34 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/a5c3b6411cd8249bd858ee23b89d2629.pdf eb3ef74cd7be526c45bb3fc6ceba8a58 PDF Text Text A Study on the Structure of the Fourteenth Century Chinese Merchant Ship (Sinan Shipwreck) Hong sun-jae (Curator, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT Further research on Sinan shipwreck structure is required. The questions raised by Lee Cheol-han and Lee Changeok in Report on Sinan Ship Conservation and Restoration and those in the new edition of Sinan Shipwreck are summarized in this paper. They are summarized as follows: First question is about the understanding of bar keel; second is the combining structure and inclination angle of bar keel and plate stem; third is whether additional side plate was possible and major measurement of hull and molded depth; fourth is whether to consider the deck side structure as deck as before; fifth is the recognition of the sectional shape of the hull center - if the four questions above are solved; sixth is whether oars were installed; seventh is the other mast legs and liquid tank. To address these questions, I first organized terminology and corrected incorrect terms, I then examined the literature on analysis of structural characteristics. For methodology, my lens was that of a professional shipbuilding engineer. I considered major structures in the excavation reports, conservation and restoration reports, and original shape estimation report. I added missing structures that have come to light since these reports were produced. I aim to identify the comprehensive structure of ancient Korean merchant ships for comparative studies with Chinese and Japanese ships and development of ships by period. Keywords: Sinan shipwreck, keel, floor, shell plating INTRODUCTION Sinan underwater excavation (Office of Cultural Properties of Ministry of Culture and Information 1983; 1984; 1985; 1988; National Maritime Museum 2004; National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 2018) began on August 20, 1975 when Chinese ceramics (six items including a celadon vase) were caught by fisherman Choi Pyeong-ho’s net. Excavation was conducted by the Cultural Heritage Administration in cooperation with the Navy for nine years from 1976 to 1984 CE. Sinan shipwreck sank 4 km away from Imjado Island and Hoedo Island in the offshore of Heodo-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, likely due to maritime weather and environmental factors while sailing from China to Japan. Sinan shipwreck is a V-shaped pointed bottom type that was produced a lot during Song and Yuan Dynasties (960-1368 CE) of China. The coins and copper mirrors arranged in the Big Dipper in the middle of the keel followed the traditional ritual for a safe return and wellbeing of ships in China, this detail leads us to presume it is a Chinese trade ship. In addition, the hull is made of Krempf’s Pine and Pinus massoniana, red pine and black pine; and internal structure is Cinnamomum spp; fendering apparatus is Cunninghamia lanceolata. The analysis of such materials showed that it was a Chinese trade ship made about 700 years ago (National Maritime Museum 2004, 16-25). In 1981, Kim Jae-geun conducted study on Sinan shipwreck by comparing the structure of ships of Goryeo and China and he presented the hull structure and specifications and tested his ideas by making miniature model. In 1989, Lee Cheol-han examined the process of making it to restore original shape of hull of Sinan shipwreck and its significance. In 2004, Kim Yong-han classified hull pieces and identified structural characteristics for shape and restoration scale of Sinan shipwreck. He compared and reviewed literature and data on old Chinese ships. In 2004, Choi Hang-soon analyzed Sinan shipwreck by making 3D images to see displacement, weight, deadweight, resistance performance and structural strength from the perspective of shipbuilding engineering. This presented major specifications of Sinan shipwreck. In 2004, NRIMCH treated hull pieces for conservation, restored remaining condition and published reports. Further studies on 3D precision measurement of restored Sinan shipwreck in 2018, 3D printing model, basic and detailed design, ship engineering analysis, and model to estimate original shape. However, despite all the research, the questions raised by researchers about structure of Sinan shipwreck are not clearly answered. 1 �REVIEW ON THE STRUCTURE OF SINAN SHIPWRECK The structure can be divided into four: main body, reinforcement, design and auxiliary. Main body Keel Keel is the most important structure of the hull. In likeness to the spine in human body, it is composed of three connected materials. The way of connecting three materials is scarf joint for mutual joint and in order to harden the scarf joint, wedge was used. In the joint of keel, it has a hole for inserting coins indicating that it is a Chinese ship and a shallow circular hole was dug between bow and center keel to put circular mirror made of cupronickel. Nine holes were made on horizontal section of the central and stern keel and bronze coin called Tai Ping Tong Bao was put in each hole and covered with wooden stopper. There is elevated structure with floor to separate the areas on the top surface of keel. In particular, the keel at the center, out of three keels, have elevated central part with slight curve at the edge downwards. It is designed to improve the navigation performance intentionally rather than external shock during sailing or wreckage. Floor Floor is a structure located between the keel and bulkhead. The shape is same as bulkhead but it is thicker. Because thicker material was used, the bulkhead and frame are placed on the floor and connected each other. In addition, frame is installed to divide the front and back sides based on bulkhead. The frames are installed on the front side from I to IV (to the direction of bow) and on the back side from V to VII (to the direction of stern). The way of connection and fixing was traditional Chinese style to strengthen the structure by placing floor at the groove on the top of keel. One of the important features of floor structure is a square hole at the center that prevents the water inflow between compartments. This structure applies sophisticated shipbuilding technology to prevent sinking due to flooding by blocking holes. However, the excavation report mentioned this structure as ‘waste water corridor’ where water accumulated on the floor passes. Therefore, additional study is required. Transom floor Transom floor is a structure that is located at the stern and connected to the keel. The shape of the first stage of stern has the same floor type and connection structure but it does not have square hole at the bottom center. However, it has elevated structure on a half of the top surface to install floor. The member of the hull is recorded as stern frame structure. The research shows that the stern frame structure is installed on the floor like bulkhead, it is reasonable to consider the structure installed at the stern area on top of keen as transom floor and the thinner plate than lower stages was placed on top of the floor. Garboard strake Garboard strake is located between keel and the first stage of shell plating. Its shape is similar to that of shell plating but its thickness is about 20 cm, which is significantly thicker than shell plating whose thickness is 12 cm. Keel, floor, and garboard strakes are connected by placing the keel whose sectional shape is square and L-shaped groove is made on both sides of the top side to attach garboard strake. The floor is attached to the top of the keel and inside of the garboard strake. For fastening each member, iron bar was used to maintain enough strength. Bulkhead Bulkhead is composed of seven bulkheads and eight windows from the shell plating (it is estimated to be deck structure at that time) with eight compartments in total. Bulkhead is a major member that composes frame of the hull, serving as the basis for ship shape. It serves as the fixing framework for the assembly of shell plating. It maintains the same interval to prevent trim phenomenon and improve lateral strength. Fourth, it secures space to be used for different purpose. Bulkheads I-VI are installed vertically straight but stern bulkhead is connected with inclination toward stern direction and bulkhead VII is 2 �connected to the bow direction with more inclination. The section between bulkhead I to bulkhead IV has frame to the direction of bow while stiffener structure is located to the stern direction. The frame of bulkhead V-VI is located in the stern direction while stiffener is located in the bow direction. The bulkhead fixing method is to use iron bar on the front and back side. Shell plating The shell plating is located between garboard strake and deck and is the body of the ship that composes the final shape. This accounts for the highest share among remaining hull pieces and 176 pieces of 13 starboard and four port sections remain. The shell plating joint method is divided into longitudinal and transverse joint. The longitudinal joint method is based on rabbeted clinker joint 1 while the bow direction has half-lap miter joint2. Traverse joint uses tongue and groove joint3 method and half-lamp miter joint and the plate is added and fixed by nailing. The way of connecting shell plating is one of the representative characteristics of Sinan Ship. Pointed stem Pointed stem is a structure located at the very front of the ship. The shape of the bow is two-layer flat plate structure in the shape of trapezoid close to inverted triangle. At the left and right edge of pointed stem, L-shaped groove was made to be connected to shell plating and inner side was added by plate for reinforcement. The thickness of pointed stem is about 11-12 cm and structural characteristics is to use half-lap miter joint. Bulwark Bulwark is located on the upper starboard side of the central of Sinan shipwreck. Bulwark has a clinker joint structure like the joint structure of shell plating. The material made of cedar tree with the thickness of 1.5-2 cm to protect the structure. This is to have sea water inflow and be released through the same circular holes. The upper bulwark has the same circular hole, making it reasonable to interpret it not as the bulwark structure but as structure of shell plating. The reason can be assumed that, as it is lower than waterline comparing to the dead weight and gross weight based, it is far away from the bulwark structure which is side plate of the board. Bulwark Stay Bulwark stay is located at the top of shell plating and connected to bulwark (assumed to be the fourteenth-fifteenth stages of the shell plate). This structure plays the role of bulkhead. Three members of this structure were lifted from the starboard side. It is composed of thick wooden plate with 13 cm in thickness and root was connected between structures so each angle was maintained. The bulwark stay is located before and after circular hole located at the center of bulwark. The structure and role as well as interpretation of terms for bulwark stay are required. Deck Analysis of bulwark and bulwark stay showed that deck is estimated to be the structure that support fourteenth-fifteenth stages of shell plating. Therefore, it is reasonable to interpret the structure of deck as structure of shell plating inside. In addition, the plate made of cedar tree with the thickness of 1.5-2 cm is added to the top side. The thickness is 10 cm and width 43 cm. There is groove 10 cm wide at the bottom of the outer side area that is connected to the top of the thirteenth stage of the shell plating of bulwark. At the end of the inner side area, scarf joint structure is designed to connect it to the board. As Sinan shipwreck is estimated to be 4.0 m, the shell plating free board is estimated to be 1.5-1.9 m in Way of joining by making L-shaped groove on the top of the shell plating and groove was made inside the bottom part of the top shell plating. 2 Joining two members with the same thickness by digging half of the thickness of the plate and then joining them together (Architecture dictionary) 3 Connection to prevent the timbers from being pushed to the side (architecture dictionary) 1 3 �height. Then it is known that the deck should be installed at a sufficient height. Reinforcement Butt Strap Butt strap was used to maintain the strength to reinforce the joint area by connecting joint structure to make the length of shell plating member. The method of connection is to put 1-18 iron bars, nine on left and right sides of the joined member respectively. The but strap has fished joint structure. Stiffener Stiffener is a structure that firmly fixes shell plating member attached to the bulkhead to prevent it from being pushed to the outside. Each stage of each section has this stiffener. Stiffener reinforce shell plating and bulkhead has a trapezoidal shape4, and the part attached to the bulkhead has a small shape about a quarter of the size of the trapezoid. The fixing method was made strong by driving iron pins. Bulkhead Frame and Forward Cant Frame Bulkhead frame is installed on one side of each bulkhead to connect the bulkhead and shell plating firmly. Forward cant frame is located between VII bulkhead and pointed stem. The forward cant frame has twice wider gap compared to I-VII bulkhead. The bigger the space of the section, the weaker the strength of the shell plate so it is assumed that forward cant frame was installed to reinforce shell plating. Bulkhead frame continues from the floor to the deck rostrum and the shape is like stair type according to the shell plating. Iron bar was used for firm fastening. Scarf-skin Scarf-skin protects keel, shell plating, bulwark and deck. The thickness is 1.5-2 cm and it is made of cedar and it seems that scarf-skin was added to protect it from harmful insects. Design Mast Mast is located on the front side of IV and VII bulkheads. The structure of the mast is divided into mast, mast leg, mast leg support and cross bar as well as mast leg press (Office of Cultural Properties of Ministry of Culture and Information 1984, 138-139). However, the floor is wider than the floor located at the bottom of bulkhead as it is aligned with the size of the mast and width of the mast leg, a support structure. The role of the floor structure is the basis to pile up the upper structure and support the keel. Moreover, in the report, it is said that floor is the lower structure together with keel and strake (Office of Cultural Properties of Ministry of Culture and Information 1984, 129). However, the mast support at that time played the role of supporting mast leg and that is why it is called mast leg support as it was considered to be part of the mast. Auxiliary Liquid tank Liquid tank is located between IV and V bulkheads and is placed on the left and right shell plating. The shell plating is placed on the front and back direction of the liquid tank support and the bottom plate is placed according to the inclination of the liquid tank support; side plates are placed on four sides. It is watertight to prevent water leakage. In order to erect bottom plate and site plate, the structure same as bulkhead is applied for reinforcement. 4 A quadrilateral with two sides (upper and lower) parallel 4 �CONCLUSIONS The examination on structural characteristics confirmed that the ship has important characteristics from the perspective of the history of shipbuilding technology. 1. It has a V-shaped pointed-bottom hull, which enables the ship to withstand deep water, high and rough waves and swell, wind waves and to perform fast navigation and stability. 2. It secured durability by planning seven bulkheads and eight windows for the space where trade items are piled to secure durability and it has the structure of compartment to store trade items safely. 3. It is equipped with two or more propulsion structures, it has a ‘sailboat structure’ that can sail against the wind. 4. The front of the ship is equipped with an inverted triangular ‘trapezoidal structure’ to minimize wave resistance during sailing. 5. It has the water tank structure at the center and left and right of the ship for drinking water supply and balance of the ship. 6. It has the reinforcement structure that has double or triple connection through butt strap, stiffener, frame and cant frame. 7. It has the waterproof and watertight structure to prevent the inflow of water from one compartment to another. 8. The shape is to have a narrow bow and wide stern in order to improve sailing performance. 9. It is equipped with the hull protection structure where a scarf-skin is attached to the outer side of the shell plating, penetrating sea bugs from entering into the hull. The nine characteristics showed that the ship is equipped with the best shipbuilding technology and structure in Song and Yuan Dynasties of China. Bibliography Cultural Heritage Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Public Information, Sinan Underwater Artifacts, Sourcebook I. Mokpo: Cultural Heritage Administration, 1983 (In Korean). Cultural Heritage Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Public Information, Sinan Underwater Artifacts, Sourcebook II. Mokpo: Cultural Heritage Administration, 1984 (In Korean). Cultural Heritage Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Public Information, Sinan Underwater Artifacts, Sourcebook III. Mokpo: Cultural Heritage Administration, 1985 (In Korean). Cultural Heritage Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Public Information, Sinan Underwater Artifacts, Comprehensive Edition. Mokpo: Cultural Heritage Administration, 1988 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum, Conservation and Restoration Report of Shinan Ship. Mokpo: National Maritime Museum, 2004 (In Korean). NRIMCH, A Study on Restoration of Original Shape of Sinan Shipwreck. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2018 (In Korean). 5 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Study on the Structure of the Fourteenth Century Chinese Merchant Ship (Sinan Shipwreck) Description An account of the resource Further research on Sinan shipwreck structure is required. The questions raised by Lee Cheol-han and Lee Changeok in Report on Sinan Ship Conservation and Restoration and those in the new edition of Sinan Shipwreck are summarized in this paper. They are summarized as follows: First question is about the understanding of bar keel; second is the combining structure and inclination angle of bar keel and plate stem; third is whether additional side plate was possible and major measurement of hull and molded depth; fourth is whether to consider the deck side structure as deck as before; fifth is the recognition of the sectional shape of the hull center - if the four questions above are solved; sixth is whether oars were installed; seventh is the other mast legs and liquid tank. To address these questions, I first organized terminology and corrected incorrect terms, I then examined the literature on analysis of structural characteristics. For methodology, my lens was that of a professional shipbuilding engineer. I considered major structures in the excavation reports, conservation and restoration reports, and original shape estimation report. I added missing structures that have come to light since these reports were produced. I aim to identify the comprehensive structure of ancient Korean merchant ships for comparative studies with Chinese and Japanese ships and development of ships by period. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hong Sun-jae Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hong, Sun-jae. 2023. “Study on the Structure of Shinan Shipwreck, the Chinese Merchant Ship in the 14th Century.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1954 Asia-Pac Session 10 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b4f701055fe57ab42712a2cfcae5f19a.pdf 4f75de46e0df9e700df7b591bb621353 PDF Text Text Boat and ship Archaeology in Gilan Province (Iran) Hossien Tofighian Iranian center for archaeological research (ICAR) htofighian@yahoo.com Ramin Adibi Archaeological Maritime Landscape Online Magazine Ramin.adibi2012@gmail.com Abstract Gilan province is one the northern states of Iran which is located in south west of Caspian Sea and has relatively long coastlines. According to historical and geographical location of Gilan, in 2017, Maritime archaeology group of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) decided to do a project as "Archaeology of maritime landscapes of Gilan Province". Main goal of perform this project was identifying immaterial and material of maritime culture across of Gilan province maritime landscape. Our Research area was from "Astara" county to "Rudsar" county in Gilan province. We were surveying about navigation and Boatbuilding in rivers, Lagoon and coastlines of Caspian Sea. For example: in "Estil" Lagoon in Astra county we observed a kind of Simple Watercraft which is more look like to a Dugout canoe. During this project, we observed and investigated about wooden boats with simple construction in different sizes that locals called "lutka/lodka" or "Nodonbal". Nowadays, fishermen use flatbottomed, double-ended vessel (in local dialect called "karaji") that linked to past period. So we were investigating on remains of "Ghorogh" wooden shipwreck in "Talesh" County and wooden shipwreck "Lalehrūd" in "Rudsar" County. We visited Traditional Wooden Boat Factory and interviewed with locals. This article based on desk and field research on traditional and historical boat and ship in each city of Gilan province. Key Words: Caspian Sea, Gilan province, boat and ship. 1. Introduction According to Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHTO) is responsible for Cultural heritage in Iran. Recently, in 2017 Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) issued a license titled �as "Archaeological survey of maritime landscapes of "Gilan" Province relying on pervious assessments and some Main principles of Convention on Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and identifying potentials in order to do future protection measures. "Hossein Tofighian" is the director of archaeological survey. The main goals of the Project were: 1. In Situ Preservation, as first option. 2. Obey legal protection of archaeological sites. 3. Organizational and archaeological monitoring in order to avoid of material culture for further degradations. 4. Necessary measures about protection of sites. 5. Making Reports and documents of archaeological finds. 6. Support ratification and compliance with the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the UCH. 7. Protect underwater cultural heritage for future generations. We used "Christer Westerdahl's approach" - the Maritime cultural Landscape - that published in international journal of nautical archaeology in 1992 for Maritime archaeological surveys in Gilan province. Because his approach, we can get to our holistic understanding about this subject. Our Research area was from "Astara" county to "Rudsar" county in Gilan province. We were surveying about shipwrecks, local maritime culture, navigation and Boatbuilding in rivers, Lagoon and coastlines of Caspian Sea. This article derived from this project and shipwreck as a time capsule and dating instrument mixed with historical report. 2. Maritime Archaeological studies in Caspian Sea Based on Encyclopedia of Lakes and reservoirs: "The Caspian Sea is the largest closed water body in the world. Five states are situated on its banks: Russia, Azerbaijan, Islamic republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. The area of the sea at present equals to 0.4 million km �making 18% of the total area of lakes of the Earth. The volume of water equals to 79,000 km. The maximal extension of the sea from north to south equals to 1,200 km, its width varies from 200 up to 450 km, and the greatest depth equals to 1,025 m. The Caspian Sea accepts water of 130 rivers from the catchment area which is approximately ten times greater than its own one (3.5 million km2) ( Fig. 1). The main feature of the hydrological regime of the Caspian Sea is significant fluctuation of its level which is the reason of significant damages and ecological accidents" (Bolgov, 2012) and This is why various archaeological monuments were inundated by the Caspian Sea water (Okorokov, 1993). Caspian Sea and its coasts have many important aspects such as Strategic, Environmental, social and economic (fisheries, transportation and tourism) factors. In these days, we should have added maritime archaeological significance to the Caspian Sea. Fig. 1: Caspian Sea; (Rucevska and Simonett, 2006) �There are some of historical and considerable reports that mentioned to the Caspian Sea, include: Herodotus (5th cen. BC), Ptolemy (AD 2 cen.), Estakhri (AD 10th cen.), Masʿudi (AD 10th cen.), Al-Idrisi (AD 12th cen.) , Abu Zeyd al-Balkhi (AD 9th cen.), Adam Olearius (1599-167), Jan Janszoon Struys (1630-1694), Captain John Elton(1751), Jonas Hanway (1712-1786), Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (1756-1814), Pierre Amédée Jaubert (1779–1847), James Baillie Fraser (1783-1856), charles ferancis Mackenzie (1788–1862), bohler(1853-?), Grigoriy Valerianovich Melgunov (his travel to southern coast of Caspian sea:1858-1860), Jakob Eduard Polak (1818-1891), Madame Carla Serena (1824-1884), Ernest Orsolle (1858-?), Henry Binder (1886-?), Frederick Charles Richards (1878–1932), Wipert von Blücher (1883- 1963) and etc. (Zonn and et al.,2010; Nikouyeh, 2007). Also, we have many reports from Medieval Islamic travel writers about Relations between "RUS" and Iran on that time when Volga maritime route was open. Some of these writers include: "AlMas‘udi, Ya'qubi, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Gardezi, Al-Muqaddasi, Ibn Rustah, Ibn Khordadbeh, ibn athir al jazari", particularity "Ahmad ibn Fadlan" and current western scientists' researches such as Thorir Jonsson Hraundal are very important for our maritime archaeological researches. Also, in 1870, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar in "Ruznameh-ye safar-e Gilan" mentioned a list of many different types of watercrafts which are located in southern of Caspian sea called: "karaji"(a kind of barge), "Navid"(kind of watercraft),"ka(e)šti ātaši"(a kind of Steamboat), "Nāv"(a kind of cruiser), "ka(e)šti bozorg tojjāri"(a kind of Merchant vessel), "ka(e)šti muzik"(Musical watercraft), "ka(e)šti boxār bozorg v kuča(e)k" (Big and small Steamboat ), "Qāyeq lotke/Lodka"(a kind of Russian boat), "ka(e)šti dudi"(a kind of Steamboat) and so on. �Maritime Archaeological researches on coastal and marine regions of the southern part of the Caspian Sea do not date back to long ago. For example, a couple of them are as follow: In the early eighteenth century, several Russian scholars wrote their observations of stone structures in the coast of Baku. In 1840, an attempt to locate the submerged town was undertaken. It did not succeed, although two Russian naval brigs took part. In 1933, the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences conducted underwater investigations in the area by "I. M. Djiafar-Zade" and "E. A. Pakhomov". Totally, 636 frieze fragments with tile decorations were raised and their inscriptions deciphered. In 1961, the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archaeology headed by L. N. Gumilyov started exploration of the underwater part of "Derbent" Fortress. The expedition examined about 300 m of the fortress wall underwater. These investigations confirmed the abrupt variations of the Caspian Sea-level (Okorokov,1993). According to "Viktor Kvachidze" says: "in 1968, I had the idea to create an underwater archaeological expedition in conjunction with the Azerbaijani History Museum and the first dive was organized in 1969" (Kvachidze, 2006). The expedition lifted a lot of very valuable material culture from the seabed some of them included: The remains of settlements of "Bandovan I" and "Bandovan II", swallowed by the Caspian Sea. They were found in ancient channels and on the bank of the Kura River. Bandovan I, is ruins of "Gushtaspi" city, which existed in the 11th-13th centuries, and "Bandovan II" is ruins of "Mugan" city (9th12th centuries), too (Ibrahimov, 2016). In 1982, underwater specialists examined a ship which sank with the Russian Army treasury in the Bay of Baku at the beginning of the 19th century (Okorokov, 1993). In 2000, a fishing company observed the wrecked body of an old ship and some objects such as samovars, porcelains and some hardware artifacts obtained from there. Objects obtained from the shipwreck of "Amir Abad �of Lahijan" confirmed the issue that the vessel had been a “cargo ship”. These retrieved artifacts from the vessel were made in Russia include porcelains made in "Kuznetsov Factory" (Mirsalehi, 2001). In 2003, it was reported a shipwreck appeared in the north of "Zaghmarz" Village in 17 Km away from the north of "Neka" Town (Sourtchi, 2004). In 2006,"Zhenya Anichenko" published a report of her short research trip to Azerbaijan. She wrote reasons of this short scientific trip: collecting additional data about "Sababyil" submerged Castle based on writings of middle-age historians, investigating submerged lands, Caspian Sea archeological potentials and the history of this region (Anichenko, 2006). Between 2007 and 2009, Julian Jansen Van Rensburg et al, investigated "Tammīsheh" and "Gorgān" Underwater Walls (Rensburg and et al, 2013). In 2013, the recording form of "Ghorogh" shipwreck on Talesh coastlines prepared and submitted to Cultural Heritage Administration of Gilan Province. In 2016, remains of wooden ship appeared to seem that belong to the Afsharid Era, has recently explored on "Rudsar" coasts in "Gilan" Province (Alizadeh, 2015) (Fig 2). In 2016, the divers of the Russian Geographical Society’s (RGS) expedition found an object, which looked like an anchor in the Caspian Sea near the coast of Derbent. Presumably, it belongs to one of the ships flotilla of the Peter the Great, the press-secretary of the Tatarstan branch of the Russian Geographical Society "Irina Sadykova" says (RIA Dagestan, 2016). �Fig. 2 (left): Maritime archaeological researches around the Caspian Sea (Authors,2017) 3. Study area Gilan is one of the Circum-Caspian Iranian provinces (Ostan). This province is situated on north of Iran and located in southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea. Gilan has about 14044 kilometers extent area and population – 2.4 million people with 16 Counties (in Persian: Shahrestan). Gilan connects to the Caspian Sea in north, to the Mazandaran Province in east, to the Ardabil Province in west, to the Zanjan and Qazvin Provinces in south. It also has borders with the Republic of Azerbaijan in the north as well as Russia via the Caspian Sea. The main city is Rasht and The main river is the "Sefid Rud" (Zonn and et al.,2010) (Fig 3). It has the best type of weather and climate in Iran with a moderate and humid climate that is known as the moderate Caspian climate. The effective �factors on such climate include the Alborz mountain range, direction of the mountains, the height of the area, and the Caspian Sea, vegetation surface, local winds, as well as the altitude and weather fronts (Kazemi Rad and Mohammadi, 2015). Our Research area was from "Astara" county to "Rudsar" county in "Gilan" province. We were surveying about local maritime culture, navigation and Boatbuilding in rivers, Lagoon and coastlines of Caspian Sea. Fig. 3: Location of "Gilan" Province. A: "ASTARA"; H: "HAŠTPAR" (Ṭāleš ); BA: "BANDAR-E ANZALĪ"; Lh: "LĀHIJĀN"; Lr: "LANGARUD"; Rs: "RUDSAR" (Authors,2017) 3.1 ASTARA In 1843, "Keith Edward Abbott" mentioned: "Astara" as "dehkade dahne kenār" which is situated in the mouth of the "Astara River". Also, Astara hasn't any harbor and cargo of ships were unloaded via boat nearby Astara water (Sotuda, 1995). There are many subjects about maritime archaeological and ethnographical studies in Astara. One of them is "Estil Lagoon". We observed a kind of Simple Watercraft which is more look like �to a Dugout canoe (Logboat) around the Lagoon (in local dialect called "Lodka"), Also, traces of axe observed on hull's Dugout canoe (Fig4). Undoubtedly, dugout canoe is one of the oldest vessels (Okorokov, 1995). According to Sean McGrail (2004): “Dugout canoe are shell-built". The technique of Dugout canoe building as: "The trunk of a heavy tree was carved out with a crude stone knife or axe: the men would then plug up both ends of the hollow trunk with some form of boarding" (Agius, 2008:123). The use of this boat building technique, dated back to Mesolithic (McGrail, 2001:11). It should be noted that boats are first known among settled peoples-farmers and fishermen. Hunters seem to have confined their water transport to occasional ‘vessels’, such as tree trunks, and primitive rafts. To have confined their water transport to occasional ‘vessels’, such as tree trunks, and primitive rafts. Many such these Dugout canoe observed and recorded in Russia, Ukraine and Latvia (See, Okorokov, 1995; Burov, 1996). During our investigation in study area, we observed and recorded plank boats with simple construction in different sizes that locals called "lutka/lodka" or "Nodonbal" or "Karaji". �Fig. 4: A. Esteel lagoon Map. (Gharibkhany,2009); B. Estil Lagoon Dugout canoe. (Authours); C. Small Canoe. ( Holmes, 1845) 3.2 HAŠTPAR (or Šahr-e Ṭāleš “Ṭāleš City”) A city in the western part of "Gilān" Province, center of the "šahrestān" (sub-provincial district) of "Ṭāleš" (or Tāleš). The city is located at lat 37°48′ N, long 48°55′ E, at the head of the delta of the "Kargānrud" River (Bazin, n.d.). Natural dynamic of "Talesh" coast area has caused “unstable conditions” in this region during different periods. Hence, “several water level fluctuations” in the Caspian Sea has led to “emerging or submerging of the neighbor lands."Kargan-Rud" constitutes the biggest Caspian Sea water basin in Western Gilan. It should be noted that there is considerable wooden shipwreck in Ghorugh Village of Talesh County. Here is the exact location of this vessel, according to geographic coordinate system. It is located on the latitude of 37°51´20.88"N and longitude of 48°57´27.77" E with the elevation of -28 below the sea surface. The shipwreck is accessible through "Anzali-Talesh-Astara" road. In this area, the forest is closer to the shoreline, as if the sea and �the forest are intertwined. At the present, only some parts of the vessel’s keel and hull are remained. it is more than 28 meters long and about 6 meters wide. It is not clear yet what method used for construction of Ghorogh's hull. However, according to observations, a complex method, strong timbers and wooden pieces used to construct this vessel. Also, long and robust metal nails were used to fasten the wooden elements. The ship’s file is prepared for national registration. It is probable this vessel played an important role in wood trade during the Qajar era between Iran and Russia. In 1880, "Aḥmad Ibn-x̮udāwirdī Lankarānī" in "Ax̮bārnāma"; tārix-i Tālišān az salṭanat-i Nādir Šāh tā salṭanat-i Muḥammad Šāh Qāǧār" said: "There was a naval warfare between Iranian Navy and Stepan Razin". Also he mentioned: "There were some exchanges cargo such as Timbers and Cereals from Gilan to Russia". Also, we were investigating on remains of "Ghorogh" wooden shipwreck in Talesh County by helishot and Details of shipwreck were mapping (Fig 5.). In these days, Fishermen use flat-bottomed double-ended vessels (in local dialect called "karaji") in this area linked to past period. Those watercrafts look like flat-bottomed double-ended vessels were using in 18 and 19 centuries. �Fig. 5 (left): Photo and drawing of "Ghorogh" shipwreck. (Authors, 2017) 3.3 Anazali A city and sea port as well as an Iranian naval base on the Caspian Sea in Gilan Province (Zonn and et al., 2010). After the 1979 Iranian revolution, the name of the place reverted to its original name of "Anzali". In 1860, "Grigoriy Valerianovich Melgunov" reports: "The Melgunov party aboard the "Lankoran/ Lankara" arrived off Anzali at half past the hour of eleven in the morning on October 7, 1860. The “famed tower” of Anzali was in plain view. The breeze did not permit the ship to draw any closer and so the ship dropped anchor at some distance from the shore. The local karaji came out competing among themselves to reach the ship, hoping to sell their goods to the passengers and crew and provide transportation back to shore. As it turned out, on that day, only two passengers were due to disembark at Anzali, and there was no cargo to land. Even though it was called a “town,” Melgunov observed, Anzali consisted of two villages, one at each side of the straits that separated the sea from the lagoon. Tiny sea shells, reeds, and shifting sand bars marked the southern approaches �to Anzali. On each side of the straits stood a tower set in about a mile from the water’s edge. The tower on the west or northern part of Anzali stood some 94 feet tall and the smoke from its signal could be seen as far east as "Piri Bazar". Anzali itself consisted of some 200 houses and 160 shops, 2 bathhouses, 3 mosques, and 3 shrines. Each house boasted a garden often bearing citrus trees. In the southern part of the lagoon lay "Miyanposhteh" Island, mostly covered in reeds. The inhabitants wove straw goods, grew silk and melons, and drove "karajis". The ships from Baku and Astrakhan, chiefly carrying consignments of coal and petroleum, would anchor offshore opposite the Russian trading houses, as Anzali itself did not have much of an anchorage. Melgunov observed that Anzali had the Caspian’s worst harbor; its bottom was rocky and storms arose in its vicinity without much warning. Steamers were prohibited from approaching the shore and were obliged to anchor some three miles off. The trade of Gilan, including Rasht and Anzali, according to Melgunov, consisted chiefly of silk and fisheries. The silk, in particular, was exported to such destinations as Constantinople in Turkey, Marseilles in France, and Russia. Among the foreign trading houses active in Gilan at the time were Riley and Company, which dealt in silk; the House of Diner, belonging to a Swiss entrepreneur; and the Kavkaz and Mercury Steam Navigation Company (Mirfendereski, 2001). During archaeological survey around the Anazli, we observed a few Shipbuilding factories where they are still building wooden fishing vessels in different size for navigating �in the sea and river (Fig 6). It should be noted that, today, a number of such these factories were decreased than previous periods. Fig. 6: Small Shipbuilding factory. (Authors, 2017) 3.4 Lahijan A city in the province of Gilān, located at 37°12′ N, long 50°0′ E, to the east of the lower reaches of Safidrud at an altitude of 4 m. (Bromberger, 2012). Around the coastline of Amirabad village in Lahijan that connect to Caspian Sea found the remains of wooden shipwreck. According to artifact recovered confirms the vessel has used as a cargo ship. The objects recovered from the vessel are mainly made in Russia and include some porcelain objects made by Kuznetsov Factory (Fig 7) (Mirsalehi, 1380). the porcelain factory took its name from the merchant and founder Terenti Kuznetsov. He established the factory in 1832 in Dulyovo [present Likin-Dulyovo]. Soon after, the factory’s �products became very popular and products exclusively produced since that time, they were known as “Imperial Porcelain Factory” in Russia. Kuznetsov porcelain designed and produced based on Eastern and Western tastes; so it had many customers. The factory had a wide range of products. For example, it produced 150 different types of lunch, tea and coffee sets and about 370 types of cups and various types of teaspoons, butter dishes, fruit dishes, sugar bowl, ashtrays, candlesticks, money boxes and other products (Torchinsky, 2010). The ship’s cargo recovered in 2001 and part of the cargo is currently displayed on Lahijan Anthropology Museum. Fig. 7: The cargo and hull of the Amirabad shipwreck. (Mirsalehi,2000) 3.5 Langarud A city and sub-provincial district (šahrestān) in Gilān located at lat 37°11′ N, long 50°09′ E on the Langarud River, which cuts through the city. From 1611 to 1899, Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen report: “Langroe (Langerud) is situate in low, swampy ground, and at the time of Gmelin's �visit, was in a ruined state; nothing but a few reed hovels were to be seen, and a half -ruined bridge and a masque. It was near here that the remains of the ship built by John Elton for Nadir Shah were to be seen. — Holmes' Sketches on the Shoi'es of the Caspian. (Jenkinson et al.,n.d ). "(t)he city owes its fame to the commercial and administrative functions it has performed throughout history. Located in the heart of a region that produces rice and silk, with the nearby quarter of Čamḵāla functioning as its commercial port, Langarud witnessed strong growth late in the 19th and early in 20th century when Iran’s trade with Russia and Europe was flourishing (Fig 8)(Bazin and Bromberger n.d). Chaf and Chamkhaleh is a city in the Central District of Langarud County, in Gilan Province northwest of Iran. The city is located on the Caspian Sea. In this area, we visited a Traditional Wooden Boatbuilding Factory, which they are building in different sizes that locals called "lutka/lodka" or "Nodonbal"(Fig 9). Fig. 8 (left): River landscape of Langarud. ( Holmes, 1845) and Fig 9. Traditional Wooden Boat Factory in Chaf and Chamkhaleh (Authours, 2017) �3.6 Rudsar A city and sub-provincial district (šahrestān) in eastern Gilān. The city is located at lat 37°08′ N, long 50°18′ E, at the place where the Caspian coastal highway crosses the small river Rudsar or Kiārud, 14 km southwest of Langarud (Bazin, n.d.). River "Shalman Rud" passed through Rudsar and flows into the Caspian Sea. Around the river where "Lalehrūd or Allah Rūd" village is suited; there are remains of a grounded wooden shipwreck. It is very significant for archaeological research. There are some clues in historical accounts on this matter, for example: "Jonas Hanway" reports as titled "an historical account of the British trade over the Caspian Sea": "Elton with locals built many warships for Nader Shah in a place that called "Langroud". It should be noted that the site of shipwreck is near to this location. Maybe this shipwreck belongs to Afsharid Era? Also, we were investigating on remains wooden shipwreck's Lalehrūd Rud in Rudsar County. Group members were recording all details' shipwreck in a special recording form (Fig. 10). We got some wooden samples from shipwrecks for dendrochronological studies. In relation to this matter, we are staying in touch with international scientists. �Fig 10. Rudsar shipwreck. (Authours,2017) 4 Conclusion Unfortunately, over several Decades of forming maritime archaeological studies in the world in this area of Iran is intact and need more maritime archaeological survey. In the nascent stage of maritime archaeological survey in Gilan province, we tried to identify maritime archaeological potentials and some historical accounts that mentioned to maritime spaces of Gilan province. It should be noted that in this paper we tried to mix historical accounts with archaeological records to clarify dating maritime culture heritage, but there are many hypotheses about seafaring in this area based on archaeological records. According to historical accounts, it is clear to us, there were seafaring activities in the Caspian Sea region since AD 9th century contemporary with Opening "Volga maritime trade" route until today. Also, it is noticed that, different kinds of watercrafts from shell-built to skeleton-built were used in this area. �Unresolved hypotheses of this issue move forward us to use of Multidisciplinary Studies and international contacts. References Agius, D. A. (2008). Classic ships of Islam from Mesopotmia to the Indian Ocean.berlin: LEIDEN. Boston. Alizadeh, R. (2015). The wreck of a Russian ship was explored in Rudsar. Retrived from Mehr News Agencey, 2015. News number: 2953226. Anichenkoa, Zh. (2006). Underwater Archaeology in the Caspian: Past, Present and Hopefully Future. 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Ax̮bārnāma : tārix̮-i Tālišān az salṭanati Nādir Šāh tā salṭanat-i Muḥammad Šāh Qāǧār. Editor: Hossein Ahmadi, Center for International Research and Education of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, 2004. McGrail, S.( 2004). Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. �Mirfendereski, G. (2001). A Diplomatic History of the Caspian Sea: Treaties, Diaries and Other Stories. New York: PALGRAVE. Mirsalehi, M. (2001). Reports of the shipwreck off the coast of Amirabad. Rasht: Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Gilan Province. Unpublished. Nikouyeh, Mohmoud, the guilan at the travelogues of foreigner exploration. Rasht: Farhang Elia. Okorokov, A. V. (1995), Archaeological finds of ancient dugouts in Russia and the Ukraine. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 24: 33– 45. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1995.tb00709.x Okorokov, A.V. 1993. Development of underwater archaeological investigations in Russia and the former Soviet Union. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22(3), pp. 270-269. Qajar, Naser al-Din Shah (1831-1896). Ruznameh-ye safar-e Gilan. Emendation and annotation: Manouchehr Sotodeh, Jahangiri art and cultural institution, gilan, 1988. Rensburg, J. v., Caputo, F., Omrani Rekavandi, H., Sauer, W. E., Shabani, B., & Ratcliffe, J. (2013). The Underwater Survey of the TAMMĪSHEH and Gorgān Walls. Oxbow. British Institute of Persian Studies Monograph, 425. Riadagestan. (2016, September 29 ). Anchor of sunken ships flotilla found in the Caspian Sea. Retrieved from REPUBLICAN INFORMATION AGENCY Dagestan: http://www.riadagestan.com/news_en/society/anchor_of_sunken_ships_ flotilla_found_in_the_caspian_sea_/ Rucevska, I., & Simonett, O. (2006). Vital Caspian Graphics 2 : Opportunities, Aspirations and Challenges. Zoï Environment/GRIDArendal. Sotuda , Manučeher,(1995). Az Āstārā tā Estārbād I: āṯār wa banāhā-ye tāriḵi-e Gilān Biapas, Tehran: publication of Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. �Sourtchi, Saman. (2004). Archaeological studies on the ship aground on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Sari-Mazandaran: Archives Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran Province. Torchinsky, O. (2010). Kuznetsov's "Porcelain Empire". Retrieved 14 Agust, 2015, from lastochka-fromrussiawithlove: http://lastochkafromrussiawithlove.blogspot.com/2010/01/kuznetsovs-porcelainempire.html Westerdahl, C. (1992), The maritime cultural landscape. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 21: 5–14. doi:10.1111/j.10959270.1992.tb00336.x Zonn , I. S., Kostianoy, A. G., Kosarev, A. N. & Glantz, M. H., 2010. The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia. Berlin : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Biographies Hossein Tofighian Ph.D. is a member of faculty and assistant professor of Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT). His field of study is about Sassanid period around Persian Gulf. He has been working on maritime archaeological studies in Iran particularly underwater cultural heritage of Persian Gulf for 15 years. Ramin Adibi M.A. has a M.A. in archaeology and a member of 'PADI', focused on Caspian Sea as "maritime archaeological studies", especially about Maritime Cultural Landscape of Caspian Sea. Runs a magazine called "Archaeology of Maritime Landscape". � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 5: Iran's Maritime Cultural Landscape Description An account of the resource The country of Iran benefits from having a long coastline. Sea spaces and coastlines were attractive settlements for humans throughout history. These extensive maritime landscapes have resulted in interactions between human and sea along the northern (Caspian Sea) and southern (Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman) coastlines of Iran. Iran’s rivers and lakes contain a great deal of evidence of human habitation and interaction. Due to the country’s long history of maritime culture, we can also observe sea effects on coastal communities in Iran. Maritime archaeological studies in Iran, however, are at a nascent stage. In the 1990’s, a small group of archaeologists from the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) investigated in the north of Persian Gulf to decode its unknown history. In 2000, the first coherent and planned activities of that group produced the "Underwater Surveys around the shores of Siraf Port in Bushehr Province". After that, the team surveyed "Bandar-e Rig"(Rig port), Portuguese castles in Siraf port, Southern Shores of the Bushehr Peninsula in the Persian Gulf. The team has worked on sites from "Shushtar’s Band-e Mizan"(Shushtar barrier), "Takht-e Suleiman" Lake, and the Amir Abad and "Zaghmarz" shipwrecks; the "TammÄ«sheh and Gorgān" Underwater Walls, and the "Ghorogh" and "Rudsar" shipwrecks. These projects were published in Persian by a domestic magazine. The team then prepared and distributed a booklet titled of "Iran, Underwater Cultural Heritage and It's Share in Maritime Archeological Studies" for the annual meeting of States Parties of The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2016. Next, UNESCO and ICHTO held "Training Workshop on Underwater Archaeology with a Focus on the UNESCO 2001 Convention" in Iran. These activities are continuing and we hope for some continued progress in maritime archaeological studies and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hossien Tofighian Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT), Iran Ramin Adibi Higher Institute of Marlik University, Iran Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Boat and ship Archaeology in Gilan Province (Iran) Description An account of the resource Gilan province is one the northern states of Iran which is located in south west of Caspian Sea and has relatively long coastlines. According to historical and geographical location of Gilan, in 2017, Maritime archaeology group of Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) decided to do a project as "Archaeology of maritime landscapes of Gilan Province". Main goal of perform this project was identifying immaterial and material of maritime culture across of Gilan province maritime landscape. Our Research area was from "Astara" county to "Rudsar" county in Gilan province. We were surveying about navigation and Boatbuilding in rivers, Lagoon and coastlines of Caspian Sea. For example: in "Estil" Lagoon in Astra county we observed a kind of Simple Watercraft which is more look like to a Dugout canoe. During this project, we observed and investigated about wooden boats with simple construction in different sizes that locals called "lutka/lodka" or "Nodonbal". Nowadays, fishermen use flatbottomed, double-ended vessel (in local dialect called "karaji") that linked to past period. So we were investigating on remains of "Ghorogh" wooden shipwreck in "Talesh" County and wooden shipwreck "LalehrÅ«d" in "Rudsar" County. We visited Traditional Wooden Boat Factory and interviewed with locals. This article based on desk and field research on traditional and historical boat and ship in each city of Gilan province. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hossien Tofighian Ramin Adibi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Hossien Tofighian Ramin Adibi Asia-Pac Session 5 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/15c86d3d8f69546a25fd2f6985e84956.pdf c1660bdd220e4aab7f83daa0900d6312 PDF Text Text Underwater Archeological investigation of Bushehr coastlines in Persian Gulf Hossien Tofighian Iranian center for archaeological research (ICAR) htofighian@yahoo.com Ramin Adibi Archaeological Maritime Landscape Online Magazine Ramin.adibi2012@gmail.com Abstract: When the Research Department of the University of Medical Sciences of Bushehr was studying marine biomedicine around the Bushehr peninsula they inadvertently discovered some pottery fragments. They then reported it to the Bushehr province Cultural Heritage organization. In the summer of 2016, the underwater archaeology group of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) surveyed the Bushehr coastlines for a month. During this field research, we identified and recorded the distribution of Sassanid pottery over approximately one kilometer square in the seabed around the Bushehr peninsula. Based on findings of pottery assemblages consisting of fragments of food storage vessels, Torpedo amphora, and turquoise ceramic glaze; it was assessed that this archaeological site represents the cargo of a shipwreck which sank in shallow water near the coastline. Over time, the cargo then spread across the seabed. We can observe the shipwreck processing in this case. At the first season of this field research, we could not identify the remains of the shipwreck hull but lots of fragments of torpedo shaped ceramic vessels were recored. Relative dating proved that all of the ceramic findings are related to the Sassanid era (224 to 651 CE). The quantity of sherds found proved that this is in fact a shipwreck site. Identification of the archaeological sites with torpedo shaped ceramic vessels distributed around the Persian Gulf indicate that regional maritime trade was widespread, in particular the Sassanid wine trade, and that seafaring practices were occurring in one of the ancient canals of Indian ocean. In this article, we explain about underwater archaeological investigations of Bushehr coastlines and outstanding ceramic findings including torpedo shaped ceramic vessels and turquoise �ceramic glaze wares that were used in maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the Sassanid and early Islamic periods.. Keywords: Persian Gulf, underwater archaeology, Bushehr port, Sassanid era, torpedo – shaped ceramic and turquoise ceramic glaze. 1. Introduction The Persian Gulf (also Persian Sea), is a crossroad connecting all civilizations,which is also a place of shipwrecks. Over recent years and as a consequence of underwater archaeological investigations in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, a number of historical areas and wrecked ships have been identified (Tofighian, 2014, 2014a, 2014b, 2016, 2017). Bushehr Port is one of those underwater archaeological areas in which historical ships have wrecked. This area has a special significance for researchers. During the field study, a number of dragon-shaped jars, pottery containers, glazed pottery parts, and a stone anchor were found. This underwater area, which was first identified by researchers of the Marine Medical Center affiliated to the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, is within 500 meters of the shoreline of Bushehr Port and from the Customs wharf to the building of Bushehr City Council. The site covers a spread of pottery containers at a depth between 3 to 6 meters. Before starting underwater investigations, the objects found were documented by the Marine Medical Center affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Given that some part of the explored pottery containers had been identified by researchers of the Marine Medical Center, no information of exact location of the underwater objects was at hand, but big jars for water and food storage informed the researchers that a ship had wrecked on the seabed. Only does the diversity of the explored containers and their abundance show the existence of a large and important underwater archaeological site. In addition, big jars of water and �food storage signify the existence of a shipwreck in the seabed. The efforts exerted by a group conducting underwater investigations and explorations were successful in spite of difficult conditions caused by insufficient underwater visibility and significant destruction having imposed to the underwater area. As a result, underwater archaeologists succeeded to explore a number of dragon-shaped jars and turquoise glazed pottery in the seabed . 2. The research area Bushehr Port is the capital of Bushehr Province, one of the Iranian southern provinces. "Nadir Shah Afshar" re-boomed the current Bushehr port in 1736. The name of this port was "Rishahr" in the ancient times. The foundation and construction of this port date back to "Ardeshir" I of the Sassanid. The resources referring to "Ardeshir" the Unifier mention a port called "Bokht Ardeshir". Those resources, along with other documents, show the significance of the Persian Gulf for the early Sassanid kings. The significance of Bushehr Port was so great that "Bokht Ardeshir" was connected by a road to Kazeroun and Shiraz through which exported goods were transported to other areas. But the current Bushehr Port with a history of 300 years was founded by Abu Mahiri, the son of Shaikh Nasser Khan Al-Mazkur (the shipmaster of Nadir Shah and the founder of Al-Mazkur dynasty) in 1735. The reason for the foundation of this city was that Nadir Shah wanted to construct a port in the south of Iran and establish navy. This port became so prosperous that was considered as rival to Basra (Fig. 1 & 2) Traces and works dating back to pre-history (such as "Tal sabz or Tal Pitel", the Elamite period (Lian), and the Sassanid and Islamic periods can be observed in Bushehr Peninsula. The Castle and Port of "Rishahr", the Sassanid Cemetery in "Shoghab", and the Sassanid "Hezar Mardan" Port are some of the monuments in this �area. The underwater ancient area studied in the present research is located at a distance of 500 meters from the shoreline of Bushehr Port and between the customs dock and the building of Bushehr City Council. This area is located at a depth of three to six meters under the sea covering an area about 700 meters along the shore and an approximate width of two hundred and fifty meters on the sandy bed of shallow body of water of Bushehr Peninsula. This area has been severely destroyed because of its proximity to the shore and the expansion of customs docks on the one hand and military maneuvers on the other hand . Fig.1 Location of Bushehr and the surrounding archaeological site. (Tofighian, 2016) �Fig.2: Location of the Underwater Archaeological site (Tofighian, 2016) 3. Methodology The explored underwater objects are the most important instruments for underwater investigations (Maarleveld, 1987: 35). But in investigating shores of Bushehr Port, lowest light and water clarity was available for divers. The area for investigations identified by the research team of the Marine Medical Center (Fig. 3) was drawn on a base map. This area with seven hundred meters long and two hundred and fifty meters wide was investigated. To begin underwater investigations, the team had to identify the starting and ending points on the seabed. With regard to permanent water movements, identification of the points were possible only via a few floating watermarks attached to heavy weights. The starting point of the investigation was recorded by GPS on a boat and the first buoy was fixed �in the area. To start underwater investigations, the two following methods were employed: Fig.3: The underwater archaeological team. (Tofighian, 2016) 1 .The beginning and the end of the area was determined by two buoys (watermarks). Then, the investigators started searching along the rope and after finishing this search round, the two buoys were displaced in the width direction of the area and the other part of the seabed as searched . 2 .Appropriate spots of the study area were recorded by buoys and GPS. Then, a rope was fastened to a buoy and divers started searching around this point in circularly. After completing each round, the radius of this circle got opener and a larger area was investigated. With regard to severe underwater streams, diving was impossible without the rope and buoys. In the second method, the second part of the area was conducted and all investigated spots were recorded via GPS and drawn on the basemap . In modern methods, the seabed are scanned via devices and techniques such as Sonar; then the obtained pictures are interpreted on a monitor via which underwater topologies and cultural phenomena are identified. �Nowadays, Iranian archaeologists have no access to efficient and advanced underwater equipment . For better understanding of the conditions of the shores of the study area and the possibility of identifying the potential shipwreck with regard to the shallow body of water, the investigators imaged the study area employing a quadcopter. Imaging from a low height in the shallow shores of the area and with regard to possible penumbras can be effective on identifying the traces of docks and debris of historical harbors. Thus the investigators tried to identify possible evidence and historical findings via the quadcopter. However, the taken pictures were not effective on underwater archaeological investigations in Bushehr shores. In addition, the study area was investigated via the Sonar Scanner Finger Feeder installed on a boat. But due to smoothness of sandy shallow seabed in Bushehr shores, the pictures obtained from Sonar were not effective. Therefore, the only possible method for investigating those shores was that professional divers search the seabed with under the supervision of the Marine Medical Center of Bushehr. This method was also conducted with difficulties . 4. Findings The results obtained from survey investigations of the dispersion of broken and intact pottery as well as the stone anchor indicate the existence of an area belonging to a shipwreck in the shallow part of Bushehr Peninsula. The objects were obtained in different time intervals and no unity was found among them. The dragon-shaped pottery containers were in fact middle-sized jars with horizontal handles and a number of turquoise glazed jars as well as a number of small deposited containers made dating the site possible (Fig. 4-6 ( �Fig. 4 (left): The remains of torpedo amphorae in shallow water around the southern of Bushehr Peninsula. (Tofighian, 2016) Fig. 5 (below): The remains of second torpedo amphorae in shallow water around the southern of of Bushehr Peninsula. (Tofighian, 2016) Fig 6 (above): Glazed pottery, recovered from the southern coast of busher. (Tofighian, 2016) �Dragon-shaped pottery jars dated back to late Parthian period to Sassanid period as well as the two first centuries of the Islamic period in maritime trading of the Persian Gulf for shipping valuable liquids such as olive oil, salty fish, wine, and seeds from Iranian ports to Arabian ports of the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, East Asian and East Africa with bitumen-painted inside surfaces for making them water-resistant. In addition, turquoise and green glazed pottery, as the most significant pottery of the Sassanid period, were observed among the explored objects which in addition to historical Iranian ports and areas of the Persian Gulf, have been found Arabic shores, East Africa, Indian subcontinent, and East Asia. It shows the expansion of the trading network of the Sassanid era in the Persian Gulf . One of the most important findings obtained from archaeological investigations in the shallow bodies of water in Bushehr Peninsula was a piece of oval rock with three holes (Fig.7). Unfortunately, no trace of a shipwreck was observed. Thus only its severely destructed and sporadic shipments were identified. Doing complementary investigations can significantly contribute to better understanding of the real nature of this underwater area . �Fig .7: A stone anchor with three holes from Bushehr. (Tofighian, 2016) Analysis and comparison of the pottery explored from the underwater area in Bushehr Port A large variety of pottery related to the Sassanid period were identified in the areas around the shores of the Persian Gulf. The most important explored pottery were the elegant orange painted pottery (Namard), grey small pottery, kneading pottery, big ornate jars and jugs for water and food storage, and more frequently, dragon-shaped and glazed pottery. Pottery with honeycomb decorations are other types of the Sassanid potteryobserved frequently in Siraf, but dating those potteryhas been doubted by a number of archaeologists (Simpson, 1992: 296 .) In archaeological investigations and identifications of the shores of Bushehr Port, three intact dragon-shaped jars with bitumen glaze inside them and a more number of broken pieces of dragon-shaped jars were explored. In this investigation, a number of glazed pottery containers dating back to the Sassanid era were explored as well. Dragon-shaped �pottery explored in Bushehr Port are comparable with the instances obtained from the Sassanid areas of the northern and southern shores of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the number of Monochrome glazed pottery containers can be observed among the underwater findings of shores of Bushehr Port. This type of Sassanid pottery is comparable with a lot of pottery obtained from Sassanid areas of the Persian Gulf as well as other areas summarily discussed as follows. 4.1 Dragon-shaped pottery One of the most important findings of the studies conducted on the pottery is that all pottery obtained from northern and southern shores of the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, and East Africa have been originally Iranian. This pottery is mainly dragon-shaped (Simpson, 1992: 291). The clay of those pottery in which bind materials such as abundant sand and fine dense sand grains are used are yellow or fallow. The external surface of containers are decorated and the inside surface is bitumen-glazed (Connan et al. 1998). Another main characteristic of this pottery type is its coils, cylindrical body without a neck, and a long and hollow insole (Adamz, 1970: 100). This pottery type is also called Torpedo Fuse Point. The bottom of this dish is called Spizfuss (Finster & Schmidt, 1976: 92) All in all, dragon-shaped jars (Torpedo) refer to those jars that have sharp bases and relatively open mouths. They were appropriate for carrying liquids in maritime trading. Those jars were made in different dimensions. Their inside surfaces were all bitumen-glazed in order that nothing can penetrate into the containers and spoil liquids. The arrangement of amphora were very easy because of sharpness of their bases, openness of their mouths, and the lack of necks in such a way that they did not shake by ships’ shaking. According to archaeological studies, dragon-shaped jars in the Persian Gulf date backs the early Parthian period to the early �Sassanid period and the two first Islamic period (about one thousand years) (Simpson, 1992: 291) This pottery of has been identified in most parts of northern and southern ports in the Persian Gulf as well as trans-coastal areas such as areas in "Bandar Rig", "Mahrouyan", "Siniz", "Hezar Mardan", "Gurestan Shoghab", "Rishahr", and southern shores of Bushehr Peninsula such as areas of "Jalali", "Siraf", historical shop of Siraf, and Nay "Band" Bay. In addition, some samples in trans-coastal areas such as Shush, Mianab Plain of Shushtar, Galalak of Shushtar, a sample in Museum of Ancient Iran, two samples in the Museum of London, and other samples of dragonshaped jars are comparable to those explored from underwater areas of Bushehr Peninsula (Tofighian, 2014). In southern shores of the Persian Gulf such as areas of Maliha, Eddor, Sohar, Jazirat al-Ghanam, Qana in Yemen, Kush and Al-Qosur in Kuwait, East Africa, and Indian subcontinent, dragon-shaped jars were explored (Tofighian, 2014). 4.2 Turquoise monochrome glazed pottery Well-baked glazed pottery with pepper paste and cream color made of binders of sand and better glaze is one of the main characteristics of the Sassanid pottery mainly made in Mesopotamia and Khuzestan (Mason & Keal 1991: 52). Glazed pottery of the Sassanid period, particularly turquoise pottery, are mostly observed in the Persian Gulf ports of the Sassanid and early Islamic periods. In "Mahrouyan" (Tofighian & Esmaeili, 2010: 275), the area of "Jaborj" near "Genaveh Port", "Rishahr", "Najiram (Bataneh)" (Tofighian, 2009), Siraf and a number of areas in "Hormozgan" such as "Ramchah", "Rigo", and "Soza" in "Qeshm" Island (Khosrowzadeh, 2006), instances of the Sassanid turquoise pottery were explored. In shores of the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and East Asia, some instances of monochrome glazed pottery have been explored. They can �be comparable with the glaze pottery explored in underwater areas of Bushehr Port . 5. Conclusion By doing underwater archaeological investigations and explorations of shores of Bushehr Peninsula, the following results were obtained: in shallow water in opposite Bushehr Port, an ancient site at a depth of 3 to 6 meters was identified. During investigations and with regard to exploration of dragon-shaped jars used for carrying wine, it was identified that the site is probably the place of an ancient shipwreck . In addition, investigations conducted on the broken and intact pottery as well as a stone anchor, the following results were obtained: a .Three intact dragon-shaped jars in different sizes in which were bitumen-glazed were explored. In addition, more numbers of broken pieces of dragon-shaped jars indicate a large number of jars in the explored area. In fact, the large number of dragon-shaped jars in those shores have been explored by local fishers. This jars can belong to the identified ancient area in Bushehr Peninsula . b. A big glazed jar with turquoise green, some smaller jars mainly with pale glaze, and some unglazed small to moderate jars with four handles were explored . c. A large number of broken and deposited pieces were also explored. The diverse shapes of those broken jars show the abundance of pottery containers in that historical wrecked ship. d. A stone anchor with three holes on its body were explored as well. This anchor remained in the seabed because of its high weight and big size . �According to initial studies on the pieces of explored pottery, especially turquoise green dragon-shaped ones rooted in the Sassanid period, dating this area may refer to the Sassanid and early Islamic periods. According to the evidence obtained from the stone anchor, small and moderate containers for food and water storage, and identification of a diverse number of dragon-shaped jars, the explored area may belong to maritime a cargo ship having been wrecked in that site. A large number of the jars were arranged in the cargo carrying valuable liquids such as oils and wine from Iranian ports to other destinations. Better understanding of this area and access to their real identity require more field studies in future . References Ataei, M. T. (2005). An Archaeological report on Rishahr shore in Bushehr Peninsula. Journal of Archaeology, 1(1); 85-93. Daryaei, T. (2004). The Sassanid kingdom. M. Saghebfar (Trans.). Tehran: Qoqnoos Publication . Daryaei, T. (2007). The Persian Gulf maritime trade at the end of the ancient period. H. Kian Rad (Trans.). Irnonology Foundation. Pp. 97-122 . Estakhri, A. E. (1989). Ways and nations. I. Afshar (Trans.). 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Biography Hossein Tofighian Ph.D., A member of faculty and assistant professor of Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT). His field of study is about Sassanid period around Persian Gulf. He has been working on maritime archaeological studies in Iran particularly underwater cultural heritage of Persian Gulf for 15 years. Ramin Adibi M.A., M.A. in archaeology and a member of 'PADI', focused on Caspian Sea as "maritime archaeological studies", especially about Maritime Cultural Landscape of Caspian Sea. Runs a magazine called "Archaeology of Maritime Landscape". � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 5: Iran's Maritime Cultural Landscape Description An account of the resource The country of Iran benefits from having a long coastline. Sea spaces and coastlines were attractive settlements for humans throughout history. These extensive maritime landscapes have resulted in interactions between human and sea along the northern (Caspian Sea) and southern (Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman) coastlines of Iran. Iran’s rivers and lakes contain a great deal of evidence of human habitation and interaction. Due to the country’s long history of maritime culture, we can also observe sea effects on coastal communities in Iran. Maritime archaeological studies in Iran, however, are at a nascent stage. In the 1990’s, a small group of archaeologists from the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) investigated in the north of Persian Gulf to decode its unknown history. In 2000, the first coherent and planned activities of that group produced the "Underwater Surveys around the shores of Siraf Port in Bushehr Province". After that, the team surveyed "Bandar-e Rig"(Rig port), Portuguese castles in Siraf port, Southern Shores of the Bushehr Peninsula in the Persian Gulf. The team has worked on sites from "Shushtar’s Band-e Mizan"(Shushtar barrier), "Takht-e Suleiman" Lake, and the Amir Abad and "Zaghmarz" shipwrecks; the "TammÄ«sheh and Gorgān" Underwater Walls, and the "Ghorogh" and "Rudsar" shipwrecks. These projects were published in Persian by a domestic magazine. The team then prepared and distributed a booklet titled of "Iran, Underwater Cultural Heritage and It's Share in Maritime Archeological Studies" for the annual meeting of States Parties of The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2016. Next, UNESCO and ICHTO held "Training Workshop on Underwater Archaeology with a Focus on the UNESCO 2001 Convention" in Iran. These activities are continuing and we hope for some continued progress in maritime archaeological studies and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hossien Tofighian Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism (RICHT), Iran Ramin Adibi Higher Institute of Marlik University, Iran Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Archeological investigation of Bushehr coastlines in Persian Gulf Description An account of the resource When the Research Department of the University of Medical Sciences of Bushehr was studying marine biomedicine around the Bushehr peninsula they inadvertently discovered some pottery fragments. They then reported it to the Bushehr province Cultural Heritage organization. In the summer of 2016, the underwater archaeology group of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) surveyed the Bushehr coastlines for a month. During this field research, we identified and recorded the distribution of Sassanid pottery over approximately one kilometer square in the seabed around the Bushehr peninsula. Based on findings of pottery assemblages consisting of fragments of food storage vessels, Torpedo amphora, and turquoise ceramic glaze; it was assessed that this archaeological site represents the cargo of a shipwreck which sank in shallow water near the coastline. Over time, the cargo then spread across the seabed. We can observe the shipwreck processing in this case. At the first season of this field research, we could not identify the remains of the shipwreck hull but lots of fragments of torpedo shaped ceramic vessels were recored. Relative dating proved that all of the ceramic findings are related to the Sassanid era (224 to 651 CE). The quantity of sherds found proved that this is in fact a shipwreck site. Identification of the archaeological sites with torpedo shaped ceramic vessels distributed around the Persian Gulf indicate that regional maritime trade was widespread, in particular the Sassanid wine trade, and that seafaring practices were occurring in one of the ancient canals of Indian ocean. In this article, we explain about underwater archaeological investigations of Bushehr coastlines and outstanding ceramic findings including torpedo shaped ceramic vessels and turquoise ceramic glaze wares that were used in maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the Sassanid and early Islamic periods. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hossien Tofighian Ramin Adibi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Hossien Tofighian Ramin Adibi Asia-Pac Session 5 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Biography of Huang Chao Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xiu Ouyang Howard S. Levy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of California Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Xiu Ouyang Translator Howard S. Levy Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Place Berkeley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of California Press Title A name given to the resource Biography of Huang Chao China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Biography of Huang Ch’ao Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Howard S. Levy Howard S. Levy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of California Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Howard S. Levy Translator Howard S. Levy Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Place Berkeley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of California Press Title A name given to the resource Biography of Huang Ch’ao China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/0a1c7897fd6217d79d7f781987e9fb1b.pdf 08910e429db9ef6fa044c51d36d31139 PDF Text Text In-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan and related issues TSANG Cheng-Hwa and HUANG Han-chang (National Tsing Hua University) ABSTRACT The preservation of underwater cultural heritage is a nascent matter in Taiwan, and it is necessary to accumulate experience from trial and error in order to establish appropriate and feasible practice. As far as the in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage is concerned, in accordance with the ‘UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage’, the domestic ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act’ stipulates that ‘underwater cultural heritage should be preserved in-situ as a principle’, and thus the competent authority imposes strict restrictions on the practices of preservation and excavation of underwater cultural heritage. But such actions have caused debates, such as: ‘Is in-situ preservation reasonable in theory or feasible in practice?’ In Taiwan, since 2006, the underwater archeology team of Academia Sinica commissioned by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture has officially launched the archaeological investigation of underwater cultural heritage. It has so far collected more than 700 pieces of documentary records of shipwrecks and underwater cultural relics in the surrounding waters of Taiwan, and 500 of them have been preliminarily investigated and verified as significant underwater targets. Among the 500 targets, 97 were confirmed as the remains of shipwrecks and cultural relics, and 6 of them have already been listed by the competent authority as special underwater cultural heritage in accordance with the ‘Act’ by now. Many more underwater cultural heritages are being prepared for listing. The problem currently arising is that are all listed underwater cultural assets required to be preserved in situ? How can we appropriately preserve them in-situ? Undoubtedly, this is a subject that needs to be carefully evaluated and planned. Keywords：underwater cultural heritage, in-situ preservation, underwater archaeology, protection zone of underwater cultural heritage THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY IN TAIWAN Taiwan has a vast sea area. Due to the factors of human history and natural environment, there are rich and diverse underwater cultural heritage, including the remains of human activities in the Paleolithic Age more than 10,000 years ago, the submerged coastal settlement sites, as well as various material remains of human navigation activities from the Neolithic Age to modern times, are an extremely important historical and cultural treasure trove, which not only contains scientific research materials and evidence, but also precious cultural heritage. Underwater archaeological investigations are certainly needed. In the past, the National Museum of History firstly conducted archaeological investigations on the ancient shipwreck of the ‘Jiangjun No. 1’ in the waters of Penghu in 1996, 1999, and 2001 (Luo Shengzong 2011). However, after the completion of this work, the underwater archaeological work in Taiwan died down, and there was no further development. It was not until the end of 1995 when the Council for Cultural Affairs entrusted the underwater archaeological team of Academia Sinica to carry out a research project on ‘the Investigation and Excavation of Ancient Shipwrecks in Magong Port, Penghu, and the Talents Cultivation Program for Underwater Cultural Heritage and Conservation Science ‘, and underwater archeology in Taiwan has sprouted again since then. Afterwards, the work of underwater archaeology, including carrying out general underwater archaeological surveys and doing research on ancient documents, archives and oral history relevant to underwater cultural heritage have been persisting until now. The Underwater Archeology Team has so far collected more than 700 pieces of information about shipwrecks and underwater cultural relics in the surrounding waters of Taiwan, and about 500 of them have been preliminarily investigated and confirmed as underwater targets with significance. Currently, 97 of these underwater targets have been verified as cultural relics and 20 of them have been identified as historical shipwrecks. Currently, the competent authority has listed 6 shipwrecks as special underwater cultural heritage for management in accordance with the ‘ Underwater Cultural Heritage 1 �Protection Act’ (hereafter as ‘Act’) (Cheng-hwa Tsang 2003, (Cheng-hwa Tsang et al 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020). LEGISLATIONS AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE IN TAIWAN The ‘ Act ‘ is the main law for the protection of underwater cultural heritage in my country. Article 1 of the ‘Act’ states that ‘In order to preserve, protect and manage underwater cultural heritage, to establish the link between nationals and history, to promote the characteristics of this ocean Nation, and to value the spirit of the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage of the United Nations and relevant international agreements, this Act is hereby enacted.’ The competent authority of the ‘Act’ is the Ministry of Culture. Following the coming into effect of the ‘Act ‘ in 2015, 13 sub-laws or regulations related to the preservation of underwater cultural heritage have promulgated one after another. The most important ones among them are: 1. ‘Rules for the Implementation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act’ (2016), 2. ‘Regulations for Notification and Management of Activities Involving Seabed or Subsoil ‘(2016), 3. ‘Regulations for the Investigation and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage before the Development and Utilization of waters’ (2016), ‘Regulations for Cultivating Professionals of Underwater Cultural Heritage’ (2016), 4. ‘Regulations for the Administration of Activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage’ (2016), 5. ‘Regulations for the Designation and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Zones’ (2016), and 6. ‘Guidance on the Operations of Underwater Cultural Heritage Survey and the Technology of Instrument Detection ‘(2017). Therefore, the legal system concerning the protection of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan covers most of the relevant aspects of protection and management. It seems to be quite complete, and should be able to provide a good foundation for the implementation and development of underwater archaeology. However, after many years of implementation, there are still some problems in the practice and enforceability with these regulations. In the following, I will focus my discussion on three practical issues of preservation in-situ. PRACTICAL ISSUES ARISING FROM IN-SITU PRESERVATION OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE IN TAIWAN As mentioned above, there are a large number of sunken ships in the waters around Taiwan, and currently 6 of them have been listed by the competent authority as special underwater cultural heritage in accordance with the ‘Act’. Many more underwater cultural heritages are being prepared for listing. The problem currently arising is that are all listed underwater cultural assets required to be preserved in situ? How can we appropriately preserve them in-situ? Undoubtedly, this is a subject that needs to 2 �be carefully evaluated and planned. As far as the current situation is concerned, at least three relevant issues are worthy of discussion: (1) The issue of taking cultural relics out of water. (2) Problems in the supervision and protection of listed shipwrecks. (3) The dilemma of establishing protection zones for underwater cultural heritage. 1. The issue of taking cultural relics out of the water Article 2, paragraph 5, of the UNESCO UCH Convention: ‘ The preservation in situ of underwater cultural heritage shall be considered as the first option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage.’ This has become one of the most important provisions of this Convention. Correspondingly, my country's ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act’ has a similar provision. Article 27 stipulates that The preservation in-situ of underwater cultural heritage shall be the first option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage. The proper means for in situ preservation referred to in the preceding paragraph may include recordation management, protection zone, or other proper preservation measures. Therefore, preservation in-situ is one of the most important criteria for the preservation of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan. Its legislative intention is probably even stronger than that of the Convention. Therefore, the fifth chapter of the ‘Act’ has a special chapter on ‘Excavating Out of the Water’, in which there are very strict regulations for the excavation of underwater cultural heritage: ‘Underwater cultural heritage shall not be excavated out of the water except for the following situations: 1. the underwater cultural heritage related to historical status or recognition of the nation. 2. The absence of such underwater cultural heritage could be detrimental to a full understanding of human history. 3. The underwater cultural heritage is of substantial commercial value that cannot be protected without excavating it out of the water. 4. Excavation is necessary for the investigation and research of underwater cultural heritage. 5. The underwater cultural heritage cannot be sufficiently preserved, protected or managed without excavating it out of the water due to an emergency or the change of the existing environment. 6. Other situations in which the competent authority deems necessary to excavate out of the water. Based on these provisions, the competent authority has become very cautious about the underwater cultural heritage being taken out of the water. Even for approved underwater archaeological investigations, any action of taking underwater cultural relics must be reported for approval in advance. Even if there is an urgency for research or even maintenance, it must first be reported to the competent authority for deliberation and approval. This administrative rule that sticks to the law may 3 �not be appropriate. Not only may it hinder the research needs and understanding of underwater cultural heritage, but also increases the risk of underwater cultural heritage preservation. This is because cultural relics preserved in water may not be absolutely safe, and they are often destroyed or vanished due to various human or natural factors. Therefore, whether cultural relics should be or not should be out of the water should be based on whether the measures of in-situ preservation can be better protected and maximize their benefits. And it should be evaluated and judged based on professional knowledge, not just a rigid legal clause. 2. Issues on the supervision and protection of underwater cultural heritage Article 27(2) of the ‘ Act ‘ stipulates that The proper means for in situ preservation referred to in the preceding paragraph may include recordation management, protection zone, or other proper preservation measures. In my country, there is so far no underwater cultural heritage protection zone that has yet been established so far. The only way to protect the 6 listed special underwater cultural heritage is recordation management, which consists of monitoring and recording. The monitoring work is an attempt to observe the preservation state of the shipwrecks and to observe any change caused by either natural or human factors. The recording work aims to collect basic environmental data related to the preservation of the shipwrecks, mainly including: (1) sea area hydrology: current velocity, flow direction, tide, water temperature. (2) sea water quality: salinity, pH value. (3) sea organisms: planktons and benthic organisms. (4) sediment and topography of the sea bed: sediment morphology, water depth, seabed topography, and slope. Based on years of experience, it seems that there are still some deficiencies that need to be improved in the future. For example, in-situ preservation is not only necessary to avoid intrusion and interference by human and natural factors, but more importantly, to conserve the underwater cultural heritage on site. Professional understanding of the state of the in-situ preserved underwater cultural heritage, such as the decaying condition of the wooden relics, the degree of corrosion and decomposition of the metal objects, etc., will provide valuable information for taking appropriate maintenance measures. This kind of work is undoubtedly a very important part of in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage. Every underwater archaeological operation should be joined by professionally trained conservation personnel. It can assist underwater archaeologists to take immediate protection measures and provide suggestions for further actions to improve them. However, there is a complete shortage of personnel in this area and there is an urgent need to train them in my country. 3. The dilemma of establishing protected area for underwater cultural heritage Article 28 of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Act stipulates that When the review committees make a decision that it is necessary to designate a specific underwater cultural heritage protection zone, the competent authority should consult with relevant authorities to designate and publicize an underwater cultural heritage protection zone within such a water area to preserve the underwater heritage in situ. In order to implement the establishment of Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Zones, the ‘Regulations for the Designation and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Protection Zones’ (hereafter as’ Protection Zones’ coming into effect in 2016. Article 2 of this regulations stipulates that The criteria for designating underwater cultural heritage protection zones are as follows: （1） It has important historical, cultural, archaeological, artistic or scientific value and must be preserved on site in the form of a protected area. 4 �（2） The texture of the underwater cultural heritage is fragile and prone to man-made or natural damage. In order to ensure the safety of the underwater cultural heritages, they must be preserved on site in the form of protected areas. （3） The remains of underwater cultural heritage are widely distributed or are closely related to the surrounding environment. It is not enough to present a complete context unless preserved underwater, and must be preserved on site in the form of protected areas. （4）Other needs for the preservation, protection or management of underwater cultural heritage. Although the government has established comprehensive regulations for the establishment of underwater cultural heritage protection zones, no protection zone has been able to achieve so far due to many difficulties. According to Article 14 of the’ Protection Zones’, the competent authorities may designate protection zones and make public announcements in accordance with the provisions of Article 28 (1), of the ‘Act’. In addition, according to Article 30 of the ‘Act’, after the announcement of the protection zone, the competent authority should formulate to set up a management and protection plan, and may designate the following zones as appropriate: 1. core zone; 2. buffer zone. However, these provisions seem to be over idealized. I herewith just mention three cases which show the difficulties of establishing a protection zone. Case 1: The Green Island No. 1 was an important mid-19th century European trading vessel, the wreck of which is located in the water near the southeast coast of the offshore Island of Green Island in Southeastern Taiwan, and it is necessary indeed to designate it as a protection zone because of its underwater cultural heritage value. However, since its location is near the main port of Green Island and close to a recreational diving spot, it has immediately encountered resistance from local residents and tourism operators when a protection zone is proposed to set up there. Case 2: The British steamship SS Sobraon wrecked near the northern coast of the Dongyin Island of the Mazu archipelago in 1901, the site of which is located in the military artillery shooting range. Although it can produce the effect of protecting underwater cultural heritage if a protection zone is set up there, the security of national defense must also be taken into consideration. Because Article 31 of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act states: Activity undertaken for the needs of national security or emergency may not be subject to the restrictions……, Any activity undertaken thereafter should be reported to the competent authority, except that a military or national defense secret involved. Case 3: The underwater archaeological team has discovered a large number of sunken ships within and surrounding Dongsha Atoll in the South China Sea. This atoll is located in the South China Sea and is a very isolated island group, which seems to be a very ideal place for being designated as an underwater cultural heritage protection zone. But, it is exactly due to its remote and isolated geographical location, which makes supervision and management extremely difficult. Even if the protection zone is designated, it is difficult to achieve the effect of protection. Even today, fishermen from different countries sometimes come here to dismantle iron shipwrecks and salvage underwater cultural relics. It is clear that the designation of an underwater cultural heritage protection zone requires consideration of many factors and is not an easy task. As Article 13(2) of the ‘ Protection Zone’ states: When deliberating the management and protection plan of the protection zone, the review committee may consider whether it will have a major impact on the rights and interests of stakeholders as well as underwater cultural heritage and their 5 �context, including economic activities, research, education, tourism, leisure and entertainment that rely on the area, activities and other related rights and interests, fishery rights, aboriginal culture, ceremonies, or self-use behaviors that conform to sustainable use. In 2021, Chapter 5 of the ‘Regulations for the Designation and Management of Underwater Cultural Asset Protection Areas’ was amended to include new regulations on access to underwater cultural heritage protection zones for tourism diving, including the requirements for qualifications for underwater tour guides. For the purpose of enhancing this provision, the competent authority has recently conducted training programs for underwater cultural heritage tour guides and hope to make preparations for opening some of the underwater cultural heritage protection zones in the future. However, If the establishment of the protection zones can finally be realized, sufficient planning must be completed before it is opened for diving tourists, especially for those who want to go underwater for guiding tours, the requirements for professional qualifications and knowledge training must be strengthened. Otherwise, it will be difficult to avoid irreparable harm to underwater cultural heritage. CONCLUDING REMARKS Although the investigation of underwater cultural heritage in my country has not been developed for a long time. A large number of underwater cultural heritage sites have been discovered, and it has aroused the general attention of the state and the people. Finally, the ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act’ was promulgated in 2015, but since its implementation is still a new matter, it still needs to accumulate experience from trial and error in order to establish appropriate and feasible ethics and norms. Among the many issues currently facing, the implementation of in-situ preservation is the most controversial. This may be due to the fact that the competent authority has been misled by the principle that ‘ The in- situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage should be considered as the first and preferred option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage.’ stated in the ‘Convention’. On the other hand, it may be due to the lack of understanding of the actual immediate hazards faced by underwater cultural heritage and the environment in which they are located. As a result, many strict restrictions have been set for subsequent excavations and removal of cultural relics from the water. Although the current situation has gradually improved after continuous communication between underwater archaeologists and the competent authority. But, the issues of the supervision and protection of the listed shipwrecks and other underwater cultural relics as well as the difficulties faced in designating protection zones for underwater cultural heritage are still important issues to discuss and find solutions. 6 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Luo, Sheng-tzung, “The Story of General No. 1” in “Scientific Development” February, Issue 458, 2011 National Historical Museum, “Report on the Survey of General No. 1 Excavation of the Ancient Shipwreck in Penghu Sea Area”. Taipei: National Historical Museum, 1997 National Historical Museum, “Report on Excavation of the Ancient Shipwreck General No. 1 in the Penghu Sea Area”. Taipei: National Historical Museum, 1999 Tsang, Chen-hwa, Huang Han-chang, et al. “General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Seas Near Taiwan Report Series: The Third Phase Report (3),” Published by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture. 2019. “General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Seas Near Taiwan Report Series: The Third Phase Report (2),” Published by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture. 2019. “General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Seas Near Taiwan Report Series (1): The Third Phase Report”, Published by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture. 2019 “General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Seas Near Taiwan: Phase II Report (3)”, Published by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture.2018 “General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Seas Near Taiwan: Phase II Report (2)”, Published by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture.2018 “General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Seas Near Taiwan: Phase II Report (1)”, Published by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture.2018 “Report of the General Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Seas Near Taiwan: The First Phase Report”, Published by the Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture.2016 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 26: General session Subject The topic of the resource Session 26 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 26 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan and related issues Description An account of the resource The preservation of underwater cultural heritage is a nascent matter in Taiwan, and it is necessary to accumulate experience from trial and error in order to establish appropriate and feasible practice. As far as the in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage is concerned, in accordance with the ‘UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage’, the domestic ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act’ stipulates that ‘underwater cultural heritage should be preserved in-situ as a principle’, and thus the competent authority imposes strict restrictions on the practices of preservation and excavation of underwater cultural heritage. But such actions have caused debates, such as: ‘Is in-situ preservation reasonable in theory or feasible in practice?’ In Taiwan, since 2006, the underwater archeology team of Academia Sinica commissioned by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of the Ministry of Culture has officially launched the archaeological investigation of underwater cultural heritage. It has so far collected more than 700 pieces of documentary records of shipwrecks and underwater cultural relics in the surrounding waters of Taiwan, and 500 of them have been preliminarily investigated and verified as significant underwater targets. Among the 500 targets, 97 were confirmed as the remains of shipwrecks and cultural relics, and 6 of them have already been listed by the competent authority as special underwater cultural heritage in accordance with the ‘Act’ by now. Many more underwater cultural heritages are being prepared for listing. The problem currently arising is that are all listed underwater cultural assets required to be preserved in situ? How can we appropriately preserve them in-situ? Undoubtedly, this is a subject that needs to be carefully evaluated and planned. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tsang Cheng-Hwa Huang Han-chang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Tsang, Cheng-hwa and Han-chang Huang. 2023. “In-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan and related issues.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Elena Pérez Álvaro. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2006 Asia-Pac Session 26 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hugh R Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Hugh R Clark Item Type Book ISBN 052139029X Call Number HC428.F84C58 1991 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Extra Series: (Cambridge studies in Chinese history, literature, and institutions) Physical description: xii, 266 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm Series: (Cambridge studies in Chinese history, literature, and institutions) Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-258) and index LCCN: 90022182 Control Number: ocm22734966 Library Catalog lib-app3.usc.edu Library Catalog Place Cambridge [England] ; New York Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Short Title Community, Trade, and Networks Title A name given to the resource Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/0af9b30251118b20038e180a55a4676c.pdf e6018cebd4ceada3296992bfa5518326 PDF Text Text Establishing a Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit in Tanzania Humphrey Mahudi1 Abstract Tanzania has a coastline of about 1,424 kilometres (km) with many famous ancient coastal towns such as Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mafia and Bagamoyo. The town’s host many underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites which are not yet documented. About 40 shipwrecks have been documented but most have not been surveyed. Tanzania Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Programme (TMUCHP), which started in 2009, aims at empowering a number of Tanzanian stakeholders and staff to establish the Tanzanian Maritime Cultural Heritage (MUCH) Unit with skills and resources to record, document and monitor UCH sites. The various stakeholders come from different government departments and Dar es Salaam University in the United Republic of Tanzania which includes the Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. The Centre for International Heritage Activities (CIE) through United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and Government of the Royal Kingdom of Netherlands has been implementing various activities in the TMUCHP. The programme has achieved the survey of the Great Northern shipwreck in Zanzibar, and a preliminary survey at the World Heritage Site of Kilwa Kisiwani. The programme has included training sessions aimed at raising awareness amongst the Tanzanian community about the importance of implementing a MUCH programme and to enhance this discipline with various stakeholders. It has also imparted knowledge and skills on diving and working on archaeological sites. The programme contains other achievements including, stimulating the Government of Republic of Tanzania to start the process to ratify the UNESCO 2001 Convention for Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention); signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the government stakeholders and CIE; the establishment of a database as an ongoing process; and attending Regional workshops and training in various countries. The establishment of a MUCH programme faces many challenges; shortage of funds for strengthening an understanding of maritime archaeology and conducting more surveys. Capacity building amongst team members by visiting other countries with successful maritime archaeology practices is also sought after. Lack of diving and survey equipment is also limiting further work. While the program has had some successes, Tanzania’s many maritime and UCH sites are not yet uncovered; I will expand on what we see as the way forward in this paper. 1. Introduction Tanzania has a rich maritime history. Swahili culture is closely related and has a long history of interaction with the Arabs. It is important to educate and share this rich history with local people and the world. Tanzania also has a rich natural heritage including world famous National Parks such as Serengeti, Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro crater and Mount Kilimanjaro which is regarded as the roof of Africa this is a non- exhaustive list. These natural heritage sites are valuable to local communities since they create economic opportunities through employment, trading and other income generating activities. The natural heritage sites also are tourists’ attractions in which both local and foreigners visit. 1 Mafia Island Marine Park and Team Leader, Tanzanian MUCH Unit 1 �Agriculture contributes most to Tanzania’s national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while in the tourism industry an average of 500,000 tourists visit Tanzania annually and contribute 22.6% of the national GDP; with the number of tourists escalating every year (MNRT 2011). There are several categories of cultural heritage in Tanzania, e.g. the land based cultural heritage and the underwater heritage that include water bodies such as oceans, lakes, rivers and wells (Patience 2006). Currently, only 40 shipwrecks are documented along the coast of Tanzania (ibid). There are many different underwater cultural remains in Tanzania which have not yet been explored such as shipwrecks (ancient and modern), aircraft, submerged or dry maritime infrastructures e.g. harbour, lighthouses, navigation aids and cities ; submerged prehistoric coastal settlements (fish traps and weirs, salt pans), submerged lakeside settlements (crannogs), riverine and swamps systems with associated sites and remains (ship, indigenous watercraft, settlements), (Lane 2005) and land-based sites showing maritime related iconographies (rock painting and engravings, see Sukkham and Taçon this volume). The development in diving technology has made them more accessible and therefore susceptible to anthropogenic destruction. 2. Location and History of Tanzania in Maritime and UCH Tanzania has an area of 945,000 square kilometers located in the eastern part of Africa. Dodoma is the official capital city while Dar es Salaam is the administrative city. It had an estimated population of 39,024,800 in 2006 while more than 80% of the population lives rurally, 95% of the population are Bantu consisting of 130 tribes. Tanzania has a distinct geographical environment including central plateau, lakes in north and west, coastal plains, southern highlands, lakes (Victoria, Tanganyika, and Nyasa). Half the country is forested. The country comprises of the islands Zanzibar and Pemba. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa at 5,895 meters. Tanzania also has the world first known site of modern man’s ancestors in Olduvai Gorge. And last, but not least, we have the Ngorongoro Crater, which is 14.5 km across and 762 meters deep. 2 �Figure 1. Map of Tanzania (source http://zhenghe.tripod.com/maps/tanzania.jpg) 2.1 Tanzania cultural heritage sites In Tanzania there are many cultural heritage sites but in this paper I will mention three famous sites which are associated with detailed surveying done by MUCH. The sites are Zanzibar, Kilwa and Mafia. Zanzibar The main city of Zanzibar, Stone Town evolved through several millennia of maritime mercantile interaction. The surviving town is a physical reflection of testimony to this long-term interchange of human values within the coastal region of East Africa. It gives an authentic impression of the living Swahili culture and it is the best preserved example of its kind. The layout, technology, and design of the Stone Town buildings, expertly blending imported and local ideas, materials, and techniques, makes Stone Town an example of indigenous creativity. Its continuous use as a residential and commercial town is a powerful medium for manifesting the memories of the slave trade and of explorers such as Vasco de Gama and David Livingstone (ICOMOS 2000). Two major cultural traditions merge to form the Swahili civilization on the East African coast. A series of harbour towns developed under influences from the interior of Africa and from the lands across the Indian Ocean. There was a loose confederation of small coastal city states known as the Zenj bar (Black Empire) which operated in the 8th-10th centuries (ICOMOS 2000). The best preserved of these towns is Zanzibar, the name of which is derived from the Perso-Arabic word meaning, “the coast of the blacks”, (ibid). The earliest of these 3 �towns has been excavated at Unguja Ukuu on Zanzibar Island, where 5th century Common Era (CE)2 Roman and Sassanian-Islamic pottery has been found (ibid). Kilwa Neville Chittick (1974:27) considered settlement on Kilwa Kisiwani to have begun around CE 800. Kilwa was a small place with limited external trade and a subsistence economy based upon fishing, shell gathering, bead grinding, and iron smelting (Chittick 1974:28-29; Shepherd 1982:136). The site offered security as it was separated from the mainland by a channel 1 to 2 km wide, protected from ocean storms, and a harbor with sufficient depth to moor sailing vessels, including ocean-going dhows3 (Sutton 1998:133). Late Stone Age and early Iron Age artifacts from the 4th century have been discovered at Kilwa Kisiwani (Moon 2005:6). Kilwa Kisiwani therefore contains about 1600 years of tangible and intangible heritage in connection with the coast and sea and the development of the Swahili culture. It is a very significant site and while considerable work has been implemented on land to interpret and promote the value of the site, very little has been carried out on underwater sites. Mafia Island Mafia Island is located 120 km south of Dar es Salaam. The western side of the island faces the extensive Rufiji river delta. The history of Mafia is attributed by Shiraz who dominated trade in East Africa during 11th - 13th centuries (URT 2000;MIMP 2002). They built their settlement at Kua and Ras Kisimani. Ruins at Kisimani are earlier (12th Century) and have been partially washed into the sea, but Kua have survived with outstanding walls and archways still standing (URT 2000). In 19th century Kua, being a capital of Mafia, was invaded by “Sakalafa” people from Madagascar (MIMP 2002). In 1890 Germany took over and controlled the whole of Mafia (URT 2000). 3. Tanzania Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Program The status of UCH in Tanzania dates back to 2006. Stakeholders meetings and training sessions on UCH were conducted both to raise awareness on the field building capacity of Tanzanians and, as per stakeholders opinions, the requirements for possible ratification of the 2001 Convention. 2 A Georgian Calendar designation starting at year one, which is marked by the birth of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, with each year, added one by one. 3 A Traditional Arab, wooden built Sailing canoe commonly used for carrying goods or passengers along the coasts of Indian Ocean. 4 �Figure 2. Tanzania Maritime and Cultural Heritage team (House of wonders, Zanzibar). In 2008 the Tanzanian government, through the Antiquities division under Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism (MNRT), requested the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherlands (EKN) to assist in a capacity building program in the field of UCH in the country. In February 2009, phase 1 of the program in building the capacity of Tanzanians in implementing maritime and UCH activities commenced under the leadership of the experts from the Centre for Heritage Activities – CIE of Netherlands. Since 2009 a series of training sessions were conducted and a team of 14 trained personnel currently operate in Tanzania. Participants of the team are accrued from the following institutions namely Marine Parks and Reserves, National Museum of Tanzania, Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Antiquities and Museum – Zanzibar, University of Dar es Salaam, and Zanzibar Ports Authority. These experts could effectively implement a number of aspects required for maritime and UCH program through the Department of Antiquities as the national coordinator. Marine Parks and Reserve Unit is one stakeholder who’s mission is to establish and manage marine protected areas (MPA) for sustainable use. There are several MPAs which are already established in Tanzania. These are Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves (2005), Mafia Island Marine Park (1995), Mnazi Bay and Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (2000) and Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park (2009).The Marine Parks and Reserves Act of 1994 speculates on conservation of cultural heritage that are within the MPA. 5 �The TMUCHP (2008) aims at, Protecting and researching significant Tanzania maritime heritage sites, establish a “Competenty Authority” and implementing a proactive programme, implementing community engagement and awareness, implementing community academic and heritage management projects and developing a sustainabble tourism programme. The program has involved many theoretical and practical sessions from learning to dive, through to the implementation of a non-disturbance survey of a shipwreck off Zanzibar and Kilwa, community involvement , and reporting these activities. Tanzania has not ratified the 2001 Convention, but is preparing to do what is best for the ratification. In April 2011 the Department of Antiquities (Tanzania) in conjunction with the UNESCO Office in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania organized a workshop to raise awareness to member countries of the UNESCO on the relevance of ratifying the 2001 Convention, and the benefits behind the convention. The state parties countries which participated in this workshop include Kenya, Comoro, Seychelles, Mauritius, South Africa, Mozambique, Uganda, Kenya, Madagascar, International experts from the Centre for International Heritage Activities (CIE) – Netherlands and the host country Tanzania. 3.1 Implemented training projects MUCH Program has implemented several projects: the great northern shipwreck survey in Zanzibar, Tanzania; signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU); stake holders meetings and workshops; Kilwa (world cultural heritage) survey and database establishment. 3.1.1 The Great Northern Shipwreck survey Zanzibar, Tanzania The Great Northern shipwreck survey was carried out by the MUCH Unit and is in partial fulfilment for the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) Part II Certification4. The Great Northern shipwreck is located to the south west of Zanzibar about 8 km from Stone town. 4 Fulfillment of NAS II training you have to undertake a site survey and prepare a report 6 �Figure 3. Undertaking Site survey (Photo by Bill Jeffery, 2009). The Great Northern was a British-built ship used to lay steel cables, which sunk on New Years Eve in 1902. A non-disturbance survey of the shipwreck site was undertaken to ascertain the identity, nature, integrity and condition of the site. The shipwreck has archaeological, ecological and recreational significance (TMUCH 2009). 3.1.2 Signing Memorandum of Understanding between Tanzania government agencies The MoU was signed in 2009 between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the CIE through the Netherlands Government. The MoU depicted issues on training cooperation in maritime heritage management, collaboration in maritime management, funding/finance of program and administration. 3.1.3 Regional workshop and collaboration Five Members of MUCH, Tanzania attended the Regional workshop conducted by South Africa Heritage Resource Agency (SAHRA) with collaboration with the CIE in 2010 and 2011.The workshop was held at Robben Island Museum, Cape Town, South Africa from 17 February – 10 March 2010. The aim of the workshop was raising awareness of the UNESCO convention on the protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and also entailed strategic planning on management of UCH resources (UNESCO convention 2001). Sub Saharan Africa regional cooperation was enhanced by the meeting held in Dar es Salaam in April 2011. The meeting was supported by UNESCO and participant countries included Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa. Each country gave a report on the progress of MUCH activities and the countries agreed to cooperate on MUCH policy and database. 7 �3.1.4 Development of the Tanzanian MUCH database The Tanzanian team eventually managed to develop the Tanzanian MUCH database after being trained for two days. The database contains the following headings: General information, shipwreck, maritime infrastructure on land / intertidal area, natural heritage site with cultural values, traditional cultural site, and other type of site on land or underwater and administrative information. The database will expose all surveyed and not surveyed cultural sites in Tanzania and it will enhance its management. 3.1.5 Kilwa Survey (World cultural heritage site) Kilwa is among the world cultural heritage sites located in south eastern Tanzania (http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tz). The survey at Kilwa has two aims: on one hand it aims at removing the Ruins of Kilwa from the World Heritage in Danger List; and on the other it attempts to foster sustainable development and social cohesion in the Kilwa district through implementation of various heritage related activities. The survey involved community engagement, site investigation and site inspection. Community engagement The report on the survey of the World Heritage Site Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara in November 2010 concluded, amongst other things, consideration of the needs and benefits of the Kilwa Kisiwani and Kilwa Masoko communities when implementing a MUCH project in the area. The survey carried out in November, 2010 was a first step in engaging the communities but more community engagement needs to be done, particularly given their comments about previous researchers at Kilwa and their lack of follow-up (Jefrey 2011). Site investigation The following sites were investigated through oral history i.e. accumulated or dropped of Ceramic pots off pier on Kilwa Kisiwani, Submerged ruins at Songo Mnara and intangible remain story of “Jiwe la Jahazi “(Stone Dhow) which narrated that a dhow and its crews turned to be a stone when tried to invade Kilwa during British era. Site inspection The survey managed to find the iron anchor which is 2.4 meters along the length of the shaft and 1.9 meters around the crown from fluke to fluke5. It was the only ships’ remains found in an area of about 80 meters radius from the anchor. It is located on a hard limestone seabed and other lighter, smaller ships’ remains would get easily broken-up and washed away (Jeffery 2011). 5 The end points of an anchor which holds a vessel by attaching to a seabed substratum. 8 �Fluke 2.4 m meme t Fluke Figure 4. An iron anchor found in Kilwa survey (Photo by Bill Jeffery, 2010) Benefit of the implemented projects - - Members were trained in site surveying methods theoretically and practically including scuba diving. Revealed / uncovered the Great Northern shipwreck located at Zanzibar by conducting a non disturbance survey. Establishing MUCH database of cultural heritage sites which will have status records of sites in Tanzania. Engaging local communities by raising awareness on the importance of cultural heritages sites and become ready to co-operate in managing and conserving. The Government of the Kingdom of Netherlands supported MUCH Tanzania some facilities to assist in the implementation of the program: a digital camera and an underwater housing, laptop computer, GPS, slates, measuring tapes, waterproof film, pencils, several books, a large carry case, food containers and a 12 volt battery. However the team members do not have their own diving gear such as wetsuit, BCD, regulator, mask, snorkel and fins. To date this gear is hired when projects are implemented. This is a significant expense each time. It also slows the project as gear is returned each day and picked-up again the next day. Regional cooperation was enhanced through Workshop and Training (e.g Tanzania is now cooperating with Mozambique and South Africa through SAHRA). Challenges on implementing the projects - The unit lacks sufficient surveying equipment and the costs to conduct survey are high. Shortage of funds for strengthening an understanding of maritime archaeology and conducting more surveys. Members of MUCH unit are not responsible full time therefore members spend most of their time on work for their respective institutional responsibilities. 9 �General Challenges of Much in Tanzania - - Tanzania as a developing country faces many economic challenges related to poverty hence funds are usually allocated to the most sensitive issues such as education, health, developing infrastracture. Therefore less funds are allocated to cultural heritage conservation. Most of Tanzanian communities are not aware of cultural heritage hence they destoy and use the sites for other economic activities. Cultural heritage is not given as high priority as natural heritage since it is not familiar and as a result does not generate as much revenue as natural heritage does. The cultural heritage sites are vuneralble to environmental hazards and human activites but yet less efforts are made to combat the situation. The way forward - Capacity building amongst team members by visiting other countries with successful maritime archaeology practices is sought after. - Securing diving and surveying equipment and other necessary resources, these will minimize the costs which MUCH incurred by hiring equipment. - The team sees the need to implement regular site surveys, to continue to improve their skills in implementing MUCH activities, in addition to building-up the Database of MUCH sites in Tanzania (TMUCH 2011). - Strengthen Tanzania UCH Unit and ensure the Unit facilitates community awareness, particularly on the management of cultural heritage sites. - In order to accelerate MUCH activities in Tanzania, the ratification of the 2001 Convention should be given priority. - Conducting more regular site surveys in order to develop three areas which are identified as priority areas to conduct surveys: Kilwa, Zanzibar and Mafia, and there maybe other areas that warrant surveys for other reasons (eg. Tanga)6. - Members of the Tanzanian MUCH to participate in regional and international workshops. - Developing and disseminating an action plan to all appropriate Tanzania stakeholder agencies for them to put it into their media in addition to their funding proposals. Conclusion Tanzania has potential cultural sites which need support to protection. We need to conserve and share them. Unlike other countries, Tanzania has strong ethical 6 Famous Coastal town in Tanzania which was chosen in 1889 as military post of German East Africa 10 �approaches for banning treasure hunting but it needs funding to implement activities to protect and promote UCH. Regional and international cooperation is the necessary tool for maritime and UCH to prosper. Collaboration and support from stakeholders from various countries would no doubt assist with the protection of marine cultural heritage in Tanzania. Acknowledgements Special thanks to the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania particularly the stakeholders comprising: Mr. D.M.K. Kamamba, director of the Department of Antiquities, late Dr. N. Kayombo, former director general of the National Museum of Tanzania, Dr. H. Omar, director of Antiquities, Museum and archives of Zanzibar , Dr. A. Chande, Manager of Marine Parks and Reserves Unit , Dr. E.T. Kessy and Dr. Saanane, University of Dar es Salaam ,Dr. Y. Budeba, Former general director of Tanzania Fisheries Institute , and Mr. Mussa Jumbe, director of the Harbour of Zanzibar. I convey sincere gratitude to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Tanzania for providing funding to support the maritime cultural heritage training of Tanzania. I also thank the Centre for International Heritage Activities and especially director Dr. Robert Parthesius, who in partnership with UNESCO Tanzania organised the Tanzania MUCH program. Also I would like to give thanks to Dr. Bill Jeffery for his tireless effort of training the team. Also, I give thanks to South African Heritage Resources Agency for support and preparation on Regional Workshop and Training on Maritime Archaeology development. Lastly I grateful acknowledge my fellow team-members of Tanzania MUCH for their involvement in the program and help in producing this paper. Abbreviations ICOMOS TMUCH International Council on Monuments and Sites Tanzania Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliography Chittick, N., 1974 ICOMOS 2000 Jeffery, B., 2011 Lane, P., 2005 Mafia Island Marine Park, 2002 Ministry of Natural Resource and Kilwa: An Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast, The British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. Zanzibar Report, stone town, Zanzibar, September. Report on Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage site survey at Kilwa kisiwani and Songo Mnara. Maritime Archaeology: A Prospective Research Avenue in Tanzania. Mafia and Kilwa, African Publishing Group, Harare. Annual statistical Bulletin 2010, Beknet Tanzania Ltd, Dar es Salaam. 11 �Tourism, 2011 Moon, K., 2005 Patience, K., 2006 Shepherd, G., 1982 Sukkham, A., 2011 Sutton, G., 1998 TMUCH Unit, 2009 TMUCH Unit, 2011 UCH Management Programme Tanzania, 2008 UNESCO 2001 United Republic of Tanzania, 1994 United Republic of Tanzania, 2000 United Republic of Tanzania UNESCO World Heritage Centre Kilwa Kisiwani: Ancient Port City of the East African Coast, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania. Shipwrecks and Salvage on the East African Coast, Kingdom of Bahrain. “The making of the Swahili: A view from the southern end of the East African Coast”, in Paideuma, 28, pp. 129-147. Diversity in Approaches to Maritime Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage and Related Areas. Archaeological sites of East Africa, Tanzania Special Volume 33, The British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. Maritime Archaeological Survey Report on the Great Northern Shipwreck, Zanzibar, Department of Antiquities, Dar es Salaam. Database of Marine and Underwater Cultural Heritage sites in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam. Proposal for Building sustainable capacity, TMUCH. Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. The Marine Parks and Reserves Act Mafia Island Marine Park General Management Plan. Dar es Salaam: Board of Trustee, Marine Parks and Reserves, Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism, United Republic of Tanzania. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tz 12 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Establishing a Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit in Tanzania Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 Empowerment and relevance in maritime and underwater cultural heritage programs in developing countries Description An account of the resource Tanzania has a coastline of about 1,424 kilometres (km) with many famous ancient coastal towns such as Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mafia and Bagamoyo. The town’s host many underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites which are not yet documented. About 40 shipwrecks have been documented but most have not been surveyed. Tanzania Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Programme (TMUCHP), which started in 2009, aims at empowering a number of Tanzanian stakeholders and staff to establish the Tanzanian Maritime Cultural Heritage (MUCH) Unit with skills and resources to record, document and monitor UCH sites. The various stakeholders come from different government departments and Dar es Salaam University in the United Republic of Tanzania which includes the Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. The Centre for International Heritage Activities (CIE) through United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and Government of the Royal Kingdom of Netherlands has been implementing various activities in the TMUCHP. The programme has achieved the survey of the Great Northern shipwreck in Zanzibar, and a preliminary survey at the World Heritage Site of Kilwa Kisiwani. The programme has included training sessions aimed at raising awareness amongst the Tanzanian community about the importance of implementing a MUCH programme and to enhance this discipline with various stakeholders. It has also imparted knowledge and skills on diving and working on archaeological sites. The programme contains other achievements including, stimulating the Government of Republic of Tanzania to start the process to ratify the UNESCO 2001 Convention for Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention); signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the government stakeholders and CIE; the establishment of a database as an ongoing process; and attending Regional workshops and training in various countries. The establishment of a MUCH programme faces many challenges; shortage of funds for strengthening an understanding of maritime archaeology and conducting more surveys. Capacity building amongst team members by visiting other countries with successful maritime archaeology practices is also sought after. Lack of diving and survey equipment is also limiting further work. While the program has had some successes, Tanzania’s many maritime and UCH sites are not yet uncovered; I will expand on what we see as the way forward in this paper. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Humphrey Mahudi Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 6 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/2473329bd9ebaf5f12169717c8858b5e.pdf 4acf0fc5377512d45540048e8186425b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 1: Asia-Pacific Maritime Cultural Landscape: an Austronesian Cultural Identity? Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stone Weirs Investigation by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry Description An account of the resource Stone weirs are a traditional fishing method as well as an important underwater cultural asset of Taiwan. There are about 600 stone weirs in Penghu and more than 100 of them in the western coastal area of Taiwan that are still in use. This study utilized high resolution UAV photogrammetry and spatial analysis techniques to investigate the stone weirs of Qimei and Jibei islands in Penghu as well as the Houlong coast in Taiwan. By stitching aerial photos, the overall picture and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of stone weirs could be understood. The technology developed by this study is able to provide a standard mode for the large-scale investigations in the Asia-Pacific region, and the database developed is able to become the basis of cross-disciplinary research. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yu-Ming Chang Hung-Ming Kao Wen-Yan Chiu Steven Chang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Chang, Yu-Ming, Hung-Ming Kao, Wen-Yan Chiu, and Steven Chang. 2021. “Stone Weirs Investigation by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/663 Asia-Pac Session 1 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c3f8080683116c8463da58292d002399.pdf 348e916d1fd09d14068b8496d6b05233 PDF Text Text Development of the Sledge-Type Underwater Metal Detection System for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration Yong-Hwa Jung National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage pkm228@korea.kr Young-Hyun Lee National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage lyh2343@korea.kr Jin-Hoo Kim Dong-A University jkim@donga.ac.kr Sang-Hee Lee Dong-A University lsh3314@naver.com Hyun-Do Kim GeoView, LTD. geokim@geoview.co.kr Yeong-Hyun Kim GeoView, LTD. wave4003@geoview.co.kr Abstract The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) in Republic of Korea has promoted the 4-years ‘Development Project of Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration Techniques’ from 2013 through 2016. During the project, the metallic cultural heritage made of bronze could not be detected with the magnetometer, but NRIMCH has developed the sledge-type underwater metal detection system suitable for exploring metallic material underwater cultural heritage including bronze. �A magnetometer or metal detectors are used to detect metallic objects exposed or buried in the seabed. In case of magnetometer, the depth of exploration is deep and exploration work is fast, but there is a disadvantage that non-ferrous metals except iron is not reacted. When using a metal detector, which is a type of electromagnetic exploration, there is a method using a portable metal detector and a method of towing an antenna in a vessel. In the case of a portable metal detector, since the diver is directly using it underwater, there is a time limitation and a disadvantage that it is difficult to know the position. In addition, when the antenna is towed at the vessel, the antenna is spaced at a considerable distance from the seabed, so that the buried metal cultural heritage may not be detected. To overcome these drawbacks, this system aims to develop an antenna platform as a method for bringing the antenna of the metal detector closer to the seabed. The antenna platform is made of metal-free PVC and designed as a caterpillar. The caterpillar shape allows easy passage of obstacles in the sea floor and allows the antenna to be wrapped and protected. In addition, software was developed to verify and store location information obtained using DGPS and response values for underwater metal cultural heritage obtained through the antenna platform in real time. Key words: UCH, Korea, magnetometer, survey Introduction Since ancient times, Korea has been active in trade, reverence, and cultural exchanges with neighboring countries; and there are many naval battles from the Joseon Dynasty to the modern times, so it is very likely that various artifacts are buried in the seabed. The artifacts that are buried in seabed are mainly porcelain, metallic artifacts, wooden artifacts, and life products on ships. It is important to find artifacts because buried artifacts are important as historical facts and evidence. Many studies have been conducted to find metal objects buried in underwater through physical exploration techniques. In Korea, Jung Hyun-Ki and others studied the electric and magnetic exploration used for underwater burial objects investigations (Jung Hyun-Ki et al., 2004), Park In-Seok and others studied the magnetic exploration method for �underwater artifacts (Park In-Seok et al., 2013). E. Weiss and others developed a system using magnetic exploration to detect and to accurately map metal objects buried beneath the shallow waters (Weiss et al., 2007). S. Tripati and others studied the material of a shipwreck through an underwater metal detector and an antenna dipstick metal detector (Tripati et al., 2004). As a result of these studies, the physical exploration technique to find metal objects buried in seabed using magnetic exploration or electromagnetic exploration has been developed. In the case of magnetic exploration, it is the most effective method of exploration for artifacts made of iron, but it does not respond to metals such as gold, silver, and copper. There are two methods of electromagnetic surveying using the metal detector; one is submerging and diving with the equipment, and the other is towing the antenna in underwater. The method of submerging and exploring divers with equipment is time consuming and has a disadvantage; it cannot precisely locate the position. And the disadvantages of the latter are that If the antenna is located at a considerable distance from the sea floor, it may not detect buried metal artifacts. To solve these problems, the authors developed the sledge-type underwater metal detection system that can be operated close to the sea floor to compensate for the disadvantages of magnetic and electromagnetic exploration. In addition, the performance of the metal detection system using the antenna platform was verified after the iron pot and the bronze canon were buried in the sea floor, 1m and 2m of the seabed in Geoje sea area, Taean sea area, and Nakdong river area. Method and Principle of Metal Detection In the physical exploration technique, metal detection methods include a magnetic exploration to detect magnetic metallic materials, and an �electromagnetic exploration to detect non-magnetic metallic objects such as gold, silver, and copper. Magnetic exploration is used to identify the geological structure of the geomagnetic field or its components generated by fluid motion in the outer core of the earth; and this technique is used for ground survey, soil exploration, and resource exploration. And a secondary electric field is generated due to the induction current flowing in the underground conductive body by the primary electric field. By detecting the characteristics of this secondary field, information on the location and shape of metal in the underground can be obtained. Configuration of the Sledge-Type Underwater Metal Detection System As shown in Fig. 1, the sledge-type metal detection system consists of a metal detector, DGPS, and an antenna platform for bringing the antenna into close contact with the sea floor. It includes software to monitor and store the positional information collected from DGPS and reaction values received from metal detector in real time on PC. Fig. 1(left): Schematic Diagram. �1. Metal detector The metal detector used in this study is a method of detecting metal objects by using time difference of transmission and reception by pulse induction method. Since the time of transmission and reception is different, it is possible to detect metal objects by using one antenna, and it can be used in seawater because it is not affected by medium between metal detector and metal objects. The original metal detector informs the metal response by sound through the instrument cluster and headset. We use DAQ (Data Acquisition) to convert analog signals such as instrument panel and sound into digital signals and to enable real-time monitoring and storage on the PC through software. In addition, it was supplemented with a buzzer so that the change of the reaction value can be immediately recognized (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Metal Detector. 2. DGPS DGPS was used to identify the wake of the exploration vessel. The DGPS uses two or more GPS receivers to reduce positional errors. The location �information comes in the form of NMEA0183, which shows the wake of the exploration vessel through the software. 3. Sledge-type antenna platform The size of the antenna is 20cm x 110cm. A cable (about 30m long) is attached to the antenna. The resistance of the antenna is 1.75O and the inductance is 189μH. The antenna platform uses PVC which does not contain metal material. As shown in Fig. 3, the antenna platform is manufactured in a caterpillar shape so that it can be closely contacted to the sea floor. It is designed to overcome obstacles and protects the antenna. The rope was connected to both ends of the antenna platform, and the rope was knotted above the center of gravity to form a ring, and then a descending line was placed to secure land on the undersurface. In addition, it is possible to create a space in which an underwater camera can be placed at a position that does not affect the antenna, so that the sea floor can be confirmed as an image. In addition, a weight was produced to prevent the buoyancy caused by the cable during the survey. Fig. 3: Platform. 4. Software It is possible to monitor and record the incoming signal from the metal detector and the DGPS location information on the PC in real time. The software was built using Mathworks' MATLAB GUI. The software installs �a driver for National Instruments USB-6000, a data acquisition device connected to a metal detector, to receive data from MATLAB. The locational information of DGPS is output in the form of NMEA0183, and it is indicated by the latitude and the longitude through parsing. The software records the data in real time, ensuring that material acquired in a sudden emergency is protected. Also, there is a start button with or without DGPS for single use without DGPS. Acquisition and Processing Data 1. Field experiment The experimental research was conducted in 3 sites: Taean sea area, Geoje sea area, and Nakdong river area. In the Taean and Geoje sea areas, the size of the research area were 100m × 100m; and the size of the research area in the Nakdong river was 50m × 200m. Iron pots, ceramics and bronze cannons were used as experimental samples. They were intentional buried at 1m, 2m deep under the seabed and sea floor. A rubber boat was used to minimize the electromagnetic noise in the acquisition of data, and its operation speed of the exploration vessel was below 4km/h. The exploration vessels operated in the ‘east-west direction’ and the ‘north-south direction’ in the research areas. 2. Data processing Two kinds of processing were performed to process the data obtained from field experiments. The DGPS was installed on the exploration vessel and collected data of the antenna platform and position. Then, the raw data coming from the metal detector shows DC deflection, which uses a high-pass filter to remove the DC deflection. 3. Layback calibration �For layback calibration, the depth of the area where the survey is performed was required; and the length of the cable to lower the antenna platform was also required. For example, if one of the field test sites is 3m in depth with a 23m in cable length, the horizontal distance between the exploration vessel and the antenna platform is 22.5m. 4. DC deflection removal When data coming directly from the metal detector, DC deflection appeared in some sections and it can be removed through a high-pass filter. A high-pass filter is a filter that removes less than the specified cutoff frequency and passes the higher frequency band. In this study, a cutoff frequency of 0.1Hz was specified and the higher values were separated by passing only the higher frequency components. Results Taean sea area Fig. 4 is the profile of the electromotive force value obtained from the Taean sea area. (a) It is the survey line that goes through east-west upon 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon buried at 1m, and 2 iron pots, 2 bronze cannons buried at 1m. The electromotive force value is measured higher in the region of double numbered experimental sample areas. (b) It is the survey line that goes through east-west to 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon buried at 2m, and 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon on bottom. It shows that the electromotive force value is high near the iron pot, bronze cannon. (c) It is the survey line that goes through south-north to 3 iron pots, 1 bronze cannon buried at 1m, and 3 iron pots, 1 bronze cannon buried at 2m. Through the profile analysis, we could distinguish 3 iron pots buried at 2m which did not appear in electromotive force abnormality. (d) It is the survey line that goes through south-north upon 6 iron pots buried at 1m, and 3 �iron pots, 1 bronze cannon on the bottom. The electromotive force value was the highest in 3 iron pots on the bottom; and 6 iron pots buried at 1m showed higher electromotive force than 1 bronze cannon on the bottom. Fig. 4: Taean Results. Geoje sea area Fig. 5 is the profile of the electromotive force value obtained from the Geoje sea area. (a) It is the survey line that goes through east-west upon 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon, 2 iron pots, 2 bronze cannons buried at 1m. The electromotive force values in this region are high around the experimental sample. (b) It is the survey line that goes through east-west upon 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon buried at 2m, and 1 iron pot on the bottom. A signal that was observed between the iron pot and the bronze �cannon buried at 2m was not the experimental sample, and the value of the electromotive force value was measured high near the pot and the bronze cannon. (c) It is the survey line that goes through south-north upon 6 iron pots, 2 bronze cannons buried at 1m, and 3 iron pots, 1 bronze cannon on the bottom. It shows the largest electromotive force value at 3 pots on the bottom, and it has large values mainly around the experimental sample. (d) It is the survey line that goes through south-north upon 1 iron pot buried at 1m, and 1 iron pot buried at 2m. Based on the electromotive force value, anomalous signal in the marked area are detected nearby metal objects. Fig. 5: Geoje Results. Nakdong river area �Fig. 6 is the profile of the electromotive force value obtained from the Nakdong river area water bottom. (a) It is the survey line that goes through east-west upon 3 iron pots, 6 iron pots buried at 1m, 3 iron pots buried at 2m, and 1 iron pot on the bottom. At the place that 1 pot buried at 1m, the electromotive force value is 1.0V; and one that 1 pot buried at 2m, it has 0.8V. And when the antenna passes near the iron pot on the bottom, the electromotive force value measured by the metal detector is as high as about 2.3V. (b) It is the survey line that goes through east-west upon 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon, 2 iron pots, 2 bronze cannons buried at 1m, and 1 iron pot, 1 bronze cannon buried at 2m, and 3 iron pots, 1 bronze cannon on the bottom. The position is greatly deviated from the 2 pots buried at 1m. The electromotive force value of this time was not the iron pot but the value of other objects on the bottom, or it appears as a layback error due to water depth or obstacle on the bottom. Overall, we can see that there is less noise than in other areas. �Fig. 6: Nakdong River Results. Conclusion Most of the underwater cultural heritage in Korea are accidentally discovered during fishing activities; a systematic exploration of the regionhas not been done yet. The operation of metal detectors is necessary to find non-ferrous metals such as gold, silver, copper, and bronze, but the present operating method has many drawbacks. In this study, the sledge-type underwater metal detection system was developed and applied to the field to overcome these disadvantages. Then, the following results were obtained. First of all, it can identify iron pots and bronze cannons buried in various depths and numbers. Secondly, it can possibly identify bronze cannons; �this was impossible to be identified by conventional magnetic exploration. Thirdly, there is less noise in the Nakdong river area than in the Taean and Geoje sea areas. Unlike the Taean and Geoje sea areas, the Nakdong river area does not have any fishery activity/industry; consequently, this result might be caused by lack of iron abnormalities such as trapping on the bottom. Fourthly, there was a section where the metal reaction/position differed from the actual position of the buried experiment sample. This might be caused by the position error of the DGPS and the error of the layback correction. In conclusion, based on these results, the sledge-type underwater metal detection system will contribute to the discovery and protection of underwater cultural heritage if applied to underwater cultural heritage exploration. References Jung Hyun-Ki, Park Young-Su, Lim Tae-Taek and Lim Hyung-Rae, 2004. Electric and magnetic exploration applications for underwater buried object exploration. RAEG 2004, Kyoto. Park In-Seok, Kim Hyun-Do, Kim Jin-Hoo, Jung Yong-Hwa and Lee Young-Hyun, 2013. A study on the magnetic exploration method for underwater artifact investigation. ISMT 2013, Busan. Lee Kang-Won and Son Ho-Woong, 2016. Geospatial Information System Glossary. Gumi Ward, Gumi. Tripati, S., Gaur, A. S., Vora, S. and Vora, K. H., 2004. Shipwreck archaeology of Goa: evidence of maritime contacts with other countries. Current Science, Vol. 86(9): 1238-1245 Weiss, E., Ginzburg, B., Cohen, T. R., Zafrir, H., Alimi, R., Salomonski, N. and Sharvit, J., 2007. High resolution marine magnetic survey of shallow water littoral area. Sensor, Vol. 7(9): 1697-1712. Biographies �Yong-Hwa Jung is a Researcher & Conservator in the Underwater Excavation & Conservation Division of the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage of South Korea. He earned his PhD in 2008 from Kongju National University. He has been involved in several maritime research projects including: Exploration Project of Underwater Cultural Heritage by the EOS3D-A (3D Seismic Survey System), Development Project of Underwater Cultural Heritage Research Technology Using Crabster CR200, Development Project of Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration Techniques, Underwater Archaeology Vessel ‘NURIAN(G/T 290ton)’ Ship building, Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Policy in Korea, Analysis of Manufacturing Technology and Production Area of Underwater Excavations Pottery. Young-Hyun Lee majored the marine geophysical exploration at Dong-A University. He has been working in division of underwater excavation and conservation at the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage for 5 years. He had mainly participated in a research project, which is named "Development Project of Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration Techniques". This project had been conducted by our division from 2013 to 2016. As a marine geophysical researcher, He is still doing my best to apply those developed exploration techniques, which are including utilization methods of equipment and development of equipment, into the underwater archaeology filed. Jin-Hoo Kim is Professor in Geophysical Engineering. Born in 1955, Seoul, Korea. B.S. from Seoul National University, Korea in 1978. Ph.D. in Geophysics from Colorado School of Mines, U. S. A. in 1986. Currently, he is the department head of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering Department, and the director of Ocean Resources Research Institute, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea. He has participated in various geophysical exploration projects for in-land and off-shore site investigations, maritime archaeological surveys, and soil and petrophysical researches. �Sang-Hee Lee was born in 1989, Busan, Korea. He graduated from Dong-A University with a bachelor and master degree in Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering. Current, he is studying at Dong-A University to get his doctor’s degree. He has participated in geophysical exploration projects for in-land off-shore site investigations, maritime archaeological surveys, petrophysical researches. Hyun-Do Kim is a CEO at GeoView Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea since 2005, where he has been dealing with marine seismic and geophysical surveying business. He obtained Ph.D. in geophysical survey from department of ocean engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea, in 2005. Dr. Kim’s research interests include marine geophysics and geotechnical survey in inshore and off-shore. Recently, 3D seismic survey system has been developed and applied to underwater archaeology. Yeong-Hyun Kim was born in 1979, Busan, Korea. He graduated from Dong-A University, Department of Civil Engineering. He studied river port engineering in Dong-A Graduate School. Currently, He is working at Geoview Corporation, a marine survey company and has been working for 8 years. He is a team leader of marine Survey department. He is charge of marine geophysical surveys and geotechnical surveys. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 6: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Description An account of the resource East Asia is extremely rich in underwater cultural heritage, such as conventional shipwrecks under the sea, submerged settlement sites on the bottoms of inland lakes and rivers, or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones. For instance, the medieval or post-medieval aged wrecks and their cargos have recently been discovered one after another in the waters, or the underwater cultural heritage or seascape of stone tidal weir is a common cultural trait to the Ryukyu archipelago, western Japan, southern Korea, mainland China, and Formosa, which surround the East China Sea or a northern part of the Asian Mediterranean. No East Asian nation has ratified the UNESCO 2001 Convention, partly because it does not exactly correspond with oriental philosophy, it does not properly resolve the controversial issues upon sovereign immunity of warship wrecks, and so forth. Occasionally, the principle of preservation in situ in the convention has not been the first choice as Asian waters have poor water clarity generally. Nevertheless, each country has already moved forward with its own underwater archaeological policies and projects both on governmental and grassroots levels. Some activities are in close cooperation with foreign institutions or universities. In East Asia, document-based historical study or terrestrial archaeology has a long tradition, which has had a noteworthy impact upon underwater archaeology and its methodology. Even in this region as well as in other Pacific areas, contrariwise, the technological advancement in underwater survey has remarkably been made recently; using remote-sensing with satellites, robotics for ROVs or AUVs, or 3D photogrammetry by computer software mitigates or cancels the limitations regarding accessibility and working time caused by underwater environment. The tie between such modern technologies and archaeology has minted new applications and perspectives of underwater cultural heritage study. The multi-disciplinary or holistic approaches are increasingly more and more necessary among Asian researchers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akifumi Iwabuchi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Kotaro Yamafune APPARATUS, LLC, Japan Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of the Sledge-Type Underwater Metal Detection System for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration Description An account of the resource The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) in Republic of Korea has promoted the 4-years ‘Development Project of Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration Techniques’ from 2013 through 2016. During the project, the metallic cultural heritage made of bronze could not be detected with the magnetometer, but NRIMCH has developed the sledge-type underwater metal detection system suitable for exploring metallic material underwater cultural heritage including bronze. A magnetometer or metal detectors are used to detect metallic objects exposed or buried in the seabed. In case of magnetometer, the depth of exploration is deep and exploration work is fast, but there is a disadvantage that non-ferrous metals except iron is not reacted. When using a metal detector, which is a type of electromagnetic exploration, there is a method using a portable metal detector and a method of towing an antenna in a vessel. In the case of a portable metal detector, since the diver is directly using it underwater, there is a time limitation and a disadvantage that it is difficult to know the position. In addition, when the antenna is towed at the vessel, the antenna is spaced at a considerable distance from the seabed, so that the buried metal cultural heritage may not be detected. To overcome these drawbacks, this system aims to develop an antenna platform as a method for bringing the antenna of the metal detector closer to the seabed. The antenna platform is made of metal-free PVC and designed as a caterpillar. The caterpillar shape allows easy passage of obstacles in the sea floor and allows the antenna to be wrapped and protected. In addition, software was developed to verify and store location information obtained using DGPS and response values for underwater metal cultural heritage obtained through the antenna platform in real time. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yong-Hwa Jung Young-Hyun Lee Jin-Hoo Kim Sang-Hee Lee Hyun-Do Kim Yeong-Hyun Kim Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Yong-Hwa Jung Young-Hyun Lee Jin-Hoo Kim Sang-Hee Lee Hyun-Do Kim Yeong-Hyun Kim Asia-Pac Session 6 2017