25 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/698ffaab552da9f86d8915e24515eae0.pdf cf1be6134ac8eb198a59bbcc90e1a901 PDF Text Text Reading of the contemporary social consciousness through the shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury Mr. A.M.A.Dayananda Abstract The shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury is buried on the southern coast of Sri Lanka very close to a frequented tourist destination. It was run aground hitting on a rock at Akurala about three miles away from the shore. In 1893 when sailing from Bombay to Diamond Island the ship sailed past Rangoon through Colombo harbour after unloading charcoal. It is an iron build four mast sailing vessel. It collided with a reef due to rough waves. Six of the crew drowned and 22 survived. The shipwreck settled at a 50 foot depth. The incident was first reported in the The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper on 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th of May 1893. The value of the vessel was estimated at Indian Rupees (Rs.) 300,000 at the time. In one article there is another steamer ship reported wrecked some years previously. This paper includes details of the wreckage as are available from the newspaper reports. What happened after her wreckage was an interesting story. The time was the British colonial period in “Ceylon” (now Sri Lanka) during which time there was a growing general unrest against the colonial masters. Some information reveals that this mindset may have influenced the rescuers during their rescue efforts of the drowning crew. This paper it is going to elaborate on the story behind the shipwreck of the Earl of Shaftsbury and investigate the social influences towards the wreck site then and now. Introduction Even though Sri Lanka is a small island it is located at a geographically important juncture which joins the sea routes of East and West in the Indian Ocean. It was used as a trade centre within which goods were exchanged and as a resting place for navigators after a long sea voyage. “This ship was built in 1883 and belonged to the English firm The Browns and Sons” (Bruzelius 1996). A metallic vessel with four masts and a contemporaneously superior ship on the company's registration (The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper 08,05,1893). The ship had often arrived to the Colombo harbour but was wrecked in 1893 in the southern ocean of Sri Lanka marking its end of long sea voyages. The wreckage of the coal-transport ship is located between Hikkaduwa and Akurala and 14 meters deep in the seabed. Two of the newspapers, The Otago Daily Times and The Ceylon Examiner (Figure 2) reported over several days of the ship's tragedy and the problematic situation that the crew had to face after the wrecking. A minute detail of the reported facts and the way that they have been reported exposes the social background and the mentality of the social context. Discovery and Recognition of the Ship ‘Earl of Shaftsbury’ The Earl of Shaftsbury attracted both local and foreign divers visiting Hikkaduwa It was reported by Arthur C. Clerk in the 1960s (Clerk 1956-57:38). A very brief introduction of it is also mentioned in his book The Reef of Taprobane.” We later discovered, marked the resting place of the Earl of Shaftesbury, which ran on to the Akurala Reef in 1893” (Clerk 1956-57:p,38). A formal survey on this place has not been done since the diving activities conducted in the 1960s. This shipwreck not only entails historic and archaeological value but bears great significance to bio diversity as well. The ship which provides a place of living for different marine species of various colours represents an important environmental system. The Maritime �Archaeology Unit (MAU) in Galle, which is under the Central Cultural Fund, planned for an archaeological exploration on the shipwreck. Archaeological investigations on the ship first started in January 2008. The second step involved basic surveying activities in March and April 2008 by the participants of the Asian Pacific Regional Maritime Archaeology Training School established in association with the MAU (Figure 1). Figure 1. The group that assisted the exploration (Photo - R. Muthucumarana) Scriptorium Research Work Research was carried out on documents in search of the facts that had not yet been revealed. The divers who lived close to the site were aware that the Earl of Shaftsbury wrecked in 1893. The fact had been further proved by Clerk's book The Reef of Taprobane. So steps were taken to carry out an archive search based on the year 1893. Nishantha Kumara, an undergraduate who came to the MAU as a volunteer was sent to search the old newspapers. The attempt was fruitful because the Examiner reported the details of the shipwreck. This ship had been built in the Leigh region in England by the firm Reimage and Ferguson. It was registered under Lloyds, the authority on certificates of quality for ships. The Earl of Shaftsbury was of the highest condition among the ships then registered under the firm(The Ceylon Examiner news paper 08,05,1893). The length of the ship was 289.6 feet (ft.) and the width of it was 42.01 ft, her tonnage was 2079, and the dimension was 2869 ft. The owner of the ship was the Brown and Sons in England. The estimated value of the ship was three hundred thousand rupees in 1893. Out of the 28 members of staff onboard, six lost their lives in the wreckage (The Ceylon Examiner News paper 08, 05,1893). The ship had sailed to Bombay from New York harbour in America loaded with paraffin oil and coal. The empty vessel, which had been reloaded with ballast stones for balance, wrecked while sailing around Sri Lanka towards Diamond Island in Rangoon. At the time of the wreck the captain may have possessed a large sum of money; the money that the ship had earned from the goods unloaded at Bombay (Rasika 2010:06). �Figure 2. Otago Daily Time 23/06/1893 The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 08,05,1893 The Present Situation of the nautical ship, the Earl of Shaftsbury According to the initial research carried out in 2008, it was observed that the central part of the naval ship had been severely damaged. Further investigations of the ruins revealed that this was not only natural causes but also due to the activities of treasure hunters and metal collectors, who had caused the destruction using explosives. The bow and the stern sections are still in good condition and the massive iron masts of the ship can be well recognized. The ballast stones that had been used to balance the empty vessel are still lying around the ship. The ship which lies inclining on its left maintains unity from the front to the back. �Figure 3. The Ruins of the Earl of Shaftsbury (Photo - R. Muthucumarana) Field Strategies In 2008 the members of the MAU, did a survey on the wreck in a collaboration with the UNESCO Bangkok office. The wreck was measured and recorded by the team using 06 temporary control points fixed around the wreck. The site was divided in to two parts (from bow to mid-ship and from stern to mid-ship) and the two parts were measured separately. Each part was measured by using control points and the help of the Site Recorder program (a software developed by the 3H Consulting/United Kingdom). Also a base line was established covering the entire archaeological field. It was about 60 meters long and measurements were taken in the off-set method. For photographic records we used underwater digital still camera (Olympus C-770 camera with Ikelite housing) and video (Sony HC-90E camera with Ikelite housing). The expected goals were not achieved by this limited surveying activities conducted over four days(2008-03-27-29 and 2008-04-03) but they were enough to identify the naval ship as the Earl of Shaftsbury (Figure 4). �Figure 4. A Sketch of the wreck Earl of Shaftsbury (Drawing from the MAU archives) The Last Few Hours of the Earl of Shaftsbury The ship sunk due to natural hazards. The actual event was recorded by Leyers in (The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper 09,05,1893): After cruising around Sri Lanka the ship sailed to the right of Colombo harbour towards the Diamond Island in the City of Rangoon. At about 3 a.m. the nature of the sea turned extremely wild and brought howling storms along. The ship was expeditiously glided forward and pushed up and down by the ferocious waves. Suddenly something black appeared before the crew who were observing the route in the front of the ship. Through intermittent flashes of lightening the crew identified a reef. At once the crew on board started shouting. As the captain rushed out of his cabin to examine the cry the ship collided on the rock with a big noise. The captain was overwrought by this and rushed into the control cabin in attempt to take the ship into the deep sea. His efforts were futile and the ship was repeatedly raised by the harsh waves and thumped several times against the rock. The ship was ultimately steered into the deep sea with the captain's efforts. The ship had been unfortunately pierced by the knock against the rock and sea water rushed in. Soon it was filled with water and descending in the sea. Before the navigators stationed in the lower part of the ship's decks had time to think the ship started sinking (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09, 05,1893). Some other navigators who were saved from drowning, said the captain watched the navigators fight for their lives against the harsh waves. The waves threw the crew about as they hung on to the masts that had emerged out of water and others clasped the wreckage of the ship. “The captain was spotted convulsing, entering his cabin and locking himself in” (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 10,05,1893) .Moreover, according to their revelations, at the moment of wrecking the Second Officer of the ship had acted immediately and been successful in launching a life saving boat. Fourteen navigators had boarded the lifeboat and headed towards the coast. The Earl of Shaftsbury then buckled up throwing all on board into the sea at about 150 meters from the coast. This unexpected incident made the tired crew more miserable (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05,1893). �There were also recorded some inconsistencies with the events around the captain. This may be an indicator that the crew itself were largely unaffected by the death of the captain. Perhaps the first entry to follow is indicative of the locals' mere dismissal of the captain, while the second entry is more emotional and perhaps more about the shocked tone of the crew. The officers were housed by the special agent of the government until dawn and then taken to the guest house in Ambalangoda. Three days later the body of the captain, which had been badly destroyed, was carried to shore by the water. After recognition of the body by the chief officer of the ship and the rest of the crew, it was carried to Saint James church and buried with religious rituals (The Ceylon Examiner news paper 11,05,1893). The Otago Daily Times (Allen 26,01,2010). revealed an entirely different story about the captain's death, according to Mr. Jones, a rescued crew member of the Earl of Shaftsbury, the only reason the captain died was because he fell off the lifeboat. The lifeboat had loosened in its ties from the ship and had fallen on the captain's head while he was swimming for his life which knocked him out. In the aftermath of the unfortunate event, (Levers 08,05,1893) records the reaction of the locals. This record is in fact a glimpse of the socio-politics at the time and is symptomatic of the Sri Lankan anger towards the European oppression. The survivors had no other option but to swim for their lives. They swam a small distance and soon realized the European uniform they wore was a swimming hindrance. They pulled them off and swam towards the coast. They were reported to be mentally imbalanced and shocked, with bleeding wounds caused by being knocked against the rocks close-in to shore. The locals provided the naked navigators with native clothing. The surviving navigators later said that even though they requested the locals to save the lives of those who are still hanging on the masts and wreckage of the ship, they were denied with mentions that money was needed if they are to be saved. Later, all the men hanging onto the wreckage were saved by government special agents who were dispatched to the location. European suits were sent from Colombo for those officers who were clad in native clothes. The Examiner reported what a great shame for the Europeans to have been in native clothes for the whole day until the arrival of European uniforms(The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05,1893). The Names of the Drowned Captain T.B Mayyard, aged about 56 years, Second Mate. W.K Loyle, aged about 20 years. Steward, E. Morentz, aged about 21 years. Sail Maker. W perry, aged about 50 year. Two coloured seamen, natives of St Helena and Fiji Islands. The Survivors Chief Mate, JL Jones Carpenter, W Guest. Apprentices, G.O Trofaint, O.E pokely, and Thomson 14 coloured able seamen, 2 boatswains and the cook. Altogether 22. (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05.1893). �Reported Incidents After Sinking; Lack of Humanity? The Earl of Shaftsbury was smashed and wrecked in a period when Sri Lanka was a British colony (1815-1948). There had been no other shipwreck than the Earl of Shaftsbury to have revealed the detail of the area's social background. The thoughts and ambitions of the locals who were ruled by the Europeans and some of their behaviours can be seen through these reports. “Humankind does not always continue to exist with the same monotonous life style. Their thoughts and ambitions do fluctuate with time. Exterior influences are mostly responsible for these fluctuations”(Somarathne 1960 p,01). When studying social impacts and noting the larger context in which people conduct themselves, projects like this one, can reveal an underlying agency. To address this, newspaper records of the navigators' comments were gathered in hopes to note the voice of a colonized society. Among the reports that appeared on the wreckage the incident of not-saving crew members is the most highlighted fact. The Examiner reported that even though the surviving navigators had pleaded with the fishermen on shore to save the lives of the rest of the crew, the fishermen had demanded a considerable amount of money if they were to do so and would not otherwise. The newspaper report had highlighted that, “natives showed their lack of humanity” (The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 09,05,1893). In my personal view, the behaviour of the fishermen at a crisis like this could never be appreciated and should not take place in any civilized society. Especially in a great society that has been nurtured by Buddhist philosophies. Yet the reason for such hard hearted people must be found out by a subtle and thorough case study. The people in that society were under true agony from being oppressed with revolutionary attitudes. The influence of three powerful European nationalities that largely focused on economic advantages, from 1505 AD fostered a feeling of loss of freedom and the consequential loss of their culture. Up to the time of the wreckage there had been no other opportunity to record the deep-seeded anti-colonial feelings. The fishermen, with the mentality for freedom, may have refused saving the navigators due to their revolutionary attitudes caused by this anti-colonial sentiment. They might have used this incident to show their frustration and envy towards the colonists. They might have thought they would have been betraying their own nation by rescuing their enemies. Furthermore they would have been reluctant to throw their lives at risk by launching their small boats when the sea had become so violent that even large ships, such as the Earl of Shaftsbury, were not safe. The chagrin was not only visible in natives but also in Europeans. The report, “The Captain, Europeans and two Coloured men Drowned”, ( The Ceylon Examiner News Paper 08, 05,1893). highlights this, in that the report on the survivors and the dead had grouped the black and Europeans separately. Navigators’ were in local clothes until the European clothes were received and this was reported as an insult to them. All the above mentioned facts reveal that there had been a social conflict between the Europeans and the locals. Conclusions The only iron vessel with four masts so far found in Sri Lanka territorial waters is the wrecked Earl of Shaftsbury. This is an important research station for any marine �archaeologist studying ship building technology. Although there are so many laws and conventions enacted internationally and locally in order to protect these monuments, there are many practical difficulties in implementing them. One of the main difficulties is to find funding for archaeological projects. We had to depend on funds allocated by the state under the national budget. So it has become a common feature for a developing nation like Sri Lanka to depend on funds from other sources. However, I emphasize that archaeological sites of this nature shall be further studied and shall be protected for the use of future generations. As a place of archaeological importance for more than 100 years this wreck site is protected by archaeological law (Department of Archaeology 1940; Department of Archaeology 1998). Besides, steps are been taken to declare this site as protective monuments under purview of Government of Sri Lanka and thereby will get a blanket coverage for the site. Acknowledgements I wish to thank the organizers of the Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage for giving me an opportunity to participate. I also extended my gratitude to professor Mark Staniforth and professor Nimal de Silva, The Director General (Central Cultural fund) for encouraging me to publish this report. Bibliography Allen, T., 2010 Bruzelius, L., 1996 Clerk, A.C., 1956-1957 Department of Archaeology 1940 Department of Archaeology 1998 Levers, R.W., 1893 "Wreck of the Earl of Shaftsbury six Lives Lost", in Otago Daily Times 23 June Viewed 03 October 2011 http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?138941/>. Earl of Shaftesbury, Viewed 04 October , 2011. http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Earl_of_S haftesbury(1883).html The reefs of Taprobane, printed in the united states of America, Harper and Brother publishers, New York. Antiquities ordinance No 9 Amendment to the Antiquities ordinance No 9 of 1940 (21st May 1998) "Total Loss of The Ship Earl of Shaftsbury Off Akurella, Near Ambalangodde", in The Ceylon Examiner News Paper, 08,09,10,11, May. Dalanidu Magazine Vol II. Akurala verele Kedavachakaya Earl of Rasika, M., 2010 Shaftsbury, Maritime Archaeology Unit Central cultural fund. Somaratne, W., A Modern Ceylon and world history, Ceylon publishing 1960 cooperation. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reading of the contemporary social consciousness through the shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 Nautical (Ship and boat) Archaeology of South Asia Description An account of the resource The shipwreck Earl of Shaftsbury is buried on the southern coast of Sri Lanka very close to a frequented tourist destination. It was run aground hitting on a rock at Akurala about three miles away from the shore. In 1893 when sailing from Bombay to Diamond Island the ship sailed past Rangoon through Colombo harbour after unloading charcoal. It is an iron build four mast sailing vessel. It collided with a reef due to rough waves. Six of the crew drowned and 22 survived. The shipwreck settled at a 50 foot depth. The incident was first reported in the The Ceylon Examiner Newspaper on 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th of May 1893. The value of the vessel was estimated at Indian Rupees (Rs.) 300,000 at the time. In one article there is another steamer ship reported wrecked some years previously. This paper includes details of the wreckage as are available from the newspaper reports. What happened after her wreckage was an interesting story. The time was the British colonial period in “Ceylon” (now Sri Lanka) during which time there was a growing general unrest against the colonial masters. Some information reveals that this mindset may have influenced the rescuers during their rescue efforts of the drowning crew. This paper it is going to elaborate on the story behind the shipwreck of the Earl of Shaftsbury and investigate the social influences towards the wreck site then and now. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.M.A.Dayananda Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 2 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/86af14bc2aa55c27023df363881bcd22.pdf 3902bc40c22049db084f451751c1fff0 PDF Text Text The post-treatment deterioration of marine archaeological wood – where to now? Godfrey, I. M.1*, Richards, V. L.2 and Cha, M. Y.3 Abstract As waterlogged wood is ubiquitous in excavation sites, being used for structures (ships and buildings), tools, personal effects and for decorative artefacts, this material has been the subject of most conservation research and treatment over the past few decades. The development of disfiguring white deposits on treated timbers from the Skuldelev Viking ships from Roskilde Fjord in the late 1970s was initially treated as a minor cosmetic problem. The seriousness of the situation was soon realized when more timbers were affected and the destruction of timber tissue became evident. Similar problems have also been encountered with the Batavia timbers from Western Australia, the Shinan ship in Korea and artefacts from the Mary Rose in England. Problems associated with the presence of iron corrosion products in treated, formerly waterlogged timbers were further highlighted in 2000 with the development of highly acidic regions on some Vasa timbers and associated artefacts. These outbreaks on the Vasa were thought to be related to the inability of the climate control system to keep the relative humidity in the gallery below 60%. These post-treatment developments prompted a significant period of focused research and conservation activities, this time involving multi-faceted analyses and the development of strategies to address a problem that has the potential to affect all waterlogged timbers excavated from anaerobic sites. This paper reviews the current situation regarding the role that iron species play in promoting the formation of acidic species and in catalyzing the oxidation of reduced sulfur species, cellulose and polyethylene glycol and the steps being taken to reduce post-treatment deterioration of formerly waterlogged wood. The implications for future conservation treatments of waterlogged wood are discussed. Introduction Waterlogged wood is ubiquitous in wet terrestrial or underwater excavation sites, being used for structures (ships and buildings), tools, personal effects and for decorative artefacts. As a result waterlogged wood has been the subject of much conservation research and treatment over the past few decades. The work has been essential because waterlogged wood may be irreversibly damaged by shrinking, cracking, warping and possibly even crumbling into fragments should it be allowed to dry in an uncontrolled fashion (Figure 1). 1 Corresponding author, Dr Ian Godfrey, Department of Materials Conservation, Western Australian Museum, AUSTRALIA, ian.godfrey@museum.wa.gov.au 2 Department of Materials Conservation, Western Australian Museum, AUSTRALIA, vicki.richards@museum.wa.gov.au 3 Underwater Excavation and Conservation Division, National Research Institute of Maritime Culture Heritage , KOREA, cmy040301@nate.com �Figure 1: Cross-sectional view of conserved (top) and untreated wood (bottom) showing the extent of shrinkage if highly degraded wood dries without treatment (Copyright: Western Australian Museum). The aims of all conservation treatments should be to stabilize artefacts so that as much of the original material is preserved as possible, the dimensions of the object are retained and the causes of deterioration are ameliorated. Designated treatments should involve minimum intervention and if possible, applied treatments should be reversible or at least retreatable. Although reversibility is often quoted as an important principle for conservation treatments, it is often very difficult to achieve in practice. As long as dimensional change is avoided, the ability to retreat organic objects is enhanced if voids in structures are left unfilled, allowing future access to either solvents or alternative treatment chemicals. The importance of being able to retreat organic archaeological objects is clearly highlighted in the case of alumtreated waterlogged wood that has subsequently become highly acidic (Braovac and �Kutze in press). If it was not possible to retreat this wood, highly valuable archaeological objects would be lost forever. Many different conservation treatments have been applied to waterlogged wood. Most treatments focused on preserving the wood surfaces and dimensions upon drying. From the mid 19th century to the 1960s, heated, saturated alum solutions [KAl(SO4)2] were the most commonly used treatment for waterlogged wood (Herbst 1861:174-176). The aim was for the alum to displace the water and fill the pores with a material that would solidify when cooled and dried. Unfortunately alum was not able to fully penetrate the wood, was non-uniformly distributed throughout the wood and left it prone to collapse. In addition, over time, many alum-treated objects became highly acidic and deteriorated. In the early 1960s, the raising of the Vasa and excavation of the Skuldelev Viking ships from Roskilde Fjord stimulated further research into waterlogged wood treatment methods. As a result the alum treatment was abandoned and the use of polyethylene glycols (PEG) adopted as the preferred method for the conservation of waterlogged wood. For the past 45 years PEG, applied in different media and with various molecular weight and percentage compositions, has remained the most commonly used treatment for waterlogged wood. In addition to PEG however, many other techniques and chemicals have been used to impregnate and consolidate waterlogged wood. These include sugars and other polysaccharides (Franguelli 1971:339-346; Imazu and Morgós 1997:235-254; Imazu and Morgós 1999:210-214; Imazu and Morgós 2002:413-428; Zhang, et al. 2009:253-269), melamine/formaldehyde (Haas and Muller-Beck 1960:150-158; Wittköpper 1998:277-282), radiation-induced polymerization of vinyl monomers (Braeker and Bill 1979:97-145; Munnikendam 1967:70-75; Tran, et al. 1990:217234), silicone oils (Smith 2003) and acetone-rosin (McKerrell 1972:111-125). Despite the successful application of many of these techniques to waterlogged wood of varying degrees of degradation, none of these methods has overtaken PEG as the main treatment method for these archaeological materials. Post-treatment problems have surfaced however, in PEG-treated archaeological wood. The development of highly acidic regions in the Skuldelev Viking ships (Jespersen 1989:141-152), the Batavia (Ghisalberti, et al. 2002:281307), the Vasa (Sandström 2003), the Shinan ship (Kim and Yang 2004) and on artefacts from the Mary Rose (Wetherall, et al. 2008:1317-28) highlighted issues related to display environments and the complex chemical reactions that continue in waterlogged wood post-treatment. This paper examines the situation with regard to PEG-treated wood, presents the results of the latest research and discusses the implications with respect to the future conservation and research requirements of waterlogged wood. The nature of the problem The acid salts problem associated with PEG-treated wood was first highlighted in the late 1970s when disfiguring white deposits formed on treated timbers from the Skuldelev Viking ships recovered from Roskilde Fjord. The issue was initially treated as a minor cosmetic problem, with the powders simply brushed away and the spots camouflaged with tinted paint. The seriousness of the situation was soon realized when more timbers were affected and the destruction of timber tissue became evident (Jespersen 1989:141-152). Kirsten Jespersen’s analyses identified the white powder as hydrated iron sulfate, formed by oxidation of insoluble iron sulphides (FeS �and FeS2). Astutely, Jerspersen also recommended relative humidity control as being the key to protecting treated timbers from deterioration and encouraged cooperation with chemists to find methods by which iron salts could be removed prior to impregnation treatments. Similar problems had also been encountered with the Batavia timbers and as a result, subsequent research focused on further refining the problem, examining whether the problem was purely chemical in nature or if microbiological activity also played a role (MacLeod and Kenna 1991:133-142). Problems associated with the presence of iron corrosion products in PEGtreated wood were further highlighted in 2000 with the development of highly acidic regions on many Vasa timbers and associated artefacts. These outbreaks were thought to be related to the inability of the climate control system to keep the relative humidity in the display gallery below 60% (Sandström, et al. 2003). High relative humidity is also strongly linked to the development of acidity in the Batavia timbers when the climate control system breaks down and in the Shinan ship due to the naturally high summer humidity and temperatures in South Korea. The Skuldelev ships, the Batavia, the Shinan ship, the Vasa and wooden artefacts from the Mary Rose have common problems related to the complex interactions between the wood and the assorted chemicals incorporated into the wood structure during their immersion in the marine environment and as part of their conservation treatment. Corrosion products from corroding iron objects/fastenings and sulfur produced by sulphate reducing bacteria under anaerobic conditions in the marine environment permeated the timbers prior to excavation. Recovered timbers were then treated with PEG. Storage and/or display in high relative humidity environments encouraged chemical reactions between iron salts, reduced sulfur species, PEG and degraded cellulose that led to the development of highly acidic regions in and on timbers and other wooden artefacts from these iconic shipwrecks (Figure 2). This prompted extensive scientific investigations into the complex chemistry associated with these problems and suitable treatments to reduce acidity and ameliorate further deterioration. �Figure 2. Acid-affected region on a hull timber of the Shinan ship (Copyright: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, Korea). Iron compounds found on and inside acid-affected timbers include reduced and oxidized species, specifically pyrite, goethite, melanterite, rozenite, jarosite, natrojarosite, magnetite, siderotil and siderite (Cha in press; Ghisalberti, et al. 2002:281-307; Jespersen 1989:141-152; MacLeod and Kenna 1991:133-142; Sandström, et al. 2003). Acid levels in iron-rich areas range from pH4 0 to 3.5. Although only very low levels of pyrite were detected in Vasa timbers, relatively high levels of sulfur were found, predominantly in the form of elemental sulfur and thiols 5 of the cysteine6 type (Sandström, et al. 2003). In Batavia timbers however, higher levels of pyrite and only small quantities of elemental sulfur were found (MacLeod and Kenna 1991:133-142). The development of acid salt problems focused attention on the role that iron plays in promoting the formation of acidic species and in catalyzing the oxidation of reduced sulfur species, cellulose and PEG. Catalysed oxidation of reduced sulfur species, such as pyrite and elemental sulfur, leading to the production of sulfuric acid, was initially thought to be one of the main degradation mechanisms occurring in treated archaeological timbers (Ghisalberti, et al. 2002:281-307; Sandström, et al. 2003). While acidic hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses undoubtedly 4 pH – negative log10 of the hydrogen ion concentration. thiol - an organosulfur compound that contains a –C–SH or R–SH group where R represents an alkane, alkene, or other carbon-containing group of atoms. 6 Cysteine – a thiol-containing α-amino acid. 5 �contributes to deterioration of treated timber, subsequent studies demonstrated that there was less degradation in organically bound sulfur-rich areas of the Vasa and higher levels of degradation in low sulfur, high iron regions (Almkvist 2008). These findings indicated that organically bound sulfur was acting as an anti-oxidant and reducing the catalytic effects of iron compounds in these areas. In addition to the contribution to acid development by the oxidation and hydrolysis of iron salts and the production of sulfuric acid, iron species have also been implicated in free radical reactions, the acid hydrolysis of cellulose and other species, the oxidative depolymerisation7 of cellulose and PEG (Almkvist 2008; Elding in press; Godfrey, et al. in press; Lindfors, et al. 2007:57-63), the depolymerisation of hemicellulose and the formation of increased amounts of low molecular weight organic acids (formic, oxalic, acetic and glycolic acids) in sub-surface Vasa timber sections that have high iron to sulfur ratios (Almkvist 2008). While acetic acid generation can be directly linked to hemicellulose breakdown, the presence of greater amounts of formic acid in PEG-rich areas indicate that oxidative degradation of PEG is the major source of this acid (Almkvist 2008; Godfrey, et al. in press). It became clear that the situation in iron-impregnated, PEG treated wood is far more complex than originally thought, with more than just sulfuric acid contributing to the acidity of the timbers. Where to now? The increased knowledge regarding post-treatment deterioration of waterlogged wood necessarily imposes on cultural heritage professionals the need to carefully consider their actions with regard to the management of this valuable cultural resource. Some of the questions facing heritage management professionals include:  What can be done to minimise further deterioration in archaeological wood that is already in a treated, dry state?  If timbers are excavated with the intent of conservation, how should current treatment regimes be altered to minimise on-going post-treatment deterioration?  For already excavated timbers for which conservation treatments are not yet complete, can treatment regimes be modified to take into account recent research developments?  Should timbers continue to be excavated for study and conservation and if excavation is undertaken, is study, documentation and then re-burial an appropriate preservation management strategy? Conserved, dry wood It is clear that although waterlogged timbers initially appear to be stable after treatment with PEG, deterioration may continue long after the timbers have been dried. As low molecular weight PEGs are hygroscopic8 their presence in wood, combined with elevated relative humidity levels, enables sufficient moisture to be retained for chemical reactions to continue in the ‘dry’ archaeological wood. For already treated archaeological wood there are limited options to minimize further deterioration, all of which come at a significant cost. These options depend on the 7 8 Depolymerisation – a reaction which leads to the break up of polymer chains into smaller units. Hygroscopic – readily absorbs moisture from the air �condition, size and state of the wood - are they part of a hull structure for instance? In this latter case, as typified by timbers in the Vasa, post-PEG treatment options are extremely limited due to the restricted access to individual timbers in the multilayered hull structure. More options are available however for the timbers in the Batavia hull reconstruction as each timber can be individually removed and re-treated if necessary. As first muted by Jespersen (1989:141-152), environmental control of the storage/display environment, primarily by a reduction in the ambient relative humidity, is critical to the mitigation of deterioration mechanisms. While the capital cost for humidity control systems and the on-going running costs are very high, for large objects such as complete hull structures, this may be the only option available to minimise further degradation. The Vasa Museum installed a new air conditioning system in 2004, reducing the relative humidity in the display environment from upper levels of 65 – 70 % to a target range of 51 – 59 %. The effectiveness of this change has been reflected in a dramatic decrease in the number of acidic outbreaks that have occurred following this change in display conditions (Hocker, et al. 2009:469481). By comparison, the conditions in the Batavia display gallery are currently maintained at 47 – 57 %, reduced from 50 – 60 %, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of acidic outbreaks. Conservation professionals continue their efforts to determine the best treatment options for recovered waterlogged wood and to examine methods by which already treated wood can be better preserved. In order to minimise the post conservation problems associated with treated timbers, it is necessary to examine the kinetics of deterioration processes, the rate of oxygen consumption in treated timbers, and the environmental requirements that are needed in order to minimise deterioration processes. Research is continuing in all of these directions with recent research shedding further light on aspects of deterioration processes including PEG degradation (Almkvist and Persson 2005:269-278; Mortensen, et al. 2005:261-267; Mortensen et al. in press), oxygen consumption and measurement in conserved archaeological wood (Matthiesen and Nordvig in press) and the effects of consolidants on moisture absorption (and hence on the rates of chemical reactions) in conserved wood (Jensen, et al. in press). These and more studies are needed in order to fully understand the nature of the problem and the best way(s) to reduce degradation of treated archaeological wood. Treatment of excavated archaeological wood Despite research into alternative impregnation and consolidation regimes, PEG impregnation is still the most widely used treatment method for waterlogged wood. Disadvantages of its use however, include its cost, surface finish (dark, waxy and unnatural colour unless carefully cleaned) and its hygroscopicity that necessitates careful control of the relative humidity of storage and display environments for PEG treated wood. PEG is viewed by some as being only suitable for short-term stabilization because of its degradation over time (Christensen, et al. 2010:1-7). Mikkel Christensen also considers that research is needed in order to develop a more appropriate consolidant that leaves ‘an airy structure in order to allow re-treatment in the future’ and that modern materials science should be applied to develop more durable impregnation regimes, possibly involving ‘foaming a polymer’, a combination of nanoparticles with a polymeric ‘spider web’, a framework using biomimetic �materials such as an artificial lignin or via biomineralisation with an inorganic skeleton (Christensen 2010:1-7). Until such time as a more appropriate consolidant is developed however, PEG use is likely to continue. If this is the case then it is critical that any treatment regime include steps to remove iron compounds from waterlogged wood. The extent of iron removal needed to minimise continuing degradation of polysaccharides and PEG is still to be determined. Research efforts should therefore be made to determine if there is a threshold concentration of iron at which these degradation mechanisms are of minimal impact. Unfortunately the complex nature of deteriorated wood components, incorporated chemicals from the burial environment and the differing grades, concentrations and purities of PEG used to treat archaeological wood, complicate research efforts in this area. In the early 1990s preliminary experiments on the extraction of iron corrosion products from degraded, iron impregnated waterlogged wood found that the use of sodium dithionite in conjunction with diammonium citrate and PEG solutions, at neutral pH, was very effective in removing iron minerals from iron impregnated timber whilst successfully stabilising the wood structure (MacLeod, et al. 1991:119-132; MacLeod, et al. 1994:199-211). More recently, high performance iron chelators, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and ethylenediimino-bis (2-hydroxy-4methylphenyl) acetic acid (EDDHMA), have been successful in removing iron corrosion products from acid-affected, PEG treated waterlogged wood (Almkvist and Persson 2006:678-684). Potential problems with the latter treatment however, include degradation of hemicelluloses due to the alkaline nature of the chelating solution9 and post-treatment removal of the rich red colour that the iron-EDDHMA complex imparts to the wood. While research continues in this area, a comparison of the sodium dithionite/ammonium citrate/PEG treatment with both the DTPA and EDDHMA treatments, found that the former solution was significantly more effective in removing iron from waterlogged wood (Richards et al. in press). Reburial of waterlogged wood Excavation, study, documentation and reburial of waterlogged, archaeological wood may be a valid conservation management option for some, though not all, of these problematic materials. Reburial of excavated archaeological materials has long been used as a management tool, particularly in cases where large numbers of similar artefacts have been recovered, where the conservation budget is insufficient to allow the treatment of all objects, where the display or further research value of objects is limited or when sufficient archaeological information can be obtained from the objects without the necessity of a full conservation treatment (Bergstrand, et al. 2005:9-39; Godfrey, et al. 2004:343-351; Manders, et al. 2008:179-203). Depth of burial has been found to be a very important parameter when relating the degree of wood decay to the local environment. Many authors have shown that the extent of biological degradation of wood decreases considerably with burial depths greater than 50cm (Björdal and Nilsson 2002:235-244; Gregory 1999:78-83). However, recent studies have indicated that to decrease degradation of wood to almost negligible levels the depth of burial may need to be significantly greater than 9 Chelating solution – a solution containing a chemical that binds strongly to a metal, forming a soluble, complex molecule. �50cm (Bergstrand and Nyström Godfrey 2007:207-224; Nyström Godfrey, et al. 2011; Richards, et al. 2009:113-160). So based on past and current research, long-term preservation of reburied wood requires burial depths of over 50cm, in an environment which is sub-oxic to anoxic, is strongly reducing in nature with near neutral pH and dominated by anaerobic chemical and microbiological processes (sulphate reduction and methane production). In addition, the porosity of the reburial sediment should be low and possess almost negligible levels of interstitial organic materials such as dead seagrass, other dead/decaying organic matter or organic pollutants. More importantly, the area in which the material is reburied needs to be stable and not subjected to significant sediment movement through excessive water movement, such as strong current flow, large tidal ranges and frequent storm events (Nyström Godfrey, et al. 2011). Conclusions Although the guidelines for the conservation and preservation of underwater cultural heritage, developed by UNESCO in 2001, strongly endorse the in situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage sites and artefacts (UNESCO 2001), wood will continue to be excavated from at least some underwater sites. Port developments, underwater pipeline construction and dredging operations for example, often interact with shipwreck or other submerged archaeological sites. In these instances, excavation and either documentation, conservation or reburial, even at an alternative site may need to be considered. 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Tran, K., Ramière, Preservation of waterlogged wood, Impregnation with radiationR., and Ginier- curing monomers and resins. In R. M. Rowell and R. J. Barbour (Eds), Archaeological Wood, Properties, Chemistry and Gillet, A., Preservation, Advances in Chemistry Series 225, American 1990 Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 217-234. Wetherall, K. M., Sulfur and iron speciation in recently recovered timbers of the Mary Rose revealed via X-ray absorption spectroscopy, in Moss, R. M., Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 35, pp 1317-1328. Jones, A. M., Smith, A. D., Skinner, T., Pickup, D. M., Goatham, S. W., Chadwick, A. V., Newport, R. J., 2008 Wittköpper, M., Der aktuelle stand der konservierung archäologischer 1998 naßhölzer mit melamin/aminoharzen am RömischGermanischen Zentralmuseum. Arbeitsblätter für Restauratoren Gruppe 8: Holz Heft 2, pp 277-282. Zhang, J. P., Lactitol conservation of the 1st century BC extremely degraded Imazu, S., and waterlogged archaeological wooden figures and objects Morgós, A., excavated at the tomb of one of the kings of the ancient Sishui 2009 Kingdom in China. In K. Straetkvern and D.J. Huisman (Eds), Proceedings of the 10th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Amsterdam, 2007, Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten (RACM), Amersfoort, pp 253-269. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural UNESCO, Heritage, UNESCO, Paris. 2001 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The post-treatment deterioration of marine archaeological wood - where to now? Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 Preservation and conservation of wet archaeological materials and site management Description An account of the resource As waterlogged wood is ubiquitous in excavation sites, being used for structures (ships and buildings), tools, personal effects and for decorative artefacts, this material has been the subject of most conservation research and treatment over the past few decades. The development of disfiguring white deposits on treated timbers from the Skuldelev Viking ships from Roskilde Fjord in the late 1970s was initially treated as a minor cosmetic problem. The seriousness of the situation was soon realized when more timbers were affected and the destruction of timber tissue became evident. Similar problems have also been encountered with the Batavia timbers from Western Australia, the Shinan ship in Korea and artefacts from the Mary Rose in England. Problems associated with the presence of iron corrosion products in treated, formerly waterlogged timbers were further highlighted in 2000 with the development of highly acidic regions on some Vasa timbers and associated artefacts. These outbreaks on the Vasa were thought to be related to the inability of the climate control system to keep the relative humidity in the gallery below 60%. These post-treatment developments prompted a significant period of focused research and conservation activities, this time involving multi-faceted analyses and the development of strategies to address a problem that has the potential to affect all waterlogged timbers excavated from anaerobic sites. This paper reviews the current situation regarding the role that iron species play in promoting the formation of acidic species and in catalyzing the oxidation of reduced sulfur species, cellulose and polyethylene glycol and the steps being taken to reduce post-treatment deterioration of formerly waterlogged wood. The implications for future conservation treatments of waterlogged wood are discussed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Godfrey, I. M. Richards, V. L. Cha, M. Y. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 7 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/e594cb59d63b65b87400c35c9800d396.pdf 0d50689148a8e4cfe74155ec25a059ce PDF Text Text Deepwater Archaeology off Tobishima Northern Japan Island of Hayato Kondo1 and Akifumi Iwabuchi2 Abstract Tobishima island on the Japan sea, belonging to Yamagata prefecture, lies about 40 kilometres to the northwest of mainland Japan. Although the island itself is relatively small, it has been on seaborne trading routes since ancient times. Trawl fishermen occasionally find earthenware pots of the 8th century by accident around the seabed. From the late 17th to the 19th centuries Tobishima island was an important islet of call for Kitamaebune, which were wooden cargo ships trading along the northern coast of Japan. According to local legends, the southeastern waters just in front of the main port is a kind of ships’ graveyard hallowed by sacred memories. Contrariwise, no reliable historical record on maritime disasters or shipwrecks exists. In February 2011 Tokyo University of Marine Science & Technology (TUMSAT) and the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology (ARIUA) conducted the preliminary submerged survey around these waters, utilising a multibeam sonar system and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The research team succeeded in recording fine-resolution bathymetries and video images of a few shipwrecks lying between 60 and 85 metres. looks modern, but one seems to be potentially older. One For the next step, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), which has been designed and developed by TUMSAT, is planned to be employed for the visual mappings. The AUV is able to hover for observation by approaching very close to specified objects, and is equipped with high definition cameras. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional photo mosaics will be obtained, while accurate bathymetry data shall be recorded using sonar and an optical ranging system mounted on the vehicle in order to creat fully-covered and detailed site plans. Key words: Deepwater archaeology, Multibeam sonar, Remotely operated vehicle (ROV), Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), Tobishima island 1 Deep Submergence Lab, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 2 Tokyo University of Marine Science & Technology, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan �Introduction According to James P. Delgado (1997:126-127), deepwater sites as archaeology’s final frontier are the world’s last great archaeological resources. Not only in Japan but also in other industrialized countries, deepwater archaeology has just started. There are two main reasons why many underwater academics have lately become interested in this branch of nautical archaeology. First of all, almost all deepwater archaeological sites are still intact and well-preserved, while shallow-water sites have often already been disturbed by natural and human activities such as erosion, commercial fishing, or treasure hunting. Secondly, the incredible innovation of underwater technology makes now deepwater sites more accessible. In particular, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are the most essential. Once sites are discovered, drawing the precise plan of the sites distribution is the first step in underwater archaeology as well as in land-based archaeology. Even mapping shallow-water sites distribution by hand using divers, however, is not so easy: in the past it has taken up to 10 years to complete a project. By comparison, a newly-developed hovering type of AUV could manage to do the same job in a fraction of the time even in the deep sea. No unanimous definition of deepwater archaeology exists. Delgado (1997:126) defines deepwater sites as submerged archaeological sites, usually shipwrecks, found at depths greater than 300 metres. On the other hand, John D. Broadwater implies that this field of study encompasses all sites deeper than 30 metres, saying a majority of submerged archaeological sites lie in coastal waters shallower than 100 feet. He stresses the hazards that divers face, including potential fatalities at depths below about 130 feet (Broadwater 2002:642-643). The deepwater archaeological survey around Greece, which was recently conducted by an international team, targeted submerged sites from 40 to 150 metres deep. Here again the team points out the fact that in deeper water conventional diving is impossible (Delaporta et al. 2006: 79-85). When we divide underwater archaeology into two, i.e. shallow-water archaeology and deepwater archaeology on the basis of divers availability, the depth of 50 metres is an appropriate and suitable border line. Along the similar ideas as for deepwater archaeology, Keith Muckelroy (1978:149-150) said, �Roughly speaking, this means depths in excess of about 50 metres. The upper part of this zone, down to about 300 metres at present, constitutes the range of commercial and naval mixed-gas-breathing divers, while the waters below that are at present visited only by submersibles, manned or unmanned. Historical and Archaeological Background Tobishima island on the Japan sea, belonging to Yamagata prefecture, lies about 40 kilometres to the northwest of mainland Japan. From the port of Sakata on the mainland it takes approximately one hour to the island by ferry. The island itself is relatively small; it covers an area of only 2.7 square kilometres, being 10 kilometres round in circumference. The census gives the population of the island in 2010 at 265 persons, but in 1949 at 1,621 persons. According to historical records, on the contrary, its population from the 17th to the 19th centuries showed the figure to be around 1,000 islanders, perhaps because of traditional infanticide. Tobishima island consists of three villages: Hoki village, Nakamura village, and Katsuura village. The easternmost Hoki village is said to be the oldest, but the smallest. Nakamura village used to be named Ura village, which is situated between Hoki and Katsuura villages. The southernmost Katsuura village is the largest, having the main port and some religious centres. Katsuura village and its port used to be protected by a fort, which was built on the top of the cape of Ebisumaesaki, just to the southwest of the port. The historical or archaeological origin of the fort is unclear. It is surrounded by stone bulwarks, and it clearly aimed at defending the port. However, neither islanders nor historical documents could give us any reliable information. From the archaeological viewpoint, its construction technique seems to have come from Korea or from northern Asia. Village rumour suggests that at the Middle Ages a pirate group held this fort. According to a historical source, one local chief from the mainland attacked it in 1559. Because he would not have assaulted poor unarmed fishermen, his target was most likely sea bandits at this fort (Kasuya 2010:58-60). Although further historical study will be needed to conclude that pirates really did play an important role in Tobishima island, there is a strong probability of the fort being an ancient lookout or signal fire station. In any event, the vestiges of an old fort prove what a strategic position Tobishima island was on the Japan sea. �Around 6,000 years ago the island had already been inhabited as the archaeological excavations have proved. In the few thousand years following, however, it became uninhabited. The forefathers of contemporary islanders, who settled down in Tobishima island around 1,500 years ago, built some Shinto shrines, and since then the island has been one of the most important sacred and consecrated places, as well as a traffic point, on the Japan sea. Katsuura village has been keeping the Shinto shrine of Ogami Jinjya, which used to be named Oshaku-jima Jinjya. Oshaku-jima is a small uninhabited rocky islet, which lies to the west of Tobishima island. Women are not allowed to land on the islet. Since this islet still acts as the inner shrine or sanctuary of the Shinto shrine of Ogami, islanders even now revere the coastal waters including the islet and other tiny rocks. Partly because of these religious reasons, and partly because of unaffordable island economy, islanders have not permitted strange fishermen to trawl near to shore. This fact has ironically succeeded in helping to preserve the underwater cultural heritage around the island. The most important industry on Tobishima island is fishing, with little or no agricultural activity on the island. As above mentioned, the island has been a seaborne strategic point on the Japan sea since ancient times. Trawl fishermen, who are not islanders, occasionally find earthenware pots of the 8th century by accident around the seabed between Tobishima island and the port of Sakata. One of them seems to have been manufactured in western Japan. The Shinto shrine of Ogami Jinjya keeps many wooden and stone guardian lion-dogs, which also seem to have come from Hokuriku region or from Korea (Kasuya 2010:54). From the late 17th century Tobishima island on seaborne trading routes grew in importance in naval trade as it became a principal port of call for Kitamaebune. Kitamaebune were wooden cargo ships, between 20 and 30 metres from stem to stern, which traded along the northern coast of Japan. The staple shipping commodities were oil, spirits, salt, herring, tangleweed, and rice. In particular, rice was the most important for Kitamaebune which touched at Tobishima island, because the port of Sakata on the opposite shore in the mainland became the leading rice exporting base of northern Japan, to the city of Osaka or to the capital of Edo. Kitamaebune, which intended to call at the port of Sakata or to sail out of the port along the main seaborne route, occasionally waited for favourable winds at the port of Katsuura of Tobishima island. The port of Sakata at the �mouth of the River Mogami is not free from danger at all, because it is vulnerable to westerly or northwesterly winds and its depth of water varies from season to season. On the other hand, the port of Katsuura has ample depth of water, being sheltered from westerly or northwesterly winds by the cape of Ebisumaesaki. Historical records tell us that in 1792, for instance, 593 ships called at the port of Katsuura. Before the 19th century approximately 300 ships on average put in at the port per year. Most stopped from March to September (Nagai 1951:164-167). We could still observe some old mooring posts made of stone and some holes for wooden ones at the foot of the cape of Ebisumaesaki. However, the port of Katsuura is absolutely vulnerable to northeasterly or easterly winds. Hundreds of ships are said to have sunk just in front of the port. Unfortunately, neither detailed historical record nor hard documentary evidence regarding maritime disasters or shipwrecks exists for the area, thereby reinforcing the importance of the underwater archaeological work. According to some fragmentary materials or local stories, maritime accidents around Tobishima island could be divided into two categories: drifting ashore and sinking. The former was by far the commoner of the two. In the cases of drifting ashore, ships sometimes lost their masts or rudders a good distance off Tobishima island, and they were driven ashore suffering significant damage. On the way to Tobishima island, they often threw huge amounts of cargo into the sea for safety reasons. Between 1685 and 1866 roughly 100 ships were recorded as having been wrecked (Nagai 1951:252-264). This figure includes both drifting ashore and sinking. Other than these 100 cases, however, no one knows how many ships really sunk around Tobishima island, in particular, before reaching the island. If islanders had not succeeded in rescuing neither crew nor cargo, they could not have written any records. One of the typical drifting cases is as follows: a Kitamaebune left the city of Osaka on 1st March in 1820 carrying mainly cotton and salt, and then arrived at Tobishima island on 26th March. On 28th she tried to clear the port, but owing to strong easterly winds she was obliged to return to the port. Again on 30th she tried to do so, but by the winds she was drifted ashore (Nagai 1951:193, 256). Infrequently, only lifeboats whose mother ships had sunk a good distance off Tobishima island managed to arrive at Tobishima island. In 1804 a Kitamaebune leaving the port of Hakodate on 25th August was damaged by strong winds and lost the mast and much of its cargo just off �Tobishima island. The crews abandoned the ship and landed on the island by lifeboat on 4th September. Around 11th September, however, they rediscovered the deserted ship, and then towed her into the port (Nagai 1951:192-193, 255). According to the Japanese maritime customary laws during the premodern era titled Kaisen Shikimoku, by the way, the coastal community which first found flotsam and jetsam could claim an ownership to them in order to appropriate them for the renovation of local religious buildings, only when all crews died or disappeared. As long as the very last one survived, on the other hand, they did belong to the cargo ship or the ship’s owner. Usually, however, the captain or owner had to pay a generous remuneration in reward to the community’s services. In 1832 the following local rules were issued: islanders at Tobishima island were invariably granted a right to receive 5 percent of cargos whose ship had drifted ashore and to receive 10 percent of jettisoned and sunken cargos (Nagai 1951:190). In addition, islanders who tugged half-wrecked ships on to the port normally succeeded in receiving a substantial amount of cash from captains by secret. Once one Kitamaebune was drifted ashore, Tobishima island fairly enriched. However, that was not always the case. When official or governmental cargo ships wrecked, islanders often received no remuneration at all. Sometimes they had to dry soak cargos for nothing. Even after the era of steamers, the area of Tobishima remained a kind of ships’ graveyard. In 1868 during the civil war of Boshin, two battleships belonging to the ruling Tokugawa shogunate came to Tobishima island. One was a wooden schooner, and the other was a steel steamer built in Glasgow. On 23rd October, the strong easterly wind blew against those battleships. The schooner succeeded in leaving the port of Katsuura, but the steamer named Nagasaki-maru No. 2 was driven ashore by the wind. Fortunately all crews managed to land on Tobishima island, and later on to unload almost all weapons, navigation requisites, and personal belongings from the ship. On 23rd December a rescue ship arrived at Tobishima island, accommodated all crews and weapons, and left the island. When she sailed, some requisites and belongings such as a barometer, a binocular telescope, banners, and kitchen utensils were gifted to some islanders in gratitude for their kindness. More than for 100 years these heritages were kept in Tobishima island, but they were recently transferred to a museum at the city of Sakata. As the wreckage was �scrapped, however, there is no trace of Nagasaki-maru No. 2 herself in the island at present (Kasuya 2010:158-159; Nagai 1951:214-219). Preliminary Survey In February 2011 TUMSAT and the ARIUA conducted the preliminary submerged survey around these waters, utilising a multibeam sonar system and a ROV. Typically side scan sonars and magnetometers are used for shipwreck survey, but old wooden shipwrecks may not have iron parts, and they may be submerged in sands or silts and covered. Thus a multibeam sonar, which can obtain a detailed profile of the seabed, is sufficient for these targets instead of side scan sonars. The along track resolution of the multibeam sonar which is used for the survey is 1 degree and across track resolution is 0.5 degree. Supposing that the depth is about 70 metres the footprint of one beam is 1.2 x 0.6 metres. The mutibeam sonar provides 256 points of depth ranges within a 130 degree swath. These measurement data are stored together with GPS and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data, which are roll and pitch angle of the sonar, in a computer on board of a survey boat, and a bathymetry is obtained by post processing. Multibeam sonar also provides backscatter data so the operator can see side scan like image in real time while doing survey. The purposes of this multibeam sonar survey were as follows: 1) Explore shipwrecks and locate suitable sites of interest because the research team have no detailed information about shipwreck positions. 2) Obtain detailed bathymetry for AUV survey mission planning because a hovering AUV will cruise very close to the seabed at an altitude of 2 metres to take high-resolution images. 3) The bathymetry will be used for three-dimensional mapping with high-resolution mosaic image draped on. No one sensor is sufficient in itself but combinations of different sensors provide a very powerful mechanism for addressing the needs of the archaeologist working underwater (Singh, et al. 2000:319-328). �Figure 1. Bathymetry of the Survey Site near the Port of Katsuura (© TUMSAT) Figure 2. A Shipwreck Found in the Survey Site (© TUMSAT) �Figure 3. AUV “BA-1” (© TUMSAT) The team set the survey site just south-east off of the port of Katsuura. The size is about 400 x 1,500 metres and depths vary from 45 to 90 metres. The bathymetry contour map obtained by the survey is shown in Figure 1. The research team succeeded in detecting a few shipwrecks lying between 60 and 85 metres in depth on the seabed. One looks modern, but one seems to be potentially older. A small ROV was deployed from the boat to visually prove whether the objects are shipwrecks or not. Figure 2 shows a picture of the Wreck 2 in the Figure 1, which was taken by the ROV. The water current and wind was too strong for the small boat and the small ROV to reach from reaching the Wreck 1 and 3. For the next step, an AUV (Figure 3), which has been designed and developed by TUMSAT, is planned to be employed for the visual mappings. The AUV is able to hover for observation by approaching very close to specified objects, and is equipped with high definition cameras. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional photo mosaics will be obtained, while the accurate bathymetry data shall be recorded using sonar and an optical ranging system mounted on the vehicle in order to create fully-covered and detailed site plans. �Acknowledgements This research project is supported by the Canon Foundation Research Grant Program. The authors would like to thank Windy Network Corporation, Toyo Corporation and laboratory students for helping the multibeam sonar survey. We also would like to express our thanks to Q.I Corporation for kindly letting us use their ROV “DELTA-150” for visual survey of the shipwreck. An author would like to acknowledge Dr. Hanumant Singh at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for providing me an opportunity to stay at his laboratory to do research and giving me precious advises. Bibliography “Digging Deeper: Deepwater Archaeology and the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary”, in (eds.)Carol V. Ruppé and Janet F. Barstad, Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, pp. 639-666, Kluwer, New York. Delaporta, K., “The Greek-Norwegian Deep-Water Archaeology Survey”, Jasinski, M. E., and in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 35, No.1, pp. 79-87. Søreide, F., 2006 Encyclopedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, Delgado, J. P., 1997 British Museum, London. Tobishima: A Remote Island in the Sea of Japan, Kasuya, S., 2010 Tohoku-shuppankikaku, Tsuruoka (in Japanese). Maritime Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Muckelroy, K., 1978 Cambridge. The History of Tobishima, Kobun-do, Tokyo (in Japanese Nagai, S., 1951 with English Summary). “Imaging Underwater for Archaeology”, in Journal of Field Singh, H., Adams, J., Mindell, D., and Archaeology, Vol. 27, No.3, pp. 319-328. Foley, B., 2000 Broadwater, J. D., 2002 � https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/578da1d0fc5382a1a64b7c5b9698724b.jpg 1228c16865d499aa90c8ad878b2482fc Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 302 Height 346 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/36bce032dd33ba50cc190079e3932b3a.jpg 2dcbfd77e8fff5d422eb8f886951488f Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 938 Height 624 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/a25324b44fd8a21c5fe620a8c62636c2.jpg f21eb997526edc2736863a8caeb4326e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 802 Height 775 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Deepwater Archaeology off Tobishima Island of Northern Japan Subject The topic of the resource Session 3 History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Description An account of the resource Tobishima island on the Japan sea, belonging to Yamagata prefecture, lies about 40 kilometres to the northwest of mainland Japan. Although the island itself is relatively small, it has been on seaborne trading routes since ancient times. Trawl fishermen occasionally find earthenware pots of the 8th century by accident around the seabed. From the late 17th to the 19th centuries Tobishima island was an important islet of call for Kitamaebune, which were wooden cargo ships trading along the northern coast of Japan. According to local legends, the southeastern waters just in front of the main port is a kind of ships’ graveyard hallowed by sacred memories. Contrariwise, no reliable historical record on maritime disasters or shipwrecks exists. In February 2011 Tokyo University of Marine Science & Technology (TUMSAT) and the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology (ARIUA) conducted the preliminary submerged survey around these waters, utilising a multibeam sonar system and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The research team succeeded in recording fine-resolution bathymetries and video images of a few shipwrecks lying between 60 and 85 metres. One looks modern, but one seems to be potentially older. For the next step, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), which has been designed and developed by TUMSAT, is planned to be employed for the visual mappings. The AUV is able to hover for observation by approaching very close to specified objects, and is equipped with high definition cameras. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional photo mosaics will be obtained, while accurate bathymetry data shall be recorded using sonar and an optical ranging system mounted on the vehicle in order to creat fully-covered and detailed site plans. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hayato Kondo Akifumi Iwabuchi Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 3 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/108d8a9dea3b67e4cc1eb48328ee8a66.pdf 6f546c4bea76c12b9cce7fcf6a7890ef PDF Text Text The Ethics of Archaeology Documentaries Karen Martin-Stone Abstract Archaeology documentaries are an essential tool in the communication of archaeology to the public. It is in the interests of the discipline to ensure that archaeological research is portrayed accurately and ethically. Various professional archaeology organisations have developed voluntary codes of ethics for their members, yet documentary filmmakers are not bound by an established code of professional ethics. This study investigates whether archaeological codes of ethics can apply to filmmakers of archaeology documentaries, with a specific focus on films with underwater cultural heritage (UCH) subjects. This study also seeks to explore specific ethical considerations. It looks at the range of key stakeholders in archaeology documentaries, including participating archaeologists, the cultural stakeholders of the heritage site (eg. survivors of wreck events, descendants of individuals involved, and affiliated contemporary cultural groups), organisations with heritage management responsibilities, members of the public and interest groups. The concept of “truth” and its representation in film is discussed, as is the impact of filming on the conservation of UCH sites. Introduction Archaeology documentaries are an essential tool in the communication of archaeology to the public. It is in the interests of the discipline to ensure that archaeological research is portrayed accurately and ethically. Documentaries aim to communicate a message in an engaging way to a broad audience. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature of ethical collaboration between archaeologists and documentary filmmakers. This study looks at the three fundamental ethical considerations in archaeology documentaries – participants, truth and conservation. It also considers existing archaeological examples of ethical codes, their treatment of the fundamental ethical considerations, and their applicability and enforcement within the documentary sphere. Ethics The ancient Greeks were the first to conceptualise ethics. They had a philosophy that deconstructed applied thought into the three disciplines of aesthetics, epistemology and ethics (Patterson and Wilkins 2008:4). These disciplines sought to understand beauty, knowledge and ‘good’ behaviour. Over time, ethics has come to mean the rational decision-making process when faced with a moral dilemma. Centre and Jackson (2003) have created a simple working definition of ethics as, “standards set by a profession, an organization (sic), or oneself, based on conscience – what is right or fair to others as well as to oneself?” (Centre and Jackson 2003:362). As such, ethics are a cultural construct intended to influence individual behaviour for the greater good. At its most broad, this definition can be understood to include state and national legislation and international legal instruments, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001 Convention). This paper will review three different kinds of ethical codes that apply to underwater archaeology, and discuss them in the context of archaeology documentaries. There is a bias in the examples selected, towards the �Australian experience; however the concepts can be applied to the international experience. Ethics in underwater archaeology Ethical codes in underwater archaeology apply at the level of industry-adopted code, state and territory legislation, national legislation and international legal instruments. Adoption of these codes varies between countries. This study examines three examples to illustrate how ethical principles are upheld. AIMA Code of Ethics The Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) Code of Ethics proscribes an archaeologist’s responsibility to the public, to his / her colleagues and to his / her employers and clients. The Code establishes the general aims of encouraging members to: - Represent archaeology in a responsible manner; - Support conservation of the archaeological resource; - Respect the concerns of cultural stakeholders; - Support and promote the discipline of maritime archaeology; and - Maintain professional standards. (after AIMA, undated). The AIMA Code of Ethics is binding on members under the organisation’s constitution [Section 5(15)], and breaches of the Code can result in expulsion from the organisation under Section 32(1) (AIMA 2004:11). Historic Shipwrecks Act (1976) In Australia, the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act (1976) (the Act) was developed at a time when pressures from treasure hunting required robust measures to prevent the destruction and looting of significant wrecks in Australian waters (Hosty and Stuart 1994:12). The Act provides for: - Blanket protection of shipwrecks and relics over 75 years old in Australian waters; - Protection of shipwrecks and relics less than 75 years old, by Ministerial declaration; - The maintenance of a Register of Historic Shipwrecks; - Prohibition of interference with shipwrecks and relics; - Regulation of permits for the exploration and recovery of wrecks and relics; - Notification of the discovery of wrecks and relics; - Administration of parts of the Act by State and Territory authorities; and - Inspection and seizure measures where an offence may have been committed under the Act. (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts 1976) The Act applies to activity in Commonwealth waters, and is supported by complementary State and Territory legislation that applies in State and Territory waters. The Criminal Code applies to the Act, and offences attract a penalty of up to $AUD10,000 for individuals, or $AUD50,000 for companies. 2001 Convention The 2001 Convention was established at the 2001 UNESCO General Conference. The 2001 Convention has been ratified by thirty-six countries, termed ‘state parties’ �in the Convention, and accepted by four further state parties. The 2001 Convention provides for the following general principles: - In situ preservation of UCH should be considered as the first option; - Commercial exploitation of UCH is fundamentally incompatible with its protection; - Activities directed at UCH shall be as non-destructive as possible, and conducted to the highest possible professional standard; - Public awareness of, and access to, UCH should be promoted, except where incompatible with its protection; and - International co-operation in UCH research and management is encouraged (after UNESCO 2001). The 2001 Convention applies to UCH greater than one hundred years old, in seas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. It is binding only on state party signatories. These signatories are responsible for the seizure and protection of underwater cultural heritage illegally obtained, and for imposing and enforcing sanctions for offences committed under the 2001 Convention. Ethics in documentary practice Professional organisations The documentary filmmaking profession is yet to develop a professional code of ethics for the broad field of documentaries. However, a code of ethics has been developed by the organisation, Filmmakers for Conservation, which focuses on the ethical treatment of animals and the natural environment during the process of filming nature documentaries (Filmmakers for Conservation 2008:1). This paper does not intend to imply that individual documentary filmmakers do not conduct their practice ethically, nor that the profession is averse to the development of a code of ethics. Documentary ethics have been discussed at length in academic and mainstream media (for example, Aufderheide, et al. 2009; Butchart 2006; Donovan 2008; Maccarone 2010; Nash 2009; Nichols 2001; Rosenthal and& Corner 2005; Schilt 2000; Winston 2000). Despite this, “documentary ethics remains a field characterised by a focus on crises and the application of multiple ethical theories and concepts” (Nash 2011:1). Commonwealth legislation Australia does not have specific legislation for media practice, only media ownership. It has neither Constitutional protection nor a Bill of Rights protecting freedom of expression. Some freedom of expression is regulated by States and Territories through racial vilification and defamation legislation, and it is possible that censorship laws, “may also be used to prevent freedom of speech by restricting distribution of certain films and publications, although these laws now serve mainly to classify publications according to the age groups which can see them, rather than preventing their publication” (Jordan 2002:3). In practice, the High Court is seen to protect freedom of expression rights through its interpretation of the Constitution and common law (Williams 2000:35). International legal instruments Unlike UCH, media expression has not received the focus of a specific international legal instrument. However, the concept of freedom of expression has been enshrined in an international legal instrument. The Universal Declaration of Human �Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Article 19 of the UDHR specifies that: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers (UN General Assembly 2011:5). The UDHR has held the force of international law since 1976, as part of the International Bill of Human Rights. Ethical considerations in archaeology documentaries Documentary filmmakers are not journalists. Clarifying the position of documentary filmmakers within the broad category of ‘mass media’ will assist archaeologists to make informed decisions about the mass communication of their work. Many governments include film and television in a group of professions termed “creative industries” (Flew 2005:118). Documentary theorists accept that representing reality involves creating a fiction, in the sense that it necessarily involves artifice, contrivance, selectivity and subjectivity (Eitzen 1995:82). At their core, documentaries are non-fiction films that tell a story. Like all story-telling, documentary films often have a point of view. Film theorist, Erik Barnouw (1993), categorises the various forms of documentary according to their point of view: explorer, reporter, painter, advocate, bugler, prosecutor, poet, chronicler, promoter, observer, catalyst and guerrilla (after Barnouw 1993:v). These categories demonstrate the storied nature of documentary, and the fundamental difference between journalism and documentary: that documentary does not claim to be objective. “[T]he documentarian’s concern is to win an audience’s assent, not provide an ‘information transfer’ device or simply entertain” (Nichols 2006:1). The necessary selectivity of the documentary editing process, in order to tell a story, inevitably draws questions over the ethics of selectively portraying reality. These questions usually reflect concern about the documentary representation of participants (responsibility to subjects) or truth (responsibility to audience) (Nichols 2006:1-2). Archaeology documentaries also have an implied responsibility to manage risk to the featured cultural heritage. Participants The need for archaeologists to address ethical issues around people has been well documented (see, for example, World Archaeological Congress, 1990; Zimmerman, et al. 2003). Ethical issues are mostly consistent across terrestrial and underwater archaeology, and include addressing an archaeologist’s responsibility to descendant and Indigenous communities, the discipline of archaeology, organisational stakeholders and diverse publics. The archaeologist takes responsibility for external people – the amorphous ‘them.’ Film theorist, Bill Nichols, asks, “What Do We Do with People When We Make a Documentary?” (Nichols 2001:5). This is the ethical question central to documentary filmmaking. “Filmmakers who set out to represent people whom they do not initially know but who typify or have special knowledge of a problem or issue of interest run the risk of exploiting them” (Nichols 2001:9). Nichols (2001:5) contends that a human subject’s value to the filmmaker lies in, “the ways in which their everyday behaviour and personality serves the needs of the filmmaker”. As �such, a power imbalance is inherent in the filmmaker-participant relationship. In the documentary context, archaeologists now face an internal, powerless ethical situation – they become part of the amorphous ‘them.’ The ‘us and them’ power imbalance between filmmaker and archaeologists is central to the discussion of ethics in archaeology documentaries. Brian Fagan and Mark Rose (2003:164) note that, “on all too many occasions, we [archaeologists] have almost no control over the content, even over what is being said”. They advocate that archaeologists carefully balance the ethical dilemma of promoting the findings of science within the demands of a television marketplace. Brian Winston (2000:162) proposes that the filmmaker’s power over the participant should be renounced by taking the stance of an advocate or enabler, though he admits this is ‘unlikely’ when the ‘powerless’ participants are exploited by the media industry. Each participant or stakeholder in a documentary will have an expectation that their concerns will be handled sensitively and accurately by the filmmaker. So how do established codes of ethics protect the participants in archaeology documentaries? First, we must acknowledge who the participants are. The key stakeholders in underwater archaeology documentaries include: - participating archaeologists; - owners of the site; - cultural stakeholders of the heritage site (eg. survivors of wreck events, descendants of individuals involved, affiliated contemporary cultural groups, and organisations with heritage management responsibilities); - members of the public and / or the audience; and - other interest groups, including salvors. The codes of ethics profiled in this paper address some, but not all, stakeholder groups. The AIMA Code of Ethics requires members to respect the concerns of cultural stakeholders, and addresses the concerns of archaeologists through its requirements for professional standards of conduct, promotion of the discipline and responsible representation of archaeology. Members of the public / the audience are addressed through the 2001 Convention’s requirement that public awareness be promoted. The 2001 Convention also encourages co-operative research and site management, which benefits archaeologists and cultural stakeholders. Owners of the site and other interest groups are not explicitly acknowledged, however they may have other avenues of recourse to address any concerns. It is pertinent to note that the AIMA Code of Ethics is not binding on a documentary filmmaker (or any other non-member), and the 2001 Convention is only binding on state party signatories. Therefore, it is incumbent upon archaeologists participating in a documentary to seek information about the filmmaker’s ethical position and to communicate comprehensively about ethical issues. Truth The archaeologist’s version or representation of their research may not be consistent with the story or point of view the filmmaker wishes to represent. “[T]he narratives often applied to archaeology revolve around words like ancient, secret, mystery, lost, civilisation, empire, detective” (Henson 2005:2). Archaeologists with significant experience working with television documentaries have concluded, “All you can do is ensure that the science is compromised as little as possible, realizing that some loss of integrity, some overstatement, is inevitable” (Fagan & Rose 2003:165). �Truth in underwater archaeology is encouraged by the AIMA Code of Ethics’ requirement to represent archaeology responsibly and to respect the concerns and input of cultural stakeholders. The 2001 Convention’s emphasis on collaborative research and management of UCH also places value on the perspectives of cultural stakeholders. Again, it should be noted that neither of these codes necessarily apply to the documentary filmmaker. The right to freedom of expression upheld by the UDHR enshrines an individual’s right to represent their perspective, regardless of an audience’s perception of the truth value of that perspective. In Australia, there are no professional organisation codes of ethics, nor State, Territory or Commonwealth legislation that influence a documentary filmmaker with regards to representing ‘truth.’ However, “truth” is a subjective judgement, and there may be multiple truths and perspectives threading through a single story. A documentary filmmaker must edit reality to tell a story, and create his or her own version of truth. While relatively powerless in the filmmaker-participant dynamic, the risk of being blatantly misrepresented is probably low, particularly if an archaeologist has ensured their research is ethically sound. Perhaps most vulnerable are the local and descendant communities that archaeologists must reach out to when they use the media and that the media must treat fairly if they intend to profit by them. (Fagan & Rose 2003:174). Conservation The conservation of UCH is better protected than participants and truth through the process of filming a documentary. The AIMA Code of Ethics, the Historic Shipwrecks Act (1976) and the 2001 Convention all provide for the protection and conservation of UCH. While there are limits to the protection provided by the Act and the 2001 Convention, the Act is equally binding on the filmmaker as it is on the archaeologist. The 2001 Convention only protects cultural heritage greater than one hundred years old, and the Act shipwrecks greater than 75 years old (unless through Ministerial declaration). While age is a useful determinant for applying blanket protection, it has no regard for the significance of the cultural heritage being protected. Consequently, it does not protect more recent UCH that may be deemed to hold cultural or archaeological significance, such as wrecks associated with wars or natural disasters, until such time as these sites have been identified, assessed, nominated for protection and declared by the Minister to be a historic shipwreck under Section 5 of the Act. Conclusion This study has found that there are fewer codes of ethics that apply to filmmakers than apply to archaeologists. When these codes were assessed according to their effect within archaeology documentaries, it was found that while archaeologists may be bound by an enforceable code of ethics in their research, there was little protection guaranteeing that the archaeologists would be ethically represented by the filmmakers. This imbalance of power in the filmmaker-participant relationship requires archaeologists to take a proactive approach to addressing their concerns within the filmmaking process. �Regardless of the shortcomings of the various codes, it is clear that both professions embrace discussion of ethical considerations and the development of ethical approaches. This paper seeks to open an interdisciplinary dialogue to balance filmmakers’ requirements within ethical archaeological practice, to achieve a satisfactory outcome for all participants. With clear communication and wholehearted collaboration, it is expected that mutually beneficial productions can be developed in a highly ethical manner. Formatted: Font: 12 pt Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the contribution of Ms. Helen Carter, Dr. Julia Erhart and Associate Professor Heather Burke to the development of the ideas in this paper. Any errors are the responsibility of the author. Formatted: Font: 12 pt �Bibliography AIMA (Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Inc.), n.d. 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Centre, A.H., and & Jackson, P., 2003 “Standards, Ethics and Values” in Public Relations Practices: Managerial Case Studies and Problems, (6th edition). Prentice Hall, pp. 363-401. Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, n.d. Historic Shipwrecks Act, 1976, viewed 25 August 2011, <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/hsa1976235/ > Donovan, K., 2008 Tagged: A Case Study in Documentary Ethics. PhD Thesis, University of Technology, Sydney. Eitzen, D., 1995 “When is a documentary?: documentary as a mode of reception” in Cinema Journal, 35,:1, pp.:81-102 Fagan, B., and & Rose, M., 2003 "Ethics and the media",. iIn (eds) Larry J. Zimmerman, Karen D. L.J., Vitelli, K.D., and Julie Hollowell-Zimmer, and Julia J. Hollowell, J. (eds), Ethical Issues in Archaeology,. Altamira Press, in cooperation with the Society for American Archaeology, Walnut Creek, Lanham, New York and Oxford. Formatted Table �Filmmakers for Conservation, 2008 Code of Ethics, Filmmakers for Conservation, viewed 27 August 2011, <http://www.filmmakersforconservation.org/conservationfilmmaking/code-of-ethics.html> Flew, T., 2005 “Creative Industries” in New Media: an Introduction, (2nd edition). Oxford University Press, pp. 115-139. Henson, D., 2005 “Television archaeology: education or entertainment?” in the online proceedings of the History in British Education (first conference), University of London’s Vice-Chancellor’s Fund, viewed 27 August 2011, <http://www.history.ac.uk/resources/history-in-britisheducation/first-conference/henson-paper> Hosty, K., and& Stuart, I., 1994 Jordan, R., 2002 “Maritime archaeology over the last twenty years,” in Australian Archaeology, 39, pp.:9-19 Maccarone, E.M., 2010 “Ethical responsibilities to subjects and documentary filmmaking,’ in Journal of Mass Media Ethics 25(3):192-206. Nash, K., 2009 Beyond the Frame: A study in observational documentary ethics. PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale. Nash, K., 2011 “Beyond the frame: researching documentary ethics,” in Broderick, M., & Leahy, G., (eds), TEXT Special Issue, ASPERA: New Screens, New Producers, New Learning: Papers from the Australian Screen Production Education and Research Association Conference of July 2010, viewed 25 August 2011, <http://www.documentary.org/content/what-doabout-documentary-distortion-toward-code-ethics-0> Nichols, B., 1991 Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Nichols, B., 2001 Introduction to Documentary. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis. Nichols, B., 2006 What to Do About Documentary Distortion? Toward a Code of Ethics, viewed 25 August 2011, <http://www.documentary.org/content/what-do-aboutdocumentary-distortion-toward-code-ethics-0> Patterson, P., and & Wilkins, L., Media Ethics. Issues and Cases. (6th edition). McGraw Hill, New York. Free Speech and the Constitution. Research Note no. 42 200102, Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, viewed 25 August 2011, <http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/200102/02rn42.htm> �2008 Rosenthal, A., and& Corner, J., (eds.), 2005 New Challenges for Documentary, 2nd edition. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. Schilt, P., 2000 “Media whores and perverse media: documentary film meets tabloid TV in Nick Broomfield’s Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer. In Velvet Light Trap 45 (Spring), 50-61. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, viewed 25 August 2011, <http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwatercultural-heritage/the-2001-convention/official-text/> United Nations The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), viewed 25 General Assembly, August 2011, <http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/> n.d. Williams, G., 2000 Winston, B., 2000 A Bill of Rights for Australia, University of NSW Press, Sydney. World Archaeological Congress, 1990 World Archaeological Congress Code of Ethics, viewed 27 August 2011, <http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/about_ethi.p hp> Zimmerman, L.J., Vitelli, K.D., and Hollowell-Zimmer, J. (eds), 2003 Ethical Issues in Archaeology. Altamira Press, in cooperation with the Society for American Archaeology, Walnut Creek, Lanham, New York and Oxford. Lies, Damn Lies and Documentaries. British Film Institute Publishing, London. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Ethics of Archaeology Documentaries Subject The topic of the resource Session 5 UCH in the Making… online session Description An account of the resource Archaeology documentaries are an essential tool in the communication of archaeology to the public. It is in the interests of the discipline to ensure that archaeological research is portrayed accurately and ethically. Various professional archaeology organisations have developed voluntary codes of ethics for their members, yet documentary filmmakers are not bound by an established code of professional ethics. This study investigates whether archaeological codes of ethics can apply to filmmakers of archaeology documentaries, with a specific focus on films with underwater cultural heritage (UCH) subjects. This study also seeks to explore specific ethical considerations. It looks at the range of key stakeholders in archaeology documentaries, including participating archaeologists, the cultural stakeholders of the heritage site (eg. survivors of wreck events, descendants of individuals involved, and affiliated contemporary cultural groups), organisations with heritage management responsibilities, members of the public and interest groups. The concept of “truth” and its representation in film is discussed, as is the impact of filming on the conservation of UCH sites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Karen Martin-Stone Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 5 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/6010ce25448cf9f12043d9bb6d74e3b3.pdf c0b0d46cbb90fe00d88a0bbb20d51533 PDF Text Text Screen and Shipwrecks: Bridging the Divide Helen Carter and Emily Jateff Abstract The use of visual media is an aspect of recordkeeping and a necessary component of outreach and community engagement in maritime archaeology. Recent technological innovations have created the need to acknowledge multiple available methods of transmitting information to the public. Cross-disciplinary education in screen and archaeology provides students with an innovative means to enhance archaeological knowledge at the tertiary level and the skills to better inform the public through the use of digital media and practice. Introduction In 2008, the Departments of Archaeology and Screen and Media at Flinders University were given a substantial infrastructure and equipment grant to purchase a High Definition video camera (HDV) with an underwater housing. This interdisciplinary partnership has encouraged the development of knowledge to use the equipment, and then how best to use it in the context(s) of research, teaching and learning. Archaeology students know how to dive and work underwater, and Screen students know how to record and edit, but gradually we have bridged this gap so that both groups can work together on projects, combining expertise in the two areas. Project Aims The collaborative program bridges the divide between archaeologist and screen-practitioner perspectives. Screen and Media education is used as a tool to prepare archaeologists for future issues (dealing with hosting, presenting, proper representation of data in the media) and proper collection of data in the field. Best practice informs sustainable management as archaeologists trained in screen media make the best use of the tools available to provide an accurate record of investigated sites. Engaging screen practitioners in the issues relating to archeology enables them to tell more accurate archaeology narratives and confidently address issues in archaeological ethics and practice. Collaborative Education Collaborative teaching and cross-disciplinary education provides a proactive means of training future archaeologists and screen professionals to protect, preserve and interpret underwater cultural heritage (UCH) through film. The ability to video record underwater opens the door to many opportunities for both disciplines. Jointly, the most obvious advantage is the ability to write, produce and edit screen stories with underwater content. Initially, both groups are taught to use the camera on land so as to practically learn the skills of dealing with concepts of exposure, colour temperature, focus and composition in �a straightforward environment. They are then taught how to put the camera into its waterproof underwater case, or housing, how to verify the housing is watertight and how to operate the housing. The next step is to learn and practice the procedure for handling equipment in and out of the water, how to keep camera equipment dry and how to communicate with each other once they are in the water. Safety issues are also addressed at this point. Students are taught to prepare the cameras on a jetty or boat, get them into the water, safely change tapes and batteries and then clean up the gear after the shoot. Finally, students are able to practice using the equipment in the water, with the aim of collecting images that could later be constructed into meaningful, informative, culturally accurate stories. The significance of making documentaries about places and items of UCH is in opening a window that would otherwise be closed to most people. Theory Maritime archaeology and visual media have been hand-in-hand since underwater footage was shot at Uluburun in the 1960s. Peter Gathercole, Jane Stanley and Nicholas Thomas (2002:158) stated, “Archaeology can lead visual art in a socially responsible direction”. It naturally follows that screen and media studies and relationships can educate archaeologists-in-training about how to best convey the results of their research to the public. Archaeology students bring their unique knowledge and understanding to the development of the content; while screen students lend their technical and aesthetic skills to the telling of the story. As both students exchange skills and knowledge, more complex issues and stories can be communicated through the use of relevant sound and pictures. Both groups of students work together in the planning of shots, the structure of the edit and in making choices around who will provide the narration and where will interviews take place. The videos are produced by staff and students and made to screen within the university context so the authors are able to receive feedback on their narrative choices from staff and students directly involved in the creation of the ideas and research. “Archaeologists should make sure to be critically engaged with the structure, as well as the content, of our documentaries,” (van Dyke 2006:372). These videos are screened to both Archaeology and Creative Arts students, leading to an inter-disciplinary dialogue around technical and narrative issues. Practice-led Research The last three years have been spent defining and refining our methodology and teaching philosophy. The methods for taking cameras underwater for university research are necessarily different from those employed by commercial film and television producers. Each activity must be safe, informative and replicable in a student context. All students must be able to participate on some level in the production. It must provide opportunity for relevant feedback and reflection on practice for both students and staff. This section discusses the Flinders University underwater archaeology video program from 2008-2010. �2008 Collaborative Teaching 2008 concentrated on building the working arrangement between the Maritime Archaeology Program and Screen and Media. In May 2008, Screen and Media and the Maritime Archaeology Program received a Flinders University equipment grant to purchase an Amphibico underwater housing, a Sony Z7 camera and ewa®-marine underwater bags for Sony PDX10 video cameras with the view to utilizing cross-departmental skills for the production of archaeological documentary projects. There was a steep learning curve as staff realized the complexities of getting students in the water and the current obligations for Flinders University Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) Guidelines. In the first year the Amphibico housing was not used. One of the first issues we had to address was getting divers and nondivers working together. Most of the Screen and Media students were nondivers and could not assist with collection of video data below surface. As a temporary stopgap all 2008 filming was conducted on land and mostly focused on capturing images of jetties and small wrecks close to shore. We also dealt with issues of perception. Screen and Media students believed that everything maritime archaeologists did was in the water. Maritime Archaeology students thought cameras were point-and-shoot fun toys. In August 2008 Mark Staniforth led an assessment of a ferro-cement hull in Port Adelaide (Mulloway Studio, et al. 2009). Due to very low visibility, underwater footage was not recorded. Sian Bates, a Flinders University honours student, filmed the documentation of the project from land. In 2010 this footage was edited and made into a film by Deb Shefi, a Flinders University doctoral candidate (Shefi 2010). Sian Bates also assisted with the Society for Underwater Historical Research assessment of the Nelcebee (Bates 2008b). This video was screened at the 2008 Australasian Institute of Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) in conjunction with a poster presented by Zack King and Steven Lake (King and Lake 2008). We have been fortunate to draw on the expertise of local and worldrenowned underwater cinematographer Malcolm Ludgate ACS.1 Sian Bates compiled a short interview-based documentary with Ludgate describing underwater camera techniques (Bates 2008a). 2009 Collaborative Teaching Field projects scheduled for 2009 necessitated the training of archaeological staff and supervisors in the basics of camera operation and screen theory. In preparation for the 2009 Maritime Archaeological Field School at Mount Dutton Bay, Helen Carter taught a one-day workshop in camera use for supervisors and staff. Up to this point cameras were used only as recording devices — footage shot by maritime archaeologists was stream of consciousness and purely observational. Most were single shots with a noticeable lack of structure. The workshop addressed the necessity for capturing a variety of shots, with a strong beginning, middle and end to the story, which could then be edited into a suitable narrative. The camera should be used to observe many angles, details, textures and perspectives of the 1 Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS) �subject. Archaeologists were also taught the basics of recording technically proficient images and sound. The February 2009 Maritime Archaeology Field School/Australian Leadership Awards Fellowship Program at Sceale Bay and Mount Dutton Bay utilised Screen and Media staff and equipment to record field practice and produce a short documentary. The Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Program was the recipient of an ALA Fellowship Program grant to support travel and accommodation for mid-career maritime archaeology professionals from the Asia-Pacific region to participate in the field school. Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage was produced as a record of this program (Carter 2009a). One PDX10 and tripod were used at the Mount Dutton Bay site to record field operations and one PDX10 camera, bag and tripod were used to record activities at Sceale Bay. PDX10 cameras and bags were utilized onland and in-water by staff and students. Staff and students were interviewed and commented on their progress of learning skills in recording cultural heritage. Collected footage resulted in the documentary Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage (Carter 2009a). Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage was shown at the 2009 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) meeting in Paris. Also in 2009, a Documentary Camera topic with an emphasis on underwater camera technique (SCRN8027/8028) was offered in semester 2 by the Department of Screen and Media. One doctoral candidate in maritime archaeology (James Hunter) completed the topic. This topic included trips to maritime sites such as the Ships’ Graveyard at Port Adelaide, and produced two short student films (Rafferty 2009; Kalsan 2009). In May of 2009 a project was designed to assist doctoral candidate Adam Paterson with the Port Adelaide Community Archaeology (PACA) project at Port Adelaide (Paterson in prep). A short documentary film was shot and directed by Helen Carter and edited by Ed Powell (Carter 2009b). From semester 2 of 2009 Masters Classes were offered each semester that addressed camera use for terrestrial and underwater archaeological projects.2 A two-part program, on the first Friday, Helen Carter repeated the workshop delivered to the staff/supervisors of the 2009 Field School to archaeology students. On the second Friday, students participated in a field practical. Archaeology students assisted with camera operation underwater. Screen and Media students assisted Helen Carter with aspects of camera operation above water. The semester 1 Master Class was the first time the Sony Z7 Camera with the Amphibico housing was used underwater by archaeology staff and students. A short film was made about this training day, Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage: using underwater cameras (Carter 2010a). It used footage recorded by maritime students and terrestrial footage shot by Screen and Media students and was edited by a Screen and Media honours student (Carter 2010a). This film is available through the Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage website at: http://www.apconf.org/about/video/. 2 The Flinders University Department of Archaeology runs Masters Classes on Fridays throughout semester. These short topics are designed to offer students training in topics otherwise not covered in general teaching (e.g. archaeological illustration). �2010 Collaborative Teaching By 2010, representatives from both departments had developed a workable program of training that prepared master students for camera operation and underwater filming through a program of Masters Classes prior to field school. At the 2010 Maritime Archaeology Field School, Sceale and Streaky Bays (ARCH3309/8152) Z7 camera training was conducted with Helen Carter and other trained supervisory staff to provide direction to the participating students about filming techniques. In just one week in the field archaeology students gathered a wide range of footage including jetty surveys, measurements of a wreck at low tide, details of wood in a local museum, artifacts on a local beach and boat-based dive activities. This footage was used to make the film Maritime Archaeology Field School 2010 (Carter 2010b) A second underwater Masters Class was offered in a contained environment at the Adelaide Scuba swimming pool. This was designed to make training available to students who did not yet meet the strict Flinders University dive guidelines (and therefore could not dive in-field) and provided an opportunity for more Screen and Media students to join the Maritime Archaeology students in the water. ‘Rushes’3 were used as on-site training tools. This gave students an initial opportunity to view their footage directly after recording and receive feedback from a trained professional before returning to the water to rerecord. To the new divers, this class also demonstrated more practical issues such as buoyancy. In 2010 the Maritime Archaeology Department's Associate Lecturer Emily Jateff and doctoral candidate Deb Shefi audited the Screen and Media Underwater Cinematography topic along with six Screen and Media honours students. This was the first time that Screen and Media students were registered as divers/snorkellers with Flinders University and allowed to take cameras underwater. Two documentaries were produced in 2010. The first was a record of archaeological investigations in the basement of the South Australian Maritime Museum Bond Store basement (ca.1854) conducted by doctoral candidate Adam Paterson (Shefi 2010). The second documentary titled Torpedo Station was produced by honours student Ian Bethune and recorded excavation of three test units at the Port Adelaide Torpedo Station conducted by doctoral candidate James Hunter (Bethune 2010; Hunter in prep.). Outcomes Outcomes of this work include a methodology for teaching underwater camera practice to university students, instructional videos for use in camera Masters Classes, a library of stock footage for use on student documentaries, videos which promote the work of the university in UCH and videos which convey edited versions of the efforts and meaning of specific archaeology projects. 3 ‘Rushes’ are unedited prints of a scene �Students also have additional skills for use in archaeological fieldwork and for producing their own videos, making them all more employable upon completing their degrees. Screen Students have been encouraged to pass dive medicals and to acquire diving qualifications. All students have increased their diving hours while maintaining all requirements as per the Flinders University Diving Procedures Manual (2008). Screen and Media Department staff have a greater appreciation of the issues and techniques involved in the field of archaeology and are better able to contribute to the production of meaningful underwater narratives. Developing a Methodology (The Process) The first three years of this collaborative project concentrated on developing a methodology for continuing practice safely within the university system. This stressed the following three points: 1) How to video-record underwater Students worked with small cameras in basic underwater bags. We researched and practiced what camera-shots are required in order to edit sequences and scenes together. Students devised methods of communicating with each other in the water about what shot they were working on, whether it needed another take and/or other directorial input. Students also learned the best times of day to shoot and how to get the best lighting conditions for a particular location. 2) How to use the camera(s) and housing in the water Masters Classes focused on issues of buoyancy, steadiness, focus and using light to the best advantage. Students would practice their skills in a swimming pool then review the footage with lecturers and go straight back in to the water to improve their camera-shots. Building on this experience students were able to apply these skills to using the more complicated Amphibico housing with a larger HDV camera. Procedures for handling and testing equipment in and out of the water were developed. 3) Advanced screen and media techniques Through the documentary camera class students learned how to edit their material, to colour grade the footage and to create suitable sound tracks. By watching other films students explored how to visually take the audience into and out of the water, how to establish an underwater location or geography and how sequences are cut together. 2011 and beyond Since the inception of this collaboration over a dozen films have been produced with input from students and staff from both departments. A review of the program and conducted research was presented at the 2010 AIMA Annual Meeting in Melbourne, Victoria (Carter, et al. 2010). In 2011 Flinders University announced the new graduate degree options Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma and Master of Screen and Media Production. Archaeology, Cultural Heritage Management and Maritime Archaeology topics are required as part of these degree options. �Masters degree classes are planned for the academic year 2011-2012 which include camera workshops, dives and events. Current Maritime Archaeology Program and Screen and Media graduate students are working on post-production of archaeological films recorded over the winter break. Screen and Media Department students are also finally able to dive and record their own footage. Areas for future development include regularly using the videos we produce in films on topics (this is currently done to a limited extent), editing and sound for underwater footage and continuing theory and development in teaching. Efforts will be made to secure funding for larger scale projects and integration of film techniques into more research projects. Future projects will stress working relationships in site management, and current underwater sites of cultural significance including a special emphasis on the South Australian shipwreck Star of Greece. Experimentation with small Go-Pro cameras is of interest, as underwater they can achieve a full high-definition (HD) image and are relatively safe for students to use due to their incredibly small physical size (42mmx60x30mm). Conclusion Cross-disciplinary education in screen and archaeology subjects provides researchers and students an innovative means to enhance skills and knowledge and better inform the public through the use of digital media and practice. By combining our experience (archaeologists can provide the ‘insider information’, screen professionals the skills to turn it into a film) to produce multiple benefits. Archaeologists learn how to better translate data sets to the public and provide clarity on the role of the heritage-professional in the filmmaking process (Clack and Brittian 2007). Maritime Archaeology students learn about equipment needs and the video process, including what questions to ask and what types of camera-shots they need to get in order to create short documentaries. Screen production students and staff have a better understanding of archaeological method and theory which allows them to make better informed films. Acknowledgements The Departments of Screen and Media and Archaeology, in particular Dr Mark Staniforth, Cole Larson, Scott Castledine, John Naumann, PhD Candidates Deb Shefi, James Hunter and Adam Paterson, with special thanks to the South Australia Department of Environment and Natural Resources Heritage Branch (Amer Khan), David Nutley, the 2009 ALA Fellows, Malcolm Ludgate ACS, Adelaide Scuba and past and current Master of Maritime Archaeology students for their unflagging enthusiasm. Bibliography Bates, S., 2008a Bates, S., 2008b Bethune, I., Mal Ludgate: Cinematographer. 13 minute documentary, Flinders University, SA. Nelcebee. 5 minute documentary, Flinders University, SA. Torpedo Station. 8 minute documentary, Flinders �2010 Carter, H., Jateff, E., and Shefi, D., 2010 Carter, H., 2009a Carter, H., 2009b Carter, H., 2010a Carter, H., 2010b Clack, T. and Brittain, M., 2007 Flinders University Diving Procedures Manual, 2008 Gathercole, P. Stanley, J., and Thomas, N., 2002 Kalsan, M., 2009 King, Z., and Lake, S., 2008 Hunter, J.W. In prep. University, SA. Screen and Shipwrecks: Bridging the Divide. An earlier version of this paper presented at the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology Conference, Melbourne, VIC, 2010. Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage. 5 minute documentary, Flinders University, SA. Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage: Field Methods. DVD. Flinders University, SA. Teaching Underwater Cultural Heritage: using underwater cameras. DVD. Flinders University, SA. Maritime Archaeology Field School 2010. 10 minute documentary, Flinders University, SA. Archaeology and the Media. Left Coast Press, CA. Flinders University Diving Procedures Manual. Internal report, April 2008. Flinders University, SA. Archaeology and the media: Cornwall Archaeological Society-Devon Archaeological Society joint symposium. Cornish Archaeology 41–42, 2002–3, 149–160 Ships’ Graveyard. DVD. Flinders University, SA. Nelcebee: A South Australian Ketch. Poster presented at the 2008 AIMA Annual Meeting, Archaeology from Below, 24-28 September, Adelaide, SA. Throwaway Navies: Naval Transition Abandonment Processes and the Archaeology of Australasia’s Torpedo Boat Defences, 1884-1924. PhD Thesis, Flinders University, SA. Mulloway Studio, Cultural mapping and survey: Port Adelaide waterfront: Kloeden, P., and Stage 2: Jenkins Street Boatyards, Precinct 2B. Report Staniforth, M., produced for LMC, Port Adelaide. 2009 Paterson, A. Port Adelaide Community Archaeology (PACA) Project In prep. [working title]. PhD Thesis, Flinders University, SA. Raftery, D., Ships’ Graveyard. 3 minute documentary, Flinders 2009 University, SA. Shefi, D., Untitled. 7 minute documentary, Flinders University, SA. 2011 Shefi, D., South Australian Maritime Museum Bond Store. 8 2010 minute documentary, Flinders University , SA. Van Dyke, R. M., Seeing the Past: Visual Media in Archaeology. American 2000 Anthropologist. 108.2: 370-375. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screen and Shipwrecks: Bridging the Divide Subject The topic of the resource Session 5 UCH in the Making… online session Description An account of the resource The use of visual media is an aspect of record keeping and a necessary component of outreach and community engagement in maritime archaeology. Recent technological innovations have created the need to acknowledge multiple available methods of transmitting information to the public. Cross-disciplinary education in screen and archaeology provides students with an innovative means to enhance archaeological knowledge at the tertiary level and the skills to better inform the public through the use of digital media and practice. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Helen Carter Emily Jateff Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 5 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/ee00d417f8cd191959bae3b9f3bc2453.pdf 3bf6912c8b6445fe261e6899db601f92 PDF Text Text Filling the Gap: A 19th Century Shipwreck in Tanapag Lagoon, Saipan Sarah Nahabedian1, Jason T. Raupp2 and John D. San Nicolas3 Abstract Over the past 4000 years several cultural groups have utilized the island of Saipan in the archipelago now known as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) for a variety of purposes including settlement, trade, provisioning and as a strategic position for wartime activities. Maritime heritage sites ranging from ancient coastal settlements to those of wrecked ships, planes and other World War II era sites have been identified on the island and in the surrounding waters. Over the past five years the CNMI Historic Preservation Office has endeavored to better understand and protect the submerged heritage of the island through remote sensing surveys, site inventories and site inspections. Recently the remains of a previously undocumented site were located along the island’s fringing reef in Tanapag Lagoon. A multi-agency investigation of this site determined it to be the partial remains of a mid- to late-nineteenth century sailing vessel. This investigation represents the first archaeological study of an early colonial shipwreck in the CNMI and helps to fill a gap in the archaeological record of pre-World War II period maritime sites. This paper examines the historic maritime activities in the CNMI during the midnineteenth to early-twentieth century and discusses the significance of this site to them. Though data pertaining to Saipan during this period is sparse, historical documents suggest that five wooden sailing vessels are known to have wrecked there during that time. The historical and archaeological analysis of these remains contributes to a broader understanding of colonial interaction and trade in the CNMI and the Pacific region in the nineteenth century. Introduction Since the time of first colonization around 3500 years ago (Rainbird 2004:81), several cultural groups have utilized the island of Saipan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) for settlement, trade, provisioning and as a strategic position for wartime activities. While archaeological investigations on the island have revealed many sites of ancient coastal settlements and World War II (WWII) era ship and airplane wrecks, until recently a nearly four hundred year gap in the submerged heritage record of its colonial period has existed. The discovery of an artefact scatter associated with the wreck of a 19th or 20th century sailing vessel presented an opportunity to begin filling that gap. Historical and archaeological investigations of this site have produced a list of possible candidates for the identity of this wreck and provided the groundwork for a colonial shipwreck survey for the CNMI. 1 Please send all correspondence to: Sarah Nahabedian, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, GPO 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, AUSTRALIA, naha0004@flinders.edu.au, 0449 711 208 2 Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, ADELAIDE, SA 5042 3 Coastal Resources Management Office, SAIPAN, COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS �Saipan Maritime Historical Context Since the late 15th century the Pacific Ocean has served as a trading highway for European nations by aiding in the movement of people and the colonization of new areas. Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Mariana Islands in 1521 and named them “Islas de Ladrones”, or Thieves’ Islands, after a misunderstanding in trade practices with the Chamorro people (Marche 1889:3). Regardless, their geographic location offered a perfect refuge for vessels caught in storms and a reprovisioning point during the lengthy Pacific crossing (Olive y García 2006:7). For the next three centuries, continual exchange existed between Spain’s colonies in the New World and those in the Far East and the Marianas operated as an entrepôt for the galleon trade (see Junco this volume; see McKinnon and Raupp this volume). By the late 17th century Spanish efforts to Christianize the Indigenous population resulted in their subjugation. To colonize the entire archipelago, the native Chamorro were forcibly removed from all of the northern islands and resettled into church-centred villages on Guam (Hezel 1983; Carrell 1991). Until the end of the 19th century, the islands to the north of Guam served mainly as ranches or infirmaries; as a result only sparse records of the activities that occurred there exist. In the early 1800s, Spanish authorities granted a request from a group of voyagers from the central Caroline Islands to establish a settlement on Saipan (Russell 1984:2). By the middle of the 19th century, whale ships and trading vessels commonly visited the island to obtain supplies. Subsequent to Spain’s loss in the Spanish-American War in 1898 all Spanish Micronesian possessions except Guam were sold to Germany, thus beginning what is known as the German Colonial Period (Spennemann 2007:7). The settlement of Garapan on the west coast of Saipan served as the administrative seat of the Marianas District. Between 1898 and 1907 German colonists constructed an administration building that was visible to approaching ships, a landing pier and shelters along the waterfront, and roads linking villages on the island (Fritz 1901:34-46). An important aspect contributing to the growth of Garapan was its proximity to Tanapag Harbor, considered by most shipmasters as the second best anchorage in the Marianas (Russell 1984:46). Though Germany held claim to the Northern Mariana Islands throughout this period, the Japanese controlled trade and economic life, primarily through large-scale sugar cane production (Peattie 1988:22). Shortly after Japan declared war on Germany in World War I, German officials in Saipan abandoned their post and Japan quickly seized several Pacific islands including the Northern Marianas (for an example of warship activity here see Arnold this volume; see Ishimura this volume). From that time through the 1930s, the Japanese government increased maritime works, including the building of a lighthouse and channel markers to guide ships coming into and out of Saipan. Also during this period, Japanese military infrastructure construction was clandestinely increased in preparation for war. Upon the entry of the United States (US) into WWII, the islands of the Pacific basin were subjected to events beyond their control and eventually Saipan would play a pivotal role in the war. “Operation Forager” was the �codename for the Allied plan to seize control of the Northern Mariana Islands from Japan. The 1944 invasion and capture of the islands by US forces caused devastation on both sides and left military vehicles and debris scattered on land and in the water surrounding the island. From 1945 to 1947 the islands continued under US military occupation (Carrell 2009:348). In 1947 the Northern Mariana Islands came under US Trust Territory status and in 1978 the constitutional government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands took office. Previous Investigations of Saipan’s Submerged Sites The submerged cultural resources of the island of Saipan have been the subject of both public and private archaeological surveys, as well as commercial salvage over the past thirty years. Beginning in 1979, the first literature search and diver visual surveys were conducted, which resulted in the location of objects from the Japanese, WWII and American periods (Thomas and Price 1980). In the 1980s the US National Park Service (NPS) and private archaeological consulting firms assessed the submerged WWII remains in Saipan (Miculka and Manibusan 1983; Miculka, et al. 1984; Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants 1985). In 1986 and 1987, a treasure hunting company, Pacific Sea Resources, commercially salvaged the 1638 wreck of Nuestra Señora de la Concepción off the south coast of Saipan (Mathers, et al. 1990; see Junco this volume). Upon completion of the salvage project the artefacts were divided between the treasure hunting company and the CNMI government. In 1990 the NPS again documented the WWII sites in the lagoons on Saipan (Miculka, et al. 1990), and in 1991 published a comprehensive submerged cultural resources summary for all of Micronesia which included details of more than 50 shipwrecks and abandoned vessels in Saipan (Carrell 1991). Little research or fieldwork was conducted on Saipan until 2001, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) initiated an abandoned vessel inventory for the CNMI (Lord and Plank 2003). This survey identified 28 historic resources, most of which were WWII-era pontoons/barges and freighters (Lord and Plank 2003). Beginning in 2008, interest in Saipan’s underwater cultural heritage was reignited. That year Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. conducted extensive remote sensing and diver identification surveys of Saipan’s western lagoons, which identified over 1500 magnetic targets; of these only 142 were identified through diver investigation, side scan sonar or were previously known (Burns 2008a; Burns 2008b). Using this survey data, a research project to document the submerged remains of the WWII Battle of Saipan was initiated in 2009 by researchers from Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc. and Flinders University. This project has resulted in the creation of an underwater heritage trial based on these sites (McKinnon, et al. 2011). �Archaeological Investigation of the “Japanese Channel Light Wreck” In February 2010, a marine biologist from Saipan’s Coastal Resources Management Office (CRM) notified maritime archaeologists from Flinders University of a possible wooden shipwreck site in Tanapag Lagoon. Initial investigations found several shards of green bottle glass, iron and copper-alloy fasteners and a piece of burnt wood buried in the sand and encrusted in the coral reef. The site was assessed as the remains of a wooden shipwreck or anchorage debris field. As there is little archaeological documentation of pre-WWII historic maritime-related artefacts within Saipan, the uniqueness of the site justified further investigations. In April 2011 a team of archaeologists joined staff from the CNMI Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and CRM Offices to record the extent of the artefact scatter. The site is located approximately one kilometre (km) from shore, along the edge of the lagoon’s shipping channel and was archaeologically investigated over a two-day period. The site is scattered over approximately 90 metres (m) in sandy pockets of the fringing reef adjacent to the shipping channel. It was recorded using baseline offsets, trilateration and triangulation to collect data on site dimensions, major site features and artefact locations. This data was then used to produce detailed scale drawings and a two-dimensional site plan. Photographic surveys of the artefact scatter were completed before and during the investigation in order to document the site and to aid in the completion of the site plan. Most features and artefacts were documented in situ; however, a limited number of portable artefacts were recovered for more detailed drawing, photography, and measurement onboard the diving vessel, then returned to their original locations (Gould and Conlin 1999:208). Artefacts A total of 114 artefacts were recorded on this site and overall the assemblage indicates an association with a wooden sailing vessel. Artefacts noted during this investigation included ship construction and rigging materials, as well as shipboard items and some likely intrusive objects. Artefacts associated with the vessel’s hull consisted mainly of ballast stones, sheathing and fasteners of various sizes, forms, and material. Small, oval-shaped, granite ballast stones were found scattered around the site and a dense concentration was identified directly adjacent to the shipping channel. Fastener types included heavily concreted iron drift pins or bolts, copper bolts and copper nails and tacks. Four copper sheathing pieces were identified around the site; these would have been placed on the outer hull planking of a vessel protecting the vessel from marine borers (Bathe 1978:3.10; Burns 2003:61-62; McCarthy 2005:101-102). One peculiar piece of identified ship’s hardware was a lead object in the shape of an Arabic number “4”. Research has concluded that this is a draft mark, which would have been attached to the stem and sternpost to indicate the depth at which each end of the hull is immersed (Steffy 1994:270). Many elements of standing rigging were found on the site. The most dominate and diagnostic of these were portions of broken wire rigging. By the �early 1850s most large British ships had wire standing rigging and by the 1860s wire rigging was in use by US shipbuilders (Macgregor 1984:151; Stone 1993:69). Several of the noted sections were end pieces, as indicated by the tear shape created by back splicing them to situate a thimble. Other components of standing rigging included a chainplate and deadeye contained within an iron strop. Chain plates were solidly bolted to the ship’s side to which the shrouds are secured by a system of deadeyes and screws and were used to steady the masts (Bathe 1978:4.08; Stone 1993:72). A heavily concreted metal oarlock was found on the site. Also known as a crutch or rowlock, these were u-shaped metal swivels that mounted on a boat’s gunwales for an oar (Bathe 1978:9.02). The oarlock has a ribbed horn-style opening and is most likely off a gig or lifeboat (Bathe 1978:9.01). A number of artefacts related to shipboard life were also located. Whole glass bottles, bottle fragments and ceramic sherds scattered across the site represent a wide date range. Many of these are thought to be associated with the wreck, and others are likely intrusive artefacts deposited by cultural or natural means. The most diagnostic of these artefacts are the bottles; types include dark green, three-piece mould or “Ricketts mould” bottles which date between the 1820s and 1920s and a two-piece mould or “turn-mould” bottle which was most common from the 1870s through around 1920 (Toulouse 1969:532). Several artefacts of questionable provenance were found scattered around the site. These included glass bottles embossed with characters that indicated Japanese origin and dated from the 1870s through around 1920 (Toulouse 1969:532); two fragments of an unidentifiable ceramic vessel; a stoneware body and rim shard of indeterminate date; and a shard of blue on white porcelain. Though the manufacture dates for these could be contemporary with this wreck, it is likely that they are intrusive artefacts deposited through cultural or natural means after the time of loss. Wood Samples An unidentified conglomeration of wood, iron and copper-alloy metal was the only piece of wood found on the site. Though no part of the object was identifiable, a timber sample was obtained from the object for possible specie identification. Timber analysis showed the sample as birch (Betula sp.) and the structure of the wood is most likely yellow birch after comparison with other samples (J. Illic, email, May 2011). Site interpretation Through archaeological recording and historical research it has been determined that this site is the remains of a ship dating to the mid-19th or early- 20th century. The presence of ballast stones, copper sheathing and tacks, as well as iron drift pins and bolts, indicate that it was a wooden vessel, and the hemp core wire rope, wooden deadeye and chain plate specify that it was a sailing vessel. The small collection of glass and ceramic fragments further signify a mid-19th to early20th century use and illustrate an aspect of shipboard life at this time. The oarlock �found on the site is most likely from the vessel’s gig or could be an extra oarlock to be used in case one was lost. Timber analysis indicates yellow birch, a species found in North-eastern North America and commonly used in shipbuilding. The close proximity of the ballast area to the channel suggests that the vessel hit the reef and wrecked while entering or exiting the lagoon through the channel. The shallow nature of the site, the length of the scatter and fact that no major features of the ship were found is a good indication of post depositional salvage. The discovery of burnt wood during the February 2010 fieldwork and the overall lack of timber on the site could be evidence of salvage. Often wrecked wooden vessels were burned to their waterline so that below deck cargo could be salvaged or metal fasteners could be removed for recycling. However it is important to note that the abundance of marine wood-boring organisms in the tropical water would have aided in the degradation of any wood left on the site whether the vessel was salvaged or not. Possible Candidates Forty-one documented ship losses have occurred in and around Saipan between 1552 and 1941 (Carrell 1991: 280). Though data pertaining to the island during this period is sparse, historical documents suggest that seven wooden sailing vessels are known to have wrecked in Saipan’s water between the mid 19th and turn of the 20th century. Though little historical information pertaining to any of these was located, comparison between them and the archaeological evidence recovered indicates four of them as possible candidates for the identity of the “Japanese Channel Light Wreck.” The barque William T. Sayward was built in Rockland, Maine in 1853 (Fairburn 1946(5):3421). Accounts state that the barque was sailing from San Francisco to Shanghai with a cargo of flour and $164,000 in specie4, when it sprang a leak off the “Ladrone Islands” and was abandoned on December 21, 1854 (Daily National Intelligencer 1855, Plain Dealer 1855, Salem Register 1855). Unfortunately details about the exact location where William T. Sayward came to rest are vague and therefore its association with the wreck in Tanapag Lagoon is unknown. The next sailing vessel reported to have wrecked around Saipan is the US ship Lizzie Jarvis. Historical sources present some discrepancies about the fate and identity of this vessel. One source reports that the whaler Lizzie Jarvis was lost in the “Ladrone Islands” while travelling from Hong Kong to San Francisco in 1855. The ship was previously known as Lady Pierce and was owned by Mr. Silas E. Burrows, who at one time intended to present the vessel to the Emperor of Japan (Ward 1967(4):187). A later report states that the ship was actually John N. Gossler, another vessel of the same owner which traded between the US and China and which wrecked in 1855, 150 miles Northeast of Saipan (Lévesque 2002(20):73; Ward 1967(4):187-188). Though the loss location of 4 The ship was carrying $164K in coin, or specie. �John N. Gossler would exclude it, the confusion surrounding the loss of Lizzie Jarvis make it a possible candidate for the identity of the “Japanese Channel Light Wreck.” An unknown barque was lost in 1876 in Saipan (Carrell 1991:280). Current historical research was unable to ascertain further information about this wreck. Until further information pertaining to this vessel and its loss are obtained, it is impossible to determine an association between it and the wreck in Tanapag Lagoon. The 103-ton American schooner Iolanthe was wrecked at Saipan in 1896. All hands survived and were transported to Guam on the Japanese schooner Chomey-Maru (Lévesque 2002 (20):512). Little information was found about this vessel aside from the fact that it was built in Essex, Massachusetts in 1883 (Record of American and Foreign Shipping 1896). Again the limited data relating to this vessel or the circumstances and location preclude any direct association with the “Japanese Channel Light Wreck.” Discussion Though the identity of the shipwreck recently located in Tanapag Lagoon was not absolutely determined, this investigation is considered significant for its contribution to increasing knowledge of a little explored period in Saipan’s history. As stated previously, until the “Japanese Channel Light Wreck” was identified, a nearly 400-year gap existed in the archaeological record pertaining to shipwrecks that had occurred around the island. The study of this 19th or early 20th century sailing vessel has produced archaeological data that will be added to the growing database of sites in the waters surrounding Saipan, as well as providing the impetus for building a comprehensive understanding of archival information relating to colonial ship losses in the CNMI. Thus the compilation and analysis of this data has begun to fill the gaps, and in doing so provides insight into colonial interaction and trade in the Pacific region around the turn of the century. The investigation of the “Japanese Channel Light Wreck” also represents the first multi-agency archaeological investigation of a submerged non-military shipwreck in Saipan. This approach allowed multiple local government agencies to collaborate with archaeologists from Australia and the US to assess and record this important piece of CNMI heritage. Due to the site’s location along the fringing reef, it also allowed agencies concerned with reef health and environmental quality an opportunity to monitor and protect the reef that has grown around this site. Ultimately this kind of collaboration offered all groups involved the opportunity to better understand and appreciate each other's work and can be seen as best practice for the protection and management of Saipan’s marine resources. Bibliography Bathe, B. W., The visual encyclopaedia of nautical terms under sail, Crown �1978 Burns, J.M., 2003 Publishers Inc., New York. The life and times of a merchant sailor: the archaeology and history of the Norwegian ship Catharine, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York. Burns, J.M., Archaeological survey of lagoons on the West Coast of 2008a Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Unpublished report prepared for Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Historic Preservation Office by Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc., Pensacola, FL. Burns, J.M., Archaeological survey of Tanapag Lagoon Saipan, 2008b Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Unpublished report prepared for Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Historic Preservation Office by Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc., Pensacola, FL. Micronesia submerged cultural resources assessment. Carrell, T. (ed.), 1991 Southwest Cultural Resource Centre Professional Papers No. 16. Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, National Park Service, Santa Fe, NM. Maritime history and archaeology of the Commonwealth of Carrell, T., the Northern Mariana Islands. Submitted to the CNMI 2009 Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation by Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc. Daily National ‘Telegraphic Correspondence Rumored Insurrection in Intelligencer, Australia-Disastrous Shipwreck and Loss of Seven Hundred 1855 Lives’, 15 March, viewed 14 July 2011, <http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/?sort=_ra nk_%3AD&lname=&fnam52 e=&minit=&kwinc=Ladrone+Island&kwexc=&formDate=Marc h+1855&processingtime=>. Fritz, G., Yearly report 1901. Submitted to Imperial Governor of 1901 German New Guinea (Translation on file with Trust Territory Headquarters, Saipan). Gould, R., and “Archaeology of the Barrel Wreck, Loggerhead Reef, Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida.” International Journal of Conlin, D., Nautical Archaeology, Vol. XXVIII, No. 3, pp. 207-228. 1999 The first taint of civilization: A history of the Caroline and Hezel, F.X., Marshall Islands in Pre-Colonial days, 1521-1885. Pacific 1983 Islands Monograph Series No. 1. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. History of Micronesia, bibliography of Micronesia, ships Lévesque, R., through Micronesia cumulative index, Vol. XX, Lévesque 2002 Publications, Quebec. Surveys of abandoned vessels: Guam and the Lord, C., and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Unpublished Plank, C., 2003 report prepared for National Oceanic and Atmospheric �Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration by Research Planning, Inc. Columbia, SC. Macgregor, D.R., Merchant sailing ships 1815-1850: Supremacy of sail, 1984 Conway Maritime Press Ltd., London. The Mariana Islands. Translated from French by S.R. Cheng, Marche, A.A., 1889 1982. In R.D. Craig (ed) MARC Publication Series No. 8., University of Guam, Guam. Archaeological Report: The recovery of the Manila Galleon Mathers, W.M., Parker, H.S., and Nuestra Señora de la Concepción. Pacific Seas Resources, Copus, K.A., Sutton, Vermont. 1990 Ships’ fastenings: From sewn boats to steamship. Texas McCarthy, M., 2005 A&M University Press, College Station, TX. Saipan WWII Invasion Beaches Underwater Heritage Trail. McKinnon, J. F. and Carrell, T. L., Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Corpus Christi, 2011 Texas. Submerged cultural resources assessment American Miculka, J.E., memorial park. Report prepared for War in the Pacific and Manibusan, R.S., National Historic Park, Guam. 1983 Submerged cultural resources assessment Saipan lagoon Miculka J.E., Carter, K.J., and 03-05 December 1984. Report prepared for War in the Pacific Ichihara H., National Historical Park, Guam. 1984 The Mariana Islands Random Notes Concerning Them, Olive y García, Second Edition. Translated from Spanish by M.G. Driver. F., 2006 University of Guam: Guam. Underwater survey of Tanapag Lagoon for historic properties. Pacific Basin Environmental Report prepared for CNMI Department of Community and Consultants, Cultural Affairs, Historic Preservation Office by Pacific Basin 1985 Environmental Consultants, Guam. Nanyo: The rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885Peattie, M. R., 1945. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 1988 Plain Dealer, No headline, 17 March, viewed 14 July 2011, 1855 <http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/?sort=_ra nk_%3AD&lname=&fname=&minit=&kwinc=Wm++Sayward& kwexc=&formDate=March+1855&processingtime=>. The archaeology of Micronesia. Cambridge University Press, Rainbird, P., 2004 Cambridge. Record of Viewed 3 June 2011, American and <http://library.mysticseaport.org/initiative/SPSearch.cfm?ID=5 Foreign 56672>. Shipping, 1896 From Arabwal to ashes: A brief history of Garapan village Russell, S., 1818 to 1945. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report 1984 �Salem Register, 1855 Spennemann, D.R., 2007 Steffy, R.J., 1994 Stone, D.L., 1993 Thomas, M. and Price, S., 1980 Toulouse, J. H., 1969 Ward, R.G. (ed.), 1966 Series Vol. XIX, Saipan. ‘Loss of Specie at Sea’, 19 March, viewed 14 July 2011, <http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/newspapers/?sort=_ra nk_%3AD&lname=&fname=&minit=&kwinc=Ladrone+Island& kwexc=&formDate=March+1855&processingtime=>. Edge of Empire. The German Colonial Period in the Northern Mariana Islands 1899-1914. Retrospect, Albury, NSW. Wooden ship building and the interpretation of shipwrecks.Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. The wreck diver’s guide to sailing ship artifacts of the 19th Century. Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia, Vancouver. Cultural resources reconnaissance report for the Saipan small boat harbor study area. Report prepared for US Army Corps of Engineers Pacific Ocean Division by Pacific Studies Institute. “A primer on mold seams”. The Western Collector, Vol. VII, No. 11, pp. 526-535. American activities in the central Pacific, 1790-1870: A history, geography and ethnography pertaining to American involvement and Americans in the Pacific taken from contemporary newspapers etc., Vol. IV, pp. 186-189, The Greg Press, Ridgewood, New Jersey. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Filling the Gap: A 19th Century Shipwreck in Tanapag Lagoon, Saipan Subject The topic of the resource Session 8 Pacific Islands region: Building UCH Capacity Description An account of the resource Over the past 4000 years several cultural groups have utilized the island of Saipan in the archipelago now known as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) for a variety of purposes including settlement, trade, provisioning and as a strategic position for wartime activities. Maritime heritage sites ranging from ancient coastal settlements to those of wrecked ships, planes and other World War II era sites have been identified on the island and in the surrounding waters. Over the past five years the CNMI Historic Preservation Office has endeavored to better understand and protect the submerged heritage of the island through remote sensing surveys, site inventories and site inspections. Recently the remains of a previously undocumented site were located along the island’s fringing reef in Tanapag Lagoon. A multi-agency investigation of this site determined it to be the partial remains of a mid- to late-nineteenth century sailing vessel. This investigation represents the first archaeological study of an early colonial shipwreck in the CNMI and helps to fill a gap in the archaeological record of pre-World War II period maritime sites. This paper examines the historic maritime activities in the CNMI during the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth century and discusses the significance of this site to them. Though data pertaining to Saipan during this period is sparse, historical documents suggest that five wooden sailing vessels are known to have wrecked there during that time. The historical and archaeological analysis of these remains contributes to a broader understanding of colonial interaction and trade in the CNMI and the Pacific region in the nineteenth century. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sarah Nahabedian Jason T. Raupp John D. San Nicolas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 8 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/408c6b696503dcb0ad2d9a18773efb3b.pdf 14759500d63d9ebe5ad97e2519c30663 PDF Text Text Recoding the Nautical Archaeology: Virtual Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Turkey Dr. Guzden VARINLIOGLU1 Abstract The preservation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) requires availability and access to data produced by nautical archaeology alongside tools for analysis, visualization and communication. Although numerous archaeological surveys and excavations have been carried out in the past decades in Turkey, there is no publicly available information system integrated to nautical archaeology. This paper proposes a framework of a virtual museum of UCH. For the creation of this framework, a data collection methodology for underwater surveys has been formulated and a webbased information system has been designed to store the collected data. This paper explores the methods of analysis, visualization and communication embedded in this online system towards the development of a virtual museum. Virtual museum (VM) incorporates the practices of collection, preservation, research, visualization and exhibit, thus offering new approaches to the preservation of cultural heritage. In this paper, a web-based information system has been developed for a model of a virtual museum using the data collected during underwater surveys conducted on the coastal region of Kaş, Turkey in 20072010. Divers from a variety of professional backgrounds followed the practice of in situ preservation. They collected visual, geographical and descriptive data using structured datasheets. Through the analysis of these non-destructive methods, an open-content information system is designed aiming the contribution of all interested parties in a collaborative manner. The system currently contains information on 22 sites in the form of sketches, measurements, drawings, photographs of finds. Combined with Google Maps, the database illustrates the initial technological steps towards the development of a virtual museum. Divers, archaeologists and other interested users of this information system participate in the musealization of information through separately applied analysis, visualization and communication tools by open software programs. These initial steps demonstrate the methods for the automation of data analysis and visual documentation, the visualization of information and the communication of this knowledge. Futuristic concepts of automated, immersive and interactive design redefine the virtual museum of UCH as well as offer different approaches to the discipline of nautical archaeology. Keywords: nautical archaeology/ underwater cultural heritage/ database/ digital/ virtual museum/ information system /in situ preservation/ museology/ Kaş. Research aims The research responds to the lack of systematic methodology for the collection, preservation and dissemination of data in cultural heritage studies. Although numerous underwater archaeological surveys and excavations have been carried out in Turkey since the 1960’s (Bass 2005), there is no publicly available information system for nautical archaeology. This work comes within the context of research conducted as part of the Ph.D. thesis entitled “Recoding the Nautical Archaeology: Virtual Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage” (Varinlioglu 2011). The author proposes the creation of a virtual museum, in other words, a framework of a digital repository of underwater cultural heritage. Within this framework, a data collection methodology for underwater surveys has been formulated. Data collection using this 1 Güzden Varinlioğlu, PhD, Bilkent University, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture; Principal Manager of Kaş Archaeopark Projects on behalf of SAD (Sualtı Araştırmaları Derneği, Ankara, Turkey, (Underwater Research Society), e-mail: arkeopark@sad.org.tr. �methodology is stored in a web-based information system specifically designed for this purpose. Furthermore, the methods of analysis, visualization and communication are explored to enable the development of a virtual museum in the second phase of the project. The virtual museum is not in place yet, however, basic information on the field studies called Kaş Archaeopark Projects is publicly online on www.sanalmuze.org.tr. In the near future, a model of the system is expected to be online on this webpage. Introduction The widespread use of information technologies brought new challenges to the preservation of cultural heritage as well as to museology. A new concept of virtual museum has emerged from a need to acquire, store, research, communicate and exhibit the digital heritage data. Drawing parallel lines between the virtual and underwater environments, this paper aims to explore the conceptual framework for a virtual museum of underwater cultural heritage. The objectives of the study are to formulate a framework for the collection of data on underwater cultural heritage using the non-destructive process of in situ preservation methodology and documentation, and explore the methods of transferring, storing and sharing the collected data in the digital domain. The information system is designed to store various types of data and also allows collaborative analysis, visualization and communication. Furthermore, at a conceptual level, the digital technologies of the future are explored to promote a framework of a virtual museum and to develop a tool for the archaeology. Theoretical framework This paper questions the so-called “brick and mortar” (Schweibenz 2004:3) museum and its practices. The International Council of Museums (ICOM) founded in 1946 defines the museum as a “non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment” (ICOM 2010). These activities of musealization include the collection, conservation and research of museum objects through exhibition for better communication with the public. Separated from its context, however, is isolated from its meaning; the cultural heritage is enclosed in a single place, which may be termed a heterotopian space (Foucault 1998:178). Once an object is detached from its original context and placed in a museum environment, the archaeologists categorize, classify, and derive meaning in order to impose a new order on artifacts. As an alternative to this decontextualization, a virtual museum is proposed as a product of the revolutionary changes in digital reproduction, which led to the emergence of new definitions in the field of museology (Kalay 2008). The digital reproduction of the heritage is one of the most attractive ways in which computer technology can be employed in the field of archaeology (Forte 1997). The use of this technique allows visual reproduction of the data through representation, modeling, and display. These methods of display allow the creation of virtual exhibitions in the web environment. The virtual domain, unlike the “brick and mortar” museum, is a flexible medium for sharing information in various formats, such as digital images, video recording, hyperlinked texts, etc. Moreover, the digital domain recodes the way the information is displayed in such a way to move it from a passive to a more interactive style. �Literature Review In the field of heritage preservation, five digital repositories stand out with their applications of the practice of virtual repositories: Historical American Building Survey (HABS) dealing with acquisition of building documentation data in the US (Burns 2004); Turkish Archaeological Settlements Project (TAY) focusing on the conservation of archaeological data through archival documentation of publications in Turkey (TAY 1998); Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL) designed as a research tool on multilingual manuscripts in Texas A&M University, Nautical Archaeology Program (Castro 2006); Institute for the Visualization of History (VIZIN) projects about visualization of the artifacts discovered in various archaeological excavations (VIZIN 2003); and Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC), a user-centered virtual museum network of the Canadian museums (CHIN 2009). These digital projects illustrate the diverse applications of cultural heritage management. The digital repositories focusing on three main types of underwater remains, namely anchors, amphoras, and sites are respectively Big Anchor (NAS 2008), Roman Amphorae (Keay 2005) and VENUS (2006) projects. Although none of these three examples can be considered within the category of virtual museum, it is worth mentioning that these three are the most prominent information systems on nautical archaeology. Their assessment is a useful exercise to conceptualize the information system for the virtual museum of underwater cultural heritage. A digital cultural heritage repository of a virtual museum is a medium that allows the heritage professionals to preserve, manage, and make the data accessible to the public. Even though the digitization of the repositories challenges the heritage professionals in technical terms, these issues are being gradually solved with technological progress. The construction of knowledge in virtual space involves hyperlinks between different types and aspects of information, which is, in essence, groups of data. Within this general framework, a model in virtual space illustrates the concept of the museum as an interactive, recurrently re-interpretive, and experimental experience. The aim here is to form a platform of knowledge building through the collaboration of multiple authorities with different backgrounds and a variety of interests. In order to achieve this aim, the initial stage of operation is forming a web-based information system. Information System The deficiencies and drawbacks of information systems currently used in the field of cultural heritage are related to the establishment of databases for archaeological sites using collection methods other than in situ preservation. Currently, there is no information system satisfying the needs of this data collection methodology. Furthermore, the analysis and visualization of the collected data through a collaborative method necessitated an online system of data storage and sharing. The idea was then to propose an information system for underwater cultural heritage, which aimed notably to avoid the difficulties mentioned before. By the help of three computer programmers, a tool was developed for the management of the data collected during the surveys conducted since 2007. Essentially an online database for systemic data collection, description, and interpretation, the system currently contains information on approximately 600 finds through sketches, measurements, drawings, and photographic entries of individual finds, in addition to regional descriptions and observations made by divers. Combined with the GPS locations of sites and findspots, the result of integrating the database with Google Maps illustrates the distribution of �sites along the Kaş shoreline. The process of gathering and recording data for the Virtual Museum has been interactive and continually increasing. Figure 1. Screenshot from the information system showing the distribution map of the findspots (G. Varinlioglu based on Google Maps) Field Studies The field surveys were preceded by the introductory training of the divers on the survey and documentation methodology to be followed. After this brief introduction, divers from a variety of disciplines were assigned various tasks in order to fill datasheets, test the database, and collect visual data. These field surveys were followed by primary data analysis. This was the first interaction between divers and archaeologists. As a result of this evaluation, datasheets and database were modified according to user needs. Following the data produced by field surveys, the information system was designed and developed. As a result of the comprehensive research on and study of available tools, financial and technological contingencies, the information system was selected to be used as a tool for the virtual museum implementation. With the participation of almost one hundred divers, the author and her team developed a data collection system for recording, preserving, sharing, presenting and analyzing the underwater cultural heritage in the coastal region of Kaş (Varinlioğlu 2011). Considering the costly nature of research on the sea and underwater, the project intends to rely on a team of divers using simple and standard tools for scanning the bottom profile and recording underwater features in datasheets. While using these data collection methods, the main concern was the in situ preservation. The constraints of in situ preservation without dislocating the material culture helped to develop optimized solutions to data collection methodology (UNESCO 2001). These constraints are considered as challenges for the design and realization of a unique archaeological survey all along Kaş coastal area. A Model of Virtual Museum As mentioned before, the virtual museum is not in place yet. However, basic methods necessary for the creation of the virtual museum are investigated as well as the methods that are followed and the examples that are created by online users working in collaboration. Thus, the users of this information system participated in the musealization of information through independently used open source analysis, �visualization and communication tools such as Gimp, QCAD, Picasa, Hugin, SketchUp etc. The first step in the data analysis is the definition of the sites and finds, the analysis of the collected data, the distribution maps of the finds and the statistical study of these maps. Figure 2 Panoramic view of a cargo site discovered during the surveys (G. Varinlioglu based on Hugin software) Once meaningful information is driven from these analyses using different software programs, the data was visualized. The drawings and 3D models were driven from the measurements and typological data. The images were created using digital darkroom that is processing and enhancing photographs through digital photo editing programs. In addition, photogrammetric, panoramic and photomosaic images were generated from of the photographs. The last step was the communication of data through geo-referenced maps. Figure 3 Solid modeling of an amphora (G. Varinlioglu based on Google SketchUp software and handdrawings ). Analysis of the systematically collected data is a necessity for further research in the field of archaeology. As analysis tools are not yet integrated to the system, the analysis is driven manually from the information system. The archaeological questions answering the distribution map of the findspots and of the find types, some statistical approaches to distribution maps and to dating of the artifacts, description of the sites, environment, and finds should have adequate query mechanisms. The comments of users showed that collected data should be displayed on the same page. As the system stores and displays all the collected data, there are inconsistencies between the measurements and observations of different users. Archaeological measurements have discrepancies related to the skills of divers measured objects and measurement tools. As separately stored entities, these ambiguities and inconsistencies should not be eliminated, but rather, a statistical mechanism should be integrated to standardize the data. Similarly, the visualizing of �the data should have some automated tools for producing drawings, for enhancing photographs, and for stitching images to create the photogrammetric representation of the sites and objects. The application of visualization tools to archaeological data is part of both analysis and exhibition of the artifacts. Initially the applications are implemented by computer-knowledgeable interested parties. Advances in experimenting with these tools show that archaeologists tend to replace the traditional conventions with new recording strategies. As the ease of use of adequate software programs is taken into account, these tools would be largely used not only for visualization but also for analysis and interpretation. Automated 3D tools, as well as panoramic and photomosaic, would enhance the level of interaction with the depicted objects. To date, there is no exhibition tool integrated to the information system. The Google Maps, listing tools, and preview images of the visual materials such as photographs, images, sketches, and drawings are used as the main navigation pattern in the information system. However, a variety of exhibition strategies should be added to the system, coupled with an interactive interface that will attract the attention of the users from different backgrounds. Conclusion The survey on the Kaş shoreline followed closely the principles of in situ preservation, which prohibits the dislocation of material culture. This constraint introduced challenges in designing and conducting an archaeological survey. Hence, it necessitated the development of optimized solutions for data collection, which led to the creation of a unique methodology. The survey relied on a team of recreational divers rather than archaeologists. For this reason, during the project, most of the developed techniques were quotable by different groups of divers. Keeping the methods simple helped to cover more nautical miles along the coast. The participation of recreational divers and the local people living in Kaş raised the awareness about cultural heritage. This will ensure the sustainability of the project for the preservation of the underwater cultural heritage. The information system discussed in this paper was the first web-based collaborative and open-content platform for raw data of nautical archaeology in Turkey. In this respect, it was a pioneering and unique project for local underwater cultural heritage preservation. Based on the analysis of the datasheets and later the database, this information system met the majority of the needs of archaeologists; hence the possibility of its use should be considered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (MoCT), which aims to put a regulation similar to the currently available information systems into practice. Thus, the archaeological data collected during the surveys can be used to prepare an official underwater archaeological repository of Turkey. Although the components of the information system were designed according to the material remains found in Turkey, with little modification it can be adapted to other remains of material culture in different countries. Users of this information system participated in the collaborative process by using a limited number of open source software programs that are not integrated to the information system. In visualizing the data, the emphasis was on photogrammetry because of its ease of use and availability. The 3D modeling was done at a basic level, as “blank” models. However, three-dimensional digital models are required in applications of inspection, navigation, object identification, visualization �and animation. In 3D modeling, photogrammetry has limited use. Therefore, in addition to reconstructions, archaeological documentation data and the photogrammetric depictions should be included in the system. The interactive user interface that will be designed in the future should include all these features. Further research will include these applications of advanced technology for modeling and immersion tools for an interactive user interface. Once a fully integrated system is created, the user analysis should be evaluated for the impact of the system on the users. Bibliography Bass, G., 2005 Burns, J. A., HABS, HAER & HALS 2004 CHIN, 2009 Forte, M., 1997 Foucault, M., 1998 ICOM, 2010 Kalay, Y. E., Kvan, T. & Affleck, J., 2008 Keay, S., 2005 NADL, 2006 NAS, 2008 Schweibenz, W., 2004 TAY, 1998 UNESCO, 2001 Varinlioglu, G., 2011 Beneath the seven seas: adventures with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Thames and Hudson, London. Recording Historic Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J. Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC), Canadian Heritage Information Network, viewed 24 March 2011, <http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca>. ”Introduction”, in Forte, M. & Siliotti, A. (eds.), Virtual Archaeology: Great Discoveries Brought to Life Through Virtual Reality, Thames and Hudson, London, pp. 9-13. ”Different Spaces“. Essential works of Foucault, 1954-1984. Penguin Books, London. Key Concepts of Museology, in Desvallées, A. & Mairesse, F. (eds.). Armand Colin ICOM International Committee for Museology. New heritage: new media and cultural heritage, Routledge, New York. Roman Amphorae: a digital resource, Archaeology Data Service (ADS), viewed 21 June 2010, <http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?amphora2005>. Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL), Texas A&M University, viewed 26 June 2010, <http://nadl.tamu.edu> Big Anchor Project, Nautical Archaeology Society, viewed 28 June 2010, < http://www.biganchorproject.com> ”The development of virtual museums“, Icom News, vol. 57, no.3, pp. 3. TAY Archaeological Settlements of Turkey, viewed 23 June 2010, <www.tayproject.org>. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, viewed 28 June 2010, <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001260/126065e.pdf> ”Data Collection for Virtual Museum on the Underwater Survey at Kaş“, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 40, pp. 182-188. �VENUS, 2006 VIZIN, 2003 Virtual Exploration of Underwater Sites, viewed 1 March 2011, <http://sudek.esil.univmed.fr/venus> The Institute for the Visualization of History, The Institute for the Visualization of History, viewed 30 June 2010, < http://www.vizin.org> � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recoding the Nautical Archaeology: Virtual Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Turkey Subject The topic of the resource Session 10 Technology and Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource The preservation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) requires availability and access to data produced by nautical archaeology alongside tools for analysis, visualization and communication. Although numerous archaeological surveys and excavations have been carried out in the past decades in Turkey, there is no publicly available information system integrated to nautical archaeology. This paper proposes a framework of a virtual museum of UCH. For the creation of this framework, a data collection methodology for underwater surveys has been formulated and a web based information system has been designed to store the collected data. This paper explores the methods of analysis, visualization and communication embedded in this online system towards the development of a virtual museum. Virtual museum (VM) incorporates the practices of collection, preservation, research, visualization and exhibit, thus offering new approaches to the preservation of cultural heritage. In this paper, a web-based information system has been developed for a model of a virtual museum using the data collected during underwater surveys conducted on the coastal region of Kas, Turkey in 2007- 2010. Divers from a variety of professional backgrounds followed the practice of in situ preservation. They collected visual, geographical and descriptive data using structured datasheets. Through the analysis of these non-destructive methods, an open-content information system is designed aiming the contribution of all interested parties in a collaborative manner. The system currently contains information on 22 sites in the form of sketches, measurements, drawings, photographs of finds. Combined with Google Maps, the database illustrates the initial technological steps towards the development of a virtual museum. Divers, archaeologists and other interested users of this information system participate in the musealization of information through separately applied analysis, visualization and communication tools by open software programs. These initial steps demonstrate the methods for the automation of data analysis and visual documentation, the visualization of information and the communication of this knowledge. Futuristic concepts of automated, immersive and interactive design redefine the virtual museum of UCH as well as offer different approaches to the discipline of nautical archaeology. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Guzden Varinlioglu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 10 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/2f428ce172ad827bfcc08494294bc0a7.pdf 36e031a1f961d02d6732ae13bd4aafe6 PDF Text Text Bringing Asia to the World: Public Outreach via the Museum of Underwater Archaeology Michelle Damian Abstract The most fascinating explorations of underwater cultural heritage lose much of their value if the information gathered is not disseminated to a wide audience. While much of our public outreach has traditionally come from publications and conference talks, the Internet has become the fastest way to reach the greatest numbers of people. Though technology for website creation has become easier in recent years many archaeologists lack the time and expertise, not only to create web sites, but also to promote them in ways that will reach the widest possible audience. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology (MUA)’s mission is to assist and promote the use of the Internet by ethical professional, student, and avocational underwater archaeologists. This paper will focus on the various methods the MUA uses to present different projects, with a special spotlight on our Asian sites. It will also highlight ways to connect what is on the screen to actual hands-on experiences through different classroom-based teaching resources developed by the museum. Introduction As archaeologists we are responsible for disseminating information about the projects we conduct. Unfortunately those ideas are often pushed aside in the excitement of digging a new site. The often-heard lament is that archaeologists like to be in the field, but are less inclined to publish their findings. The nonprofit Museum of Underwater Archaeology (MUA) was founded in 2004 in an effort to combat this problem (http://www.themua.org). Our mission statement is to assist and promote the use of the Internet by ethical professional, student, and avocational underwater archaeologists, encouraging archaeologists at all levels to circulate information about our craft. From the outset the MUA has tried not to focus on one particular nation or territory. Although it was founded in the United States it has sought to provide global coverage of underwater archaeology and to that end has made concerted efforts to introduce its audience to projects outside of the western hemisphere. We have an established audience: to date we have had over one hundred sixteen thousand views from over ninety countries on the main page, let alone all of the individual projects and subposts throughout the site. We do not charge any fees, but make our services available for free to all ethical archaeologists. The Asia-Pacific region is of particular importance to the MUA. The underwater cultural heritage of this area includes some of the most significant shipwrecks in human history and so requires due attention, preservation, and curation. The MUA seeks to assist underwater archaeologists working within this region with their public outreach efforts. This paper will discuss not only the publishing options available on the MUA website but also our past efforts within the AsiaPacific territories included in this conference. Our hope is to provide greater coverage and assistance to the conference attendees in the future. �There are numerous benefits to posting one’s research online. First and foremost is the need to publish our findings for the general public as well as our professional colleagues. The best discovery is meaningless if the information remains unavailable, locked away on a dusty shelf in a small office. A typical archaeological investigation publishes results through a journal article or two, or perhaps in a presentation at a conference. That results in a highly limited, specialized audience. Conversely, online publishing can reach a worldwide audience literally at the click of a button. Promoting this information helps draw greater numbers of viewers to our projects, in turn hopefully increasing interest in preserving our underwater cultural heritage. Posting project reports online for a general audience can also be helpful to the individual authors. I have posted my own research as a project journal on the MUA, and I as well as other authors have been fortunate enough to gather additional information from readers who contribute their own observations. While those comments can occasionally be somewhat off-topic, often readers will provide helpful information or suggestions for further research. The internet allows us to connect with others whom we may never have reached otherwise. On a very pragmatic level, particularly for students and young archaeologists, it also helps to increase name recognition. My own research as posted on the MUA has been seen by over seven thousand people, and in the “real world” I have encountered archaeologists working on projects as diverse as Confederate submarines or American government preservation projects who have read my Asia-related work on the MUA. It is highly unlikely that our paths would have crossed in any other way. MUA Presentation Styles The MUA’s presentation formats consist of three major categories as well as several experimental designs. The most in-depth category is museum exhibits, generally focusing on a detailed presentation of a single site or concept. Based on the idea of a brick-and-mortar museum, exhibits consist of several “galleries,” similar to walking into a room of a museum. Within each gallery are a number of clickable links, representing the “artifact cases” of a traditional museum exhibit. MUA exhibits most often consist of three galleries, usually focusing on the history, methodology, and findings of an archaeological investigation. Each gallery might have anywhere between five and twelve links, allowing the archaeologists to introduce numerous aspects of the site. While at present there are no exhibits focusing on an Australasian maritime site, the MUA is eager to develop one with a partner from the region. The exhibit format is not limited to site-specific topics, but is also used to explore more conceptual frameworks. The two best examples of this are the “Raising the Fleet” and the “Children’s Introduction to Underwater Archaeology” exhibits. The former highlights the synthesis of science with art. In the project director’s words, “the exhibit team used their artistic talents and scientific expertise to develop new and exciting methods of exploring the underwater frontiers of Lake George, New York, USA” (Zarzynski, et al. 2010). This not only �brought a new perspective into the archaeology of Lake George, but it also broadened the appeal of the site to artists and scientists as well. Similarly, the “Children’s Introduction” was designed to target the younger generation, teaching the basic steps of any underwater archaeological investigation. This exhibit incorporates interactive exercises encouraging the viewer to solve problems or explore the tools of maritime archaeology (Knoerl and Damian 2006). Neither exhibit is limited to a particular geographic locale, but encourages a topical approach to the concepts introduced. Project journals also highlight one site or project, but are less structured than the exhibit galleries. They are generally conducted in “real time,” following an individual or group throughout the course of a project in a bloglike format. This type of MUA submission is most often utilized in a field school or student project, though it is not restricted to those submissions. Through periodic updates for projects spanning anything from two weeks to several years, the audience follows along with the archaeologists on their investigations. We are fortunate to have several Asia-based project journals, including a survey by the USA-based company Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. (SEARCH), of World War Two landing sites in Saipan. The SEARCH team worked in conjunction with the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Historic Preservation Office in Partnership with the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, to identify and record magnetic anomalies along Saipan’s coastline. SEARCH also used their project journal to appeal to the general readership for additional information about the invasion as well as for insight into some of the artifacts found (Burns and Krivor 2008). Our most common form of project journal is conducted in conjunction with training projects. Particularly in teaching underwater archaeology, many instructors are likely to focus on mapping, research, and technologies used for a project. Dissemination of information often gets short shrift in the classroom. The project journal format offers a way to incorporate public outreach and publication into the field experience itself. Assigning students entries in a project journal reinforces the need to present the work to a variety of audiences. The success of the first university field school project journal, done by East Carolina University in 2006, prompted Flinders University in Australia to incorporate the same training for their students. Two consecutive field schools in 2007 and 2008 showcased students learning maritime archaeological techniques and crafting journal entries that described their daily activities in an entertaining and informative manner (Flinders University 2007). The UNESCO Project on Safeguarding the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Asia and the Pacific is another Asia-based example of the field school project journal. This enterprise, conducted in Sri Lanka, trained the future trainers of maritime archaeology. Fourteen maritime archaeologists and conservators participated in a two-week series of lectures and fieldwork for the long-term goal of protecting Sri Lankan maritime heritage. This journal highlights international cooperation as well, as instructors came from within Sri Lanka, India, Japan, and Australia (Khan, et al. 2008). The various perspectives from within Australasia are brought together in this type of collaborative field school project journal. �Figure 1. Sample page from the Sri Lanka field school project journal (Sanath 2008) A third variant of project journal focuses on student research, chronicling a single graduate student’s advanced research. This is exemplified in our final example of an Asian-based project journal, my own master’s program research at East Carolina University. My project focused on examining representations of Japanese wooden boats in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a topic that has gone almost entirely unstudied in Western scholarship. As such, resources were scarce, and I wanted both to cast a wide net to gather information and to promote this topic to an audience that was likely largely unfamiliar with Asian maritime history (Damian 2005). These types of projects are a fantastic chance for individual students to promote their own research as well as disseminate information about their studies. The versatility of this format is apparent, as fully half of all the MUA’s project journals are Australasian-based, and have been produced by students, professionals, non-profits, and instructors. The third major category of MUA presentation is the “In the Field.” These are brief entries, usually only a page or two of text with three or four illustrations. This type of entry is ideal for shorter projects or for those individuals or groups who want to introduce their work to a global audience via the MUA. We have several Australasian In the Fields that showcase a variety of topics. Warang Petch, a student at Silpakorn University, Thailand, wrote about overcoming the �challenges of obtaining underwater archaeology training in an area with no formal university program (Petch 2007). An Australian avocational group, the Pericles Research Group, described the history of the White Star Line’s SS Pericles and their work mapping its wreck (Pericles Research Group 2006). The chronicle of the General Harrison, written by James Delgado, is based in San Francisco and is at first glance not an Asian story. Through reading this post, however, we learn about the Chinese diaspora, as Delgado describes the evidence of Chinese workers in Gold Rush era California (Delgado 2010). An even more dramatic tale of Chinese emigration is evident in posts by Dione Chen on the Free China, an early 20th-century Chinese junk that crossed the Pacific and is desperately awaiting preservation in a California shipyard today (Chen 2009). These relatively brief posts are wonderful examples of different manifestations of Australasian maritime archaeological and historical issues. Figure 2. "In the Field" post calling for preservation of a Chinese junk (Chen 2009) The MUA is also exploring other presentation methods. Recent innovations include the periodic Guest Blogger, which invites leaders in the field to discuss key topics and concerns in maritime archaeology. This conference has been highlighted in the guest blog by Mark Staniforth, and in August 2011 another Pacific Rim country was featured for the first time as Peruvian �archaeologist Carlos E. Ausejo submitted a state of the field report. We also have begun creating online posters that incorporate a number of pictures into a zoomable poster-style presentation, allowing for a variety of images and videos to be visible on the same page. Flinders University’s most recent field school posting from 2010 is presented in this way (Flinders University 2010). We draw our contributors from all levels of archaeology, so long as those archaeologists subscribe to the Code of Ethics as put forth by the USA-based Society for Historical Archaeology. Each post undergoes minimal editing for grammatical clarity, and although the MUA reserves the right to edit content, we strive to maintain the integrity of the original authors’ words and formats. Additional Outreach A final step in the MUA’s outreach includes moving out of the online realm and into the classroom. At present there are over three hundred pages of content on the MUA, by over seventy archaeologists from six continents. This represents an invaluable collection of information about sites and projects from a myriad of perspectives worldwide. In the online world, however, people want new, updated content constantly, often relegating previous posts to obscurity. This does not negate the validity and importance of those earlier contributions, though. To maintain the current relevance of all of the posts online, we work to use that information in other ways as well. We feel that students especially can benefit from our contributors’ experiences, and have targeted younger students in some of our outreach efforts. Our flagship student outreach program includes the classroom kit, “Holding History in Your Hand,” based loosely on the framework outlined in the Children’s Introduction to Underwater Archaeology exhibit (MUA 2008). We have gathered materials for teachers to use in the schoolroom, including a written curriculum presenting the six steps of the archaeological process, replicas of artifacts for examination, videos, a sidescan sonar slideshow, and other activities for further exploration. The lesson plan familiarizes the teacher with the items and information in the kit, and allows them to teach their classroom about the basic steps of a maritime archaeology project. In order to make this kit as easily available as possible, we only charge a shipping and handling fee; no money is collected for the kit itself. To date it has been widely distributed throughout the world including numerous kits sent to western Australia and the Republic of Korea. The most critical step in the program is the artifact analysis, in which students are each given an “artifact” similar to one they might find on a shipwreck site – beads, buttons, plain and decorative ceramics, bone, glass, coins, brick, and more. Students are encouraged to examine their artifact for clues as to where it might have come from, what its function was, and whether it was manmade or natural. The teacher then posits several questions to encourage the students to think about the fictitious wreck site. Who might use a fancy pottery piece? What if there are a lot of plain ceramics and fewer fancy pieces? Where is the coin from? What might the marks on the bone mean? Through examining the �artifacts and questioning the relationship between them, students recognize that we are not only investigating the objects, but more importantly are learning about the people associated with the wreck site. Figure 3. Students examine a replica "artifact" as part of the classroom kit artifact exercise. Photo by author, 2005. This process also encourages students to recognize the importance of provenience and site preservation. When the students have thought through the ramifications of the presence of the various objects, we then suggest that they consider what happens in their absence. Perhaps they have decided that a site with a large amount of decorative ceramics may have been a trade ship, sunk on the way to deliver its wares. We then ask them to imagine the consequences of sport divers on a site, one by one each taking away a piece of those ceramics as a souvenir – and giving the archaeologist fewer clues to work from to understand the history of the ship and its people. Invariably the students, having just gone through the reasoning process themselves, are shocked and saddened to think that we may no longer have the tools to piece together the ship’s story. Instilling these ideas at a younger age will help the next generation be more concerned about preserving our maritime cultural heritage. As an additional follow-up to the classroom kit, we also provide online “learning paths” for students and teachers who may want to further explore particular topics or the MUA as a whole. The original MUA learning paths were divided by age group, with a designated page that asked additional ageappropriate questions and suggested links within the MUA that addressed the �answers. Students are encouraged to read the linked pages to draw their own conclusions. This again allows older content to remain fresh and in use, even if the posts themselves are several years old. We are excited to announce the first of our regional-based learning paths, highlighting thematic approaches to some of the issues discussed in the Asian projects on the MUA. Using posts from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, we encourage readers to consider topics ranging from maritime archaeological training, to Asian ship construction, problems in interpreting evidence, remnants of war, and the Asian diaspora. We hope to continue to add to these learning paths with additional contributions to the MUA. Finally, we have also created a pdf compilation of the first year of guest blogger posts, containing contributions from eminent archaeologists such as James Delgado, Joe Flatman, Felipe Castro and more. Taken together these essays become an excellent introduction to the state of the field and would be a useful learning tool particularly in an undergraduate class on maritime archaeology. Conclusion We are grateful for the opportunity to discuss the MUA at this first Asia-Pacific conference on maritime cultural heritage, and hope to be able to increase our service here in Asia and the Pacific. We strongly encourage anyone interested in promoting their work on the MUA to contact us. We also welcome additional volunteers who may be willing to help us expand our offerings. Please do not hesitate to contact us with additional questions, suggestions, or potential posts. We look forward to continuing to work to make information about our global maritime cultural heritage available at the click of a button to archaeologists, the general public, and students throughout the world. Bibliography (NOTE: All the Websites listed here are hosted on the Museum of Underwater Archaeology webpage address) Burns, J., and Krivor M., 2008 Chen, D., 2009 Damian, M., 2005 Delgado, J., 2010 Flinders University Underwater Archaeology Invasion Beaches Survey 2008: Plane Wrecks, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/saipan/saipan_55.shtml A Junk At Risk, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/in_the_field/junk.shtml Japanese Wooden Boats in Woodblock Prints: A Research Project Journal, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/aj/aj_intro.shtml A Long Forgotten Buried Ship, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/in_the_field/jd2.shtml Flinders University Field School in Underwater Archaeology, Viewed 12 October 2011. �2007 and 2008 Flinders University 2010 Khan, A. et al. 2008 Knoerl, T. K., ed. 2010 Knoerl, T. K., and Damian, M., 2006 The Museum of Underwater Archaeology 2008 Pericles Research Group 2006 Petch, W., 2007 Sanath, W. K. Zarzynski, J., Bowser, S., and Mossop, E., 2010 http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/flinders/flinders_intro .shtml Flinders University’s Streaky Bay and Sceale Bay: Field School February 2010, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/posters/flinders2010.html UNESCO Training Project Journal, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/un/un_intro.shtml. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Guest Blogger Anthology. Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/documents/MUA_Guest_Blogger_An thology.pdf A Children’s Introduction to Underwater Archaeology, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/HTMLTEST/childrens.htm. Teaching Resource, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/teaching.html Initial Investigation of the SS Pericles, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/pericles.html Underwater Archaeology Training Project: Hin Bush Shipwreck Site, Rayong, Thailand, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/in_the_field/thai.html End of the Earl, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/his/mua/project_journals/un/un4-5.shtml Raising the Fleet: An Art/Science Initiative, Viewed 12 October 2011. http://www.themua.org/raisingthefleet/index.php �� Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bringing Asia to the World: Public Outreach via the Museum of Underwater Archaeology Subject The topic of the resource Session 10 Technology and Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource The most fascinating explorations of underwater cultural heritage lose much of their value if the information gathered is not disseminated to a wide audience. While much of our public outreach has traditionally come from publications and conference talks, the Internet has become the fastest way to reach the greatest numbers of people. Though technology for website creation has become easier in recent years many archaeologists lack the time and expertise, not only to create web sites, but also to promote them in ways that will reach the widest possible audience. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology (MUA)’s mission is to assist and promote the use of the Internet by ethical professional, student, and avocational underwater archaeologists. This paper will focus on the various methods the MUA uses to present different projects, with a special spotlight on our Asian sites. It will also highlight ways to connect what is on the screen to actual hands-on experiences through different classroom-based teaching resources developed by the museum. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michelle Damian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 10 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1c44b0ca6de5fdb8cb951f06ac4c6fea.pdf cc9b96c77b0637ebe39bd9331bc4f38c PDF Text Text Conservation in Archaeology – an awareness training programme Jon Carpenter1 and Vicki Richards Abstract Since the inception of tertiary maritime archaeological courses in Australia in the early 1980s, the Materials Conservation Department (MCD) of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) has presented a conservation awareness and training component to archaeology students. Creating awareness and an appropriate understanding of principals was the aim, because the intention was not to teach archaeologists how to apply conservation techniques or to conserve artefacts, but for them to appreciate the need for conservation, to encourage consultation with conservators and to stress the importance for conservator participation in archaeological projects. As integral participants in expeditions on-site conservators provide the archaeologist with a degree of assurance that recently exposed and subsequently recovered artefacts will be effectively managed i.e. have optimal prospects for their stabilization and be afforded the best postexcavation care. Appropriately trained conservators may also be engaged to determine the environmental conditions prevailing at, and within, an archaeological site in order to ascertain the condition of anticipated artefact materials and identify any potential problems prior to excavation. This information, including any risk factors determined, can guide the archaeologist when the investigation of sites is being prioritized and importantly indicate if urgent action is required. Conservators qualified to use Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving equipment are an additional asset to the investigation of underwater sites as they are able to directly apply the above procedures to this aspect of archaeology. Considering their knowledge of waterlogged and corroded materials the archaeologist may also prefer the diving conservator to recover badly deteriorated artefacts. The Conservation in Archaeology training programme can be tailored to suit particular aspects of the subject and target different levels of education. It provides straightforward explanation and demonstration to school children, provides a chemistry emphasis for exceptional science students, presents Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) courses for the public and avocational practitioners and most recently a Conservation Field School incorporating higher level tutorials and practicals for post- graduate maritime and terrestrial archaeology university students. The WAM Conservation in Archaeology courses are presented intra-state, nationally and internationally. Awareness of the conservation considerations and requirements during archaeological investigations of cultural heritage sites is now more widely accepted by archaeologists and through school education programmes appreciated by young students who are the potential conservators and archaeologists of the future. Introduction Over the past 30 years the MCD has developed a well-established international reputation in archaeological conservation education and more recently, in the area of in situ monitoring and on-site preservation of shipwreck sites in particular. The Department is regarded as Australia’s primary source of expertise in this field. The 1 Department of Materials Conservation, Western Australian Museum, Shipwreck Galleries, 4547 Cliff St, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; TEL: +61 8 9431 8431: FAX: +61 8 9431 8489: email: jon.carpenter@museum.wa.gov.au �greater interest in and promotion of in situ management rather than more intensive excavation has meant this aspect of the training programme is timely. Early Learning and the Wider Community Educating people about maritime archaeology and materials conservation begins at an early age at the WAM. At the Shipwreck Galleries, in Fremantle, more than 10,500 students ranging in age from primary to tertiary level visited the museum in the 2010/11 financial year. Education programs are focussed on the historical aspects, the story of the exploration and charting of the WA coast, the story of shipwrecks and what archaeology tells us about them. The legislation concerning protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites is also introduced as the students become older. Primary and secondary students are also introduced to the simpler concepts of materials conservation. In these Maritime Archaeology and Shipwreck Scientists programmes the teachers and education staff explain that the objects and artefacts require conservation intervention to ensure their survival and future stability and they are not simply recovered from the sea and put into display cases. In consultation with conservators, and referring to specific artefacts as examples, they also explain what happens to the artefact materials during long-term immersion in the sea and the steps that need to be taken to treat metals or impregnate organic materials with consolidants. Older students, year 12 (aged 17-18) studying Maritime Heritage and Archaeology units as part of their school curriculum, have the opportunity to engage with conservators who can explain more complex processes and demonstrate procedures utilising artefacts at various stages of treatment. Schools can also enrol Marine and Maritime Technology Studies students in the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology/Nautical Archaeological Society (AIMA/NAS) Level 1 course which includes an introduction to maritime archaeological conservation practices. Conservation research scientists, as well as conservators, annually engage with groups of exceptionally bright science students (at a level equivalent to 2nd year university) as part of the National Youth Science Forum (NYSF). These students come from all parts of Australia to visit our conservation laboratories for a more extensive introduction to conservation and the associated chemistry (Figure 1). On request our conservation staff will also visit schools, often during specific weeks, such as National Science Week and National Archaeology Week to present illustrated talks and in some instances, facilitate teachers to establish conservation treatments (using expendable objects) that make the demonstration of chemical principles and processes to young science students more interesting and show that they are actually applicable outside the classroom. Lectures are also presented at Summer Vacation Schools and are aimed at interested persons in the general community. Specific NAS courses are also run for the wider community usually attracting scuba divers, persons interested in maritime heritage and those working for maritime service organisations, etc. Education in materials conservation is presented on many levels and is �considered one of the MCD’s primary roles. This is also reflected in the number of national and international conservation interns the department attracts every year. Figure 1. Conservator Jon Carpenter with school students in the MCD, WAM. Image M. Brevenholt. Teaching and Training Conducted by the MCD, WAM Another main teaching and training role for the MCD is its contribution to the Post Graduate Maritime Archaeology courses. The programme was originally conceived in conjunction with Curtin University, then in collaboration with Flinders University and James Cook University and more recently undertaken with the University of Western Australia. Many of these post-graduates have subsequently guided the establishment of, and head the maritime archaeological units established in the other states and territories of Australia. The most intensive and long-term programme of teaching and training was undertaken in Sri Lanka when the WAM was approached to provide its expertise to guide the formal establishment of maritime archaeology and conservation in the island republic. Importantly the MCD was involved from the outset, not only to support initial archaeological investigations of sites and shipwrecks in Galle Harbour (Carpenter and Richards 1993; Richards and Carpenter 1998) but to train new and practicing Sri Lankan maritime archaeologists and conservators (Figure 2). Sri Lanka has a long history of terrestrial archaeology and conservators dealing with land finds had to become more versatile by extending their work practices to waterlogged and corroded artefacts recovered principally from marine sites (Carpenter and Godfrey 2005). Conservation lectures, tutorials �and practicals were presented and importantly, guidelines provided to establish a conservation laboratory (Carpenter 1997). In 2006 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sponsored a "Train the Trainers’’ Maritime Archaeological Field School in Galle incorporating a conservation awareness component provided by the WAM. The workshop involved local conservators and archaeologists as well as inviting archaeological students from countries in the extended region to participate. Figure 2. Training Sri Lankan conservators (early 1990s). Image P.E. Baker. The MCD, WAM has also supported the capacity building programmes, in Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage (MUCH) established by Robert Parthesius and Bill Jeffery in developing countries. Jeffery strongly endorsed the involvement of conservators and conservation scientists in a project he initiated in Micronesia and this led to the WAM working in Chuuk. Including a group of Earthwatch volunteers, the aim was to compile an archaeological record of the World War Two (WWII) wreck sites and assess their condition and corrosion status which has a direct bearing on the tourism livelihood of the Chuukese people (Richards et al 2007). NAS based courses in maritime archaeology and conservation have been the subsequent focus, conducted both at the University of Guam (University of Guam 2010) and most recently in South Africa (Richards and Carpenter 2011a; 2011b). The latter course was run with the support of the Centre for International Heritage Activities (CIE - Centrum Internationale Erfgoeda) and the organization’s Director Parthesius. In 2008 Jennifer McKinnon, Lecturer in Maritime Archaeology at Flinders University, in South Australia, instigated a conservation awareness training programme for maritime and terrestrial archaeology post-graduate students. The �Conservation Field School is a one week intensive course including lectures, tutorials and practical sessions presented by WAM conservation staff (Figure 3). As is stated in the Flinders University Conservation Field School handbook (McKinnon 2011: 2) the topic aims, "to expose students to the range and variety of field projects, methodologies and practical skills necessary for implementing conservation strategies and give further meaning and relevance to their classroom learning experiences". Figure 3. Conservation Scientist Vicki Richards at Flinders University demonstrating the use of meters etc for recording environmental data and corrosion activity. Image J. Carpenter. The first three days of the programme introduce the archaeology students to the basic principles of deterioration, identification, recovery, initial storage, stabilization and transportation of the major artefact material types (typically found on archaeological sites), conservation surveys (principles, techniques and data interpretation) and in situ preservation and monitoring techniques for archaeological sites. The lectures and tutorials presented are listed below. • Marine Environment • • • • • • Shipwreck Artefacts, Conservation In situ to Display Deterioration and Conservation of Ceramics, Glass and Stone Organic Materials – Deterioration and First Aid for Finds Corrosion and Conservation of Ferrous Metals Corrosion and First Aid for Non-Ferrous Metals On-Site Conservation Surveys – Principles and Techniques �• • • • On-site Conservation for Terrestrial Archaeological Sites Techniques for In situ Preservation – Reburial Techniques for In situ Preservation – Cathodic Protection Tutorial - Preparation and Calibration of On-Site Conservation Survey Equipment Fieldwork is conducted on the fourth day. The lectures and tutorials provide students with the necessary background information and skills to perform a basic conservation survey (Richards and Carpenter 2008) on an easily accessible, historic jetty located on a local beach. For training purposes actual field practicals are best conducted above water depending on availability and access to suitable sites. The land-based situation allows the trainers to easily demonstrate procedures, it facilitates normal communication and the general ability to perform the tasks involved. It also reduces the preparation required with respect to equipment, minimizes risk and some potential safety concerns. If however, data and information from an actual wreck site(s) is to be a specific outcome from the training programme then appropriately qualified diving students can be supervised underwater. On day five, the students are assisted in the interpretation of the data collected during the practical fieldwork session with the primary aim to produce an individual preliminary conservation survey report including brief recommendations for a conservation management programme for the jetty site. The students are assessed based on their level of participation both in the classroom and in the field (50%) and the final conservation survey report (50%). Depending on the specific requirements of a conservation awareness and training programme, existing lectures may be deleted if they are not considered applicable and additional lectures can be incorporated into the course. The programme is specifically designed to be flexible and can thereby be custommade for any prerequisite requirement or situation. NAS Courses NAS courses usually form the basis of the conservation awareness training programme. As stated the level and extent of materials and in situ conservation taught is dependant on the specific requirement for a particular course. Generally, in the NAS I Course, a one hour lecture is presented and provides an overview of the marine environment and the factors that have implications for UCH sites, the emphasis generally being on shipwreck sites and the artefact materials commonly encountered. The NAS II (2-3 days) and NAS III courses (5 days) expand on this theme and also include lectures on conservation surveys and insitu preservation and monitoring techniques. These courses also include a practical component. The level at which the information is presented is tailored to suit the level of maturity and considers prior knowledge of the student audience. One of the introductory lectures presented in both the NAS II and NAS III courses concerns shipwreck artefacts and the conservation procedures involved from the time of their in situ discovery through to their storage or display. This �presentation illustrates what maritime archaeological conservators do, why, and how the procedures are carried out. The presentation includes a reasonable amount of text so that foreign students with perhaps a better understanding of written English will also be appropriately informed. An interpreter can also be employed as was the case in Taiwan (Carpenter 2007). It provides general information about subject matter that is dealt with in more detail in the presentations and practical sessions that follow. Lectures concerning actual treatment of the different types of artefact materials, both organic and inorganic, are usually not presented in great detail but only briefly introduced in order to inform archaeologists of the general conservation processes involved and what is the usual outcome for the artefacts they recover. However, the lectures do emphasise that at the first available opportunity, after artefacts arrive at the conservation laboratory, the conservator and archaeologist responsible for artefacts need to determine treatment priorities and these are usually based on a compromise between the conservator’s advice on the urgency of treatment for specific artefact materials and the archaeologist’s research requirements. Importantly the main emphasis and focus of the practical aspects of these NAS II and III courses is the pre-disturbance conservation assessment of sites, usually shipwrecks, and their in situ management (Figure 4). Figure 4. Recording data after demonstrating the use of corrosion meters. Image R. Chan. The courses are usually conducted over a period of two to five days and permits the tutorials and practicals to be incorporated as well as illustrated �lectures. If diving is involved, with the intention of acquiring specific information from a number of underwater sites then depending on the primary focus of the course a longer time frame may be required. As an example, a recent 5 day NAS III course, conducted in South Africa for university students and maritime services personnel in conjunction with staff from the MUCH unit of the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), provided an introduction to the deterioration processes of the main types of materials found on shipwreck sites in the marine environment, on-site conservation survey methodology including corrosion data acquisition and the information that can be gained through the scientific process. The in situ methods used for site stabilisation in order to ameliorate further degradation of terrestrial and UCH sites was also explained. For the practical component, the diving participants performed an on-site conservation survey on a local shipwreck and the non-diving participants assessed the condition of a number of vessel remains wrecked on the shoreline of Robben Island. One collaborative report for each team (diving and non-diving) had to be produced including an assessment on the stability of the sites using the acquired survey data and based on these conclusions, suggest recommendations for their future management. The NAS III course emphasises the need for accurate interpretation of conservation survey results and the information this can provide regarding the stability or otherwise of a site with respect to different physico-chemical, geological, biological and archaeological variables. It also demonstrates how to evaluate the potential effectiveness of various in situ preservation techniques based on the interpretation of the conservation survey results and the necessity for continued on-site monitoring of sites, especially those to be preserved in situ. Importantly it also instils awareness that conservators and conservation scientists, with their specific training, knowledge, skills and experience need to be consulted and engaged for the effective management of cultural heritage sites. The course is suitable for individuals undertaking the NAS Training syllabus and professional archaeologists and conservators wanting to increase their knowledge and skills in on-site conservation survey and in situ preservation management techniques. Most importantly, SCUBA diving qualifications are not necessary for participation. It has been found that a number of marine services organisations, such as the Water Police and Fisheries are keen for their personnel to have an awareness of maritime archaeology and conservation practices, especially since they may encounter these activities during the course of their duties. In countries with legislation protecting UCH sites Water Police can enforce the laws and Fisheries personnel report inappropriate activities. Conclusion The presentation of conservation awareness workshops and courses to national and international participants will ensure the dissemination of this knowledge to a wide range of people, especially post graduate archaeologists, the future practitioners, and other cultural resource managers who may be involved in or be �confronted with heritage conservation issues. By consulting and involving conservators, the archaeologists and heritage managers will have a degree of assurance that recently exposed, and subsequently recovered artefacts will be effectively managed i.e. have optimal prospects for stabilization and be afforded the best post-excavation care. Appropriately trained conservators may also be engaged to determine the environmental conditions prevailing at, and within, an archaeological site in order to ascertain the condition of anticipated artefact materials and identify any potential problems prior to excavation. This information, including any risk factors determined, can guide the archaeologist when the investigation of sites is being prioritized and importantly indicate if urgent action is required. In the past this action may have meant urgent recovery but with the establishment of in situ stabilization methods and the development of improved environmental monitoring techniques, the in situ management of UCH is a viable option. Bibliography Carpenter, J., 1997 Carpenter, J., 2007 Carpenter, J., Godfrey, I.M., 2005 Carpenter, J., Richards, V.L., 1993 McKinnon, J., 2011 Richards, V.L., Carpenter, J., 1998 Richards, V., A Maritime Archaeological Conservation Laboratory in Galle, Sri Lanka - A guide to establishing the laboratory, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. Shipwreck Artefacts – Conservation Procedures In situ to Display, Procedural Guide for Conservators Working with Maritime Archaeologists, prepared for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Underwater Archaeology Training Program, 26 February - 10 March 2007, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. Galle Maritime Archaeological Unit – Conservation, Procedures for the Treatment of Marine Archaeological Materials, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. Conservation in Galle, Sri Lanka, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 1-86. Department of Archaeology, Flinders University. ARCH 8802, Conservation Field School (4.5 Units) Semester 2, 2011 Handbook, Flinders University, Adelaide. “Conservation Management. Report. Site L”, in Sri Lanka Department of Archaeology Report on the Joint Sri-LankaAustralia-Netherlands Galle Harbour Project 1996-1997. Archaeology, History, Conservation and Training, eds, Jeremy Green, Somasiri Devendra and Robert Parthesius, Special Publication No. 4, The Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Fremantle, pp. 50-60. On-Site Conservation Survey Data Sheet, unpublished �Carpenter, J., 2008 Richards, V., Carpenter, J., 2011a Richards, V., Carpenter, J., 2011b Richards, V.L., MacLeod, I.D., Carpenter, J., 2007 University of Guam, 2010 internal information sheet, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. In situ Preservation Programme – Barrel Wreck, prepared for the Marine Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit, South African Heritage Resources Agency, Cape Town, South Africa, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 1-15. Report on the Nautical Archaeology Society (NASIII) In situ Conservation Course held at Robben Island, Cape Town, South Africa, 7-11 February 2011, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 1-3. Practical Guidelines in Documenting and Monitoring the Natural and Cultural Attributes of Submerged Historic Sites in the Federated States of Micronesia, prepared for the Historic Preservation Office, Chuuk, FSM, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 116. AN393 Maritime Archaeology Course AIMA/NAS Training Program Summer Session. College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Mangilao, Guam. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation in Archaeology - an awareness training programme Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 Empowerment and relevance in maritime and underwater cultural heritage programs in developing countries Description An account of the resource Since the inception of tertiary maritime archaeological courses in Australia in the early 1980s, the Materials Conservation Department (MCD) of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) has presented a conservation awareness and training component to archaeology students. Creating awareness and an appropriate understanding of principals was the aim, because the intention was not to teach archaeologists how to apply conservation techniques or to conserve artefacts, but for them to appreciate the need for conservation, to encourage consultation with conservators and to stress the importance for conservator participation in archaeological projects. As integral participants in expeditions on-site conservators provide the archaeologist with a degree of assurance that recently exposed and subsequently recovered artefacts will be effectively managed i.e. have optimal prospects for their stabilization and be afforded the best post-excavation care. Appropriately trained conservators may also be engaged to determine the environmental conditions prevailing at, and within, an archaeological site in order to ascertain the condition of anticipated artefact materials and identify any potential problems prior to excavation. This information, including any risk factors determined, can guide the archaeologist when the investigation of sites is being prioritized and importantly indicate if urgent action is required. Conservators qualified to use Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving equipment are an additional asset to the investigation of underwater sites as they are able to directly apply the above procedures to this aspect of archaeology. Considering their knowledge of waterlogged and corroded materials the archaeologist may also prefer the diving conservator to recover badly deteriorated artefacts. The Conservation in Archaeology training programme can be tailored to suit particular aspects of the subject and target different levels of education. It provides straightforward explanation and demonstration to school children, provides a chemistry emphasis for exceptional science students, presents Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) courses for the public and avocational practitioners and most recently a Conservation Field School incorporating higher level tutorials and practicals for post- graduate maritime and terrestrial archaeology university students. The WAM Conservation in Archaeology courses are presented intra-state, nationally and internationally. Awareness of the conservation considerations and requirements during archaeological investigations of cultural heritage sites is now more widely accepted by archaeologists and through school education programmes appreciated by young students who are the potential conservators and archaeologists of the future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jon Carpenter Vicki Richards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 6 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/cb23f50c409a27e78223555e5ce148b9.pdf 11aed85f3ef42e8e2f8d40cb905d417e PDF Text Text UNESCO Regional Capacity Building Programme on Safeguarding the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Asia and the Pacific Ricardo L. Favis1 Abstract In response to the recommendation of delegates and experts during the Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop on the 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Hong Kong, Special Autonomous Region of China, November 2003), The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is implementing a regional capacity building programme on underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in Asia and the Pacific through the establishment of a Regional Field Training Centre. Supported by the Norwegian Government, the programme aims to facilitate and enable the training of maritime archaeologists and conservation experts from Asia and the Pacific region in the proper safeguarding and management of UCH, in line with the principles of the 2001 Convention and the Rules of its Annex. Operated by the Government of Thailand, the Regional Field Training Centre is attached within the precinct of the Underwater Archaeology Division of the Fine Arts Department in Chanthaburi, Thailand. With the support of implementing partners including International Council of Monuments and of Sites - International Council of Underwater Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS-ICUCH), the Centre has successfully organized since 2009 three Foundation Courses and an Advanced Course on the application of Geographical Information systems (GIS) in underwater archaeology and cultural heritage management. The six-week Foundation Courses aim to bring regional experts of different academic backgrounds to a common level of understanding on the multi-disciplinary nature of UCH management. So far, the regional capacity building programme has benefitted seventy national experts from seventeen countries in the Asia-Pacific Region, including Kenya. This paper will discuss the development of the regional capacity building programme, the training activities and projects in which the Centre is involved, future plans and efforts to sustain the Centre over the long term. Background The threats of treasure hunting and illicit trafficking of artefacts found underwater, as well as commercial exploitation of marine resources were the reasons why UNESCO engaged to take legal and practical action to ensure better protection for the underwater archaeological sites. After four years of intense negotiations, four experts meetings and the participation of more than 100 Member States2, the UNESCO General Assembly finally adopted the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2001 (2001 Convention). More importantly, every Member State agreed that the Annex to the Convention, which sets out very specific rules concerning activities directed at UCH, should be accepted and applied as the reference document for interventions directed at UCH. To introduce and discuss the 2001 Convention among concerned stakeholders in our region, UNESCO organized the Asia‐Pacific Regional Workshop on the 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Hong Kong, Special Autonomous Region of China in November 2003. Eighty six delegates and experts from twenty-three Member States participated in the workshop. Realizing that the 2001 1 2 Project Officer, UNESCO Bangkok Culture Unit Sovereign States that are members of UNESCO. There are currently 193 Member States of UNESCO. �Convention can only be effectively implemented through capacity building in underwater archaeology, a relatively new discipline in the Asia-Pacific region, the participants unanimously recommended the establishment of a regional field training centre. In response, the delegates from Sri Lanka offered to host the centre within the infrastructure of their Maritime Archaeology Unit located in the World Heritage Site of Galle, Sri Lanka. In 2005, a project document entitled Safeguarding the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Asia and the Pacific: Building Regional Capacities to Protect and Manage Underwater Archaeological Sites through the Establishment of a Regional Centre of Excellence Field Training Facility and Programme of Instruction was formulated and submitted to the Government of Norway for their consideration under UNESCO-Norway Funds-in-Trust Cooperation. Approved for funding by the Government of Norway in 2007, project implementation started in March 2009 with a training programme for Sri Lankan archaeologists and conservators to prepare them for their eventual role as trainers of trainees coming from the region. Due to civil unrest in Sri Lanka and lack of facilities and necessary equipment to support regional training activities, UNESCO decided to transfer the venue of the regional field training centre to Thailand in early 2009. The UNESCO regional capacity building programme The regional training platform aims to facilitate and enable the training of underwater archaeological site managers and conservation professions from Asia and the Pacific. It aims to provide a system of embedding this training into the national development planning of participating Member States, particularly the national strategy for capacity‐building and human resource development through the participation of national experts nominated by the relevant national agencies of participating Member States. It focuses on integrated approaches towards the conservation and management of underwater archaeological sites that are participatory and inclusive, and foster social cohesion and peace by promoting intercultural dialogue through the animation of shared heritage. Professional capacity‐building has been identified as the key to successfully safeguard the UCH. Without a concerted and sustained effort to build the region’s capacity to manage it, it is not possible for UCH to be protected in the long term. The development goals towards which the regional project contributes are: (a) the protection of UCH; and (b) fostering peace and social cohesion among participating Member States. The protection of UCH also has an important economic aspect, considering that tourism may develop around underwater sites if properly managed and interpreted in on‐site museums which may be established. Through the establishment of a Regional Field Training Centre in Underwater Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the Centre), the project aims to achieve the following objectives: 1. To build regional capacity in the protection and management of UCH through professional training in field techniques on underwater archaeological site inventory and mapping, non‐invasive techniques of site identification, inventory �and investigation, museology techniques, and site monitoring and protection according to international professional standards. The application of the provisions of the Annex to the Convention is particularly stressed. 2. To provide a platform for an effective networking among partner Member States by encouraging close collaboration and dissemination of best practices, thereby promoting regional cooperation through exchange of information on the conservation and management of a shared heritage. 3. To prepare Member States in the ratification and implementation of the 2001 Convention and its Annex. Thailand as venue of the Centre The Government of Thailand hosts the Centre within the infrastructure of the Underwater Archaeology Division (UAD) of the Fine Arts Department in Chanthaburi, Thailand. The UAD has a long experience in underwater archaeology since 1974 and has closely collaborated with the Royal Thai Navy, the Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts of the Southeast Asian Minister of Education Organization (SEAMEOSPAFA) and Silpakorn University over the years. UAD has more than adequate human and technical resources to support the training activities of the Centre. It has a professional staff of two maritime archaeologists and a technical diving team of ex-navy personnel. The staff operates under high safety standards, collaborates closely with the Royal Thai Navy and links up with a nearby naval hospital during their diving missions. Just before the first training course was organized, the UAD procured a new fully- �equipped diving boat with a decompression chamber. UAD has also adequate diving equipment including technical diving equipment, re-breathers and trimix. Implementation strategy In April 2008, a Project Steering Committee meeting was convened in Galle, Sri Lanka to discuss and decide how to best implement the regional capacity building programme. Considering that maritime archaeology is relatively a new discipline in Asia and the Pacific, and that expertise in most countries in the region is mainly focused on terrestrial archaeology, the Committee decided to build national capacities through Foundation Courses aimed at bringing national experts of different academic backgrounds from participating Member States to a common level of understanding on the multi‐disciplinary nature of maritime archaeology. The Committee also decided to organize Advanced Courses aimed at training heads of maritime archaeology units and senior UCH managers on specialized topics using state‐of‐the‐art technologies and latest developments. To embed the training programmes into the national development planning of participating Member States, particularly their national strategy for capacity‐building and human resource development, the committee decided that only those who are nominated by national agencies responsible for the protection of their territorial waters are eligible to take part in the training activities of the Centre under the project. Foundation Courses ICOMOS-ICUCH assisted in devising the course curriculum for the Foundation Course. Considering that prospective regional trainees working for relevant government agencies cannot leave their work for an extended period of time, a six-week Foundation Course was decided upon in consultation with the UAD of Thailand and other project implementing partners. Four weeks of the Foundation Course are devoted to lectures, country reports and practical exercises on the following topics: • Introduction to the 2001 Convention and its Annex • Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) Introductory and Part 1 training modules (under license) • Diving safety and project logistics • Iron and steel ship construction and site formation • Desk based assessment • Significance assessment • Material cultural analysis • Archaeological publication • Finds handling and conservation • Public archaeology • Museology • Asian ship technology • Asian ceramics �Trainees also undergo two weeks of training in underwater field survey exercises at the ship wreck site of Ruea Mail. At a depth of 20 meters, the site is located near Mannok Island in Kleng District, Rayong Province, Thailand. The ship is possibly a mail steamboat plying the French colonial coastline from Thailand to Cambodia and Viet Nam about 90 to 100 years ago. Coins dating back to 1917 during the reign of King Rama VI of Thailand were found in the shipwreck. During the underwater field exercises, trainees are taught the following topics and how they are applied. After two weeks of site survey, the trainees are required to prepare a management plan and storyboard on the shipwreck, which they present during the closing ceremonies of the Foundation Course. • Baseline and offsets • Ties to baseline for levelled profile bars • Site datum for vertical depth gauge measurements • Geographical Positioning System (GPS) location using site recorder • Use of photo scales for underwater photographs • Seabed elevation/ profiles survey using depth gauge and site datum • Centreline/baseline elevation survey using depth gauge survey and site datum • Port and starboard hull elevations using depth gauge survey and site datum • Taking sections/ profiles across wreck using levelled profile bars • Drawing using planning frame • Measuring and recording iron ship construction details (frames and spacing, rivets, plating, stem and sternpost dimensions) • Circular searches �To ensure high standards of the Foundation Course, trainees nominated by participating Member States are selected based on the following criteria: • Must have a college degree from a reputable university; • Must be an archaeologist in a scientific institution/agency, a site manager or a conservator in UCH; • Must have interest in the conservation and management of UCH, and must agree to the principles of the 2001 Convention and its Annex; • Must have logged a minimum of 50 dives, of which 20 dives have been conducted under supervision by recognized research/academic/scientific institution, and 5 dives undertaken deeper than 25 meters (applicants are required to submit their dive logs before they can be considered for the Foundation Course); • Must be medically certified to be fit for diving (applicants are required to submit their medical certification before they can be considered); • Must have good comprehension, writing and communication skills in English (applicants are required to submit proof of their English skills before they can be considered). To ensure the safety of the trainees, UNESCO has provided trainees with dive injury insurance coverage and membership with the Diving Alert Network (DAN AsiaPacific) before the start of their training course. Three Foundation Courses of six-week duration were successfully organized in October 2009, March 2010 and February 2011. The three Foundation Courses have benefitted fifty five (55) national experts from 15 countries (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, India, Fiji Islands, Indonesia, Kenya, Kyrgyztan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam). �Adapted to the Asia-Pacific regional context, the curriculum of the Foundation Course has been developed for the Regional Field Training Centre in Chanthaburi, Thailand. The curriculum will be made available for use by other UNESCO-sponsored training programmes elsewhere in the world. Advanced Courses The Centre also delivers Advanced Courses aimed at training heads of maritime archaeology units and senior UCH managers on specialized topics using state‐of‐the‐art technologies and latest developments identified during the Foundation Courses and recommended by ICOMOS‐ICUCH. Advanced Courses of short duration (one to two weeks) provide the opportunity for national authorities in maritime archaeology to develop strategies for collaborative endeavours. An Advanced Course on the Application of GIS in the Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage was organized during the period from 20-29 September 2010. Nineteen national experts from 13 countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Fiji Islands, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam) took part in the training. An Advanced Course on In Situ Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage was organized from 19-26 October 2011. Fifteen graduates of earlier Foundation Courses were chosen by a selection committee. They came from nine participating countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Kenya, Kyrgyztan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The Advanced Course enabled the selected participants to apply knowledge and skills they learnt during the Foundation Course in in situ preservation, which is the first option in the preservation of UCH under the 2001 Convention. �Expert trainers and resource persons from Australia, Netherlands, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Switzerland have shared their expertise with the regional trainees during the training courses. They were carefully selected, in consultation with the ICUCH of ICOMOS3 (Footnote: List of Expert Trainers). 3 Karina Acton, Senior Objects Conservator, International Conservation Services, 1st Foundation Course : Finds Handling and Conservation Ross Anderson, President of the Australian Institute of Maritime Archaeology, Maritime Archaeologist of nd the Western Australian Museum, 1st and 2 Foundation Courses: Co-Trainer: Underwater Survey Field Exercises Will Brouwers, Development educational programmes Museum het Valkhof, Netherlands, GIS Advanced Course st Somlak Charoenpot, Former Deputy Director General, Fine Arts Department, Thailand, 1 , 2 Courses: Museology nd rd and 3 Foundation Wim Dijkman, Project Leader, Hydrography, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Region Ijssel Lake at Lelystad, Netherlands, GIS Advanced Course �Other project activities “Saving the Underwater Cultural Heritage” Exhibit To bring UNESCO’s message on the need to safeguard UCH to a wider audience, UNESCO Bangkok Office organized the first ever UNESCO exhibition on global UCH in the Asia-Pacific region at the Siam Ocean World Bangkok from 16 August to 31 October 2010. The interactive exhibit featured underwater heritage scenes from around the world, life-sized replica of a Thai shipwreck, showcases of artefacts recovered from the seabed, special demonstrations of maritime archaeologists in action, and various interactive play zones for children. The exhibit was viewed by an estimated 150,000 local and foreign visitors. Exhibit items are now part of the permanent exhibition of the National Maritime Museum in Chanthaburi, Thailand. Project Experience Exchange Asia: 8-16 December 2010 To encourage active networking and experience sharing among graduates of the Centre, UNESCO and the Dutch Government supported the Project Experience Exchange Asia initiated by the Central Cultural Fund of Sri Lanka. The project was a joint survey and research activity to conduct non-intrusive survey on an ancient David Gregory, Conservation Scientist, National Museum of Denmark, Co-Trainer: Advanced Course on In Situ Preservation Martijn Manders, Member of ICOMOS-ICUCH, Senior Maritime Archaeologist, Dutch Cultural Heritage, Lecturer, st nd rd Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands, Lecturer, Saxxion University, Deventer , Netherlands, 1 , 2 and 3 Foundation Courses: Archaeological Resources, Managing UCH, In-Situ Preservation, GIS for UCH; Co-Trainer: Underwater Field Exercises; Co-Trainer: Advanced Course on In Situ Preservation; Coordinator, Curriculum preparation for the Foundation Course Bobby Orillaneda, Museum Researcher II, Underwater Archaeology Section, Archaeology Division, National Museum nd rd rd of the Philippines, 2 and 3 Foundation Courses: Asian Ceramics, 3 Foundation Course: Support Trainer during the Underwater, Field Exercises Charlotte Pham, Bursary of the Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient – Vietnam; Brussels, BELGIUM, 3rd Foundation Course : Asian Ship Technology and Practicum st Sayan Prainchanjit, Dean of the Faculty of Archaeology , Silpakorn University, Thailand, 1 Foundation Course: nd Asian Ceramics, 2 Foundation Course: Public Archaeology and Awareness Raising Mark Staniforth, Director, Maritime Archaeology Programme, Faculty of Archaeology, Flinders University, South st Australia, 1 Foundation Course: Significance Assessment, Desk-based Assessment, Material Cutlure Analysis, Archaeological Publication st nd rd Christopher Underwood, International Development Officer, NAS, 1 , 2 and 3 Foundation Courses: NAS Introduction and Part I; Supervising trainer, Underwater Field Exercises Hans Van Tilburg, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Regional Maritime Heritage Coordinator for Pacific nd Islands Region, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, United States of America, 2 and 3rd Foundation Courses: Desk-based Assessment, Significance Assessment, Archaeological Publication st nd Erbprem Vatcharangkul, Director, Underwater Archaeology Division, Fine Arts Department of Thailand, 1 , 2 rd 3 Foundation Courses: Asian Ship Technology and Practicum and Andrew John Viduka, Assistant Director Maritime Heritage, Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the nd Arts, Historic Heritage Division, Maritime Heritage Section, Australia, 2 and 3rd Foundation Courses: Material Culture Analysis, Introduction to Intrusive Archaeology, Finds Handling and Conservation �shipwreck, located at 31 meters depth in Godawaya, southern Sri Lanka. The ship wreck dates back to the 1st-4th century Anno Domini (AD)4, making it one of the oldest shipwrecks found in Asia. UNESCO sponsored the participation of one Malaysian and one Filipino, while the Dutch Government sponsored the participation of three Indonesians and one Indian. They joined the maritime archaeologists of the Maritime Archaeology Unit of Sri Lanka. All participants including the team from the Maritime Archaeology Unit are graduates of the Foundation Courses. Their joint report will be published in a scientific journal. Implementing partners The Thai Government through its relevant national agency, the Fine Arts Department, has supported the project by hosting the Regional Field Training Centre within the precinct of the UAD of Thailand. It has provided a permanent venue and building to house the facilities of the Centre in Chanthaburi. The Fine Arts Department has designated the Director of UAD to administer and implement the training activities of the Centre, until such time that a Director of Centre can be assigned. UAD has provided its human and physical resources, and logistic support for the implementation of training courses. It has also enlisted the support of relevant Thai government agencies and academic institutions, and arranged for national experts to complement international expertise provided by UNESCO. ICOMOS-ICUCH has assisted in coordinating the preparation of training curricula, and in identifying and providing technical advice to expert trainers and resource persons. The following institutions in the region have supported the regional capacity building programme by providing their experts to share their knowledge during the training courses: • Flinders University (Australia) • International Conservation Services (Australia) • Western Australian Museum (Australia) • Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia) • Bursary of the Ecole Francaise d’Extreme Orient (France) • Dutch Cultural Heritage (Netherlands) • Museum het Walkhof (Netherlands) • Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands) • National Museum (Philippines) • Bursary of the Ecole Francaise d’Extreme Orient (Viet Nam) • Silpakorn University (Thailand) • Nautical Archaeology Society (United Kingdom) • NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (United States) 4 Georgian Calendar designation that begins at the birth of Jesus Christ of Nazareth in year one, with additional years added one by one. �Project sustainability After the Norwegian-funded project expires at the end of 2011, the Fine Arts Department of Thailand has expressed its commitment to sustain the Centre over the long term and to nominate the Centre to be placed under the auspices of UNESCO as a Category II Centre in the near future. To realize these objectives, the Department shall explore long-term collaboration with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA) of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO), Silpakorn University (Thailand) and other institutions in the region to assist in future activities of the Centre. The Department plans to organize one Advanced Course on specialized topics and new technologies on maritime archaeology once every year and one Foundation Course every two years. To take advantage of the relatively low cost of organizing training programmes in Thailand, national and sub-regional training initiatives are welcome to arrange with UAD of Thailand for the use of the Centre’s facilities and to avail of the technical support of the experienced team of UAD. Conclusions Being the first training courses on UCH that are regional in scope, the project has achieved high visibility not only within the Asia-Pacific Region but beyond. As a result of the regional capacity building programme, participating Member States have started to strengthen their existing underwater archaeology units or establish their units. Four graduates of the Foundation Courses have established the Underwater Archaeology Unit in Cambodia. Five beneficiaries at the National Museum of the Philippines have initiated collaborative projects with other government and academic institutions for a shipwreck management program in the Philippines. Amjad Ali of Pakistan (2nd Foundation Course) has submitted project documents on underwater archaeology to funding agencies. Using knowledge and skills learnt during the 3rd Foundation Course, Caesar Bita of Kenya supervised an UCH impact assessment on an underwater fibre optic cable laying project and dredging of a harbor. Eko Triarso of Indonesia (3rd Foundation Course) has mobilized a team to prepare a management and conservation plan for underwater archaeological resources in the Natuwa Waters in northern Indonesia. Chandraratne Wijamunige (2nd Foundation Course) initiated the Project Experience Exchange Asia in Sri Lanka in December 2010, participated by graduates of earlier Foundation Courses from four countries. Beneficiaries working for the Malaysian Department of Heritage have launched an awareness campaign among divers and coastal communities. Nia Ridwan of Indonesia (2nd Foundation Course) has conducted a survey of potential underwater archaeological resources to support the establishment of a Maritime Conservation Area in Bangka Belitung Waters, and a survey of a ship wrecked by tsunami in Mentawai Waters. Other beneficiaries of the regional programme have sent their feedbacks on how they have improved their strategies in the protection and management of their UCH. Considering the multi-disciplinary nature of maritime archaeology and given the limited knowledge and skills acquired by trainees during a six-week Foundation Course, participating Member States are encouraged to support their continuing education and training in established universities offering maritime archaeology courses, and to enable �them to participate in joint underwater research and survey activities in other countries. Relevant national agencies are therefore encouraged to seek bilateral cooperation with countries with expertise in maritime archaeology and financial resources to sponsor the training of their experts. For further information Capacity Building Programme of UNESCO Bangkok Office http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/uch/capacity-building/ Tutorial on the Annex to the 2001 Convention: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/underwaterheritage-tutorial/tutorial/ Code of Ethics for Diving on Submerged Archaeological Sites: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/scubadiving/ 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/ Bibliography Prott, L.V.(Ed), 2006 Grenier, R., Nutley, D., Cochran, I. (Eds), 2006 Finishing the Interrupted Voyage: Papers of the UNESCO AsiaPacific Workshop on the 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Leicester, UNESCO/Institute of Art and Law. Heritage at Risk, Special Edition, ICOMOS. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UNESCO Regional Capacity Building Programme on Safeguarding the Underwater Cultural Heritage of Asia and the Pacific Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 Empowerment and relevance in maritime and underwater cultural heritage programs in developing countries Description An account of the resource In response to the recommendation of delegates and experts during the Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop on the 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Hong Kong, Special Autonomous Region of China, November 2003), The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is implementing a regional capacity building programme on underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in Asia and the Pacific through the establishment of a Regional Field Training Centre. Supported by the Norwegian Government, the programme aims to facilitate and enable the training of maritime archaeologists and conservation experts from Asia and the Pacific region in the proper safeguarding and management of UCH, in line with the principles of the 2001 Convention and the Rules of its Annex. Operated by the Government of Thailand, the Regional Field Training Centre is attached within the precinct of the Underwater Archaeology Division of the Fine Arts Department in Chanthaburi, Thailand. With the support of implementing partners including International Council of Monuments and of Sites - International Council of Underwater Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS-ICUCH), the Centre has successfully organized since 2009 three Foundation Courses and an Advanced Course on the application of Geographical Information systems (GIS) in underwater archaeology and cultural heritage management. The six-week Foundation Courses aim to bring regional experts of different academic backgrounds to a common level of understanding on the multi-disciplinary nature of UCH management. So far, the regional capacity building programme has benefitted seventy national experts from seventeen countries in the Asia-Pacific Region, including Kenya. This paper will discuss the development of the regional capacity building programme, the training activities and projects in which the Centre is involved, future plans and efforts to sustain the Centre over the long term. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ricardo L. Favis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 6