36 10 700 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Drifting Toward the Southeast: Manjiro Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ikaku Kawada Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available ; Spinner Publications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Ikaku Kawada Item Type Book ISBN 0932027598 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 144 Place New Bedford, Mass. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available ; Spinner Publications Short Title Drifting Toward the Southeast Title A name given to the resource Drifting Toward the Southeast: Manjiro Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/602be7c3ab21d47684c6e448ea2ebbb0.pdf cc921531300da3ed349db1e779d4ee58 PDF Text Text Ships sunk on the east coast of Sri Lanka during the British era Author – Jinali Ekanayake (jinaliekanayake88@gmail.com) Maritime Archaeology Officer, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central Cultural Fund, Sri Lanka Co-Authors – Indika U. Hevage (hewageindika@gmail.com), Rasika Muthucumarana (muthurasika@gmail.com) ABSTRACT The eastern coast of Sri Lanka is considered to be the coastal region from the Kokilai lagoon in the north to Panama in the south. The coastal region has been used for various activities with various marine relations since the BC period.  The activities of the Portuguese, Dutch and English in this coastal region during the period of colonial rule were continued. This can be confirmed by reference to archaeological and literary sources. Due to the uniqueness of Trincomalee natural harbor in the world, this area can be recognized as an area that has been controlled as a colony by various foreign nationalities since the past. This Paper outlines the information about the sunken ships in the naval activities of the British rule in the east coast region of Sri Lanka. There are many ships that sank due to natural disasters, industrial errors and human activities. and the most notable are the ships sunk due to attacks during the Second World War. The number of ships found in that area are about twenty-one. Of these, about eight of these ships sank during the Second World War. In addition to discussing information about the ships SS Ava, HMS Diamode, SS British Sergeant, another unique quality of this research paper is the graveyard of the Pasikuda area, which has been introduced by Mr. Darshana Jayawardena, who is engaged in diving research in the sea Coast around Sri Lanka, in the book called Ghost of the Deep.  Discussing the identification of the four sunken ships at the place called shipwrecks with the intervention of the Maritime Archeology Unit.  Accordingly, it is hoped to identify the cultural heritage related to the water created by sunken ships in the eastern sea region, which is a special sea region, and to discuss related activities. KeyWords: East Coast in Sri Lanka, Shipwrecks, Cultural Heritage, British Era INTRODUCTION The Eastern Sea region of Sri Lanka can be identified as an area where archaeological factors representing all periods from the prehistoric era to the colonial period are found. The eastern sea region extends from Pulmude to Pothuvil, facing the Bay of Bengal and has a unique position in the Indian Saga. The current Trincomalee Port, which was known as Gokanna Port in the past, has attracted world attention historically and geographically, is also located in this area. This region is also home to many important cultural and religious places including Buddhist Hindu Muslim temples and churches, as well as forts like the historical Batticaloa Dutch Fort, Trincomalee Fort, etc. In addition to its natural beauty and cultural significance, the Eastern Coast has also played an important role in Sri Lanka's history. The region has been the site of many battles and conflicts throughout history, including during the colonial period when it was a strategic location for naval powers. Sri Lanka became a colonial state of different countries at different times due to various reasons such as spreading religion and establishing colonies with the main purpose of trade.Sri Lanka became a British colony for the last time. When the British expanded their power in Sri Lanka, more attention was given to the eastern region. For several reasons, the British chose the eastern part of Sri Lanka to expand their power. Sri Lanka's east coast is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, which made it an ideal location for the British to establish a naval base to control trade routes and protect their interests in the region. 1 �In expanding its power through trade, the eastern region of Sri Lanka was rich in resources such as wood, spices and gems, thus the ability of the British to gain economic advantages in the region was a factor. The main exports of the East Coast during this period were coffee, tea, rubber and spices, which were grown on plantations located inland. These goods were transported by rail to the coast and then shipped to Britain and other parts of the British Empire. The British began large-scale fishing operations in the seas off the east coast, and exported dried fish and fish oil to markets in Europe and Asia. In addition to exports, the east coast of Sri Lanka functioned as an important center for the import of goods such as textiles, machinery and buildings. Sri Lanka's east coast has a long history of trade with countries in the Indian Ocean and beyond. Another reason for the British to increase their wealth and establish themselves as a leading trading power was that the east coast was an easier way to access this trade network. In addition to this matter, it was unique that the British were able to use the natural harbor of Trincomalee to expand their power in order to gain an advantage over their rivals and other colonial powers when establishing control over the east coast. There are various reasons why ships usually sink on Coastal areas. As the most common reasons are, Hurricanes, big waves, weather changes are one of the reasons for being affected by natural disasters. Various accidents like collision with other vessels, collision with rocks or rocks, technical faults in vessels, mistakes made by sailors is another reason. Naval battles that occur when naval powers compete for control of their regions are another reason. Deliberate sinking of vessels to create artificial reefs and disrupts enemy shipping lanes, to prevent surrender to enemies, as a decommissioning method, for various operations, etc. is also a reason. The same is true for the east coast of Sri Lanka as a whole. The unique facts identified in the study about these ships were that the majority of the sunken ships were ships that were destroyed during naval battles during the Second World War. Also, upon further study, it was possible to identify that the ships were named by the shipping companies with abbreviations. − − − SS - Steamship RMS - Royal Mail Ship HMS - Her Majestic Service The identified ships were found in the areas of Trincomalee, Wakare, Pasikuda, Batticaloa, Kalmunai, Pothuvil in the East Coast region and such ships it was possible to discover that about twenty ships had sunk in those areas. Through this research paper, some unique ships will be discussed among the sunken ships during the British period. SS British Sergeant Wreck The SS British Sergeant was a British fuel tanker that was broken in two and sunk off the coast of Sri Lanka during World War II by a Japanese air attack. The accident happened on April 9, 1942. The attack killed 36 of the crew and another 65 were rescued by nearby ships. The middle part of the ship is divided into two parts: the front part which is laid upside down and the rear part which is tilted to the side and buried in the sea. It can be identified as the safe ship from sunken ships. Its width is 16 meters and the length of one part is 75 meters and the other part is 52.80 meters. (Exploration report 2012, 33) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_British_Sergeant - 2023.04.03) The wreckage of the SS British Sergeant was discovered in 2012 by a team of divers off the coast of Batticaloa in Sri Lanka's Eastern Province. The wreck lies at a depth of 25 meters and is now a popular 2 �dive site for experienced divers. The site is also considered an important historical artifact as a reminder of Sri Lanka's role in World War II and its long history of maritime trade. SS Lady McCullum This ship has been engaged in duties around the Sri Lankan sea limits since the year 1908. Information has been revealed that this ship was also involved in the rescue operations related to the sinking of the Sir John Jackson ship that sank in the Batticaloa area in 1908. (The Times of Ceylon 28, September 1908)) While sailing from Trincomalee to Kalkuda hit a reef and sank on January 01, 1926 CE. At that time it was working under the Ceylon Steamship Company. The parts are broken and scattered all over the place. But it is possible to identify the bow part and the stern part of the ship. The poplar and the poplar shaft are well preserved. Two boilers and three iron anchors can be seen, one anchor is located in the front part and the other two anchors are located in the center and rear parts of the ship. According to the information from a diver in the area of ​13.10 meters length and width from the front section to today according to the remains of the remaining parts of the ship, according to the information from a diver, he sold some parts of Sri Lankan iron for money and one of them was called "Ally & Macleelan" and "CLA" or "CIA Company" was recorded. (Exploration report 2012, 32-33) HMS Hollyhock HMS Hollyhock was a Flower-class corvette of the British Royal Navy that sank off the coast of Sri Lanka. A vessel that saw great service in the British Royal Navy during World War II. The speed of this 940 ton ship is 16 nautical miles. Forty-nine people have lost their lives due to the attack on this ship. It is 60 meters long. At present, it is submerged at a depth of 42 meters in the sea limits of Kalmunai. (Jayawardene 2016,175) ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hollyhock- 2023.04.03) HMS Hermes HMS Hermes was a British aircraft carrier that served in the Royal Navy during World War II. It was one of the first purpose-built aircraft carriers launched and the first to be sunk by enemy action. The 20 number of aircraft that could be carried on this enormous ship, which was 182.9 meters long .During the war, HMS Hermes served in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Pacific theaters. It was involved in the Battle of Calabria and the Battle of Crete and provided air support during the Allied landings in North Africa and Italy. Due to the threat of Japanese attack, the ship left for the Maldives but was hit by several bombs and torpedoes on April 9, 1942 and finally sank with 307 crew members on board. Today, the wreck of HMS Hermes is considered a war grave and protected site under the Antiquities Ordinance of Sri Lanka. The wreck is located about 10 nautical miles off the coast of Batticaloa in eastern Sri Lanka at a depth of 53 meters and is a popular dive site for experienced divers. (Jayewardene 2016, 175) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hermes_(95) - 2023.04.01) HMS Diomede In the 1960s, Arthur C. Clarke and Mike Wilson's group, including diving activities, have taken underwater photographs near Pegeon Island in Trincomalee. During those activities, efforts were made to locate the alleged location of the HMS Diomede, but their efforts were unsuccessful. It is said that in the year 1795 AD, the English Navy came to Trincomalee port in Sri Lanka with three ships: HMS Diomede, Suffolk, Centurion, Heroine and received a positive response to the request to surrender to the Dutch governor who ruled Trincomalee. But it is said that during this journey, the ship unfortunately hit an unidentified ship and its crew threw cannons into the sea to save the ship.(Clerk & Wilson 1964, 200) 3 �James Martin Hill House Company can be identified as the manufacturer of the HMS Diomede ship among the things that were discovered in the search of information on the Internet. It has also been reported that this ship was involved in the capture of South Carolina in 1782 CE and the capture of the Indian Ocean in 1794 CE. About eighteen cannons were identified here by the Marine Archeology Unit during the research conducted in 2011 CE, and a large number of small-sized gun bullets, a large number of broken bottles, wood and metal parts were identified. According to the facts mentioned above, the ship that was found in the Uppuveli beach which was wrecked by the British on the second day of August 1795 CE can be called HMS Diomede because no other wooden ship has been found in the eastern region of Trincomalee. It was possible to further confirm this based on the amount of artillery and the size of the cannons found. (Exploration Report 2012, 23-25) Four sunken ships were found in a small area of ​about one square kilometer in the Pasikuda area. Due to this, identifying each ship separately has become a difficult task. Mr. Darshan Jayawardene, who has published a book called "Ghosts of the deep" related to drowning, has introduced this place as "the graveyard of ship wrecks" in his book. Three of the four ships were identified separately after comparing the data obtained during the discoveries and research carried out by the Maritime Archeology Unit. Accordingly, the new nomenclature could be given to the ship instead of the existing nomenclature. Through this research paper the facts related to those identified vessels are unique. (Jayawardene 2016, 198) SS Gladys Moller It has now been confirmed that the ‘Pasikuda steamship 01’ identified during research by the Galle Marine Archeology Unit is the SS Gladys Mula Nauka. The reason for this is that in the research activities of the Galle Maritime Archeology Unit, measurements have been taken that these ships are 125 meters long and 17 meters wide. It is closest to the SS Gladys Moller, which are 129.5 meters long and 15 meters wide. It can be said so because the remaining three ships lost at this point are less than 108 meters in length. Also taking into account the fact that the information found on the ship includes three steam-powered boilers with a single aft rod and an aft blade. This ship, located at a depth of about 8 meters, was used as a cargo ship during the British rule. (Jayawardene 2016 ; 198) (Exploration report 2012: 39-40) SS Clan Lamont After engaging in research through the information about the ship SS Clan Lamont that sank on May 3, 1891 mentioned in the book of Mr. Darshan Jayawardena, it was identified that this ship is the ship introduced by the Galle Sea Archeology Unit as steamship number two. The ship was measured to be 94 meters long and 11 meters wide. The length is similar to the length of the SS Clan Lamont and the facts found in the information found about the ship were also similar to this ship in having three boilers with a single stern and on the other side. The most important facts were that the ship known as Pasikuda steamer number two also had the double mast used for sails found on the SS Clan Lamont. This ship also sank at a maximum depth of eight meters. This ship is the most decayed of the sunken ships at this location. (Jayawardene 2016, 198) SS Amarillys This can be introduced as a ship found by chance. In the year 2014, while taking photographs of Pasikuda steamship number two, this ship was found and it was identified that this ship was operated by steam power and had three boilers. The maximum depth of the ship was about 11.5 meters. The information that it was not sunk in the Kalkuda area was found in a book written by the hand of a contemporary British officer in this country. "In February 1908, the Amarillys steamer of the Stagalin Company was 4 �wrecked at Venludis Point near Calcutta," it says. Researching the information revealed that the ship was carrying coal from Calcutta to Bombay in India and was wrecked in the Kalkuda area. Although the information about the ship was found in this way, it was quite a difficult task to identify these ships from the ships sunk at that place. After engaging in a comparative value with the information received, it was possible to identify what the ship was. The information received there is that the Anva ship is 106.68 meters long and 14.63 meters wide. During the records taken by the Galle Maritime Archeology Unit, a ship with a length of 108 m and a beam of 15 m was found and it was named Pasikuda steamer No. 03. It was confirmed that steamer number three was none other than the SS Amaryllis, as all three ships, which were difficult to confirm, were less than 100 meters in length, and had three boilers and a stern and a stern.(Exploration report 2014, 40-41) (gunawardane 2008, 48). In addition to these vessels, there are many sunken ships of the British rule, now identified by various names such as SS Ava, SS Sir Jhon Jackson, Pasikuda Iron wreck 01, SS Brenus, Batticloa boiler wreck, Umari, Komari etc., which are now part of the historical story and have functioned as bio-systems and helped to create the beautiful diving site. Accordingly, we can recognize that because of these ships sunk during the British period, they give great value to the history of the region and have also helped to strengthen the economy of the region. Bibliography Clerk, A. C. The Reefs of Taprobane. Hapor and Brothers.(1956). Clerk, A. C., & Wilson, M. The Treasure of the Great Reef. New York: Harper and Row.(1964). Deraniyagala, S. The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective (Vol. 1). Department of Archaeological Survey.(1992). Deraniyagala, S. U. Prehistory of Sri Lanka. Department of Archaeological Survey.(1992). Exploration Report 2012 – East Exploration, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central cultural fund Exploration Report 2014 – East Exploration, Maritime Archaeology Unit, Central cultural fund Green, J. Maritime Archaeology: A Technical Handbook. Elsevier Academic Press.(2004). Gunawardene V.D. Madakalapuwa Distrikkaye wruthanthaya, Nugegoda, visadunu Publication. 2008. Jayawardhana, Darshana,(2015). Ghosts Of The Deep, Vijitha Yapa Publication. Colombo. Panabokke, C. R. (1996). Soils and Agro-Ecological Environment of Sri Lanka. Colombo 7, Sri Lanka: Natural Resources, Energy @ Science Authority. The Ceylon Observer. (1908, September 28). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_British_Sergeant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hollyhock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki_HMS_Hermes_(95) 5 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ships sunk on the east coast of Sri Lanka during the British era Description An account of the resource The eastern coast of Sri Lanka is considered to be the coastal region from the Kokilai lagoon in the north to Panama in the south. The coastal region has been used for various activities with various marine relations since the BC period. The activities of the Portuguese, Dutch and English in this coastal region during the period of colonial rule were continued. This can be confirmed by reference to archaeological and literary sources. Due to the uniqueness of Trincomalee natural harbor in the world, this area can be recognized as an area that has been controlled as a colony by various foreign nationalities since the past. This Paper outlines the information about the sunken ships in the naval activities of the British rule in the east coast region of Sri Lanka. There are many ships that sank due to natural disasters, industrial errors and human activities. and the most notable are the ships sunk due to attacks during the Second World War. The number of ships found in that area are about twenty-one. Of these, about eight of these ships sank during the Second World War. In addition to discussing information about the ships SS Ava, HMS Diamode, SS British Sergeant, another unique quality of this research paper is the graveyard of the Pasikuda area, which has been introduced by Mr. Darshana Jayawardena, who is engaged in diving research in the sea Coast around Sri Lanka, in the book called Ghost of the Deep. Discussing the identification of the four sunken ships at the place called shipwrecks with the intervention of the Maritime Archeology Unit. Accordingly, it is hoped to identify the cultural heritage related to the water created by sunken ships in the eastern sea region, which is a special sea region, and to discuss related activities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jinali Ekanayake Indika U. Hevage Rasika Muthucumarana Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ekanayake, Jinali and Indika U. Hevage. 2023. “Ships sunk on the east coast of Sri Lanka during the British era.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Brian Fahy. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1987 Asia-Pac Session 9 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leo Suryadinata International Zheng He Society Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Zheng He Society ; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Leo Suryadinata International Zheng He Society Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Item Type Book ISBN 9789812303295 Call Number DS753.6.Z47A365 2005 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Extra Portion of title: Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia Item info: Place Hold Portion of title: Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia Physical description: xviii, 168 p. : ill., maps ; 22 cm Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references LCCN: 2005436826 Control Number: ocm61445159 Library Catalog lib-app3.usc.edu Library Catalog Place Singapore Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Zheng He Society ; Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Title A name given to the resource Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia China Southeast Asia https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/59b714b7769d5b68d211ae1e0078add8.pdf 243865b08413817e20dcee1496b1c728 PDF Text Text Iron materials from Shipwrecks―the iron as traded goods of Song-Yuan period in China ISHIGURO Hisako 石黒 ひさ子 Visiting Researcher for Research Institute of Ancient Japanese Studies, Meiji Univ. (明治大学日本古代学研究所客員研究員) ABSTRACT Iron is present in the traded goods of Song-Yuan period in China. In the shipwreck survey in China and Southeast Asia, iron bars and iron pots have been discovered as cargo on trade vessels. There are also iron bars in the Middle Ages of Japan, There are also iron bars being used during the Middle Ages of Japan, with some of these iron bars preserved in some archaeological sites. There is a view that these iron bars found in Japan are locally produced. But some researchers suggest it may have been imported from other places, such as China. Iron Bars also were discovered in Nanhai Ⅰ shipwreck (Chinese: 南海Ⅰ号), Huaguang Reef 1 shipwreck (Chinese: 華光 礁一号) and several other ones around the South China Sea. These iron bars found on the aforementioned shipwrecks are very similar to the Iron Bar found in Japan. The ironware found on the shipwreck (10th-13th Century) in Southeast Asia, especially in the Java region, was mainly iron bars as raw material and iron pots. Historical documents include descriptions of iron products exported from China. According to the description, there are two types of concrete shapes of iron products: "bar-shaped" and "pot-shaped". In Chunxi Sanshan-zhi (Chinese: 淳熙三山志), the local gazetteer of Southern Song Fuzhou (Chinese: 福州), there is a decree restricting the export of iron in the third year of Qingli (Chinese: 慶暦三年, 1043). This decree prohibited the export of ironware other than agricultural tools, pots and pans. Conversely, it can be interpreted that export is possible as long as it is in the shape of agricultural tools or pots and pans. Iron Bars are similar in shape to the "harrow teeth" of agricultural tools. This is the reason why the iron products from shipwrecks have "Iron Bars" and "Iron pots". In this paper, the iron materials of Nanhai I and the iron material of shipwrecks in Southeast Asia such as Cirebon Wreck, Intan Wreck, Pulau Buaya Wreck, Java Sea Wreck, are compared and examined. The purpose of such comparison is to recognize the significance in their similarities and differences, and to propose issues related to the sourcing and usage of iron materials found from the shipwrecks. KEYWORDS: Iron bars, Traded goods of Song-Yuan period, Iron, "Harrow teeth" LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Table 1. The iron artifacts from Nanhai Ⅰ. Table 2. Iron artifacts of select shipwrecks Figure 1. The iron bars from Nanhai Ⅰ Figure 2. Iron bars of Saida Site 1. INTRODUCITION Iron was traded in the South China Sea during the Song and Yuan dynasties. It was referred to in literature as "鐵" (iron), "鐵器" (ironware), "鐵塊" (iron ingots), as well as "鐵鼎" (iron cauldrons), " 鐵鍋" (iron pots), "鐵針" (iron needles), "鐵條" (iron bars), and "鐵線" (iron wires) in Chinese. From these references, it is understood that there were two types of iron traded in the South China Sea: ironware in the shape of pots, and ironware in the form of bars. In recent years, iron pots and bar-shaped iron have been found among the cargoes of sunken ships in China and Southeast Asia. Bar-shaped iron artifacts have also been found in medieval Japan. These are believed to be the form of iron collected as taxes in Japan during the 10th to 11th centuries（T.Fukuda 1983, 163-189）However, the similarity between these bar-shaped iron artifacts and those found in sunken ships suggests that there may have been imports of iron materials from China as well (Y. Momosaki 2008, 1-53). 1 �Details of ironware have been revealed through the report on the sunken ship Nanhai I, which dates back to the Southern Song Dynasty. The bar-shaped iron artifacts found there are about 20 centimeters in length and bear a striking resemblance to the "bar shaped ironware" found in Japan. During the Song Dynasty, there were laws prohibiting the export of iron, and the local gazetteer of Fuzhou, "Chunxi Sanshan Zhi"(Chinese: 淳熙三山志）, records a law that restricted iron exports in the third year of Qingli (Chinese: 慶暦三年, in year1043). The existence of such laws suggests that there were restrictions on the outflow of iron due to the high volume of iron exports. This law prohibited the export of ironware other than agricultural tools and pots. In other words, it can be interpreted that exports of iron in the form of agricultural tools or pots were allowed. The bar-shaped iron products found in sunken ships resemble the shape of the "teeth of a horse plow," which can be considered as an agricultural tool. This means that they can be considered as "agricultural tools." The presence of both bar-shaped iron and pots in the cargoes of sunken ships indicates that iron pots and bar-shaped iron were exported as materials, rather than finished products, which was in compliance with the law of the time. In this paper, we will start with analysing the iron artifacts found on Nanhai No.1 shipwreck. Then, we will proceed to comparing the iron artifacts with those found in other South East Asian shipwrecks such as Cirebon Wreck, Intan Wreck, Pulau Buaya Wreck and Java Sea Wreck. Several arguments will be proposed as the paper compare the similarities and differences of these iron materials. The paper will arrive at some tentative conclusion which deems further studies. 2. NANHAI Ⅰ AND ITS IRON ARTIFACTS Nanhai Ⅰ is a sunken ship from the Southern Song Dynasty that was discovered in the waters near the border of Taishan City（台山市）and Yangjiang City（陽江市） in Guangdong Province, China, in 1987. This ship was a trading vessel from the late 12th century. The remaining length of the ship's hull is 22.1 meters, with a width of 9.35 meters. It is categorized as a junk ship with 15 cargo holds confirmed vertically, and is deemed typical of Chinese trade ships (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2018, 110-159). Nanhai Ⅰ was loaded with a large amount of iron artifacts. It has been reported that as of December 2017, 80 tons of iron artifacts have been confirmed through excavations, and it is estimated that there may have been over 100 tons of iron artifacts on board, including the previously excavated concretions (T.Li 2018, 66-71). This is consistent with historical records of iron being an export commodity from China during the Song and Yuan dynasties. However, the quantity of iron artifacts, exceeding 100 tons per trading ship, requires a re-evaluation of the influence of Chinese iron trade on foreign trade, as it is even greater than previously imagined. Several data have already been reported on the iron artifacts from Nanhai Ⅰ. According to reports from 2014 to 2015, iron artifacts were found throughout the entire ship, and it has been confirmed that the iron artifacts were placed on top of ceramic artifacts (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2018, 496-502). The quantities of iron artifacts reported are as follows (Table 1). 2 �Table 1. The iron artifacts (iron bar and iron pot) from Nanhai Ⅰ. *Created with reference to (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2018, 157- 420). Iron Bar NO. weight (g/kg) length Thick (max) Thick(min) Sample 1 N28 402.87 g 30.6 cm 1.4 cm 1.1 cm Sample 2 N15－43 281.1 g 20 cm 1.9 cm 1.5 cm Iron bar-A Iron bar-B type-B-a \ Sample 1 N28 309.91 g 33.2 cm 2.5㎝ (top) Sample 2 N28 153.071 g 22.87cm 1.7 cm Sample 1 N15ｰ35 306.86 g 25.9 cm 3.8 cm (upper middle) Sample 2 N15-35 453.15 g 26.5 cm 3.3 cm (upper middle) Sample 1 N44 456.81 g 24.8 cm Sample 2 N44 660.76 g 23 cm Iron pot NO. weight caliber height thick Iron pot-A N28 3.56 kg (Total of 2 pots) 22 cm 7.3 cm 0.2 cm Iron pot-C N39 13.36 kg (Total of 14 pots) 28.5 cm 7.7 cm 0.2 cm Iron pot-B N58-29 71.86 kg (Total of 20 pots) 40 cm 14.3 cm 0.4 cm type-B-b Iron Bar-C Figure 1. The iron bars from Nanhai Ⅰ shipwreck. *image source: plate7-55 (p.498), plate7-58 (p.499), plate7-62 (p.500) from (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2018). The iron artifacts include "iron bars" and "iron pots". The iron bars from Nanhai Ⅰ is generally bundled with ropes made of bamboo or rattan, with 35 to 45 bars being the basic configuration, and some of them are wrapped in mat-like materials. The forms are classified into three categories: A-shaped bars, B-shaped curved bards, and C-shaped wedge-shaped bars (Figure 1). In addition, knife-shaped iron 3 �artifacts have also been confirmed. The iron pots are classified into three categories: A-handled pots, B handleless flat pots, and C-handleless deep pots. Data from chemical analysis of the iron indicate that the iron bars is wrought iron based on its carbon content, while the iron pots are cast iron based on their sulfur content, which indicates the possibility of iron smelting using coal (W.Liu 2011, 145- 146; J.Wan 2016, 46-51; T.Li 2018, 66-71). Some of the iron pots from Nanhai Ⅰ have sulfur contents exceeding 0.4%, indicating iron smelting using coal. On the other hand, some pots have sulfur contents of around 0.2% or less, and some have sulfur contents of less than 0.1%. The sulfur content of the iron bars is less than 0.1%. From this, it can be inferred that the iron artifacts on board Nanhai Ⅰ consist of both cast iron produced using coal and cast iron produced using wood charcoal. As for the ceramic artifacts, it is clear that the ceramic artifacts on board Nanhai Ⅰ were collected from multiple production sites of kilns such as Jingdezhen (Chinese:景徳鎮), Longquan (Chinese:龍泉), Dehua (Chinese: 徳化), Cizao (Chinese: 磁竈), Minqing-yiyao (Chinese: 閩清義 窯), etc, (National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2018, 157-420). It is also likely that the iron artifacts were collected from multiple sources, similar to the ceramic artifacts. In addition to Nanhai I, ironware has also been unearthed from South East Asian wrecks such as the Cirebon Wreck, Intan Wreck, Pulau Buaya Wreck, and Java Sea Wreck. We will consider these next. 3. SHIPWRECKS AND THEIR IRON ARTIFACTS There is no evidence of iron as a commodity from shipwrecks such as the Takashima (Japanese: 鷹島) Underwater Site in Japan or the Sinan (in Chinese Characters: 新安）Shipwreck in Korea (M.Osawa 1996, 97-103; J. Kimura 2010, 50-55). However, there are several instances of ships carrying large quantities of iron as cargo in the Southeast Asian region, particularly in the Java Sea area. According to Derek Heng's list, shipwrecks such as the Cirebon Wreck (late 10th century), Intan Wreck (late 10th century), Pulau Buaya Wreck (12-13th century), Java Sea Wreck (early 13th century), Brunei Wreck (15th-16th century), Vung Tau Wreck (1690s), and Ca Mau Wreck (1730s) are known to have contained iron items (Table.2, D.Heng 2018, 1-29). Although Derek Heng's list does not mention iron items as cargo, iron pots have been identified on the Tanjong Simpang Mangayau Wreck, a shipwreck dating to the Northern Song period (960-1127) (Y.Meng 2018, 11-26). Table 2. Iron Artifacts found on selected shipwrecks. Information retrieved from D. Heng, 2018. *Created with reference to (D.Heng 2018.1-29) Name of shipwreck Time Type of vessel Iron artifacts in freight Cirebon Wreck Late 10th century Southeast Asian (dowel and peg fasteners) Iron bars and iron pots Intan Wreck Late 11th century Southeast Asian (lashed-lug hull) Chinese iron rods and blades Pulau Buaya Wreck 12th-13th century Unknown iron bars and woks Java Sea Wreck early 13th century Southeast Asian 200 tons of Chinese iron (Bornean ironwood dowels; lashed-lug hull) Brunei Wreck Vung Tau Wreck 15th-early 16th century 1690s Southeast Asian Hybrid iron bars Chinese Lorcha cast iron pans and cauldrons (Chinese-European hybrid; built in China) Ca Mau Wreck 1730s possibly Southeast Asian Hybrid (hull constructed of Dipterocarpus timber) 4 iron pans �The age of the ships from the Cirebon Wreck, Intan Wreck, Pulau Buaya Wreck, and Java Sea Wreck is from the Song-Yuan period in China. Iron bars and iron pots were found in the Cirebon Wreck. The Cirebon Wreck contained iron bars that were packaged in a manner similar to the iron bars found on the South China Sea Shipwreck, with about 50 bars bundled together with plant fibers. The iron items were mostly located in the lower part of the ship, with Chinese ceramics placed on top of them (H.H. Liebner 2014, 203-206). The iron items from the Intan Wreck were believed to be of Chinese origin, and they included conical-shaped iron bars (about 30 cm long) that were packaged, as well as cylindrical-shaped iron bars and cast iron items such as a 21 cm diameter iron pot (F. Michael 2002, 85-86).The shape and packaging method of these iron items were similar to those found on the Nanhai I. The Pulau Buaya Wreck also contains iron objects believed to be of Indian origin, such as iron lamps, as well as cast iron pots with a diameter of 29 cm and iron bars packaged in bundles, which are also similar to the iron bars from the Nanhai I (R.Abu 1998, 84-87)． In the Java Sea Wreck, iron bars and iron pots were also found, believed to be of Chinese origin. The iron objects were mostly located in the lower part of the ship. The iron bars were packaged in woven materials such as rattan strings and hemp cloth, as well as in cone-shaped bundles about 40 centimeters long, which have the characteristic of being coated with white lime compound. The iron pots from the Java Sea Wreck come in three sizes with diameters of about 32 centimeters, 51 centimeters, and 70 centimeters. The iron pot is made of cast iron, and since China excels in the production of cast iron, these iron pots are considered to be Chinese products. In the cargo arrangement of the Java Sea Wreck, it was confirmed that the iron pots and iron bars were located below the ceramics (M.W.Matters 1997, 77-80, 95-102). Iron bars packaged in a conical shape have been found in common at both the Intan Wreck and Java Sea Wreck. Additionally, iron bars packaged in the same conical shape have also been found in the waters of the Paracel Islands at the Huaguang Reef 1 shipwreck. The Huaguang Reef 1 shipwreck is estimated to be from the early Southern Song Dynasty (first half of the 12th century) and is considered to be the earliest Chinese trade ship in the South China Sea (Y.Meng 2018, 11-26). What would have been the mounting position of the iron artifacts found on the sunken ship? In the case of the Nanhai I, the iron artifacts were located in the middle layer of the ship's cargo. Beneath the iron artifacts were ceramics. On the other hand, in the Cirebon Wreck and Java Sea Wreck, the iron artifacts were located in the lowest part of the ship. Chinese ceramics were placed above the iron artifacts. The Nanhai I was a type of Chinese junk ship, while the Cirebon Wreck and Java Sea Wreck were of Southeast Asian style. The positions of iron artifacts and ceramics differed between the Nanhai I and the Cirebon Wreck and Java Sea Wreck. This suggests the possibility that Chinese trade goods originating from China were transferred from Chinese ships to Southeast Asian-style ships in the Java Sea region. Nanhai I iron artifacts are exports from China. Chinese ironware has also been found in shipwrecks in Southeast Asia. Their form is iron bar or iron pot. Of these, rod-shaped iron will be examined next. 4. APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF "IRON BARS" It can be confirmed in historical documents that iron products were included in exports from China during the Song and Yuan dynasties. Using the descriptions from "Zhufan zhi" (Chinese : 諸蕃志) 5 �written around 1225, "Zhenla-fengtuji" (Chinese: 真臘風土記) written around 1296, and "Daoyi-zhilüe"（Chinese: 島夷誌略）written during the Yuan Dynasty (1341-1370), Shigemi Sasamoto （Japanese: 笹本重己）confirms that China during the Song-Yuan period was exporting ironware(S.Shigemoto1952,131- 144). Based on records by the Arabian scholar Edrisi from the 12th century and Dimashki from the 14th century, which stated that Chinese iron was being imported to the Arabian Peninsula, Ichisada Miyazaki (Japanese: 宮崎市定) inferred that iron had become an important export product in China. Using "Daoyi zhilüe," Miyazaki compiled a list of country and place names that imported iron products (I.Miyazaki 1957, 441-454). The list compiled by Miyazaki shows that the specific shapes of iron products for export mentioned in the literature were iron bars and iron pots. Iron objects found in sunken ships such as Nanhai I and those in Southeast Asia were produced in China and were in the form of iron bars and iron pots, which supports the descriptions in the literature. These physical objects serve as evidence supporting the written records. Iron products excavated from medieval Japanese ruins have a shape similar to "Iron bars," and Yoshiro Momozaki (Japanese: 桃﨑祐輔) suggests that these items were imported from China or Korea (Y.Momosaki 2008, 1-53). For example, at the Saida (Japanese: 才田site in Asakura (Japanese: 朝倉) City, Fukuoka (Japanese: 福岡) Prefecture, a total of 12 iron products were discovered, including a well-preserved 20cm iron bar (Figure 2), which is similar to the iron bars found in the Nanhai I and Huaguang Reef 1 (Y.Momosaki 2023, 1-24). Figure 2. Iron bars of Saida Site *image source: plates from (Y.Momosaki 2023,1-24). However, there is debate over how these "Iron bars" were used in Japan. Kazuyuki Matsui (Japanese:松 井和幸) argues that these iron bars could be the teeth of a "harrow" and that some harrow had iron teeth attached to wooden frames. In this discussion, viewing the iron bars as teeth of a horse plow is a very suggestive perspective (K.Matsui 2004, 76-93). There is information in the "Chunxi Sanshan-zhi," which is a local gazetteer of Southern Song Fuzhou (Chinese:福州), about the specific iron production situation in the Southern Song Dynasty. Sanshan is another name for Fuzhou, and "Chunxi Sanshan Zhi" is compiled during the Chunxi (Chinese: 淳熙) years of the Southern Song Dynasty (1174- 1189). The following description can be found in Volume 41, "Local Products and Iron": 「慶暦三年、発運使楊告乞下福建厳行禁法。除民間打造農器、鍋釜等外、不許私 販下海。」 In the third year of Qingli, the envoy Yang Gao proposed strict enforcement of iron prohibition in Fujian, prohibiting private sales and exportation of iron goods, except for agricultural implements, 6 �pots, and kettles made by the common people. This Qingli Third Year (1043) decree prohibits the circulation of iron goods, except for agricultural implements and cooking pots, which are daily necessities. The large number of "iron pots" confirmed in the iron products found in shipwrecks is consistent with this decree. Regarding "iron bars," as mentioned above, there is a debate that the iron bars excavated from Japan during the medieval period are the "teeth of a harrow." Iron bars found in Japan have a similar shape to those found in Nanhai I and Huaguang Reef 1. The decree of Qingli Third Year stated that ironware, including agricultural tools, could be traded. "The teeth of a harrow" refers to agricultural tools, meaning that iron bars were iron intended for circulation and export using the shape of harrow teeth. However, it is highly likely that they were actually made from raw materials of iron. In the decree of Qingli Third Year, the exclusion of agricultural tools and cooking utensils was actually important. The shape of the iron artifacts found in shipwrecks from the Song and Yuan dynasties, such as iron bars or iron pots, can be attributed to this decree. The large quantities of iron bars or iron pots found in sunken ships were in the shape intended to circumvent regulations that restricted the circulation and export of iron. These iron bars or iron pots were export products and were likely made from iron as raw material. 5. CONCLUSION Artifacts from shipwrecks related to the South China Sea trade, including Nanhai I, contain a large quantity of iron products. This indicates that iron production in China during the Song and Yuan dynasties had a wide export market through maritime trade. The forms of iron artifacts in wrecks are iron bars or iron pots. Its form is related to Chinese law. This was because the iron that could be exported from China was limited by law to pots and farm tools. Iron bars have the potential to be raw iron for export using the shape of agricultural tools. Similarities can also be observed between the iron artifacts found in Japan from the same period, such as iron bars, and those discovered in shipwrecks in the Java Sea region. These shipwrecks in the Java Sea are geographically linked to trade involving Java Island, which, like Japan, had limited iron ore resources but was known for its abundant sulfur production. It is believed that the Nanhai I alone contains around 100 tons of iron artifacts, although only a small portion of the findings has been publicly released. The data on iron bars in Japan and shipwrecks in Southeast Asia is still not sufficient. However, they make it possible to demonstrate that a large amount of iron was being produced in China for export purposes. To achieve this, more information will be added in the future and comparisons between regions will be conducted. 7 �BIBLIOGRAPHY R.Abu, and E. E. McKinnon. The Pulau Buaya Wreck: Finds from the Song Period. Jakarta: Ceramic Society of Indonesia, 1998. D. Heng"Ships, Shipwrecks and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History."In David Ludden .ed. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History New York: Oxford University Press,Online Publication Date: 2018. H.Ishiguro(石 黒ひさ子) "Iron materials of Nanhai I Wreck"令 和 2～4 年度科学研究費助成事業（基 盤（C））「 日中 文 明 遺物 の 産地 探索 をめ ざす 中近 世 沈船 ・船 載遺 物と 自然 科 学の 融合 研究 」 ,福 岡 大学人文学部考古学研究 室 2023, 57-76． J. Kimura / 木 村淳"Iron nails recovered from the plank of the Shinan shipwreck." In J. Kimura.ed. Shipwreck ASIA:Thematic Studies in East Asian Maritime Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology Program Flinders University,2010: 50-55. T.Li/林唐欧"「南海Ⅰ号」船載鉄器初探. "遺産与保護研究 3, no. 8 (2018):66-71. T.Fukuda/福田豊彦"文献資料より見た古代の製鉄"古代日本の鉄と社会.東京鉱業大学製鉄史研究会,平凡社1982:163-189 H. H. Liebner “The Siren of Cirebon A Tenth-Century Trading Vessel Lost in the Java Sea” PhD dissertation, University of Leeds, 2014.W.Liu/劉薇,張治国,李秀輝,馬清林"中国南海三处 古代沉船 遗址出水 铁器 凝结 物分析. "中国国家博物 館 館刊 91, No.2 (2011) :145-156. M.W.Matters and M.Flecker.ed. Archaeological Recoveryof the JAVA SEA WRECK.Pacific Sea Resources.1997. F. Michael. The Archaeological Excavation of the 10th Century: Intan Shipwreck. Vol. 1047. British Archaeological Reports, 2002. K.Matsui/ 松井 和幸"馬鍬の起源と変遷"考古学研究 51, No.1 (2004). K.Matsui/松井和幸.鉄の日本史.Tokyo:筑摩書房,2022 Y.Meng/孟原召"華光礁一号沈船与宋代南海貿易"博物院 (2018-No.2) I.Miyazaki/ 宮崎 市定"支那の鉄について"史 林 40, No.6 (1957): 44-454. Y.Momosaki/桃﨑祐輔"中世棒状鉄素材に関する基礎的研究. "七隈史学 No.10(2008): 1- 53. Y.Mmosaki/桃 﨑祐 輔"Study on bar-shaped iron materials excavated from medieval ruins",令和 2～4 年 度科学研究費助 成事業(基盤(C）)「日中文明遺物の産地探索をめざす中近世沈船・船載遺物と自然科学の融合研究」,福岡大学人文学 部考古学研究室 2023,1－24． National Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Guandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage ,Guangdong Museum, Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong,ed. Archaeological Report on Nanhai Ⅰ shipwreck Series Ⅱ:Excavation of 2014- 2015Beijing:Culturral Relics Press,2018.国 家文物局水下文化遺産保護中心、広東省文物考古研究 所、中国文化遺産研究院、広東省博物館、広東海上絲綢之路 博物館編著『 南海Ⅰ号沈船考古報告之二－2014～2015 年発掘』文物出版社、2018 M.Osawa/大澤正己"鷹島海底遺跡出土木製碇使用円形頭釘の金属学的調査",鷹島町教育委員会 ed. 鷹島海底遺跡 Ⅲ,1996:97-103. M.Sasaki 佐々木稔"中世 鉄研究の現状と課題"七隈史学 No.9(2008):127-150. S.Sasamoto/笹本重己"広東の鉄鍋について：明清代における内外販路"東洋史研究 12, No.2(1952):131- 144. J.Wan/万 鑫,毛志平,張治国,李秀輝"「南海 I 号」沈船出水鉄鍋、鉄釘分析研究. "中国文物科学研究 No.2 (2016):46-51. 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Iron materials from Shipwrecks―the iron as traded goods of Song-Yuan period in China Description An account of the resource Iron is present in the traded goods of Song-Yuan period in China. In the shipwreck survey in China and Southeast Asia, iron bars and iron pots have been discovered as cargo on trade vessels. There are also iron bars in the Middle Ages of Japan, There are also iron bars being used during the Middle Ages of Japan, with some of these iron bars preserved in some archaeological sites. There is a view that these iron bars found in Japan are locally produced. But some researchers suggest it may have been imported from other places, such as China. Iron Bars also were discovered in Nanhai Ⅰ shipwreck (Chinese: 南海Ⅰ号), Huaguang Reef 1 shipwreck (Chinese: 華光 礁一号) and several other ones around the South China Sea. These iron bars found on the aforementioned shipwrecks are very similar to the Iron Bar found in Japan. The ironware found on the shipwreck (10th-13th Century) in Southeast Asia, especially in the Java region, was mainly iron bars as raw material and iron pots. Historical documents include descriptions of iron products exported from China. According to the description, there are two types of concrete shapes of iron products: "bar-shaped" and "pot-shaped". In Chunxi Sanshan-zhi (Chinese: 淳熙三山志), the local gazetteer of Southern Song Fuzhou (Chinese: 福州), there is a decree restricting the export of iron in the third year of Qingli (Chinese: 慶暦三年, 1043). This decree prohibited the export of ironware other than agricultural tools, pots and pans. Conversely, it can be interpreted that export is possible as long as it is in the shape of agricultural tools or pots and pans. Iron Bars are similar in shape to the "harrow teeth" of agricultural tools. This is the reason why the iron products from shipwrecks have "Iron Bars" and "Iron pots". In this paper, the iron materials of Nanhai I and the iron material of shipwrecks in Southeast Asia such as Cirebon Wreck, Intan Wreck, Pulau Buaya Wreck, Java Sea Wreck, are compared and examined. The purpose of such comparison is to recognize the significance in their similarities and differences, and to propose issues related to the sourcing and usage of iron materials found from the shipwrecks. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ishiguro Hisako Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hisako, Ishiguro. 2023. “Iron materials from Shipwrecks ― the iron as traded goods of Song-Yuan period in China.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1982 Asia-Pac Session 7 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chinese Junks and Other Native Craft Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ivon A Donnelly Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Graham Brash (Pte) Ltd Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Ivon A Donnelly Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924 Place Singapore Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Graham Brash (Pte) Ltd Title A name given to the resource Chinese Junks and Other Native Craft China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Charles Schencking Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author J. Charles Schencking Item Type Book ISBN 0804749779 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Extra Access: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0710/2004010793-b.html External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Alibris (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... More About This In: Books in Print (Publication status and optional reviews) Language: English Contents: Maritime dreams, Meiji realities, 1868-1878 -- Parochialism and empire: Satsuma, the South Seas, and naval expansion, 1878-1889 -- Political baptism by fire: the Navy and the early Diet Sessions, 1890-1894 -- The rich rewards and rivalry of war, 1894-1904 -- War, pageantry, and propaganda in the service of naval expansion, 1905-1910 -- Coercion, pragmatism, and interservice rivalry: elite-level politics and naval expansion, 1910-1913 -- The rise and fall of Navy political fortunes, 1913-1914 -- Opportunism, expansion, and limitation: the Imperial Navy and Japan's Great War, 1914-1922. Access: Materials specified: Contributor biographical information http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0710/2004010793-b.html Materials specified: Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0710/2004010793-d.html Named Corp: Japan. Kaigun -- History. Japan. Kaigun -- Political activity. Geographic: Japan -- Politics and government -- 1868-1912. Japan -- Politics and government -- 1912-1926. Japan -- History, Naval -- 19th century. Japan -- History, Naval -- 20th century. Note(s): Includes bibliographical references (p. [265]-278) and index. Class Descriptors: LC: VA653; Dewey: 322/.5/095209034 Responsibility: J. Charles Schencking. More Records: Show record information Vendor Info: YBP Library Services Baker and Taylor Baker & Taylor (YANK BTCP BKTY) 60.00 Status: active Entry: 20040511 Update: 20080329 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 283 Place Stanford, Calif. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford University Press Short Title Making Waves Title A name given to the resource Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922 Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872-1921 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Charles Schencking Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Oct., 1999 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author J. Charles Schencking Item Type Journal Article ISSN 0026749X Access Date 2008-05-12 22:52:40 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Oct., 1999 Extra ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Oct., 1999 / Copyright © 1999 Cambridge University Press Issue 4 Library Catalog JSTOR Pages 769-796 Publication Title Modern Asian Studies Title A name given to the resource The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872-1921 URL http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.usc.edu/stable/313099 Volume 33 Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pattinapalai Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Uruthirankannanar J. V. Chelliah Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Tamil University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Uruthirankannanar Editor J. V. Chelliah Item Type Book Section Book Title Pattupattu: Ten Tamil Idylls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Place Thanjavur Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Tamil University Press Title A name given to the resource Pattinapalai Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Suhar (Sohar) in the Early Islamic Period: The Written Evidence Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.C. Wilkinson Maurizio Taddei Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Instituto Universitario Orientale Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference Paper Zotero Author J.C. Wilkinson Editor Maurizio Taddei Item Type Conference Paper Conference Name Fourth International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Pages 888-907 (1-21) Place Naples Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Instituto Universitario Orientale Title A name given to the resource Suhar (Sohar) in the Early Islamic Period: The Written Evidence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Japan’s Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.E. Hoare Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Japan Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author J.E. Hoare Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994 Place Kent, England Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Japan Library Title A name given to the resource Japan’s Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements Japan