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Title A name given to the resource Memories of Wind and Waves: A Self-Portrait of Lakeside Japan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Junichi Saga Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kodansha Intanashonaru Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Junichi Saga Item Type Book ISBN 4770027583 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Alibris (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Search for versions with same title and author | Advanced options ... More About This In: Books in Print (Publication status and optional reviews) Uniform Title: Kasumigaura fudoki. English Edition: 1st ed. Language: English (Show non-Roman characters) Geographic: Japan -- Social life and customs. Note(s): Map on lining papers. Class Descriptors: LC: GT3470; Dewey: 952.009734 Responsibility: Junichi Saga ; translated by Juliet Winters Carpenter ; illustrated by Susumu Saga. More Records: Show record information Vendor Info: Baker & Taylor YBP Library Services (BKTY YANK) 24.00 Status: active Entry: 20021106 Update: 20070311 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 258 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kodansha Intanashonaru Short Title Memories of Wind and Waves Title A name given to the resource Memories of Wind and Waves: A Self-Portrait of Lakeside Japan Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/ea76aae7c36db87b81550c9312843ccd.pdf 2b131e1dd837d3120129cd4846449bc8 PDF Text Text Merging Museums with the Classroom: Using Collections to Teach Maritime Archaeology Michelle M. Damian Monmouth College Abstract Although there is a growing interest in studying maritime archaeology even at the undergraduate level, it can be a challenge to bring to life for non-divers both the mechanics of an archaeological investigation, but also the joy of discovery and satisfaction of identification of a wreck site. This paper will describe possible alternative methods of recreating that entire process through the use of museum collections. In particular, I will discuss a project undertaken by undergraduates at Harvard University in partnership with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Students were required to choose a ship model from the museum’s collections and, with very minimal initial information, had to research its historical background and construction techniques, treating it as an archaeologist would a shipwreck site. This paper will introduce the benefits and challenges to both the students and the museums in using this type of approach. Key words: Collections, Ship models, Museums, Public Engagement Project Description While a postdoctoral fellow at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies (Harvard University) in spring of 2016, I was invited to teach an introductory class on maritime archaeology in the anthropology department. Even though the Boston, Massachusetts, area has a rich maritime history, such a class had never previously been taught at Harvard. Since my fellowship was a nonrenewable, single-year appointment, there was no opportunity to develop a sustainable maritime archaeology program there. The class, ANTHRO 1281, was therefore �designed as a stand-alone introduction to the field, with no prerequisites for undergraduates. My two main goals for this class were to give the students as much handson experience as possible to evoke the excitement involved in maritime archaeological fieldwork, and to emphasize the need for archaeologists to disseminate our work to a wide variety of audiences. The challenges to the first goal, however, were that the students were not certified divers and even if they were, Boston in the winter months does not provide ideal diving conditions! We were fortunate to collaborate with NOAA staff members from Stellwagen Bank, who did an ROV demonstration one evening at the campus pool, and with Victor Mastone at the Massachusetts Bureau of Underwater Archaeological Resources, who took us to a shoreline wreck site. There the students were even able to do some preliminary mapping of an 18th century shipwreck. While these experiences were valuable and students cited them in class evaluations as some of the most exciting aspects of the class, they did not provide the in-depth experience of exploring a single site over a longer period of time. Nor are they necessarily able to be replicated in other areas where there might not be a NOAA ROV to borrow or a convenient shoreline shipwreck site. To provide students with at least a sense of the research aspects of maritime archaeology, as well as to achieve the second class goal of emphasizing multiple means of interpreting the site, I approached the Academic Partnerships department at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (PMAE). Located on Harvard’s campus, the museum was founded in 1866 and is home to over 1.4 million artifacts. As part of its mission, the museum promotes using the collections for “unique opportunities for innovative teaching, research, and �enrichment at Harvard” and other communities (Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology). The Academic Partnerships Department is excited to work with instructors and make collections available to students, and that made for a natural collaboration between the ANTHRO 1281 class and the museum. The PMAE has in its collections over seventy different ship models, many of which were donated to the museum in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Most of the models represent indigenous watercraft from Asian, Oceaniac, and Native American peoples (Figs. 1 and 2). As many of them came to the Peabody from another Boston-area museum that was destroyed in a fire, documentation is minimal for the vast majority of the models. One typical accession card simply reads “Chinese Boat. Peale’s Museum, ca 1840.” Due to space limitations, very few of the models are displayed in the public galleries. �Fig. 1: Representative ship modelfrom the PMAE collection, No. 32-6260/D4111. (Damian) Fig. 2: Representative ship models from the PMAE collection, No. 99-1260/52934). (Damian) �These models became our “shipwrecks.” In class we discussed the anonymous nature of much of maritime archaeology. Few archaeologists know that they are working on a Vasa, a Mary Rose, or a CSS Hunley when they discover a wreck. Instead, they encounter an often unnamed vessel in a particular geographic region, and must identify diagnostic features and do research to determine the type, time period, and origin of the vessel. Students were charged with treating the models in a similar manner, using them as substitutes for a shipwreck. Where was it from? Who might have sailed on this kind of ship? How can we determine what type of vessel it was? The minimal documentation for these models was therefore not an impediment to the process, as students were required to research and discover the answers themselves. A second component to the museum partnership was to create an online exhibit for the Peabody Museum (visible here: https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/2619). In keeping with the course goal of disseminating information to multiple audiences, students were to not only write an academic term paper about their model, but were also required to write several shorter, public-focused introductions to their models that became the heart of the online exhibit. The multicomponent assignment therefore spanned the entire semester. Students each chose a single model as their focus. They arranged with the Academic Partnerships office to visit the museum and investigate their model, taking photographs and making notes and sketches of diagnostic features. They were not meant to be researching the model maker or the actual model itself, but instead were to treat the model as an archetype, treating it as a shipwreck. The first assignment focused on the historic background of the vessel, and the second on a detailed discussion of the �ship construction features. Research was often a challenge if the only information they had to begin with was “Chinese boat ca 1840.” As secondary scholarship on some of these vessel types was limited, students discovered the importance of incorporating multiple lines of inquiry into their research, including artwork, primary source ethnographic accounts, and even films. Details of the students’ work can be seen on the online exhibit, but a typical example is of work done on a model titled “War Canoe.” The accession notes included information that the model originated in Sarawak, Borneo (Malaysia), and referenced the Iban tribe. Using a flag included with the model, students were able to date the ship to the late 19th or early 20th century (Gilbert). Records from European explorers described the seafaring members of the Iban tribe as the Sea Dyak, and students relied heavily on those sources to discern who may have used this type of vessel and the context in which it sailed (Kimball). The models therefore served as stand-ins for actual shipwreck sites, as the focus was not on the individual model and its creator, but on the model-as-typicalwatercraft. The museum aspect of the project was divided into three different components. As these were put online for a general audience, students were charged with writing to that public, foregoing a more traditional academic writing style. They needed to consider how to draw their readers in to learn more about their vessels, balancing being informative and exciting. The first two assignments consisted of a photo of their vessel (taken by the student), accompanied by a brief introductory paragraph and followed by a more in-depth analysis (2 – 3 pages) of their findings. The third assignment was to create a museum label for their boat, introducing �the artifact to someone who might be walking past the model in a physical exhibit. Once they had learned as much as they could about their watercraft, they needed to consider what was most important for the casual museum visitor to learn about their boat. The original intent was to announce each component of the project to the public as it was put online and solicit feedback and suggestions. Particularly since many of the models had such limited documentation, crowdsourcing the research in this way was one strategy that could provide the students with more insight into their vessel. Incorporating the public suggestions and feedback from the instructor and teaching assistants, students needed to complete a final assignment rewriting their publicly focused entries as a more academic term paper. This was meant to help them again consider those multiple audiences and adjust their communication styles accordingly. Some obstacles hindered that ideal realization of this project, however, as I will address in the next section. The entire project was designed to emulate the archaeological process: the “discovery,” research, and interpretation of a shipwreck site. It spanned the entire semester, allowing students to expand their research as they considered the different aspects of their vessels. While some students expressed frustration at spending “so much time” on a single ship type in their research, I believe it was an effective introduction to the research process for an archaeological project – particularly when some archaeologists can spend years on a single site. �Challenges to the Project Because this was the first time I had taught this class, and because this was the first time the Peabody Museum had partnered with a faculty member to use student classwork to create an online exhibit, there was an element of trial and error to actualizing the project. None of the following comments are meant as criticisms of the PMAE staff, as everyone involved was extremely enthusiastic about the collaboration, and the Academic Partnerships staff in particular were tremendously accommodating. Here I describe the issues that arose simply to note potential pitfalls for future similar projects The first issue was simply that of the actual web coding. As I myself am not a programmer, this became an additional project for the museum’s web developer on top of his other duties. In addition, since he was only in-house certain days of the week, progress at putting the information provided by the students online was sometimes slower than I had hoped. Progress was further hindered by my own failure to clarify how best to provide him the data. For example, for the first two assignments the students needed to submit a stand-alone image of their boat to be used as a cover photo, a short paragraph, and a longer paper. Initially the students embedded their cover photos directly into the Microsoft Word documents containing their paragraphs and longer essays, but that became problematic for the web designer to extract and put online. We decided on a file naming convention for both images and documents, and had the students re-submit their files via Dropbox. Streamlining this process took some time, and thus the public launch of the website was delayed until both the first and second assignments were already online. �This, then, affected the ability to promote the website and adequately crowdsource feedback as I had initially hoped. The second, and perhaps more striking, issue came in the form of copyright considerations. Many of the students found different images in their research that they wanted to incorporate into their analyses, and therefore scanned them and included them in their papers, with proper citations. When it came to putting those images online, however, a question arose regarding copyright of those images, regardless of educational fair use. According to the Academic Partnerships department, “Each image would have had to have been reviewed on a case by case basis, to determine whether their use was “transformative” [which would have been impossible due to the time constraints of the class].” (Rose) The public distribution inherent to internet display was the main concern, as it increased the risk that the copyright holder may have discovered that his/her image was being used without permission. It was decided that it would be safer to remove any images that were not either in the public domain or the students’ own photos or sketches from their papers. This put an additional burden on both the students and the instructors, as everyone needed to re-edit their papers and verify the ability to use any embedded images. Students were understandably upset at needing to delete certain images, since in many cases they referred to those sources in their written analyses and felt that the removal would hinder the ability to effectively convey their argument. We therefore compromised by substituting an “image redacted” icon for the deleted images, which we hoped would indicate to any readers that any missing information was not due to student error. �A final concern came from an individual student. Since the Peabody Museum wanted to be sure that students were getting credit for their work online, and since ideally the project would be receiving feedback directed at individual submissions, we decided to have the names of the students clearly associated with their web submissions. One student approached me with concern, as she had been the victim of online stalking in the past and did not want her name to be searchable. With her permission, we compromised by including the student’s initials instead of her full name. Most of these obstacles were due to the fact that this was the first time such a project had been conceived of and carried out at the Peabody Museum. If the museum collaborates in the future with faculty to create a similar exhibit, or when this kind of class is taught at other institutions, those issues have now been identified and can be corrected before the project begins. Benefits of the Project The stumbling blocks noted above were of small concern when compared with the overall benefits of doing this type of project. The Peabody Museum staff were excited to be a part of this project not only because it conformed to their mission, but it also allowed them to breathe new life into old collections. As noted above, the majority of the models cannot be displayed in the main galleries due to their size. When the Academic Partnerships staff first brought out the models for me to view prior to beginning the project, one exclaimed that even as a long-time staff member, this was the first time she was viewing the models. Allowing the students to research the vessels and create an online exhibit of the models enabled the Peabody Museum to make those long-stored objects �accessible to an online audience. In some cases, the students’ findings provided additional information or called into question the museum’s classifications of the vessels. One model, labeled a “Chinese barge,” was actually closer to a junk, concluded two students (Barrett, McGough). As noted above, this project allowed non-diver students to get a sense of the type of research work and methodologies that archaeologists may have to use when trying to identify an unknown shipwreck. Further than that, however, many of the students found the experience valuable for a number of reasons. Several students elected to write a brief “reflections” post for the website, and other comments were gleaned from class evaluations. In these writings, many students noted the benefits in learning to communicate with various audiences. They often acknowledged that it was difficult at first to convey complex technical information in an accessible manner, but that it became easier with practice (Skendarian, Gerberich). Several also appreciated that this assignment approached work on an actual site as closely as possible within the limitations of the class. One noted the restrictions in working with a model, since special arrangements had to be made with the collections staff each time she wanted to view the model. She acknowledged, however, that this was probably very similar to limitations an archaeologist would encounter on an actual site: repeated lengthy visits are not always possible (Lu). Perhaps the most notable response, however, was the pride the students took in actively contributing to the field through this project. Comments included statements such as “knowing that my research for this project will be available online for the public to see makes me feel as if I am truly �a maritime archaeologist” (Lu), “I’m really glad I had the opportunity to break new ground and contribute to the academic world of maritime archeology with the research I conducted over the last few weeks” (Skendarian), and “seeing our work go on an actual museum webpage was a worthwhile finish” (Metoyer). An anonymous comment from class evaluations further stated, “The museum project was one that allowed such a realistic approach to maritime archeology and further enabled the ability for some realistic learning approach. It was one of the first times within my life that I've actually made a profound difference within the academic world and for that reason, it was an incredible experience.” The students’ work is still part of PMAE’s online offerings and at present there are no plans to remove it. The class has therefore made a lasting contribution that will remain accessible to anyone interested in maritime history and ship construction of indigenous crafts from Asia, Oceania, and North America. Future Possibilities In planning this project, I was of course tremendously fortunate to have a museum such as the PMAE located on the same campus, with an incredible collection of ships’ models and staff who were excited to work with faculty and students. Obviously, this scenario is the exception rather than the norm. That being said, there are possibilities. Local maritime museums are likely to be interested in collaborating, and I have spoken with a faculty member of a Georgia university who intends to undertake a similar project in conjunction with the Ships and the Sea museum. Furthermore, in the Spring of 2018 I will be teaching a version of this class at my current institution, Monmouth College in Illinois (USA) – a very �landlocked college with no ship model collection at hand. I intend to test the idea that it should be possible to replicate this type of project with other materials. While models provide a tangible, three-dimensional representation of a vessel especially helpful for understanding elements of ship construction, photographic or even artistic representations of ships may be able to be used to the same effect. As some of the students noted in their analyses, the models were not always perfect representations of actual construction techniques either. While relying solely on twodimensional depictions of ships may be even more limiting, in other ways it could widen the scope of discussion considerably. Instead of being confined to the extant items in a collection, the possibilities for research of images is nearly endless. Copyright considerations, of course, would still need to be taken into account. While putting up an online exhibit is ideal in that it can both reach out to a worldwide audience and endure indefinitely, if programming or online access is an issue a physical exhibit could be mounted with the help of any local gallery space. Particularly if students are working with images, all that would be needed is some wall space for mounting the photographs and labels. At Monmouth College, I hope to make use of the resources afforded by the Museum of Underwater Archaeology (MUA; www.themua.org) to create an online exhibit, as well as appeal to the library for the use of gallery space to mount a physical exhibit on campus. For an introductory class in maritime archaeology to a group of undergraduates who may or may not have prior experience or a desire to continue in this field of study, this type of project provides a good overview of the process of researching and interpreting a “shipwreck.” The satisfaction of creating an actual exhibit and contributing to the field was �for many an exciting way to experience a taste of what maritime archaeology is all about. Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Academic Partnerships staff of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, most particularly Diana Loren, Lainie Schultz, Emily Rose, and Andrew Smith, for their enthusiasm and help in making this project a reality. The students of ANTHRO 1218, spring 2016, at Harvard University were a pleasure to work with and deserve all the credit for researching and presenting their “shipwrecks.” I am also in debt to Ted Bestor at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies for facilitating my being able to teach the class, Jason Ur at Harvard’s Anthropology department for being willing to let me do so, the teaching assistants for ANTHRO 1218, and the faculty and staff of RIJS for providing me the opportunity to spend an incredible year there. Works Cited Barrett, A, and T. McGough. “Second Chinese Barge.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/2644 Accessed July 5, 2017 Gerberich, D. “Reflection.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Gerberich%20%20Research%20Reflection.pdf Accessed July 5, 2017. Gilbert, C. “The Sea Dayak War Canoe: A Symbol of the Iban Culture in the late 19th Century.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Gilbert_Museum1%20REDACTE D.pdf . Accessed July 5, 2017. Kimball, S. “Examining the Form and Function of an Iban War Canoe.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Kimball_museum2.pdf . Accessed July 5, 2017. �Lu, A. “Reflections of a Pirate Archaeologist.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Lu%20%20Reflections%20on%20Peabody%20Project.pdf . Accessed July 5, 2017 Metoyer,K.“Peabody Reflection.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Metoyer%20Peabody%20Reflecti on.pdf Accessed July 5, 2017. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, “Mission.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/97 President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2009 – 2017. Accessed July 5, 2017 Rose, E. Personal communication. July 12, 2017. Skendarian, T. “Museum Project Reflection.” https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/Skendarian%20%20Project%20Reflection.pdf . Accessed July 5, 2017. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 4: Ensuring a Sustainable Future for UCH: Museums and Public Engagement Description An account of the resource Cultural heritage derives its value from societal contexts, and so public engagement plays an important role in growing support for, and interest in heritage. Engagement may take many forms, from awareness-raising to formal learning programmes to creating platforms for public participation in the process of heritage conservation, governance, and/or interpretation. Papers bridging theoretical and practical approaches to engagement with UCH are particularly welcome, as are papers which offer collaborative and/or participatory models, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building and development, approaches to the particular challenges of engagement with underwater cultural heritage vs other kinds of cultural heritage. Of course heritage exists in a variety of cultural frameworks, and ensuring sustainability requires approaches to engagement to be both responsive and sensitive to the overlapping cultural contexts in which UCH may exist. As a culturally diverse region, the treatment of heritage must be also tailored to cultural definitions, heritage management frameworks and conventions which may, in some cases, differ across jurisdictions/countries and their interests. The panel will also attempt to explore the ways in which UCH is managed within diverse cultural frameworks, and invites papers to examine topics including contested UCH, ownership, security, etc. The panel invites papers exploring significance within local, national and transnational historiographies and the implications for funding and management of UCH. UCH includes material that has been deposited on the seabed as a result of warfare and catastrophe, so papers which explore and/or engage with topics including loss, warfare, conflicted significance and contested heritage are particularly welcome. Other relevant sub-themes include: * Public engagement in the management of UCH * Interpreting maritime cultural heritage for non-specialist audiences * Significance, interpretative potential, stakeholders and support/sustainability * Museums, Education, Outreach and Conservation * Memory, memorials and memorialisation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raphael Igombo National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Michelle Damian Monmouth College (IL), USA Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Merging Museums with the Classroom: Using Collections to Teach Maritime Archaeology Description An account of the resource Although there is a growing interest in studying maritime archaeology even at the undergraduate level, it can be a challenge to bring to life for non-divers both the mechanics of an archaeological investigation, but also the joy of discovery and satisfaction of identification of a wreck site. This paper will describe possible alternative methods of recreating that entire process through the use of museum collections. In particular, I will discuss a project undertaken by undergraduates at Harvard University in partnership with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Students were required to choose a ship model from the museum’s collections and, with very minimal initial information, had to research its historical background and construction techniques, treating it as an archaeologist would a shipwreck site. This paper will introduce the benefits and challenges to both the students and the museums in using this type of approach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michelle Damian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Michelle Damian Asia-Pac Session 4 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource D.T. Potts Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cornell University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author D.T. Potts Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Place Ithaca, N.Y Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cornell University Press Title A name given to the resource Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f7400a7ea36a4f42b250878d7c118ff9.pdf 32564c779549bdb842b13b9696097687 PDF Text Text Micromorphological and chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological bamboo Mi Young CHA1 Abstract Waterlogged archaeological bamboo works such as bamboo slips and bamboo baskets, etc. were unearthed during excavations of the Mado shipwreck No. 1 excavation in 2009. Despite the number of bamboo artefacts recovered from underwater sites, the characteristics and conservation of waterlogged archeological bamboo unearthed from the sea have not been studied sufficiently. Following examinations of waterlogged archaeological bamboo using optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that waterlogged archaeological bamboo has been invaded by soft rot fungi and erosion and tunneling bacteria. This is similar to the usual micromorphological decay characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood. Unlike waterlogged wood however, waterlogged bamboo demonstrated differences in aspects of decay in the interlayer structure of the fibre cell and in the degree of decay, depending on the parts of the bundle sheath examined. Chemical analyses suggested that, as in waterlogged archaeological wood, cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly degraded and the content of lignin was relatively high in waterlogged bamboo. 1. Introduction Many bamboo artefacts have been recovered from shipwrecks in Korean waters. Excavations of the Mado No. 1 shipwreck in 2009 uncovered waterlogged archaeological bamboo artefacts such as bamboo slips, chopsticks and baskets (Figure 1; National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 2010). Large numbers of waterlogged bamboo artefacts were also recovered from the Mado shipwreck No. 2 in 2010 and from the Mado shipwreck No. 3 that is still being excavated (National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage in press). 1 Underwater Excavation and Conservation Division, National Research Institute of Maritime Culture Heritage, KOREA cmy040301@nate.com �Figure 1. Bamboo slips from Mado shipwreck No. 1 (National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2010) Bamboo artefacts are very important, particularly the bamboo slips that were found with rice seeds, buck wheat and millet because the writing on them provides valuable archaeological information about trade and the date of the shipwreck. The year that the goods were packed, the names of the senders of the goods and the people to whom they were despatched were given on these slips. Ceramics found on the same shipwreck could then also be easily dated. Despite the large amount of bamboo that has been excavated from Asian shipwrecks, very little work has been done to characterise the type and extent of deterioration of these archaeologically valuable material types. This knowledge is very important as a guide to the best conservation method for the long-term stabilisation of these artefacts. On the other hand, the deterioration of waterlogged wood has been extensively studied. Waterlogged archaeological wood, excavated after being buried for long periods in boggy marshes, lakes or the marine environment, is usually deteriorated due to attack by non-biological and/or biological agents. In the case of wood that has been buried in the ocean for hundreds of years, the wood breaks down due to attack by marine organisms such as Teredo navalis or by the chemical actions of sea water and the attack of soft rot fungi, erosion bacteria and tunneling bacteria. Changes induced by microbiological attack can be verified through microscopic and chemical analyses. Decay of wood by soft rot fungi mainly occurs in the thick cell walls of the latewood and a cavity is formed in the middle layer of the secondary cell wall. Soft rot fungal decay also occurs in the cell wall of the cell lumen. Decay of the secondary wall is usually widespread while that of middle lamella is quite insignificant by comparison. When examined using optical microscopy, evidence of bacterial decay of the secondary wall is provided by the appearance of a form of granulates. It is �possible to differentiate between attack by erosion and tunneling bacteria by examining the pattern of decay in the cell wall. Erosion bacteria decay the S2 layer, penetrating into the S3 layer and attack the secondary wall. They do not attack the middle lamella. On the other hand, tunneling bacteria attack the S2 layer as well as the S1 layer, penetrating the middle lamella and leaving a crescent-shaped decay pattern in the area in which wood cell wall was decayed (Eriksson et al 1990; Hoffmann and Jones 1990:35-65; Kim and Singh 2000:135155; Singh and Butcher 1991:143-157). Chemical and microbiological attack on wood has the biggest impact on the cellulose and hemicellulose components. These polysaccharide components are more easily degraded than the polyphenolic lignins, leading to significant decreases in the polysaccharide content and a corresponding relative increase in the amount of lignin retained in waterlogged wood (Hedges 1990:111-140; Hoffmann and Jones 1990:35-65; Kim 1993; Kim, et al. 1990:3-7). As seen above, much research has been devoted to the analysis and preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. Unfortunately, probably because of the relative scarcity of bamboo on many shipwreck sites, the pattern of decay and changes in the chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological bamboo have not been adequately determined. The archaeological significance of bamboo artefacts however, demands that a study of the nature of their deterioration be conducted. This study aimed therefore to analyze the micromorphological characteristics and the changes in the chemical components of waterlogged archaeological bamboo and compare these with the characteristics of both modern, undegraded bamboo and with waterlogged wood. It was hoped that this comparison would provide information that could be used to guide conservation treatments of waterlogged archaeological bamboo. 2. Methods and materials Examinations were conducted of the micromorphological characteristics and changes in the chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological bamboo unearthed as part of the Mado shipwreck No. 1 underwater excavations in 2009. The Mado shipwreck No. 1 is estimated to have sunk in coastal waters near Mado island, Taean in the spring of 1208 (National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 2010). As there is no anatomical difference between Phyllostachys bambusolides, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis and Phyllostachys pubescens which grow in Damyang, Korea (So, et al. 1999:7-14), this study used 3 year old, undegraded Phyllostachys bambusolides as a control group for comparison. The species of waterlogged archaeological bamboo unearthed in the Mado shipwreck excavations could not be precisely determined. 2.1 Micromorphological characteristics Collected samples were embedded in Spurr's resin after being fixed and dehydrated. Semi-thin sections were observed with an optical microscope (Olympus BX50) after being were dyed with Toluidine blue. Ultra-thin sections were observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-1400; JEOL Ltd., Japan) after being were dyed with KMnO4 and UALC. �2.2 Chemical characteristics Waterlogged archaeological bamboo samples used in this experiment were freeze-dried prior to characterisation to minimize changes that may have otherwise occurred during drying. 2.2.1 Material composition Prior to chemical component analysis, the bamboo samples were ground with a Wiley mill, producing a wooden powder of 60~80 mesh. Organic solvent extractives, holocellulose, Klason lignin, and ash were analyzed according to TAPPI standards while the monosaccharide components were analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. 2.2.2 Chemical analysis Powder samples of less than 300 mesh were analyzed with FT-IR after mixing them with KBr in the proportion 100:0.05 and producing a pellet. For X- ray diffraction analysis, CuKα radiation was used at 40 kV and 20mA. The relative crystallinity was determined using the Segal method (Lee and Kim 1992:28-37) Cr. (%) = [(I200 - Iam)/ I200] x 100 I200 : diffraction intensity of (200) (2) Iam : diffraction intensity of non-crystalline region (2) 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Micromorphological characteristics Bamboo fibres have a polylaminated structure in which narrow and wide layers are repeated (Cho, et al. 2008:261-265; Liese 1987:196-208). Examination with an optical microscope showed that there were differences in decay between the layers. Decay of the bamboo fibres near parenchyma cells was more advanced than that of bamboo fibres near vessels. Cavities were found in bamboo fibres and the presence of granulates showed that they were attacked by soft rot fungi and bacteria. Observations using a TEM showed that there was difference in decay between the narrow layers and the broad layers in the polylaminated bamboo fibres. Although the waterlogged archaeological bamboo was attacked by both bacteria and soft rot fungi, most of the decay was caused by bacteria. Because the decay was so advanced it was impossible to clearly observe the exact nature of the decay of the bamboo samples. It was possible however, to observe the damage caused by tunneling bacteria. In some bamboo fibres, the deterioration of the cell lumen is similar to that of the middle lamella. �Figure 2. Bundle sheath of waterlogged archaeological bamboo(x200) (photo by author). 3.2 Chemical characteristics 3.2.1 Material composition of waterlogged archaeological bamboo The chemical composition of waterlogged archaeological bamboo is shown below (Table 1). It is reported that unlike lignin, polysaccharides are easily decayed, especially in waterlogged archaeological wood (Hedges 1990:111-140; Fujii, et al. 1988:261-265; Kim, et al. 1990: 3-7; Kim 1993; Seifert and Jagels 1984:269-297; Taniguchi, et al. 1986:738-743). It was revealed that the ratio of holocellulose to lignin was 0.1 to 1, due to preferential decay of the polysaccharides compared to lignin in waterlogged archaeological bamboo, a result similar to that which has been previously demonstrated in waterlogged archaeological wood. The ratio of holocellulose to lignin was 3.1 to 1 in the bamboo control group. These results compare favourably with the results of earlier research on waterlogged archaeological wood (Hedges 1990:111-140; Hoffmann and Jones 1990:35-65; Kim, et al. 1990:3-7; Kim 1993). Assuming that all the glucose determined and reported in Table 1 originated from cellulose, the amount of cellulose and hemicellulose in degraded waterlogged archaeological bamboo is 8.1% and 8.4% respectively (Kim 1988:39). Based on the expected yields of glucose and hemicellulose sugars from �undegraded bamboo, approximately approximately 76.7 % of the bamboo cellulose and 79.3 % of the bamboo hemicellulose has therefore been lost from the waterlogged archaeological bamboo. The amount of organic solvent soluble material also deceased. It was difficult to clearly judge whether the loss of organic soluble extractives like resin, was caused by activities of marine microorganisms or by chemical degradation and dissolution into the sea water. The ash content of the waterlogged archaeological bamboo was 4.2 times greater than that of the control group. This result is not unexpected and is consistent with earlier reported results for waterlogged archaeological wood unearthed from marshes or underwater sites (Cha, et al. 2006:19-30; Hedges 1990:111-140; Hoffmann and Jones 1990:35-65; Kim, et al. 1990:3-7; Kim 1993). Table 1. Chemical composition of Control(Phyllostachys bambusolides ) and WAB (Waterlogged archaeological Bamboo). (% of dry matter) OSE Control 4.4 HL Rham Ara Xyl Man Gal Glu KL Ash 24.3 1.3 62.1 5.4 75.2 0 3.5 36.0 1.0 0 34.7 16.5 WAB 2.3 0.1 0.6 7.3 0.3 0.1 8.1 Abbreviations used: Rham (rhamnose), Ara (arabinose), Xyl (xylose), Man (mannose), Gal (galactose), Glu (glucose), HL (holocellulose), KL (Klason lignin), OSE (organic solvent extractives). 3.2.2 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and XRD analyses When analyzing the chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological bamboo with FT-IR, it was revealed that all components in the waterlogged archaeological bamboo sharply decreased. Cellulose absorptions at the 895, 1050 and 1160 cm-1 bands either disappeared or decreased. The 1730 cm-1 band corresponding to hemicelluloses disappeared and the combined -1 cellulose/hemicellulose band at 1315~1335 cm band sharply decreased. In the control group, one band (1251 cm-1) was found while in waterlogged archaeological bamboo, two bands at 1225 cm-1 and 1266 cm-1,were found. Absorptions at the 1220~1230 cm-1 band and at approximately 1270 cm-1 are attributed to guaiacyl lignin and it was found that the guaiacyl lignin component was less decayed than the syringyl type. This result supports the argument that as lignin decays, the decay resistance of guaiacyl lignin is greater than that of the syringyl type (Hedges 1990:111-140). The results of X- ray diffraction analyses are presented in Table 2. The diffraction intensity corresponding to crystalline cellulose (I200), sharply decreased while the diffraction intensity , corresponding to amorphous cellulose (Iam) decreased. When measuring the degree of relative crystallization according to �the Segal method, it was revealed that crystallization sharply decreased by over 4.7 times. Table 2. Relative crystallinity of Control(Phyllostachys bambusolides) and WAB (Waterlogged archaeological Bamboo). Relative crystallinity(%) Control 51.8% WAB 10.9% 4. Implications for Conservation Treatment of Bamboo The aim of this study was to determine the degree of degradation of waterlogged archaeological bamboo as a precursor to the determination of the most appropriate conservation treatment for these material types. The polysaccharide content, as found by the chemical determination of holocellulose (Table 1), corresponds to a maximum water content of approximately 700 % (Wilson, et al. 1993:599-610), indicating that the waterlogged archaeological bamboo is extremely degraded. Such extreme degradation would normally imply that PEG 4000 should be used to treat these materials. However because of the differences in the structures of wood and bamboo such a treatment would not necessarily be the best. It was also important to find a treatment that would stabilise the bamboo for eventual display in the high relative humidity conditions that exist in the Korean summer. Experiments are in progress therefore, in which different consolidants (PEG, sucrose and cetyl alcohol) are being used to determine the most effective treatment for these materials. For these consolidants different molecular weights (PEG), different concentrations and varying treatment times are being tested. Treated archaeological bamboo will be freeze-dried after consolidation. An analysis of the treatments, based on shrinkage data, colour, extent of cracking and checking and general aesthetic appearance will be used to determine the most effective treatment or treatments. The results of these tests and the conclusions drawn will be reported at a later date when all experiments have been completed. 5. Conclusions When observing waterlogged archaeological bamboo with an optical microscope and a TEM, it was revealed that waterlogged archaeological bamboo was decayed by soft rot fungi and bacteria, in a manner similar to the micromorphological decay of waterlogged archaeological wood. It was found that unlike the decay of wood however, in waterlogged bamboo, there were differences in aspects of decay of the layer structure in the fibrous cells of bamboo and in the degree of decay in the vascular regions of the plant. As with waterlogged archaeological wood, there is a relative increase in the lignin content compared to the holocellulose that degrades more readily. Research on changes in the chemical characteristics according to patterns �and processes of decay was not conclusive because the decay of the waterlogged archaeological bamboo used in this study was very highly advanced. Further research will be conducted into the changes in the chemical characteristics according to patterns and processes of decay. Bibliography Cha, M. Y., Lee, K. H., and Kim, Y. S., 2006 Cha, M. Y., Lee, K. H., and Kim, Y. S., 2011 Cho, C. H., Lee, K. H., Kim, J. S., and Kim, Y. S., 2008 Eriksson, K. E. L., Blanchette, R. A. and Ander, P., 1990 Fujii, T., Tamai, A., and Hiroi, T., 1988 Hedges, J. I., 1990 "Alteration of physical and chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological woods after cleaning", in Journal of Conservation Science, Korea Vol. 19, pp 19-30. "Micromorphological characteristics of waterlogged archaeological bamboo", in Proceedings of the Korean Society of Wood Science and Technology Annual Meeting, The Korean Society of Wood Science and Technology. "Micromorphological characteristics of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) fibers degraded by a brown rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum)", in Journal of Wood Science, Vol. 54, pp 261-265. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood and wood components, Springer Verlage, Berlin. "Cell wall structure of buried wood of Tochinoki (Aesclus turbinate B)", in Mokusai Gakkaishi, Vol. 34, pp 261-265. "The chemistry of archaeological wood", in (eds.) Roger M. Rowell and R. James Barbour, Archaeological Wood Properties, Chemistry, and Preservation, American Chemical Society, Washington D. C., pp 111-140. Hoffmann P., and "Structure and degradation process for waterlogged Jones, M. A., archaeological wood", in (eds.) Roger M. Rowell and R. James Barbour, Archaeological Wood Properties, 1990 Chemistry, and Preservation, American Chemical Society, Washington D. C., pp 35-65. Kim, Y. S., "Application of infrared spectroscopical techniques for investigation of archaeological woods", in Journal of the 1988 Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp 3-9. Kim, Y. S., Bang, "Chemical composition archaeological woods submerged in the seawater", in Journal of the Korean Wood Science and J. W., Kim, I. J. Technology, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp 3-7. and Choi, K. N., 1990 Kim, I. J., Wooden characteristic and conservation of Jindo logboat, 1993 Report on the Excavation of Jindo logboat, Mokpo Conservation Institute for Maritime Archaeological Finds Mokpo, Korea. Kim, Y.S., and "Micromorphological characteristics of wood biodegradation �Singh, A. P., 2000 Lee, W. Y., and Kim, N. H., 1992 Liese, W., 1987 National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2010 National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, in press Seifert, B., and Jagels, R., 1984 Singh, A. P., and Butcher, J. A., 1991 So, W. T., Kim, Y. S., Chung, W. Y. and Lee, H. Y., 1999 Taniguchi, T., Okamura, K., Harada, H, and Nakato, K., 1986 Wilson, M. A., Godfrey, I. M., Hanna, J. V., Quezada, R. A., and Finnie, K. S., 1993 in wet environments: a review", in International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp 135-155. "Fine structures of some major softwoods and hardwoods by X-ray difference methods", in Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp 28-37. "Anatomy and properties of bamboo", in (eds) A.N. Rao, G. Daanarajan and Cherla B. Sastry, Recent research on bamboos, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China and International Development Research Center, Canada, pp 196-208. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 1, Underwater Excavation, Report of the Research of Antiquities of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage No. 20, Korea. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 2 Underwater Excavation, Report of the Research of Antiquities of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage No. 21, Korea. "Conservation of the Ronson Ship’s bow, Waterlogged wood study and conservation", in Proceedings of the 2nd ICOM waterlogged wood working group conference, Centre D’Etude et de Traitement des Bois Gorges D’eau, Grenoble, pp 269-297. "Bacterial degradation of wood cell walls: A review of degradation patterns", in Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, Vol. 12, pp 143-157. "Wood characteristics of Phyllostachys bambusolides, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, and Phyllostachys pubescens grown in Damyang District", in Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp 7-14. "Accessibility and density of cell walls of unearthed buried woods", in Mokusai Gakkaishi, Vol. 32, pp 738-743. "The degradation of wood in old Indian Ocean shipwrecks", in Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 20, pp 599-610. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Micromorphological and chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological bamboo Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 Preservation and conservation of wet archaeological materials and site management Description An account of the resource Waterlogged archaeological bamboo works such as bamboo slips and bamboo baskets, etc. were unearthed during excavations of the Mado shipwreck No. 1 excavation in 2009. Despite the number of bamboo artefacts recovered from underwater sites, the characteristics and conservation of waterlogged archeological bamboo unearthed from the sea have not been studied sufficiently. Following examinations of waterlogged archaeological bamboo using optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that waterlogged archaeological bamboo has been invaded by soft rot fungi and erosion and tunneling bacteria. This is similar to the usual micromorphological decay characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood. Unlike waterlogged wood however, waterlogged bamboo demonstrated differences in aspects of decay in the interlayer structure of the fibre cell and in the degree of decay, depending on the parts of the bundle sheath examined. Chemical analyses suggested that, as in waterlogged archaeological wood, cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly degraded and the content of lignin was relatively high in waterlogged bamboo. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mi Young CHA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Misunderstood junks: The western view of Chinese maritime technology Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hans Konrad Van Tilburg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Type The nature or genre of the resource Thesis Zotero Author Hans Konrad Van Tilburg Item Type Thesis Abstract Note This dissertation examines the history of western and particularly American cultural perceptions of Chinese nautical technology. Ten Chinese-built junks and their journeys across the Pacific in the 20 th century serve as the primary resource for the investigation. This is not a comprehensive sample of all junks which crossed the ocean, but reflects the selection of non-mass produced craft, those more representative of traditional working vessels. Details of these voyages have been pieced together from a wide variety of sources. In order to interpret the junks of this select sample, a brief survey of the appropriate nautical literature is followed by the detailed analysis of each individual vessel. This analysis relies heavily on eastern and western sources, as well as the fields of anthropology, archaeology, and the history of technology. The physical form of the vessel possesses more than just technical information, and so an appreciation of cultural features and practices for junks is also provided. Having come as close as possible to understanding these junks as complex technical and cultural artifacts, a comparison can then be made to American perceptions. The description of public reaction to the journeys and to the junks is drawn mainly from newspaper and journal articles. Such craft were immediately seen by the public as unchanged artifacts from ancient times, as representations of sea monsters, as barbaric crazy oddities, as almost anything except what they really were, relatively efficient sailing craft. Often the entrepreneur who sold tickets for admission encouraged the belief that these vessels were pirate ships stocked with torture devices and beheading swords. Only those few nautical specialists and the crews of the junks themselves seemed capable of a more pragmatic appreciation. The reasons for popular misperceptions of these junks include broader issues of museums and display and infatuation with exotic objects from far away. Unfortunately, such misperceptions precluded most serious evaluation of these historic vessels, and none of these junks, some of the oldest wooden sailing craft in the world, benefited from any efforts at effective preservation. They have now almost completely vanished. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Extra Ph.D. Library Catalog ProQuest Num Pages 360 Short Title Misunderstood junks Title A name given to the resource Misunderstood junks: The western view of Chinese maritime technology University University of Hawai'i China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mizu to Saishi No Kokogaku Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nara Kenritsu Kashihara Kokogaku Kenkyujo Hakubutsukan. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gakuseisha Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Nara Kenritsu Kashihara Kokogaku Kenkyujo Hakubutsukan. Item Type Book ISBN 4311202784 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Extra External Resources: Find this item at Abebooks.com (Bookseller) Find this item at Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America (Bookseller) Find this item at Biblio (Bookseller) Cite This Item Advanced options ... Language: Japanese (Show non-Roman characters) Geographic: Japan -- Antiquities. Japan -- History -- To 645. Identifier: Nihon; Isekiibutsu.; Saishiiseki. Note(s): Includes bibliographical references. Class Descriptors: LC: DS815 Responsibility: Nara Kenritsu Kashihara Kokogaku Kenkyujo Fuzoku Hakubutsukan hen. More Records: Show record information Entry: 20050117 Update: 20081113 Provider: OCLC Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 280 Place Tokyo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gakuseisha Title A name given to the resource Mizu to Saishi No Kokogaku Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/031270849ed1e8ff51750d2590026d89.pdf 1e46868c105ea5651b2ee79dae67cf5d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modelling Methodologies for Site Management and Preservation Assessment: A Post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands Description An account of the resource Ships built in the modern era often have corresponding construction plans, available in various archival repositories. Using such plans, pre-survey site modeling in the CAD-based Rhinoceros software program offers researchers an opportunity to gain detailed knowledge of a vessel-of-interest before an archaeological site investigation commences. This may be particularly important where shipwreck site reconnaissance opportunities are limited or non-existent. The ECU Program in Maritime Studies 2019 Fall Field School aimed to record and assess the remains of a post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU-1466 class) wrecked in Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Using a 3D model developed from the builder’s plans for the vessel as a baseline to visualize the shipwreck, field school participants gathered supplemental data to track deterioration or modifications on the shipwreck in the form of photogrammetric field assessment (e.g., in Agisoft Metashape) and hand-drawn measurements uploaded to Adobe Illustrator. This presentation will discuss the various recording and modeling methodologies employed during the field school in relation to understanding manufacturing processes, quantifying design deviations during construction, determining if field-expedient modifications exist, charting use-life alterations, gauging the impacts of post-wrecking site formation processes, along with creating 3D and/or 2D visualizations to enhance continued site assessment and community outreach efforts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nathan Richards Jeremy Borrelli Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Richards, Nathan, and Jeremy Borrelli. 2021. “Modelling Methodologies for Site Management and Preservation Assessment: A Post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/685 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Himanshu Prabha Ray Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Himanshu Prabha Ray Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Place Delhi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press Title A name given to the resource Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Money and Credit in China: A Short History Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lien-sheng Yang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Lien-sheng Yang Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 Place Cambridge Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Series Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series Number 12 Title A name given to the resource Money and Credit in China: A Short History China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/20b18612d2b79904dc10bc422b630ea8.pdf ab00d6e5702392e6e78780a070e055dc PDF Text Text Monitoring Technology during the Consolidation of Waterlogged wood Cultural Relics Jiajun Wang (National Center for Archaeology, Ph.D.) Naisheng Li* (National Center for Archaeology, Ph.D.) Jing Du (National Center for Archaeology, Miss.) Xuanwei Zhang (Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, Mr.) ABSTRACT Waterlogged wood cultural relics often need consolidation before drying to prevent shrinkage and cracking of the object. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), as one of the commonly used consolidating agents, is widely used in archaeological wood consolidation. The moderately degraded archaeological wood samples from the Nanhai No.1 shipwreck, were treated with PEG solution in equipment with the simultaneous incorporation of consolidant spray and immersion. In order to monitor the effect of consolidation, this study analysed the morphological structure, chemical structure, water states, and water content of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood. Herein, non-destructive methods involved an ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope, attenuated total refraction Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Results showed that the band at 3400 cm−1 reduced notably after PEG spray and immersion and the content of free water utilizing LF-NMR analysis was related to the amount of PEG impregnation. These values had the potential to monitor and assess the consolidation of waterlogged wood cultural relics, which suggested the PEG 2000 solution is better than either immersion or spray treatment, while the PEG 4000 solution is more suitable for immersion treatment. During the conservation process, the consolidation condition can be preliminarily assessed by using non-destructive testing methods, which helps to adjust the protection method in time. Keywords: waterlogged archaeological wood, spray, immersion, PEG List of figures Figure 1 Diagrammatic drawing of PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 spray and immersion on archaeological wood samples. Figure 2 Morphological structure of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples under an ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope. (a) untreated, (b) PEG 4000s, (c) PEG 4000i. Figure 3 The ATR-FTIR spectra of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples. Figure 4 Transverse relaxation time of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples. (a) untreated, (b) PEG 2000s, (c) PEG 2000i, (d) PEG 4000s, (e) PEG 4000i. INTRODUCTION In recent years, ancient shipwrecks such as the Nanhai No.1 shipwreck and Changjiangkou No.2 shipwreck have been salvaged one after another. Waterlogged archaeological wood will degrade to different degrees in a burial environment, resulting in increased pores in the wood tissue and decreased mechanical strength (Broda and Hill 2021; Huang et al. 2019). After excavation, dehydration is necessary for the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood because the presence of water will accelerate the deterioration of the wood and affect its dimensional stability In this process, waterlogged archaeological wood from different preservation conditions is prone to shrinkage deformation, warping and cracking, and even collapse and damage. Thus, consolidants have been developed to avoid shrinkage deformation of wood relics, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene glycols, grease, polymeric reagents, halloysite nanotubes, natural compounds, and sugars (Han et al. 2022; Lisuzzo et al. 2020; Broda 2020; Walsh-Korb and Avérous 2019). PEG, due to being cheap, nontoxic, easy-to-use, and with relatively better dimensional stability enhancement than some other options, has been widely used in the cases of the Vasa, Mary Rose, Batavia and Bremen Cog and as consolidant for countless other waterlogged wood relics (Sandström et al. 2005; Hocker, Almkvist, and Sahlstedt 2012; Hoffmann et al. 2004). There are two main ways to conserve waterlogged shipwrecks, one is to disassemble and soak wood items individually, and the other is to protect the shipwreck as a whole. Disassembly immersion is the 1 �most widely used protection method at present. However, the conservation of a complete shipwreck without disassembly can avoid damaging the hull structure and reduce the damage to individual artefacts during protection or reassembly. In China, ancient wood shipwrecks usually are excavated archaeologically with artefacts recovered item by item. In 2007, the Nanhai No.1 shipwreck was recovered as a whole (Yongjie 2008), it is the preferred choice to undertake conservation without disassembly for display. While smaller shipwrecks can potentially be protected by immersion, for larger shipwrecks it is difficult to adopt the same method. For larger shipwrecks such as Vasa and Mary Rose, spray protection was chosen. To adjust the conservation treatment for optimal outcomes, methods need to be used to monitor the effects of consolidation during the conservation of archaeological wood. Wood is a kind of natural hygroscopic material, and its environmental regulation ability, dimensional stability, and physical and mechanical properties are closely related to the water in wood cells. During the consolidation and dehydration processes, the research of chemical structure and water states is of great significance to elucidate the physical and mechanical properties of archaeological wood and guide the processing and utilization of wood products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated total reflection mode (ATR) is frequently used to assess the condition of wood decay and evaluate PEG amount in consolidated waterlogged archaeological wood due to its speediness and sensitivity, it is also non-destructive. The lateral relaxation characteristics of water in the wood drying process were investigated based on the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique, for the purpose of explaining the change mechanism of the water states in archaeological wood dehydration and to provide a theoretical basis and data support for wood drying and water treatment. The study of the transverse relaxation of water in wood by LF-NMR provides a new idea for studying the interaction between wood and water. There were three water states in wood, namely free water, adsorbed water, and capillary water (Ma et al. 2017). As the water in waterlogged archaeological wood is replaced by consolidating agents, the water states in archaeological wood vary. In summary, it is necessary to monitor the structure and performance of archaeological wood in the consolidation process, to evaluate the efficacy of consolidation. In this study, samples from Nanhai No.1 shipwreck were sprayed and immersed using an aqueous PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 solution, and then the morphological structure, chemical structure, water states, and water content were tested and analysed, to propose a pathway for the evaluation of consolidation effect of wood cultural relics. CASE STUDIES The case studies under consideration are determining the indicators to monitor and evaluate the effect of consolidation by data analysis, including the morphological structure, chemical structure, water states, and water content. RESOURCES PEG treatment The resources available to conduct the work include the data on structure and properties collected from waterlogged wood cultural relics of the Nanhai No.1 Shipwreck. In this study, the moderately degraded waterlogged archaeological wood of the same species was selected. Equipment with the simultaneous incorporation of consolidant spray and immersion was designed, as shown in Figure 1. The device guarantees that the archaeological wood was treated with the consolidation solution which had the same viscosity and density. The consecutive dilutions method prepared a series of PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 solutions with increasing concentrations from 30 wt% to 35 wt%. The wood relics were sprayed and immersed using an aqueous PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 solution, respectively. 2 �Figure 1 Diagrammatic drawing of PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 spray and immersion on archaeological wood samples. Ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope The surfaces of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples were cut by a rotary microtome assisted with a tungsten steel blade. The cross-section pictures of samples were obtained by the ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope, VHX-2000 (Keyence Co., Ltd., Japan). ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis To illustrate the changes in the chemical structure of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood, samples were collected by direct transmittance using ATR-FTIR (Perkin Elmer Inc., USA) through 32 scans at a resolution of 4 cm−1 ranging from 700 to 4000 cm−1. Each sample was tested with at least 3 replicates. The ATR-FTIR spectra of the samples were baseline corrected. Water content calculation All samples' water content was measured using a drying oven under 103°C. An electronic-analytical balance (A&D Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) with a precision of 0.001 g was used for the measurement. The mass of samples was recorded before and after drying, and then the water content of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples was calculated via the following equation. 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑊−𝑊0 𝑊0 ×100% where W (g) is the specimen weight before drying, and W0 (g) is the specimen weight after drying. LF-NMR analysis LF-NMR parameters were tested using an NMI20 spectrometer (Niumag Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China). By measuring the archaeological wood of the LF-NMR signal and deconvoluting it, the distribution of transverse relaxation time (T2) is determined using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill decays. RESULTS The results reveal that the morphological structure, chemical structure, water content, and water states had the potential for evaluating the consolidation effect of waterlogged archaeological wood. Morphological structure The softwood, Pinus spp. was predominant in the Nanhai No.1 shipwreck (Li et al. 2022). Tracheids in cross-sections were mostly long-sided, square, and polygonal. Some cell walls had been deformed, 3 �indicating that there was a slight shrinkage of the waterlogged archaeological wood selected in this study, with deterioration likely caused by humidity change. PEG was physically filled into the cell lumens of archeological wood. The morphological structure of archeological wood samples was characterized by an ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope. Figure 2 shows the cross-sections of untreated and PEG-treated archeological wood samples in the same magnification. There was a great difference in penetration between spray (PEG 4000s) and immersion treatment (PEG 4000i) using the same concentration of the consolidant solution. For waterlogged wood samples treated with consolidant solution spray, PEG 4000 had only filled in some tracheids. When the archeological wood was soaking in PEG 4000, it was evident that thick PEG 4000 had attached to the tracheid walls of the specimens. Compared with spray treatment, PEG4000 consolidant is penetrated into the wood more easily by immersion treatment. In order to improve the spray filling and reinforcement effect of large-size wood relics, the treatment time should be extended and the number of sprinklers should be increased to ensure the uniformity of spray. Further experiments are needed for the spray-filling reinforcement technology of waterlogged wood relics which have different sizes and shapes, especially for large shipwrecks. Figure 2 Morphological structure of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples under an ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope. (a) untreated, (b) PEG 4000s, (c) PEG 4000i. Chemical structure Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of untreated, PEG2000-treated archaeological wood samples through spray (PEG 2000s and PEG 4000s) and immersion (PEG 2000i and PEG 4000i), to assess changes in the chemical structure. In all archaeological wood samples, the ratios between lignin and holocellulose (1374 cm−1 and 1158 cm−1) were often selected to determine its preservation status, while this study mainly analysed the influence of PEG treatment (Fejfer et al. 2022). The spectrum of PEG-treated wood samples was different from that of untreated wood samples. The region of 3800 cm−1~3200 cm−1 belongs to the O−H stretching vibration peak, and the free hydroxyl group affects the dimensional stability. After PEG spray and immersion, the band at 3400 cm−1 related to the stretching vibration of hydroxyl reduced notably in archaeological wood, contributing to improving the dimensional stability of archaeological wood, which was consistent with previous research results (Liu et al. 2022). 4 �Figure 3 The ATR-FTIR spectra of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples. Water states LF-NMR was performed on the samples to further analyse the water states in the untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood. Multiple components of water molecules and PEGs in PEG/water mixtures can be quantified, and also the mobility of each component can be characterized through a multiexponential inversion algorithm of the T2 of PEG/water mixtures (Wu et al. 2012). As shown in Figure 4a, four proton components are found in untreated archaeological wood, assigned to T21, T22, T23, and T24, respectively, which are considered to be the water in and on the cell wall, and the water in the vessel lumens. In addition, the area of the first peak at about 0.1 ms, which accounted for about 0.02%, represents the total amount of adsorbed water. The second and third fractions are capillary water in the wood cell cavity. Free water T24 with a relaxation time higher than 100 ms is attributed to flowing water, accounting for about 27.98% of the total signal. The waterlogged wood is similar to modern wood. The closer the binding of water to wood, the shorter the transverse relaxation time. Conversely, the less adsorbed water is, the longer the transverse relaxation time will be (Li and Ma 2021). Thus, the existence and variation of water in wood can be revealed by measuring its lateral relaxation peak. As to archaeological wood treated by PEG spray or immersion, five transverse relaxation peaks can be seen in Figure 4b to Figure 4e. After PEG treatment, a new fraction at around 1 ms occurs in PEG 2000s, PEG 2000i, PEG 4000s, and PEG 4000i. This is due to PEG filling in the wood tracheids. By calculating the respective relaxation peak area in the decay curves of the relaxation signal, the content of water in different states of archaeological wood can be qualitatively analysed. The adsorbed water content of PEG-treated samples was slightly higher than that of waterlogged archaeological wood because PEG displaced some of the water in the archaeological wood. However, the content of capillary water in the samples is the most dominant, and the second is free water. Compared with the samples treated by spray and immersion, more PEG was filled in the archaeological wood treated by immersion (PEG 2000i and PEG 4000i). To increase the molecular weight of PEG from 2000 to 4000, the capillary water content was decreased while the free water content was increased when using the same treatment, as shown in Figure 4b to Figure 4e. A likely reason for the result lies in the viscosity of the PEG solution. PEG 2000 diffuses into wood voids more easily than PEG 4000. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the impregnation rate of PEG 4000 by increasing the ambient temperature or processing time. The content of bulk content in PEG 4000i achieved the highest value, accounting for 5 �about 70% (Figure 4d). Water content can also confirm the amount of PEG filling (Figure 4f), showing that more water in the wood is replaced by PEG by immersion. Figure 4 Transverse relaxation time of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood samples. (a) untreated, (b) PEG 2000s, (c) PEG 2000i, (d) PEG 4000s, (e) PEG 4000i, (f) Water content. As filling proceeded, the positions of the relaxation peak for free water shifted right continuously, indicating the average transverse relaxation time for free water was gradually shorter. The PEG 2000 solution is better as either an immersion or spray treatment because of its lower molecular weight and solution viscosity. However, the PEG 4000 solution is more suitable for immersion treatment. This suggests that the filling reinforcement method needs to be selected according to the type of impregnation solution. In addition, LF-NMR, as a nondestructive testing analysis technique, can be used to qualitatively monitor the water state in saturated archaeological wood, especially the transverse relaxation time, T24, which represents the free water in archaeological wood. In addition, the consolidation condition can be assessed by using the above non-destructive testing methods during the conservation process. CONCLUSION In this study, sample preparation methods of PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 solution spray and immersion for moderately degraded archaeological wood were explored. According to the results, the relative intensity of the band at 3400 cm−1 obtained from ATR-FTIR spectra and the content of free water utilizing LF-NMR analysis had the potential to monitor and assess the consolidation of waterlogged wood cultural relics. The results themselves, suggested PEG 2000 solution is a better consolidant for using either immersion or spray treatment, while the PEG 4000 solution is more suitable for immersion treatment. During the conservation process, the consolidation condition can be assessed by using non-destructive testing methods, i.e., ATR-FTIR and LF-NMR, which helps to adjust the protection method in time. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Juan Guo, Xin Gao, and Yang Lu from Chinese Academy of Forestry. 6 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Broda, Magdalena. 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Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monitoring Technology during the Consolidation of Waterlogged wood Cultural Relics Description An account of the resource Waterlogged wood cultural relics often need consolidation before drying to prevent shrinkage and cracking of the object. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), as one of the commonly used consolidating agents, is widely used in archaeological wood consolidation. The moderately degraded archaeological wood samples from the Nanhai No.1 shipwreck, were treated with PEG solution in equipment with the simultaneous incorporation of consolidant spray and immersion. In order to monitor the effect of consolidation, this study analysed the morphological structure, chemical structure, water states, and water content of untreated and PEG-treated archaeological wood. Herein, non-destructive methods involved an ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional video microscope, attenuated total refraction Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Results showed that the band at 3400 cm−1 reduced notably after PEG spray and immersion and the content of free water utilizing LF-NMR analysis was related to the amount of PEG impregnation. These values had the potential to monitor and assess the consolidation of waterlogged wood cultural relics, which suggested the PEG 2000 solution is better than either immersion or spray treatment, while the PEG 4000 solution is more suitable for immersion treatment. During the conservation process, the consolidation condition can be preliminarily assessed by using non-destructive testing methods, which helps to adjust the protection method in time. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiajun Wang Naisheng Li Jing Du Xuanwei Zhang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Wang, Jiajun, Naisheng Li, Jing Du, and Xuanwei Zhang. 2023. “Monitoring Technology during the Consolidation of Waterlogged wood Cultural Relics.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2015 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023