32 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/da4601c647dd5db7bf4ceca51c412542.pdf 3df9243455527140ce0a95af4d2450d8 PDF Text Text Development of Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration: The Case of the Destroyer Warabi, Which Sank in the Mihonoseki Incident Masami Sannoh1 (m_sannoh@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp) Keitaro Ohara3, 4 (keitaro230@outlook.jp) Kotaro Yamafune1, 5 (apparatus.japan@gmail.com) Yasumasa Ichikawa1, 2 (ichikawa@world-scan-project.com) Ryohei Uetaki1, 2 (uetaki@world-scan-project.com) Hayate Kimura1 (kimura.hayate.275@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp) Masaya Katagiri2 (masaya.katagiri@world-scan-project.com) Takashi Kitsuda6 (T-kitsuda@hydro-sys.com) Tomoyuki Nishio7 (nishio@asahic.co.jp) Toshiyuki Ohara3 (toshi.seamaster@gmail.com) Hironobu Kan1 (kan@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp) 1 Kyushu University, 2World Scan Project, Inc., 3Houki Cultural Research Society, 4Shimane University, 5Apparatus LLC, 6Hydro Systems Development, Inc., 7Asahi Consultant Co. ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract is most appropriate for this Session 1, as it deals with the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). The case study will be based on the discovery and digital recording of the warship destroyer Warabi, which sank in 1927 in the Sea of Japan and has since been lost. We use state of the art technology at depths between 95m and 180m. Resources available for the work include multibeam acoustic sounding and photography using ROVs, and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. The research questions are developed out of the identification and condition of UCH at great depths, as difficult and not well documented or conserved. The results will contribute significantly to the development of research methods in underwater archaeology. INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper fits best into this Session 1 because it is about the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). Although this study is about archiving underwater war sites, the methodology can be adapted to UCH generally. CASE STUDIES The research focuses on the case study of the Japanese destroyer Warabi, which sank in the Sea of Japan in 1927 and has been missing ever since. Using cutting-edge technology, the research team located and digitally recorded the wreck of the Warabi at a depth of 95 to 180 metres (m) on the seabed. Warabi was a destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which was involved in a multiple collision later known as the Mihonoseki Incident, in which a total of 119 people were killed or missing. This accident was influenced by the Washington Naval Treaty. To compensate for the numerical disadvantage, the Imperial Japanese Navy conducted a night exercise at Mihonoseki on 24 August 1927. The ships sailed under cover of darkness with all lights out. They navigated at extremely close range. This created a very dangerous situation. In addition, a combination of factors led to collisions between the light cruiser Jintsu and the destroyer Warabi. Along with collisions between the light cruiser Naka and the destroyer Ashi. Jintsu and Naka suffered significant damage to their bow sections, while Ashi lost part of her stern but managed to avoid sinking. However, Jintsu's oblique collision split Warabi's hull in two and she sank. Immediately after the sinking, both the Navy and residents conducted search operations around the presumed location where Warabi sank, but only 22 people were rescued, and most of the crew remained missing and presumed dead. 1 �Over 90 years have passed since the incident, and although there are some records of where the Warabi sank, its exact whereabouts remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the sinking of the Warabi. RESOURCES The resources available to carry out this research were bathymetry multibeam sonar, photogrammetry using ROV imagery and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. There are several oral histories that report locations of the sinking of the Warabi, but after organizing the existing records and information from local fishermen, it was narrowed down to four locations. One of these four locations, although shallower than the recorded depths, was known to local fishermen as ‘Gunkan (Warship). Warabi was used as a fishing reef. It was known there was an object on the seabed. In order to obtain accurate position measurements and understand its shape, a bathymetric survey using multibeam sonar was conducted in May 2020. The multibeam sonar Teledyne Reson Seabat T50P with a frequency range of 190-420 kilohertz (kHz) was used with a maximum swath angle of 165 degrees, and beam width of 0.5-1 degrees (using 400 kHz) at 512 beams. In addition, an SBG NvSight Apogee inertial navigation system and a Teledyne Reson SVP70 real-time sound velocity profiler were used. The survey area was approximately 1.5×1.5 kilometres around the fishing reef points. The results of the multibeam survey showed a location with an elevation at a depth of approximately 96m on the seabed, with a length of approximately 54m, a height of 5.4m and a maximum width of 8.3m. The shape was similar to that of a ship, but asymmetrical at the front and back. A search was conducted within a radius of approximately 600m from this location, but no other seabed elevations were found. In order to investigate the nature of the uplift, underwater filming was carried out in September 2020 using an ROV (CHASING M2) at the locations obtained from the multibeam survey. For this investigation, a filming device called MURAKUMO, which could be installed on the ROV, was developed and deployed. Following the ROV survey, it was determined the mass at the survey site was the wreckage of an iron sunken ship. The shipwreck was covered in numerous fishing nets and most of the structures on the deck had collapsed, with the hull partially punctured. The shape of the bow was well preserved and had the characteristic "spoon bow", which is also a feature of the destroyer Warabi. The shape suggested that it was probably the forward part of Warabi's hull, although the aft part was not found in the vicinity. The location where the sunken ship, believed to be the forward section of the Warabi's hull, was discovered was approximately 15km from the previously recorded sinking area, based on historical records. While the Warabi is believed to have sunk rapidly, it is now possible that the forward section did not sink at the collision point, but drifted and sank at its present location. To confirm the existence of the stern section of the Warabi, a new survey using multibeam sonar and ROV was conducted in July 2021 in an area known by some fishermen as 'Gunkan-ba’ (warship area), where there were occasional sonar responses. The water depth in this area was 180m, twice as deep as the previous survey area. Firstly, a multibeam sonar survey was carried out over an area of 2.5×2.5 km using the same equipment as the previous year (Seabat T50P). This identified detailed areas of significant uplift and showed that what was previously thought to be a single uplift consisted of three larger uplifts and several smaller ones. The length of the Warabi bow was measured using multibeam data from the previous year and the length of the Warabi aft was estimated. Among several topographic rises. A rise that appeared to be close to the shape of Warabi was selected and surveyed by ROV. As the water depth in this area was 180 m and the ROV and filming accessories used in the previous year's survey could not be used 2 �because they exceeded the pressure-resistant limit, an underwater drone, BlueROV2 manufactured by Blue Robotics, was used and a newly developed filming device, MURAKUMO, was mounted. The ROV survey confirmed cylindrical structures similar to the third turret of the Warabi, portholes and torpedo launchers. In addition, as the hull was destroyed in the middle, leaving only the aft section, it was determined that it was most likely the destroyer Warabi. Based on a large amount of photographic data taken by the MURAKUMO photographic device mounted on the ROV, photogrammetric 3D data of the front and aft parts of the Warabi hull were created. Analysis this 3D data indicates the hull shape of the front and aft sections together closely resembles that of the destroyer Warabi. This is consistent with the fact the destroyer Warabi was broken up and sunk in a collision with the light cruiser Jintsu. The aft of Warabi immediately sank to the seabed and the bow drifted approximately 15 km below the sea surface it its present location. Considering that the front section drifted 15 km, the presence of multiple potential sinking sites may indicate the wreckage of the destroyed ship is scattered and submerged in various areas. FRAMEWORK The aim of the research is to identify, evaluate and archive UCH at great depths. As water depth increases, visibility and the influence of currents become challenging factors. The use of ROVs requires their location and managing cables. In addition, reaching the target objects and performing photogrammetry in such environments is extremely challenging. In this survey, by successfully locating the Warabi and achieving its 3D reconstruction through photogrammetry, it has been possible to pinpoint the collision site, locate and record Warabi's hull and identify other UCH. RESULTS The research methodology used in this study provides an efficient and highly accurate approach to the acquisition and documentation of detailed seafloor maps and the archiving of UCH. The use of 3D data allows for high-resolution and accurate representations, making a significant contribution to future research on UCH. ACKOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to Captain Akira Ohara of the JOY MARINE, who provided the research vessel and contributed to the discovery of Warabi with exceptional navigational skills. We would also like to thank the members of the Mihonoseki Incident Memorial Association for their generous information and cooperation in the investigation. We are truly grateful for their assistance. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP 16H06309 and JP 21K00991. 3 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration: The Case of the Destroyer Warabi, Which Sank in the Mihonoseki Incident Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract is most appropriate for this Session 1, as it deals with the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). The case study will be based on the discovery and digital recording of the warship destroyer Warabi, which sank in 1927 in the Sea of Japan and has since been lost. We use state of the art technology at depths between 95m and 180m. Resources available for the work include multibeam acoustic sounding and photography using ROVs, and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. The research questions are developed out of the identification and condition of UCH at great depths, as difficult and not well documented or conserved. The results will contribute significantly to the development of research methods in underwater archaeology. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Masami Sannoh Keitaro Ohara Kotaro Yamafune Yasumasa Ichikawa Ryohei Uetaki Hayate Kimura Masaya Katagiri Takashi Kitsuda Tomoyuki Nishio Toshiyuki Ohara Hironobu Kan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Sannoh, Masami. 2023. “Development of methods for underwater cultural heritage exploration. ―The case of the destroyer Warabi, which sank in the Mihonoseki Incident.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1887 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/592d22d827324f19a6d882099a9672ef.pdf 42f25a845b2f6a85b4ea87b1005066a2 PDF Text Text Project Approach to the Establishment of Underwater Heritage Management in the Kingdom of Cambodia Heng Kamsan Abstract The establishment of Underwater Heritage Management under the leadership of Cambodia‟s Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts started a project to set boundaries and recognize limitations in its ability to oversee activities in underwater cultural heritage (UCH) management. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization‟s (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and the UNCLOS III International Law of the Sea were adopted in November 2007 In 2011 Cambodia is the only Southeast Asian country to ratify the convention. This paper will provide an outline of the bureaucracy and project development currently ongoing in Cambodia. Details will be provided on the initiation of structural management and of limitations authorities must consider when establishing proposed project outcomes. I. Introduction Cambodia has a long and important maritime history. The 2001 Convention was adopted in June 2006 with the intention to define Cambodian UCH and protect it for future generations. What is the project approach to Underwater Heritage Management in the Kingdom of Cambodia? All operations are run under the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts with the following common characteristics: performed by people; generally constrained by limited resources; requirements in planning, execution, and control. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (henceforth the Ministry) assigned a Director General of Cultural Heritage to supervise. The Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit was established by the Ministry since January 2011 which consists of 11 members, one director, secretariat, and research team. “Project Start-UP” provides the basic framework in establishing subsequent projects. The proposed development entails a series of projects with the following parameters: define requirements; identify expected outcomes; results; fixed start and end dates; and extent of available budget/resources. Authorities must first define their expected results. A mission statement and name for the organization may be the first order of business. After the mandate has been established and a “project manager” (i.e. Ministry Director) assigned, the project starts. The end date is based on resources and limitations in the following factors: maritime cultural property, limits of authority on the sea and interior waters (lakes, rivers, baray [ancient Khmer reservoir); personnel, skills, and equipment. At this stage a comprehensive view of future requirements should begin to take shape (i.e. conceiving Phase 2, 3, 4, 5) and where it is anticipated that the organization will be in 5 years or more. With each project the following takes place in this order: 1. The Define phase: establish the plan; define what is to be accomplished and WHY. 2. The Start phase: Organization of people and equipment involved. 3. The Perform phase: Go do it! Track progress and maintain control while encouraging performance. 4. The Close phase: STOP! What are the results? 1 �II. Project Start-UP A) Phase 1 Projects are often implemented to achieve an organization‟s strategic plan. Operations and projects differ in that operations are ongoing and often the result of a project or projects, while projects are temporary and unique. According to the Project Management Institute (PMBOK) Guide a project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service”. The terms “temporary” denote a finite/defined beginning and end, and “unique” means that the product or service is in some way distinguishable from others. A project may be undertaken at almost any level within an organization. It may involve one or more people and run over a few weeks to several years. In many cases a project may cross inter-organizational boundaries and involve organizations that are outside the perimeters of control. Phase 1 is “Project Start-UP” or the basis for all that is to follow. Once the basic framework is established “Project Start-UP” would be complete and subsequent phases of the project initiated. Once the project is complete another project would be established to take the Ministries efforts to the next stage of development. Subsequent projects are expected to help in the strengthening and growth of the organization. i)- Temporary “Temporary” means that every project has a definite beginning and end (PMBOK p.5 see footnote). Temporary does not always mean short duration and some projects can last for several years until the desired results are achieved. However, a project has a definite end and cannot and should not be construed as an ongoing effort. The difference between a project and operations is that is a project ceases when the declared objectives are met, while operations adapt a new set of objectives and continue to work. The end is reached when the project objectives are achieved; or it becomes clear that the project objectives cannot be met; or the need for the project no longer exists and the project is terminated. ii)- Unique Projects involve doing something that has not been done previously. The establishment of a new department of underwater is unique even though the organization to which it will belong is large. The uniqueness is in the contents and context in which the organization is formed. iii)- Progressive Elaboration Progressive elaboration is a characteristic of projects that integrates the concepts of temporary and unique (PMBOK Guide p.5). Because of the uniqueness the project must be progressively elaborated. “Progressively” means gradual movement, proceeding in stages or development towards a destination or more advanced state; while “elaboration” means involving many carefully arranged parts; detailed and complicated, to develop or present in further detail. Initially broad elements are defined early in the project and progressively elaborated while the scope of work remains consistent. III. The Project All projects must meet the formal commitments made to the world community in complying with the 2001 Convention and UNCLOS III (1985). The unique product or service of a project 2 �is run under a specialized organization within the existing framework of the Ministry that can implement and sustain the Cambodian commitment to underwater heritage management. the PROJECT is to develop the framework for an Underwater Heritage Management Unit within the existing framework of the Ministry and integrate the Unit‟s objectives with those of other Ministries and government bodies. CONCEIVE=DEFINE=START=PERFORM=CLOSE The idea= The plan=The team=The work=The finish A) Defining Requirements: 1- Specific outcomes: results 2- Define start and end dates 3-Establish budgets/resources: people, funds, equipment, facilities, and information. B) What are the results? Before results can really be defined authorities must start the process by defining what desired results are expected. The results may simply be an interpretation of the 2001 Convention and how it applies to Cambodia or the required and expected results may be more complex. A mission statement and a basic name for the organization may be the first order of business. After the mandate has been established and a “project manager” (Ministry Director) assigned the project starts. The end date can now be set based on requirements of resources and definition of terms: 1- Maritime cultural property 2-Limits of authority on the sea and interior 3- Authority under existing Cambodia law 4- What personnel and skills are needed? 5- What equipment is required and when IV. The background of the Kingdom of Cambodia A)- Geographical setting Situated in the Southeast Asia Region, Kingdom of Cambodia forms part of the south portion of the Indochinese Peninsula between latitude 10º and 15º north and longitude 102º and 108º east. It is bounded on the north by Laos, on the east and southeast by Vietnam, and on the west and northwest by Thailand. In the southwest, Cambodia is bordered by the Gulf of Thailand (by the three provinces Koh Kong, Sihanoukville and Kampot) with a coastline of 435 kilometers (km). To the southeast of the country lies the delta of the Mekong River. 3 �Figure 1. Map indicating Cambodian waterways and plains (Encarta 2005) The capital and largest city of the Kingdom of Cambodia is Phnom Penh, sited at Chaktomuk, which translated means “four faces”, this relates to English as the geographical confluence of four rivers - the Upper and Lower Mekong, the Tonle Sap and the Bassac (MCDAI 1997). The city traditionally has been a commercial centre for the Mekong Valley with facilities for transportation by air, rail, river, and highway. Phnom Penh today, as it was in history, is a major river port with an outlet to the South China Sea through the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Cambodia‟s most important river and waterway is the Mekong River, the longest river in Southeast Asia and the tenth largest in the world. Originating from the Chinese Himalayas, it runs through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam before flowing into the South China Sea. The Mekong River runs southward through Cambodia for 486 km passing Phnom Penh where it divides into the aforementioned rivers. Both the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong River are the hub of Cambodia's economy, transportation, and supports fisheries, agricultural irrigation (particularly important for rice production), and other cultural activities (Choulean, et al. 1996). 4 �Oudong Figure 2. Satellite image of Phnom Penh showing the crossing Mekong and Tonle Sap in front of the city (Phnom Penh développement urbain et patrimoine, MC-DAI 1997) There are several other important river networks in Cambodia. To name a few, they include the Battambang rivers (centered on the Sangke River), the Stung Treng group (the Sesan, Sekong and Srepok Rivers), and the Sen River (Kompong Thom). B) Historical Review of Waterways in Cambodia Waterways have been and are important elements for communication. They are the most reliable natural feature to support transportation, thus providing passage for the movement of people, trade and culture. Maritime relations were established early between India, China, and the Arabs and then firmed between various parts of the coast of the Indochinese peninsula, the Malay Peninsula, the islands of Sunda in Indonesia and Japan (MC-DAI 1997). However, well before the arrival of foreign navigators the local populations living along the littoral of rivers had established their own fleets of ships and built cross-community relationships due largely to continual exchanges along the coasts (MC-DAI 1997). The river network provided the grid along which settlements were established, of which the Mekong River remains the most important feature. Further to the southeast, another city contemporary to Angkor Borei, was built on the coast. It was once the Gulf of Siam, now named Oc-Eo (in present day Vietnam). This was a Funan site (Pélliot 1903) and an important port where foreign merchants came to settle since sea routes from India and the Malay Peninsula probably ended here. The exterior wall of the Oc-Eo site consisted of four embankments with five moats. The principal axis of the site was probably a canal, and the site lay at the heart of a regional network of waterways. Aerial photographs reveal a large network of waterways, dug by humans, which served as drainage channels and irrigation canals. This network of canals, interconnected with each other and to rivers was also used for water traffic between population centers found along the Bassac and Mekong Rivers. In areas close to the sea, this system of waterways helped to regulate the degree of salinization from the sea. Waterways in the Oc-Eo region seem to have run from north-northeast to south-southwest, following the general gentle slope of the terrain. C) Natural Environmental influences on the Typology of Khmer Traditional Boats Cambodia is located in a tropical region and under the influence of seasonal monsoons. These weather patterns provide abundant water and forests are a dominant element in the Eco-Environment of the Kingdom of Cambodia. During the wet season access by land is 5 �sometimes difficult as the region is often penetrated by floodwaters. Winds are moderate and predictable with monsoons blowing from the west or south in May-August and northwest or northeast in December-March. The temperature of freshwater is uniform, encouraging fisheries and there is an abundance of wood near the river banks suitable for boat-building. These access factors were conducive for our Khmer ancestors. They used the waterways and maritime sea-lanes to supply the needs of their daily life. Artificial canals connected rivers or the Great Lake to cities and villages which required many kinds of craft to move over. It is unfortunate that today some types of traditional boats, especially sea-craft, have disappeared. Traditional boats are described in detail below. The information is primarily focused on the riverine boats that ply the Mekong River, the Tonle Sap and the Great Lake. It is sometimes difficult to precisely define the function or record the original name of boats so they are identified by either method and/or materials-used in their construction: Royal Barge is called Tuok Ke Hauv (early 20th Century) Boat Cabin is called Tuok Koeng (late 16th century ) Racing Boats is called Tuok Ngor (Angkor period «802-1432») Sugar Palm Trunk Boat is called Tuok Thnaot (French Colonia «1863-1953») Touk Mead or Tuok Bilan (late 20th century) Bamboo Raft in called Kbone Russei (Angkor period «802-1432») Fishing Boats (early 20th century) Pleasure Craft (Early 20th century) Ferry Boats (late 20th century) House Boats (around 17th century?) Figure 3a. Royal Barge called Tuok Ke Hauv, early 20th Century (National Museum), historic photographs 6 �Figure 3b. Royal Barge called Tuok Ke Hauv, early 20th Century (National Museum) (cont.), modern photographs 7 �V. Notes on underwater archaeology that provide scope to current and future project requirements Underwater archaeology fieldwork is not unlike its parallel sub-discipline of terrestrial approaches, in that it requires broad scanning methods and detailed visual inspection. The photography, recording, and surveying use the same general principles as on land, however it is more time consuming, cumbersome and dangerous. A) The assessment process of underwater archaeology: i) Site identification: chronological position, date and nature of the site fundamentals ii) Contents of the site: what type of evidence is expected to be encountered will dictate the excavation strategy iii) Condition: what are the condition of the site as well as the conditions at the site (depth, currents, boat traffic i.e. in a port, or offshore) iv) Recovery techniques: what if anything will be recovered and how, and the resources that make recovery possible v) Post-excavation/recovery: what samples should be considered for analysis, specialists need, and the specific requirements of the post-excavation / recovery vi) Conservation requirements: limiting exposure to air of fragile artifacts, and facilities to care for the immediate and long term preservation of organic and fragile finds. B) General view of UCH Not all underwater archaeology concerns ships. In areas where the land has been altered either naturally or manmade, the possibility of human habitation exists that should be explored and studied. Canals, wetlands1 and other manmade engineering features make for possible sites too. Sites are evaluated according to the following: 1. Site discovery 2. Initial assessment and research design 3. Excavation 4a. Feature and artifact recording and rising 4b. Structural recording, mapping and tracing 5a. Artifact and Spatial Analysis: activity area 5b. Structural disassembly, raise; record; rebury Cargo lading, ballasting 6a. Shipboard life 6b. Shipbuilding techniques VII. 2001 Convention This section is to provide clarity as to what Cambodian authorities understand the 2001 Convention to entail. It is a complement to other like international conventions. 1-Is a comprehensive international instrument on the protection of maritime cultural property. 2-The convention fills the gaps in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Imbedded within the charter is the need for building capacity for heritage management and conservation of artifacts in the coastal zone of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Capacity building denotes the development of a core group of highly motivated professionals to manage the heritage and cultural assets associated with the coastal zone and inland waterways. 8 �VIII. Objectives The team must be able to develop and expand six key objectives: A) Knowledge and understanding i) Maritime archaeology management; ii) Threats to underwater cultural heritage; iii) Role of the maritime museum; public interpretation; iv) Marine archaeological conservation; and v) Marine archaeological protection. B) Cognitive mastery i) Assessment of maritime landscapes with respect to the application of management skills; ii) Assimilate issues relating to legislation and preservation of marine archaeological resources; iii) Public awareness, and best practices of marine artifact conservation; and iv) Independent research. C) Practical application i) Assist in establishing framework and legislative systems changes to benefit protection of heritage; ii) Apply best in class conservation, management, and preservation practices; and iii) Develop future framework and systems. D) Transferable skills i) Research; ii) Conferences and seminars; and iii) Develop educational plans for future generations. E) Tasks i) Develop public interest in the historical environment with solid leadership, effective partnering, and a sound base with which to develop policies. ii) Develop the full potential of the historical environment as a learning resource. iii) Develop accessibility to the site, knowledge base iv) Protect and sustain the historical environment for future generations v) Develop the historical environment‟s importance as an economic asset. F) Special traits to be understood in current marine archaeology i) The site can be located outside the territory of their state of origin. ii) The discipline is poorly understood and as a result a poorly developed research framework. iii) The sites are situated in a hazardous environment subject to continuous and rapid change. iv) The sites are not easily accessible and manageable without specialized skills, techniques, and equipment. v) The undertaking of marine archaeology as a result of the above is expensive. 9 �Figure 4. View of shipwreck sites along the coastline provinces in the Kingdom of Cambodia IX. Summary The „Project‟ approach to heritage management provides a proven process and procedure that can be adapted and refined to meet all the requirements of planning, executing, and controlling a specific group of tasks that develop a unique product that will be on time, within budget, and conform to all required specifications. It is only now that Cambodia is beginning to progress and build its capacity in maritime archaeology after the country became the first, and only, Southeast Asian country to ratify the 2001 Convention. The Ministry has established an UCH Unit to lead the national efforts in the field of underwater archaeology, heritage protection and preservation. This team is currently conducting research and fieldwork surveys to establish a preliminary cartography of the heritage within the boarders of Cambodia. The preliminary cartography of underwater cultural heritage in Cambodia will be finalized and published at the end of year 2011. The UNESCO Phnom Penh Office has been working on a project dedicated to the inventory of Cambodia‟s UCH. The result of which will be a document that provides a synopsis outlining a three year plan to introduce a capacity building project that will allow for locating, protecting, conserving and studying the underwater legacy of Cambodia. This will lead to the development of a framework that will eventually enable a permanent public exhibition of this legacy. It will therefore be publicly accessible and will have the potential to be appreciated by people around the world. Within the framework of ongoing cultural 10 �activities and with the objective to preserve UCH, UNESCO is supporting the project The Preliminary Cartography of UCH in Cambodia. Through the efforts and resources of organizations and the sound project management of the people involved, the initiative to implement a world-class functioning Underwater Heritage Management and Archaeological Organization within the Ministry will be successfully achieved. Bibliography Choulean, A., Prenowitz, E., and Thompson, A., 1996 Ministère de la Culture, Département des Affaires Internationales (MC - DAI), 1997 Bunker, E.C., and Latchford, D., 2004 Coedès, G., 1989 Delaporte, L., 1880 Ishizawa, Y., 1999-2004 Higham, C., 2002 Hoc, C. S., 1973 Osborne, M., 1866-1873 Prak, S., 2000 Vann, M., 1999 Vann, M., 2003 Ya, D., 1995 Pélliot, P., 1903 Project Management Institute 2009 Française d'ExtrêmeOrient 1942 A manual for the Past, Present, and Future, APSARA, Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Angkor. Atelier parisien d'urbanisme, Phnom Penh, developpement urbain et patrimonie, Paris. Adoration and Glory: The Golden Age of Khmer Art, Art Media Resources, Chicago. Articles sur le Pays Khmer, Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), Paris. Voyage au Cambodge, Delagrave, Paris, Encarta 2006, Microsoft DVD ROM. Along the royal roads to Angkor, Weatherhill, Tokyo Early cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia, River Books, Bangkok. "Esquisse d'une étude de la batellerie khmère", in Memoire d'une fin d'étude, River Road to China, the search for the source of the Mekong "Traditional metalwork of Cambodia: A Case Study in the Kampong Luong Commune", in Renaissance Culturelle du Cambodge, 17, Socio-Cultural Development, Survey Report. Les cités khmères anciennes, Toyota Foundation, Phnom Penh. Modern Khmer cities, Reyum Publishing, Phnom Penh. Khmer Boat-racing, Thesis for Diploma in Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh. “Le Fou-nan", in Bulletin of Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO), tome III, Paris. A Guide to the Project Management Body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Newton Square Pa, pp.4-5. tome XLI 1941, fasc. 2, Hanoi. 11 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Project Approach to the Establishment of Underwater Heritage Management in the Kingdom of Cambodia Subject The topic of the resource Session 12 Some Challenges and Issues in Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia Description An account of the resource The establishment of Underwater Heritage Management under the leadership of Cambodia’s Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts started a project to set boundaries and recognize limitations in its ability to oversee activities in underwater cultural heritage (UCH) management. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and the UNCLOS III International Law of the Sea were adopted in November 2007 In 2011 Cambodia is the only Southeast Asian country to ratify the convention. This paper will provide an outline of the bureaucracy and project development currently ongoing in Cambodia. Details will be provided on the initiation of structural management and of limitations authorities must consider when establishing proposed project outcomes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Heng Kamsan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Display of Two Forraigne Sects in the East Indies: Vizt: The Sect of the Banians the Ancient Natiues of India and the Sect of the Persees the Ancient Inhabitants Of Persia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Henry Lord Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Francis Constable Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1630 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Henry Lord Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1630 Place London Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Francis Constable Title A name given to the resource A Display of Two Forraigne Sects in the East Indies: Vizt: The Sect of the Banians the Ancient Natiues of India and the Sect of the Persees the Ancient Inhabitants Of Persia India Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nichi-sou boueki no jittai Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hideo Fukube Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kyushu University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Hideo Fukube Item Type Book Section Book Title Higashi ajia to nihon 2 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kyushu University Title A name given to the resource Nichi-sou boueki no jittai China Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chinese Merchants and Chinese Settlements in Medieval Japan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hideo Hattori Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Hideo Hattori Item Type Journal Article Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Pages 99-115 Publication Title Interaction and Transformations Title A name given to the resource Chinese Merchants and Chinese Settlements in Medieval Japan Volume 2 China Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Himanshu Prabha Ray Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Himanshu Prabha Ray Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Place Cambridge Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Title A name given to the resource The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia Southeast Asia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Yavana Presence in Ancient India Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Himanshu Prabha Ray Marie-Françoise Boussac Jean-Francois Salles Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Manohar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Himanshu Prabha Ray Editor Marie-Françoise Boussac Jean-Francois Salles Item Type Book Section Book Title Athens, Aden, Arikamedu: Essays on the Interrelations between India, Arabia, and the Eastern Mediterranean Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Pages 76-82 Place New Delhi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Manohar Title A name given to the resource The Yavana Presence in Ancient India India Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean during the First Millennium A.D. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pierre-Yves Manguin Himanshu Prabha Ray Jean-Francois Salles Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Manohar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Pierre-Yves Manguin Editor Himanshu Prabha Ray Jean-Francois Salles Item Type Book Section Book Title Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Pages 181-97 Place New Delhi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Manohar Title A name given to the resource Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean during the First Millennium A.D. India Southeast Asia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Himanshu Prabha Ray Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Himanshu Prabha Ray Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Place Delhi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press Title A name given to the resource Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Early Coastal Trade in the Bay of Bengal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Himanshu Prabha Ray Julian Reade Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kegan Paul Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Himanshu Prabha Ray Editor Julian Reade Item Type Book Section Book Title The Indian Ocean in Antiquity Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Pages 351-64 Place London Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kegan Paul Title A name given to the resource Early Coastal Trade in the Bay of Bengal India