by the naval forces of the Goryeo Dynasty were not active in the early days and their uses were not mentioned much. However, ships operated by the naval forces have various uses and shapes in the later period. Jounseon and envoy ships appeared in the later period. We expect to hypothesize socio-economic changes of the time based on the changes in the type, size, and structure of ships. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeong Hong-il Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hong-il, Jeong . 2023. “Types and Characteristics of Ships in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE).” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1955 Asia-Pac Session 10 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/031270849ed1e8ff51750d2590026d89.pdf 1e46868c105ea5651b2ee79dae67cf5d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modelling Methodologies for Site Management and Preservation Assessment: A Post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands Description An account of the resource Ships built in the modern era often have corresponding construction plans, available in various archival repositories. Using such plans, pre-survey site modeling in the CAD-based Rhinoceros software program offers researchers an opportunity to gain detailed knowledge of a vessel-of-interest before an archaeological site investigation commences. This may be particularly important where shipwreck site reconnaissance opportunities are limited or non-existent. The ECU Program in Maritime Studies 2019 Fall Field School aimed to record and assess the remains of a post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU-1466 class) wrecked in Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Using a 3D model developed from the builder’s plans for the vessel as a baseline to visualize the shipwreck, field school participants gathered supplemental data to track deterioration or modifications on the shipwreck in the form of photogrammetric field assessment (e.g., in Agisoft Metashape) and hand-drawn measurements uploaded to Adobe Illustrator. This presentation will discuss the various recording and modeling methodologies employed during the field school in relation to understanding manufacturing processes, quantifying design deviations during construction, determining if field-expedient modifications exist, charting use-life alterations, gauging the impacts of post-wrecking site formation processes, along with creating 3D and/or 2D visualizations to enhance continued site assessment and community outreach efforts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nathan Richards Jeremy Borrelli Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Richards, Nathan, and Jeremy Borrelli. 2021. “Modelling Methodologies for Site Management and Preservation Assessment: A Post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/685 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Shinan Excavation, Korea: An Interim report on the hull structure Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeremy Green Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Jeremy Green Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983 Issue 4 Pages 293-301 Publication Title Internationa Journal of Nautical Archaeology Title A name given to the resource The Shinan Excavation, Korea: An Interim report on the hull structure Volume 12 China Japan Korea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Shinan and Wando Sites, Korea: Further Information Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeremy Green Zae Geun Kim Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Jeremy Green Zae Geun Kim Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989 Issue 1 Pages 33-41 Publication Title Internationa Journal of Nautical Archaeology Title A name given to the resource The Shinan and Wando Sites, Korea: Further Information Volume 18 China Japan Korea https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/eb606d5576d199f693a8ce1fc0ca3010.pdf e385fb9425a78ac03842c796a8738d45 PDF Text Text Maritime Archaeology of Ships of Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and East Asia, the question of bulkheads Jeremy Green Abstract This paper will discuss the maritime archaeological work that has been carried out in the region, looking at shipbuilding construction and what has been learned through this work. In Southeast Asia the excavations in the 1980s by the Department of Archaeology of Thailand and the Western Australia Museum on the Pattaya and Ko Si Chang 3 sites will be examined, with a discussion on the construction techniques. In East Asia the significance of the Song dynasty ship from Quanzhou will be discussed in relation to the Southeast Asian ship construction. The whole of the geographical region dealt with in this paper is faced with the challenge of dealing with treasure hunting and the exploitation of underwater cultural heritage for financial gain. While maritime archaeological projects in the region have been limited, there is a need to encourage countries to understand and protect their cultural heritage. This can only be done through archaeological work, as there can be no real benefit from working for commercial salvage. The paper will discuss the relative merits of archaeological investigations of shipwrecks in the region compared with that of commercial salvage. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that simple archaeological methods, when applied to shipwrecks, can produce important information. The paper centres on the Pattaya shipwreck, a site in the Gulf of Thailand that was completely looted in the 1970s. By examining the hull of the vessel a number of important conclusions were made about the construction of Southeast Asian ships. This was the first site in Southeast Asia where the construction of a vessel was published. Comparisons can be made with the Song dynasty shipwreck from Quanzhou, China. It is surprising that in spite of a number of non-archaeological projects involving Southeast Asian vessels, almost no information has been forthcoming on the construction and building of these vessels. It seems that the commercial companies involved in these operations, even when they employ an archaeologist, have neither the interest nor the inclination to study this aspect of the site. No doubt based on the commercial consideration that such work has no financial benefit. Historical evidence Needham (1971), in his encyclopaedic work Science and Civilisation of China (Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics) stated that ‘Geographical factors have had considerable influence in differentiating the craft found along the coasts of China…Hsieh Chan-Jen, commenting on a passage in the Jih Chih Lu (Daily Additions to Knowledge) of Ku Yen-Wu, itself finished in +1673, wrote as follows: The sea-going vessels of the Jiang-nan are named ‘sand-ships’ (sha chuan) for as their bottoms are flat and broad they can sail over shoals and moor near �sandbanks, frequenting sandy (or muddy) creeks and havens without getting stuck…But the sea-going vessels of Fujian and Guangdong have round bottoms and high decks. At the base of their hulls there are large beams of wood in three sections called ‘dragon-spines’ (long gu). If (these ships) should encounter shallow sandy (water) the dragon spine may get stuck in the sand, and if the wind and tide are not favourable there may be danger in pulling it out. But sailing to the South Seas (Nan-Yang) where there are many islands and rocks in the water, ships with dragon-spines can turn more easily to avoid them. (Needham 1971, Vol. 4.3: 429). It is unclear from this passage if Needham has confused the strengthening wales with the true keel of deep hulled vessels. The earlier passage clearly indicates this error, since it refers to the long gu getting stuck in the sand. Needham (1971:409) also refers to the Tien Gong Wu (Exploitation of the Works of Nature) by Song Ying Xing in 1637. Here a description of a canal grain-carrying vessel is given and then his description of the shipyards: The construction of the boat begins with the bottom. The strakes of the hull are built up on both sides from the bottom to a height (equivalent to that of the future) deck. Bulkheads are set at intervals to divide the vessel (into separate compartments), [we may interpret this statement as an indication that the vessels were built shell-first] and (the holds have) sheer vertical sides which are called qiang…The horizontal bars (heng mu) which grasp the mast’s foot below this are called ‘ground dragons’ (di long), and these are connected by components called ‘lion-tamers’ (fu shi), while underneath them lies another called a ‘lion-grasper’ (na shi). Under the ‘lion-tamers’ are the ‘closure pieces’ (feng tou mu) otherwise known as triple tie-bars (lian san fang)… Another important source from the Song Dynasty is Marco Polo who resided in China between 1275 and 1292. He wrote about Chinese river shipping and also on sea-going vessels of Guangdong and Fujian. There are interesting variations in the translation of The Travels of Marco Polo. The version translated by Latham (1958) gives the following account at the beginning of Chapter Six: From China to India: They are built of a wood called spruce or fir. They have one deck; and above this deck, in most ships, are at least sixty cabins, each of which can comfortably accommodate one merchant. They have one steering oar and four masts. Needham (1971) gives an alternative and unreferenced translation that will be quoted here in full. Note the differences between the two versions: …the merchants go and come into India through the Indian Sea. Now you may know that those ships are made in such a way as I shall describe unto you. I tell you that are mostly built of the wood which is called fir or pine. They have one floor, which with us is called a deck, one for each, and on this deck there are commonly in all the greater number quite 60 little rooms or cabins, and in some, more, and in some, fewer, according as the ships are larger or smaller, where, in each, a merchant can stay comfortably. …Some ships, namely those which are larger, have besides quite 13 holds, that is, divisions, on the inside, made with strong planks fitted together, so that if by accident that the ship is staved in any place, namely that it either strikes on a rock, or a whale-fish striking against it in search of food staves it in. And then the water �entering through the hole runs to the bilge, which never remains occupied with things. And then the sailors find out where the ship is staved and then the hold which answers to the break is emptied into the others, for the water cannot pass from one hold to another, so strongly are they shut in; and they repair the ship there and put back the goods which were taken out. They are indeed nailed in such a way; for they are all lined, that is, that they have two boards above the other. And the boards of the ship, inside and outside, are thus fitted together, that is, they are in the common speech of our sailors, caulked both outside and inside, and they are all well nailed inside and outside with iron pins. They are not pitched with pitch, because they have none of it in those regions, but they oil them in such a way as I shall tell you, because they have another thing that seems better than pitch. For I tell you that they take lime and hemp chopped up small and they pound it all together, I tell you that becomes sticky and holds like birdlime. And with this thing they smear their ships and this is worth quite as much as pitch. Moreover I tell you again that when the great ships wish to be decorated [?], that is to be repaired, and it has made a great voyage or has sailed a whole year or more and needs repair, they repair it in such a way. For they nail yet another board over the aforesaid original two all round the ship without removing the former at all, and then there are three of them over the whole ship everywhere, one nailed above the other, and then when it is nailed they also caulk and oil it with the aforesaid mixture and this is the repair which they do. And at the end of the second year at the second repair they nail yet another board leaving the other boards so that there are four. And this way they go each year from repair to repair until the number of six boards, the one nailed on the other. And when they have six boards the one upon the other nailed then the ship is condemned and they sail no more in her on too high seas but in near journeys and good weather and they do not overload them until it seems to them that they are of no more value and that can make no more use of them. Then they are dismantled and broken up. Marco Polo is the origin of the theory that Chinese ships had bulkhead compartments that were completely watertight. Later writers, up to and including Needham followed this suggestion. However, every Asian vessel with bulkheads that has been archaeologically excavated shows evidence that the bulkheads, although sealed with luting, had limbers to allow water to flow between the compartments. Additionally, there has been no evidence of stoppers or bungs in the limbers, indicating at the time of sinking the limbers were open. The statement about the multiple planking provides historical evidence for a technique that would be hard to understand from the archaeological evidence alone. Ibn Battutah (Gibb 1958), who was in China in 1347, noted that: The Chinese vessels are of three kinds; large ships called chunks [in other translations jonouq, in Needham chuan]…These vessels are built in the towns of Zaytún and Sín-Kalán. The vessel has four decks and contains rooms, cabins, and saloons for merchants; a cabin has chambers and a lavatory, and can be locked by its occupant…This is the manner after which they are made; two (parallel) walls of very thick wooden (planking) are raised and across the space between and longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls have thus been built the lower deck is fitted in and the ship is launched before the upper works are. �Southeast Asian examples of bulkheads The Pattaya Pottery Site, in the Gulf of Thailand was discovered in about 1976 by sports divers and was the subject of continual looting. Howitz (1977: 14) reported: …to a very large extent treasure hunters had already looted valuable and goodquality items and had, as well, seriously damaged the remains of the ship itself. There is evidence that they had used explosives to enter the cargo compartments, and an airlift to blow away the mud and sand. In 1982 a joint Thai–Australian team of maritime archaeologists carried out an excavation of the site (Green & Harper 1982). It provided, for a looted wreck site, a large body of information. Evidence of looting included recently broken stoneware storage jars littering the site and holes dug around the site. What was of particular interest was the remaining hull structure, about 9 meters by 4 meters, which was protruding from the seabed. The excavation revealed a remaining hull structure composed of eight strakes on either side of the keel, six bulkheads and a mast step. The planking was edge joined with dowels, consisted of three layers, an inner layer 70 millimeters (mm) thick and two outer layers of 40 mm. Six bulkheads, with two limbers 110 mm in diameter cut in the base next to the keel, were supported by light frames. The bulkheads consisted of parallel planks 70 mm thick, edge-joined with dowels. The frames were nailed to the bulkhead and to the hull, with lateral and vertical iron nails. A mast step consisting of large block of wood, shaped to fit the bottom of the vessel, sat across the keel against the sixth bulkhead also had two limber holes. The excavation also showed some evidence as to how the cargo was arranged on the ship. Between bulkheads three and five on the starboard side of the vessel was a very large concretion that was confined to a line 300 mm off the centre line of the vessel. There was also evidence of bamboo dunnage protruding from the concretion. The concretion appeared to be confined by a partition to the starboard side of the vessel that may suggest internal arrangement and explain the function of the watertight bulkheads and the limbers. It is unclear why one would go to such lengths to seal the bulkheads while having large limbers on the bilge. Marco Polo’s statement that the compartments were watertight has been taken in the past to mean that the compartments were sealed. However, every vessel with bulkheads has been found to have open limbers. Some rational explanation is required to explain the presence of sealed bulkheads with open limber holes. If the cargo completely filled the compartment, how then does this work? The evidence on this site that there was a space in the centre of the compartment, about 600 mm wide that was kept clear. Presumably there was some form of longitudinal partition to confine the cargo space. This would then provide a narrow, but clear access to the limbers at the bottom of the bulkheads. One possibility is that in the event of the vessel springing a serious leak, the crew could gain access to the limbers and block them so that the leak could be confined to the hold affected. In normal circumstances the limbers were free to allow the movement of bilge water to the lowest point where it could be bailed or �pumped out. If there were no limbers then the bilge water would collect in each compartment, necessitating a bilge pump to be located or used in each compartment. However, this was not always the case. In the Ko Si Chang Three site (Green, et al. 1987), a large concretion of iron and storage jars was located over the keel area in one compartment, thus blocking the access to the limbers within that compartment. Possibly, depending on the nature of the cargo and loading arrangements, access (in these cases) was provided on alternate sides of the bulkheads. Chinese bulkheads The Song dynasty shipwreck found near Quanzhou, in Fujian Province of China (known as the Quanzhou Ship), has been the subject of a number of studies. It was the first Chinese vessel to be completely excavated and as such it is extremely interesting in relation to the question of bulkheads. In the Song ship the bulkheads are constructed from planks about 80 mm thick, skew nailed together. The skew nails were driven downwards and were inserted from both forward and aft faces of the bulkheads. Unlike the plank shell skew nails, they are very irregularly spaced (<100 mm–400 mm). The few scarfs in the planks that make up the bulkheads are complex and carefully made. On the side of each bulkhead closest to mid ships there are half frames. The half frames are on the aft side of bulkheads 1–6 and the forward side of bulkheads 7–11. There are no half frames at bulkhead 12. One immediately obvious difference in the construction of the bulkhead is the presence of iron brackets, that are cut through the hull and serve to support the bulkheads on the opposite to the frames. Brackets have not been found on any Southeast Asian vessel (defined by edge joining with dowels), but are common on Chinese vessels (Ningbo (Shimin 1991), Fa Shi (Yingfan 1985) and Shinan (Green 1983) ships). Limbers are about 250 mm high and 90 mm wide and their presence make it clear that neither the bulkheads nor the frames could have been strongly fastened to the keel; therefore, it is highly unlikely that they were set up before the plank shell was assembled. Remains of a layer of lime putty, containing very fine jute fibres, inside and out of the hull. This once again raises the question of the function of the limbers in relation to the bulkheads. Every Asian shipwreck with bulkheads has been found with open limber holes. There is conflicting evidence in the two Southeast Asian vessels, where in one case, at least one compartment between the bulkheads was completely filled with cargo, and in the other there is evidence that a central area between the two sides of the compartment was kept clear. Discussion The evaluation of the sites discussed suggest the following: • Both Chinese and Southeast Asian vessels shared common features, in particular the bulkheads and the frames that supported the bulkheads. �• • • • • • Bulkheads were luted to make them watertight but had limber holes that were open at the time of the loss of the vessels. Southeast Asian vessels were edge joined with dowels whereas Chinese vessels were fastened with iron nails. Chinese vessels often had a form of stiffeners that penetrated the hull and attached to the opposite of the bulkhead to the frames to support the bulkheads. The main mast step was similar in both Chinese and Southeast Asian vessels, indicating a tabernacle arrangement. The location of the frames against the bulkheads, on either side of the mast step was similar in both Chinese and Southeast Asian vessels. There is evidence for multiple layers of planking, with the innermost layer being the thickest, in both Chinese and Southeast Asian vessels. There is evidence that both Chinese and Southeast Asian vessels were built shell first with the bulkheads inserted after the construction of the main hull shell. Bibliography Gibb, H.A.R., 1958 Green, J.N, Harper, R. & Intakosi, V., 1987 Green, J.N. & Harper, R., 1982 Green, J.N., 1983 Green, J.N., 1983 Howitz, P.C., 1977 Latham, R., 1958 Lin Shimin, Du Genqui and Green, J.N., 1991 Needham, J., 1971 Wang Gungwu, The travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325-1354. Hakluyt Soc., Cambridge. (Second Series). The maritime archaeology of shipwrecks and ceramics in Southeast Asia and the Ko Si Chang Three shipwreck excavation. Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology Special Publication, No. 4. The excavation of the Pattaya wreck site and survey of three other sites, Thailand 1982. Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology Special Publication, No. 1. The Shinan excavation, Korea: an interim report on the hull structure. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 12. 4: 293–302. The Song Dynasty shipwreck at Quanzhou Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 12. 3: 253–261. Two ancient shipwrecks in the Gulf of Thailand: a report on archaeological investigations. Journal Siam Society, 65.2: 1–22. The travels of Marco Polo. Penguin Books. Waterfront excavations at Dongmenkou, Ningbo, Zhe Jiang Province, PRC. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 20.4: 299–311. Science and Civilisation of China (Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics). Cambridge University Press. The Nanhai trade, a study of the early history of Chinese �1958 Xu Yingfan, 1985 trade in the South China Sea. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31.2: 1–135. Origin and technique of gua ju (iron cramp) connections in wooden craft construction. Transactions of CSNAME Marine History Research Group, No. 1. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maritime Archaeology of Ships of Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and East Asia, the Question of Bulkheads Description An account of the resource This paper will discuss the maritime archaeological work that has been carried out in the region, looking at shipbuilding construction and what has been learned through this work. In Southeast Asia the excavations in the 1980s by the Department of Archaeology of Thailand and the Western Australia Museum on the Pattaya and Ko Si Chang 3 sites will be examined, with a discussion on the construction techniques. In East Asia the significance of the Song dynasty ship from Quanzhou will be discussed in relation to the Southeast Asian ship construction. The whole of the geographical region dealt with in this paper is faced with the challenge of dealing with treasure hunting and the exploitation of underwater cultural heritage for financial gain. While maritime archaeological projects in the region have been limited, there is a need to encourage countries to understand and protect their cultural heritage. This can only be done through archaeological work, as there can be no real benefit from working for commercial salvage. The paper will discuss the relative merits of archaeological investigations of shipwrecks in the region compared with that of commercial salvage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeremy Green Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 4 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/7b453b38358fb25902d0e63a35005141.pdf 8cb91a98f954d706d4bb06ed6ebc70ce PDF Text Text The impact of mass media in the discrimination of Hispanic sunken heritage and the implementation of the UNESCO 2001 Convention Jesus García Calero Cultural section, ABC Newspaper, Spain Email: caleroje@gmail.com Abstract Sunken Hispanic heritage has been perceived sometimes just as an amount of gold and treasures. Unfortunately this widespread approach has prevented archaeologists to succeed in connecting the Hispanic-related cultural remains and shipwrecks with America’s naval archaeological record. The treasure hunting industry took advantage on this and now we regret the destruction of dozens of sites. UNESCO’s 2001 Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (CUPCH) (henceforth the Convention) is still the only legal and cooperative framework available to avoid Hispanic sunken ships from looting and dissolving into the marketplace. This is why treasure hunters, from 2010, undertook coordinated attacks against the Convention, often displaying dishonest behaviors, as was demonstrated in Courts, and requesting to be considered fair archaeological contractors. They gathered unfavorable opinions against the Convention even from archaeologists who agree with the UNESCO criteria but want an enforcement of research and projects suggested in the Convention but are concerned about misreading "in situ" conservation as if it were "in situ" oblivion. Now a new Heritage Act in Colombia allows treasure hunting companies to dig colonial shipwrecks legally. This is a beachhead and a challenge for the Convention's signatory countries as well as for archaeologists. The more scientific standards we set, the more actively committed with research and sharing knowledge we must be. Key words: Hispanic, Underwater cultural heritage, Treasure hunters, Mass media, Discrimination Introduction America’s history can no longer be told confronting Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon visions. Revealing works such as John H. Elliott’s Empires of the Atlantic World (2006) have focussed on the intertwined tale of both cultures, surpassing some 20th century prejudices that lost all sense in the current multi-ethnic society. Elliott shows just how the fates of both empires in the New World were closely linked, with surprising contemporary nuances. It’s time to fight the wrong view on sunken Hispanic heritage as a collection of treasures just to be rescued. Perhaps the law of the sea (“finders, keepers”), conceived to justify fortuitous finds, has been shown to be harmful enough as well as inaccurate to define the premeditated and technologically-sophisticated search 1 �of shipwrecks laden with treasure. In the name of old postulates, the new treasurehunting businesses have committed - and are committing - one of the greatest cultural disasters to affect mankind in the 20th and 21st centuries. We are referring to what Tony Horwitz, the shrewd American columnist, expressed in his The New York Times article “Immigration – The Curse of the Black Legend” (2006). In that article, he quotes Carlos Fuentes, who said “The Hispanic world did not come to the United States; the United States came to the Hispanic world. It is perhaps an act of poetic justice that now the Hispanic world should return”. Thus the vision we now invoke is vindicated. And this year we’ve had the opportunity to think deeper on this matter, after the publication of “Our America” the new book by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (2014), who describes clearly the struggle even inside the American historiography for taking into account the Spanish branch of the past we all share. The idea that the remains of colonial Hispanic sunken vessels correspond to stolen goods, and that the people who perished in those shipwrecks were morally deficient legitimizes the virtual sacking of those very remains, and is commonplace in the pages where bounty hunters announce themselves to their would-be investors. They show no interest in the study of the people from different backgrounds and cultures that were aboard those ships, nor in the scientific consequences of such a revealing study. Such ideology has nothing to do with archaeology. Is the adventurer, surging from the deep sites, a paradigm to anyone who has seen their wildest dreams come true or to whom Providence has rewarded the greatest of efforts by being covered with shipwrecked jewels ripped out of what once was a tomb? There is nothing exemplary about those practices. No single archaeologist worthy of his title can deny the character of the real American history in each and every one of those objects. And the same goes for the moral or legal ties with the societies and people they originate from. An entire historical record has been mistreated by a destructive industry, and a whole culture discriminated. The low or practically inexistent scientific level and methodology that have guided “traditional” treasure - hunting businesses that flaunt administrative permits is also a byproduct of an “ideology” with which they argue in favor of the fruit of their labor. Back in April 2006 when Wilf Bloom, in charge of Deep Blue Marine, announced (Hollenhorst, 2006) the likely finding of the ship “El Salvador”, he told the Associated Press: “There’s 2 �a lot of blood on that gold”. Bloom also made a commitment to invest 10% of the bounty on hospitals and schools in “the regions of South America plundered by early Spanish explorers”. Such good intentions did not go beyond paying lip service to the message, but did provide a handy justification designed to align public opinion with something similar to the idea of the redemption of a black legend… in order to turn a handsome profit. Similar harsh arguments, that painfully caricaturize the history of Spain and America have been bandied before official forums in the United States, a practice that fortunately has not affected the impeccable American archaeological and scientific policies, but has nevertheless influenced its people. Proof of this are the large mass media corporations, who act as sounding boards for those who talk about treasures and value archaeological finds in terms of how many million dollars they are worth. We can see it in most press releases, even in the best exceptions (such as how The New York Times treated the story of the finding of the so-called “Black Swan” on May 19th, 2007) (Aguayo, 2007). The weight of the treasure-hunter industry is usually overwhelming - 13 out of 17 paragraphs in that article - against the few voices of marine archaeologists. In our example, the article started thus: “Explorers for a shipwreck exploration company based in Tampa said Friday that they had located a treasure estimated to be worth hundreds of millions of dollars in what may be the richest undersea treasure recovery to date”. A good example of news media coverage of an important case is the litigation between Odyssey Marine Exploration (OME) and Spain over the cargo found in the remains of Spanish frigate “Mercedes”, where we can readily see that in the United States - where American courts have sided with Spain and where both the U.S. government and its Navy supported Spain’s position– there has been no other voice heard except for that of the Tampa Company and its media connections. Curiously enough, as a contrast and example of the problem that we pose here, two years after the “Black Swan” story, the same company announced the finding of the English ship “HMS Victory” in the English Channel, and we were told the story of the shipwreck and its victims from the newspaper article’s very first paragraph: “Sea explorers probing the depths of the English Channel have discovered what they say is a legendary British warship that sank in a fierce storm in 1744, losing more than 900 men 3 �and possibly four tons of gold coins that could be worth $1 billion” (The New York Times, February 2nd 2009). The difference in how the story is told from a heritage perspective shows how the story plays depending on its origin. While it may be a small subtlety, it has had a devastating effect on the Hispanic archaeological record. Without cultivating a mere curiosity for history, the average person only reads about tons of coins, hundreds of millions of dollars and, eventually, the tough litigation against a power that stars in this new version of the black legend. That poses a great challenge for the scientific community and the historian, who today has to bring about a change in that perception. The 2001 Convention After all has been said and done, it is true that the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH, 2001) remains at the center of the present debate as the only international legal and cooperative referent for the scientific community to approach a solution to the multiple, complex and polemical problems related to the historical underwater record. That is why we consider the implementation of its criteria as the most accessible safeguard of the endangered Hispanic heritage. Nevertheless, we shall see that in that regard, there has been a well-coordinated offensive in the last few years. In an article published in the Spanish daily ABC on November 22nd 2012, Filipe Castro and José Luis Casabán discussed the new forms adopted by the bounty-hunting industry: 1) The companies associated with large marine industries act in a shrouded veil of secrecy, on shipwrecks for which they already have buyers; 2) The traditional, ruinous companies, who are responsible for the destruction of a good part of the Spanish wrecks found off the American and African coasts in shallow waters; and 3) The other intermediaries, such as Odyssey Marine Exploration, who boast of being “a great company financed by its shareholders in the stock market, and are always quick to act and always reinventing themselves, with endless smokescreens to create illusions and situations, one step ahead of the mass media and of the regulating bodies, supported by important political entities in the USA” (Castro and Casabán, 2012). 4 �It is true, as is often heard, that most of the treasure hunters are involved in a ruinous business. Ever since the industry’s expansion, the ever-intelligent Peter Throckmorton (1990) understood that conservation of the heritage is a public concern. This debate, which I already touched on in a previous article entitled "Looting is not listed in the stock exchange" (García Calero, 2009), couldn’t be more applicable today. The reason is that we must assume the responsibility for the collective failure that supposes that the stock exchange and markets have not been able to choose a company that engages in the best practices. A company as protean as OME has seen a good share of its “creative force” impugned by its handling of the “Mercedes” case, not only due to the decisions it took in 2007, but also due to its attitude in the litigation against Spain. This is how the Honorable Judge Steven D. Merryday saw it when he condemned the company to pay the trial-related costs, and with harsh words said: They were searching for “a vessel and a location and a cargo all well documented and well known to Odyssey from the start and from long before the first day of this litigation”. The Judge also said: “To come to court and deny the truth of these facts is, as stated earlier, an unacceptable enormity propounded and maintained in bad faith and for an improper purpose”. Judge Merryday went on to say: "This bad faith conduct by Odyssey, dismissive of the applicable standards, dismissive of the court, and dismissive of the opposing party, cannot stand unaddressed by sanctions” (2007). So we would have to ask why this company who as Castro and Casabán have said (2012), pretends to be close to an archaeological dealer and hire archaeologists to supervise the work and even to publish its results, would print the "Odyssey Papers 13" in 2010. Back in 2009 the Tampa court had already shown signs that it would side with Spain against OME, and less than a year later, OME sponsored a symposium in New Orleans and published said “Papers 13”, whose main objective was to cast a reasonable doubt over the validity and the adequacy of the CPUCH. In that publication, Sean Kingsley (2010), a fine archaeologist who works for the Tampa company, makes an effort to distance the Odyssey practices from the old industry (he seems indignant when he cites Robert Grenier for referring (2006) to the old industry as one of “precious metal miners”). Kingsley goes on to justify the work done by Odyssey on the “HMS Victory”: “This careful and concerned approach to underwater cultural heritage is a world apart 5 �from the hit and run image depicted above by Robert Grenier, although it must be acknowledged that standards are far from uniform across the entire commercial marine archaeology field” [the underlining is ours]. Such final confession is striking when it refers to those who are directing continuous attacks against the CPUCH as an international referent due to the “irrelevance” of the in situ conservation criterion. Article 2.5 of the 2001 Convention states: “The preservation in situ of underwater cultural heritage shall be considered as the first option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage”. The ransacking of the “Mercedes” took place merely a year after Grenier’s comments, but for Odyssey the problem is the Convention, as is defended in “Papers 13”, made up of a combination of various authors united by a critical view. Evidently, nothing can prevent anyone from holding a contrary opinion or nuance to in situ conservation, above all in countries like Spain, where such criteria end up covering up for certain lack of action by civil servants regarding public initiatives to promote archaeological research of our rich underwater heritage. However, such posture is best understood in men like Kingsley when it is precisely the spirit of the Convention that the Joint Nautical Archaeological Policy Committee applied in the “HMS Victory” case, when it barred the Tampa Company from digging. We must remember that the British Ministry of Defense contracts have raised considerable and bitter polemic between archaeologists and Her Majesty’s Government, and that in Parliament, Lord Renfrew has shown this criticism at its highest level, as reflected in an interview (Bergareche, 2012) published by Spanish daily ABC. The Convention and its Annex, which regulates the necessary conditions before research can be deemed scientifically acceptable, worry the very same people whose conscience makes them say that “standards are far from uniform across the entire commercial marine archaeology”. Even then, there is also criticism from the archaeological world which, without impugning the Convention’s criteria, demands that it be applied in its totality, including the bases for the active research and training of a new generation of archaeologists who, out of the absence of projects and passive bureaucracy, will not have a more promising future. In Odyssey’s already cited «Papers 13», Filipe Castro writes on that subject (Castro, 2010). We agree: It is the same people who subscribed and regulated the Convention who should be most active and exemplary, and not hide 6 �behind a facade of passivity, because the heritage that we have to protect calls for knowledge as the first contribution to society. That is truly the real “treasure”. That is the permanent risk of the Hispanic heritage. It must not be touched without proper scientific method and the due respect to the sites. This makes the Convention pertinent and timely. The technology that allows us to reach the wrecks found in the depths is not enough to open a Pandora’s Box of contracting sui generis archaeological companies. The publications by Odyssey and other companies that warn against the danger of trawler fishing and other harmful activities are not enough to open the hunting season on the heritage. One must ask why, as in the two faces of Janus, the archaeologist and the treasure hunter live in such a narrow dialectic and increasingly confusing limits. And to understand why, we must go back to the origins. In those mythical days, when George Bass and a handful of pioneers were setting the basis for this scientific discipline, others were also laying the foundations of the treasure-hunting industry. In fact, in the case of the United States, organizations like the Council for Underwater Archeology, created in 1959, or the Sea Research Society in 1972, counted on diving experts among its founding members, like Robert Marx, who would quickly become one of the treasure hunters who has been most active on the Hispanic cultural heritage. The dichotomy between “trade goods” and “cultural artifacts” is then at the origins. Let us turn to the present. What will be the next battlefield, then? Without a doubt the problems are not over. To begin with, a recently passed law in Colombia will allow companies from 2014 on, to dig wrecks in return for 50% of the salvaged objects. Thus Colombia has launched the most aggressive attack on the Convention, something that is not entirely casual, because that law has turned the Caribbean country into a “beachhead” for the landing of treasure-hunting industry, who will take advantage of a historical opportunity to ensure their future as contractors. Colombian Constitution protects the underwater heritage as a result of its triple consideration of inalienable, embargo-proof and non-prescriptive. That of course means that in order to make a payment the cultural goods will have to be alienated. And that is exactly the treatment of the heritage that we denounce here as a traditional practice of treasure hunters, who in fact disconnect found objects from its cultural value, turning them into mere marketable goods. How is it 7 �possible that some coins or ingots themselves be worthy of being kept in a museum and yet not others? The magic is called “repetition criteria”. Colombia actively participated in the creation of the CPUCH, but changed its role just right before the vote and withdrew its backing to the project, in part due to the debates raised in a country where treasure hunters have always found loyal allies. What few people remember is that Robert Max is one of the inspiring forces behind the criteria of the new Colombian law, and has participated in the Colombian legislative debate from the very beginning. In fact, in 2003, in a hearing before that country’s Constitutional Court (2003), he stated for the first of the projects aimed at achieving the penetration of contractors to dig up treasure-bearing colonial-age shipwrecks. It is not a coincidence that in three different occasions during the last decade a legislative bill with the same purpose has gone before the Colombian parliament. As reported in El Espectador (“Treasure hunters eye Colombia”, June 6th, 2009) (Padilla, 2009), Marx’s presence in that Court in 2003 surprised more than a few. Curiously enough, that text was published in June 2009, right after Spain’s first-round victory over Odyssey in the Tampa court. It is as if, confronted with the likelihood of a possible defeat in the trial for the “Mercedes” cargo, where the industry risked future digs of Spanish wrecks in international waters, the powerful lobby became actively involved not only at the New Orleans congress, but also with its Colombian connections. And they achieved their objectives; the Colombian law takes effect this year. The 50% split between the State and the contractor has been popularized by Robert Marx over his more than 50 years of activity on Hispanic wrecks. And the repetition criteria is a trick that will be specifically applied on coins, jewels and ingots dug from future sites, but not on the nails, wooden planks nor ballast stones, that are also repeated but have no market value. What should worry those who are entrusted with protecting the heritage and also defending the CPUCH is the complete enforcement of what UNESCO dictates. Research, excavation and publication cannot be left for tomorrow, because with the available technology, we simply do not know how much longer the Hispanic underwater record will survive. Moreover, publishing becomes an urgent social responsibility for all archaeologists. We must call for action and results, while at the same time demanding 8 �scientific standards. Not taking an active part in in situ conservation is to abandon the excavation to the treasure hunters. An entire generation of archaeologists will be tempted to take the non-scientific road if they want to work, a dilemma that should never be imposed on any young lover of archaeology. Worst of all, in that case the discrimination against the Hispanic heritage will never be overcome because due to the mere fact of having arrived first to America, as John H. Elliot said. In the process of mining silver and gold, the Spaniards gathered both benefits and curses. From the beginning, the Spanish ships loaded with “treasures” (Treasury) were the favorite prey of the pirates of old. When the galleons sailed, their crews risked their lives over uncertain seas whose roads still lead to us. When they came under attack, they sold their lives and their flags dearly. Today, shipwrecked, they are helpless in light of the greed of these new, technologically super-refined pirates. The only defense we can offer them is to tell their story well and not to let a whole world of objects and artifacts that was sunk with them be dissolved, neither in the ocean nor in the market place. Acknowledgements I am very grateful to APCONF for the opportunity to make visible the Hispanic point of view of a problem we all share and let me speak to you from this far location. To the UNESCO for his role and commitment to the protection of the UCH. To María Cruz Berrocal and Veronica Walker Vadillo for their advice and ideas. And to all those who struggle to prevent our heritage to be destroyed by a profit motive. References Aguayo, T., May 19th, 2007. A Bountiful Undersea Find, Sure to Invite Debate. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2007/05/19/us/19treasure.html Bergareche, B., October 24th 2012. Colin Renfrew: ‘Los Estados recurren a empresas como Odyssey por ignorancia’. Diario ABC. www.abc.es/20121024/cultura/abci- renfrew-arqueologo-lord-odyssey-201210231911.html Broad, W. J., February 2nd 2009. Treasure Hunters Say They’ve Found a 1744 Shipwreck. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/science/03shipwreck.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=13883333 21-JEyXu6mX7CDdeVBRW4eXWA 9 �Castro, F., and Casabán, J. L., November 22nd 2012. Así operan los tres tipos de cazatesoros que benefician el hobby de los cleptócratas. Diario ABC. www.abc.es/cultura/20121122/abci-filipe-castro-cazatesoros-hobby-201211211941.html Castro, F., 2010. Archaeologists, Treasure Hunters, and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: a Personal Viewpoint. Odyssey Papers 13. www.shipwreck.net/pdf/OMEPapers13-UNESCO.pdf Corte Constitucional de Colombia: SENTENCIA C-474/03 PATRIMONIO CULTURAL Y ARQUEOLOGICO DE LA NACION. 2003. Corte Constitucional de Colombia. Elliott, J. H., 2006. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 14921830. Yale University Press, New Haven and London // Taurus, Madrid. Fernández-Armesto, F., 2014. Our America. A Hispanic History of the United States W. W. Norton and Company, pp. 402. García Calero, J., 2009. El expolio no cotiza en bolsa. Economía Exterior. July issue, 2009 www.academia.edu/5550882/El_expolio_no_cotiza_en_bolsa. Grenier, R., 2006. Introduction: Mankind, and at Times Nature, are the True Risks to Underwater Cultural Heritage. In R. Grenier, D. Nutley, and I. Cochran (Eds.), Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts ICOMOS. pp X and XI. ICOMOS, 2006. Paris www.international.icomos.org/risk/2006/fulldocan.pdf Hollenhorst, J., April 4 2006 Utahns to dive for treasure. Desert News www.deseretnews.com/article/635196749/Utahns-to-dive-for-treasure.html?pg=all Horwitz, T., July 9 2006. Immigration - and the Curse of the Black Legend. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2006/07/09/opinion/09horwitz.html Kingsley, S., 2010. Underwater Cultural Heritage and UNESCO in New Orleans: an Introduction. Odyssey Papers 13: 1-6 www.shipwreck.net/pdf/OMEPapers13- UNESCO.pdf Ocean Navigator, january 2001. "Astrolabe found off Cape Verde Islands" www.oceannavigator.com/January-February-2003/Astrolabe-found-off-Cape-VerdeIslands/ 10 �Padilla, N. F., June 6th, 2009. Cazatesoros miran a Colombia. Diario “El Espectador”. www.elespectador.com/impreso/hallazgo-arqueologico/articuloimpreso144368cazatesoros-miran-colombia. Throckmorton, P., 1990. The World’s Worst Investment: Economics of Treasure Hunting with Real Life Comparisons. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings, from the Society of Historical Archaeology Conference. Edited by Toni Carrel. Tucson, Arizona: 6-10. -UNESCO., 2001. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH). Jesús García Calero (Segovia, 1965) is a Spanish journalist, graduate from the Complutense University of Madrid. Since 1994 he has specialized in cultural information and he is chief editor for Culture and Entertainment sections in nationwide newspaper ABC, Madrid, from 1998. Most of his journalistic work addresses issues about Heritage, Art and History, from the theft of valuable maps and manuscripts in the Spanish National Library, to the case “Mercedes” and Odyssey Marine Exploration, or the polemic authoring of some Goya’s paintings -like “Colossus”- at the Prado Museum. He is also founder of the blog “Espejo de Navegantes”. 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Introduction interview with session chair María Cruz Berrocal and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Research on early modern colonialism in the Asia-Pacific region makes a fundamental contribution to the study of Global History. In the last decades, historians are highlighting the region's relevance in the transformation of global economy through its role in far-reaching trade networks. The early beginnings of colonialism in the region, as well as the role of non-Angloamerican colonial agents in the shaping of modern world have been also highlighted. Although these debates have been driven largely from history, archaeology must become more prominent for the study of early modern colonialism in the Asia-Pacific region through the study of consumption patterns, environmental effects, demographic impacts, transformation of gender systems brought about by contact, the role of material culture in these first colonial endeavours, and specifically, the important evidence that maritime archaeology can bring to the fore. It is argued in this session that new lines of evidence and argumentation will be found through a history- archaeology joint collaboration. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. María Cruz Berrocal Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The impact of mass media in the discrimination of Hispanic sunken heritage and the implementation of the UNESCO 2001 Convention Description An account of the resource Sunken Hispanic heritage has been perceived sometimes just as an amount of gold and treasures. Unfortunately this widespread approach has prevented archaeologists to succeed in connecting the Hispanic-related cultural remains and shipwrecks with America’s naval archaeological record. The treasure hunting industry took advantage on this and now we regret the destruction of dozens of sites. UNESCO’s 2001 Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (CUPCH) (henceforth the Convention) is still the only legal and cooperative framework available to avoid Hispanic sunken ships from looting and dissolving into the marketplace. This is why treasure hunters, from 2010, undertook coordinated attacks against the Convention, often displaying dishonest behaviors, as was demonstrated in Courts, and requesting to be considered fair archaeological contractors. They gathered unfavorable opinions against the Convention even from archaeologists who agree with the UNESCO criteria but want an enforcement of research and projects suggested in the Convention but are concerned about misreading "in situ" conservation as if it were "in situ" oblivion. Now a new Heritage Act in Colombia allows treasure hunting companies to dig colonial shipwrecks legally. This is a beachhead and a challenge for the Convention's signatory countries as well as for archaeologists. The more scientific standards we set, the more actively committed with research and sharing knowledge we must be. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jesus García Calero, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/13/2014 Asia-Pac Session 5 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1583f3f86fb152a40307a20678be80f2.pdf 4e827215d6b0475416524a37d43c96b3 PDF Text Text An Advocacy Approach on Underwater Heritage in Indonesia, Case Study: An auction on underwater heritage from Cirebon waters in 2010 Jhohannes Marbun1 Abstract Despite the country’s assertion about its ancient, international history and its diverse culture, there are many cases in Indonesia where some cultural heritage objects are under the threat of ignorance of both the people and the government. Various sites and/or artifacts are damaged or lost due to infrastructure development, or being looted to be sold to some collectors or goes out to some auction houses abroad. A Bill was issued in 1992 to manage this situation, and recently (2011) another bill was issued to put a more severe punishment and to put a more relevant context toward this matter, but so far these seem to be ineffective. No one was ever punished for any crimes regarding this matter. Based on experience mentioned above, an advocacy for the law deemed necessary to preserve and protect the nation’s cultural heritage, including its underwater cultural heritage. In 2010 treasures were surfaced from a shipwreck on Cirebon waters. The treasure went to an international auction, committed by the government of Indonesia, and actively monitored by the media, activists, and the community in general. The government supported looting and auction could start a through advocacy for preserving and protecting underwater cultural heritage. Some clues include: prohibition for local fishermen to come near the area, permissions improperly issued for international divers around the shipwreck, a Presidential Decree issued against a higher law (Act No. 5 Year 1992 on Cultural Heritage), and the auction itself which disrespects the artifacts status as a cultural heritage. This experience can become a precedent for advocating a better policy and enforcement toward preserving and protecting underwater cultural heritage, particularly in Indonesia. Keywords: advocacy, Indonesia, preservation and protection of cultural heritage, policy. Introduction Advocacy is a way or a systematic and organized strategy to influence and push the gradual changes in public policy-forward involving a variety of strategies including lobbying, campaigns, creating coalitions, creating pressures through mass action, as well as research (Insist Pers 2002). Various strategies and forms of advocacy have been conducted as part of efforts to strengthen the bargaining position of advocate side in their effort to make a deal with regulators so that the policies resulted have sense of justice. Advocacy is also an effort to defend parties who are harmed by authorities so that a proper balance and fairness in society can be reached. Advocacy approach is very useful in order to encourage a policy that is oriented to the preservation of cultural heritage, as well as a vehicle for public awareness at the community level. This is an important thing to 1 The Coordinator of Society for Cultural Heritage Advocacy, (MADYA, Masyarakat Advokasi Warisan Budaya), joe_marbun@yahoo.com �do as the complexity of preservation of cultural heritage management issues in Indonesia are either with underwater cultural heritage (UCH) or cultural heritage in general and involve stakeholders such as government, business/private sector, and society. Masyarakat Advokasi Warisan Budaya (MADYA) had started to implement an advocacy approach by conducting the first public discussion with the theme, "Pannas BMKT: Solution or Euphoria?" It was conducted at the Centre for Asia Pacific Studies of Universitas Gadjah Mada in Yogyakarta on September 12th, 2009. The discussion and results were published by local newspapers and via online media (Ulum 2009). Coverage through the online media was very effective to consolidate the ideas or concepts of the campaign of UCH preservation. This had become one of the triggers encouraging other communities to conduct similar advocacy such as the Consortium for Rescuing National Assets (KPAB, Konsorsium Penyelamat Aset bangsa) has implemented the concepts by trying to reveal illegal cases that have surfaced on the UCH in Ujung Pamanukan West Java, as will be described below. The Potentials of UCH in Indonesia Geographical location of Indonesia which is located between two continents, Asia and Australia, and two oceans, the Pacific and Indian oceans, has put this country into a main traffic of international trade since ancient times until the present time. As most of its territory are waters, there has been a lot of shipwrecks containing valuable goods in Indonesian waters; they are valuable not only for Indonesian history but also for world history as well. They are important as a clue for reconstructing maritime inter-connection, international relations, migrations, and globalizations in past time. Besides that, they also have high economic value due to their nature as trade and diplomatic goods of the past. According to the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries, there are roughly 700800 potential shipwrecks located in Indonesia, 463 locations are positively identified. Below is the list of the number and locations of shipwrecks in Indonesia: Table 1. The Location of Shipwreck Treasure in Indonesia (Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Research Department, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Republic of Indonesia) Amount of ID Territorial/Location shipwrecks at No. Location 1. Bangka Strait 7 2. Belitung 9 3. Gaspar Strait, South Sumatera 5 4. Karimata Strait 3 5. Riau Waters 17 6. Malaka Strait 37 7. Seribu Archipelago 18 �8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Perairan Jawa Tengah Waters Karimun Jawa, Jepara Madura Strait NTB/NTT Port of Ratu Makasar Strait Cilacap Waters, Central Java Arafuru Waters, Maluku Ambon Waters, Buru Halmahera Waters, Tidore Morotai Waters Bay of Tomini, North Sulawesi Irian Jaya Enggano Archipelago Total 9 14 5 8 134 8 51 57 13 16 7 3 31 11 463 The origins of shipwrecks in Indonesia waters are varied. These shipwrecks generally were coming from China, Asian countries and European countries such as the Dutch Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), England, France and Spain. These ships were sunk near the main route of trade or harbor at that time. Some of them carried valuable goods such as various types of ceramics, coins, statues and figurines, gold, silver, gems, diamond, and Other objects such as merchandise or for a gift of special items. They are artifacts with high economic value which attracts both domestic and foreign looters. There are some shipwrecks, however, that their economic values are low or have no economic values but contain great values for science due to the historical information they encapsulate. For archaeologists such shipwrecks are important but they are not too important for the treasure hunters. Treasure Hunt: Indonesian Problems Based on data from Kompas Information Center cited by Yurnaldi (2010) in his article Bermitra dengan Media Massa untuk Sosialisasikan Warisan Budaya Bawah Air it is known that illegal hunting of UCH in Indonesia has existed at least since 1965. The first article by Kompas about this problem titled Pemburu Harta Karun was published on August 24th 1965. Five months later Kompas published again about this problem in an article titled Harta Karun Terpendam di Dasar Lautan. The next period of illegalities that surfaced concerning shipwreck treasure in Indonesia was in 1985. In that year Michael Hatcher, an Australian and international salvage diver, conducted an illegal removal in Karang Heloputan, Riau Islands and reaped huge benefit. Hatcher continued his action on early January 2001 in Ternate-Tidore waters collaborating with PT Tuban Oceanic Research and Recovery. On October 2004, PT Marindo Alam Internusa (MAI) requested survey permission for legally surfaced objects to be sent to the National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from �Sunken Ships (PANNAS BMKT, Panitia Nasional Pengangkatan dan Pemanfaatan Barang Asal Muatan Kapal yang Tenggelam). In the letter the name of Michael Hatcher was written as the leader of the survey, attached with his working document. However, when PANNAS BMKT rechecked the document it was full of tricky (Marbun 2009: 2). Consolidating for Advocacy On April 20, 2010 the Consortium for Rescuing National Assets (KPAB, Konsorsium Penyelamat Aset Bangsa), conducted a limited meeting, a Focus Group Discussion, in Jakarta to analyze the problems and to plan an advocacy action to the illegal activities involving foreign parties, especially Hatcher cases. Based on their reports and data KPAB convicted Hatcher and his syndicate to have committed violations of law in Indonesian waters, especially for their activities in Java Sea waters. The legal basis KPAB used was Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia number 19 Year 2007; in conjunction with (Juncto) Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia number 12 Year 2009 about the National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships. In article 2 paragraph (1) of the Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia number 12 Year 2009, it is described that, “BMKT is an object owned by Republic of Indonesia and managed by the government”. It means that all BMKT wealth is controlled by the state and administered by the government so that all activities of private/business entities that do not obtain permission from the government are unlawful (illegal). The KPAB noted some illegal activities by Hatcher in Indonesian waters, as follow:  The surfaced artifacts on 1986 of VOC shipwreck Vec De Geldermalsen (sunk around 1751), in Bintan Timur waters, Riau Islands Province,. The value is at United States of America (US) $ 15,000,000 and the historical values lost because of the illegal removal are invaluable. The artifacts surfaced were 100 bars of gold and 20,000 ceramics of Ming and Ch’ing dynasties. It was published in a book titled The Nangking Kargo (1987).  The surfaced artifacts in Tek Sing shipwreck in Bangka Islands waters, South Sumatera in 1999 with value at Indonesian Rupiah (Rp) 500,000,000,000 and cultural value which is invaluable. Hatcher collaborated with PT Pratama Cakrawala Dirga in doing the illegal activity. The Indonesian government found out about the looting after 43 containers of artifacts surfaced from Tek Sing Ship had arrived in Australia. The information delivered from the customs and excise institution of Australia in 2000 before the valuable things were brought to the auction in Germany (the interview with Bambang Budi Utomo: 2009; see also KPAB: 2010).  From November 2008 to June 2009 it was believed that Hatcher came back to Indonesia and did illegal activity. On June 2009 he published the Catalog of Investment Opportunity Document of Ming Dynasty Porcelain and BMKT CD to international public with sample of porcelain surfaced by him from the shipwreck in North Cirebon waters, Blanakan, Subang regency, West Java. �His activities were illegal because he had not obtained a work permit as a surveyor/researcher recommended by Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia). On the other hand, survey permission of UCH Removal issued by the PANNAS BMKT was just on August 11, 2009 with No. B.435/MEN-KP/VII/2009, while the surfaced permission was on November 25, 2009 with No. B.666/MEN-KP/XI/2009. The permission was given to PT Comexindo Usaha Mandiri. Hatcher activities had been detected by PANNAS BMKT. The indication came from a letter of PANNAS BMKT secretary II on February 5 th, 2010, and letter from main military station of Indonesian navy III in Cirebon on March 22 nd, 2010 delivered to chairman of PANNAS BMKT. Figure 1. Hatcher dive to do a survey and held UCH in Bintan Timur Waters, Riau Islands Province on 2002 (resources: MADYA) The Performance of PANNAS BMKT The National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships (PANNAS BMKT) was established on August 14 th, 1989 based on Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia No. 43 Year 1989 as a response to illegal surfaced activities of Underwater Heritage done by Hatcher in 1985 in Riau waters. The Indonesian government seemed to realize that shipwrecks and the valuable goods spread in Indonesian waters are valuable state assets needed to be managed as well so that they can be beneficial to Indonesia. However, there are some problems faced by PANNAS BMKT in managing the Indonesian Underwater Heritage. Some of these are:  In the tender system the third party has an interest to obtain maximum profit from the sale of UCH objects. On the other hand, the government, especially the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, also has interests to save the objects of �high historical, scientific and cultural values. Another stakeholder is Local Government. With Act No. 32 Year 2004 they have the rights to receive distribution of profits from the auction of UCH objects from their territory (as is the case in Cirebon from 2004 to 2005). Conflict can occur between employers and government because every object containing very high historical value would be valued very expensive. Expensive prices are expected by employers but on the other side it should not be sold because of the high historical value.  Conflicts of interest in PANNAS BMKT relate to the utilization of UCH. There are interests of making the UCH objects an economic commodity. On the other hand there are interests of preserving the historical and cultural values. These problems affect the decision to ratify the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention). The rise of illegal treasure hunt in Indonesian waters shows that the government still has no good intentions in preserving the cultural heritage. One of the examples was the government planning to auction the UCH objects surfaced from Cirebon waters on May 2010. Public had opposed the auction and the results was that no one was ant longer interested to buy the objects. After the failure of the auction, there has been no official statement from the government related to the steps to be taken.  The committee of PANNAS BMKT has become a prosperous arena for corruption and manipulative activity with the presence of law enforcement officers such as police, army and prosecutors. The law enforcement agencies should remain neutral in the management of State assets. They have an obligation, whether requested or not, to oversee and secure any unlawful action. In regards to public demands to arrest Michael Hatcher and bring him to court, the Police of the Republic of Indonesia did just block him. Communities are looking forward to decisive action the Government to end the international mafia adventure treasure hunter. In addition, the government can conduct real steps to manage the underwater cultural heritage so that it can be useful for science and public welfare. Paradigm of UCH Utilization From problems described above the following can be concluded about the condition of underwater cultural heritage preservation in Indonesia:  Government lacks attention on underwater heritage  Handling of law violations tend to not complete  Coordination of inter-institutions is not yet solid  Law enforcement is not optimal and now more complex because it must deal with the conventions and international laws  Surfaced UCH objects can not simultaniously benefit financially as well as for culture. �In the context of the nation’s wealth, the utilization of underwater heritage to cultural and economic interests cannot be separated. The utilization merely for economic interest without concerns towards cultural interests are an action with narrow paradigms that are focused on short economic benefit and not for the future generations (Arif Budiman pers. comm. 2010). One of achievements and great works of archaeological institutions in the protection and preservation of cultural heritage is the preservation of Borobudur Temple. It is one of the seven wonders of the world and is still an endless benefit to science, history, culture and economy for Indonesian people and world community. Many communities such as hawkers, food stalls, hotel entrepreneurs, taxi drivers and others benefit from the tourism around the Temple. This historic site is even one of the big foreign exchange producers. It also occurs at underwater archaeological sites such as Tulamben site in Bali where the Liberty ship belonging to the US Navy from World War II sunk. This site has attracted many tourists. This situation can be perceived by anyone and can continue to impact future generations. Decree of President of Republic of Indonesia Number 19 Year 2007 in conjunction with Decree of President of Republic of Indonesia Number 12 Year 2009 has become a reference for the PANNAS BMKT to perform legal acts of UCH management, as opposed to Act No. 5 Year 1992 on Heritage objects which it is hoped can be terminated immediately. The birth of Act No. 11 Year 2010 on Cultural Heritage to replace the Act No. 5 Year 1992 is hoped to become a bridge in managing the nation’s cultural heritage, including underwater heritage. Conclusion Public policy advocacy in the cultural sector is expected to encourage the participation of communities to preserve cultural heritage and encourage governments to be more transparent and able to act as facilitators in the nation’s cultural heritage preservation. In the future, UCH may be managed properly by a professional and independent institution. Especially for the management of UCH there are some things to note:  Research and disclosure of evidence of the Underwater Heritage/Shipwreck need to be conducted intensively so that it can be added to efforts in the development of understanding of history, science, and culture as well as the development, preservation, and utilization to advance the national culture for people`s prosperity. The management should not solely be exploited by economic interest. Economic interests that are too big in the management of cultural heritage has proven to be highly detrimental to the public. The motivation to do the treasure theft or illegal cooperation became more and more increasing. It is not a positive impact for improving the welfare of society.  In managing and utilizing cultural heritage, it should be based on legal norms, socio-cultural conditions, global development and international law. The birth of Act No. 11 Year 2010 on Cultural Heritage is a hopeful solution and � encourages the good will of stakeholders to protect the nation’s wealth. Economic utilization of cultural heritage should not be narrowly conceived as it can sacrifice the cultural and historical values. The management of Borobudur Temple or Underwater Site in Tulamben can be positive lessons in the nation’s cultural heritage preservation. It is important to strengthen the capacity of each stakeholder, whether they are government, private sector, and enthusiasts societies of cultural heritage preservation. Bibliography Insist Pers., 2002 Kuswardono A.A., Edy, C., Indra, D., 2009 Marbun, J., 2009 Nn, 2006 Pannas BMKT Publishing 2008 1992 2010 2007 2009 Ulum, M., 2009 Yurnaldi., 2010 Memecah Ketakutan Menjadi Kekuatan: Kisah-kisah Advokasi di Indonesia, Insist Pers, Yogyakarta. “Hatcher dan Becking Maut”, in Tempo Magazine No. 43/XXXIII, December 20th 2004, viewed 10 September 2009. (http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2004/12/20/ NAS/mbm.20041220.NAS95244.id.html) “Pannas BMKT : Solusi Atau Sekedar Euforia? (Sekelumit catatan tentang BMKT)”, in On Public Discussion, 22 September, PSAP UGM, Yogyakarta, Tidak terbit. “Harta Karun Di Laut Indonesia”, in Inovasi online, Vol.6, XVIII, Maret. Laporan Tahunan 2008 Pengelolaan Benda Berharga Asal Muatan Kapal Yang Tenggelam, Panitia Nasional BMKT, Jakarta. Act No. 5 Year 1992 on Cultural Heritage Act No. 11 Year 2010 on Cultural Heritage Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia number 19 Year 2007 about the National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia number 12 Year 2009 about change to the Decree of Republic of Indonesia number 19 Year 2007 about the National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships. “Benda Cagar Budaya Bawah Laut Tak Terjaga: Pencurian Harta Karun Marak”, in Harian Jogja, 14 September, Yogyakarta. Bermitra dengan Media Massa untuk Sosialisasikan Warisan Budaya Bawah Air, viewed 28 August 2011 (http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/09/20/warisanbudaya-bawah-air/) � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An Advocacy Approach on Underwater Heritage in Indonesia, Case Study: An auction on underwater heritage from Cirebon waters in 2010 Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 Empowerment and relevance in maritime and underwater cultural heritage programs in developing countries Description An account of the resource Despite the country’s assertion about its ancient, international history and its diverse culture, there are many cases in Indonesia where some cultural heritage objects are under the threat of ignorance of both the people and the government. Various sites and/or artifacts are damaged or lost due to infrastructure development, or being looted to be sold to some collectors or goes out to some auction houses abroad. A Bill was issued in 1992 to manage this situation, and recently (2011) another bill was issued to put a more severe punishment and to put a more relevant context toward this matter, but so far these seem to be ineffective. No one was ever punished for any crimes regarding this matter. Based on experience mentioned above, an advocacy for the law deemed necessary to preserve and protect the nation’s cultural heritage, including its underwater cultural heritage. In 2010 treasures were surfaced from a shipwreck on Cirebon waters. The treasure went to an international auction, committed by the government of Indonesia, and actively monitored by the media, activists, and the community in general. The government supported looting and auction could start a through advocacy for preserving and protecting underwater cultural heritage. Some clues include: prohibition for local fishermen to come near the area, permissions improperly issued for international divers around the shipwreck, a Presidential Decree issued against a higher law (Act No. 5 Year 1992 on Cultural Heritage), and the auction itself which disrespects the artifacts status as a cultural heritage. This experience can become a precedent for advocating a better policy and enforcement toward preserving and protecting underwater cultural heritage, particularly in Indonesia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jhohannes Marbun Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 6