20 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/420b412c648f21363610d71afd756882.pdf 1bb2715c47bd4ae700900a08bac4e49e PDF Text Text Date: March 24, 2017 KAMSAN HENG MR. DIRECTOR OF ANTIQUITY DEPARTMENT, MOCFA. MEMBER OF ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COUNCIL, OCM. TEL: +855 89 810 089 EMAIL: kamsan_heng@yahoo.com TOPIC: Risk and Protective Measures of Cultural Property in Cambodia The risk to cultural property takes several forms such as risk from illegal activities, risk from neglect, and primarily the risk that cultural heritage is not well understood, but the key element of this presentation is protection. Cultural heritage property come in at least three forms; tangible, intangible, and the term Memory of the World (MoW). In response to tangible heritage property protection the government of Cambodia has taken measures that are far reaching and sustainable. Those measures include but not limited to legislation in the form of Royal Decrees and sub decrees, ministerial directives and initiatives, protective custody in secure sites such as museums, greater site protection, and management, conservation and renovation of cultural heritage ruins and artifacts. In addition to these measure, a concerted effort to promote public awareness and participation in heritage protection efforts. Supplementing Cambodian efforts are those of UNESCO, international organizations, and special agreements between nations to cooperate in stopping illegal trafficking of heritage. Efforts within Cambodia have been undertaken to recognize intangible heritage as an equally important aspect of culture that requires preservation. Organizations such as ICCMOS. ICOMOS, and World Heritage are important in the planning and management of all heritage. Cambodia is a participant in MoW with the Archives of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. With two World Heritage sites, Angkor Archaeological Park, and Preah Vihear, and soon to be recognized Sambor Prei Kuk Archaeological Site, and four intangible cultural heritage elements, Cambodia is well on the way to a more sustainable cultural heritage management policy and plan. In the international cooperating arena two especially productive agreements are in place. With the United States government, a “Red list of Cambodian Antiquities at Risk” has been published and distributed. It provides a good basic definition of the heritage that is most likely to be illegally traded. Additionally, with the US government cooperation in their Customs and Homeland Security, and Justice Department has returned many valuable artifacts to Cambodia and stopped the sale of others. Closer to Cambodia the Royal Thai Government has assisted in preventing cross-border trafficking and return many large and significant stone and wooden works of art. Cambodia is also grateful to the private individuals who understand the importance of heritage who have donated cultural property from their legally acquired collections to the Kingdom of Cambodia. �The measures that have been in place and reinforced by Cambodia and its’ worldwide partners are steps to insuring that the protection and management of cultural property is sustained for future generations. • Respond to the protection and conservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage sustainable, Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, and are taking a step forward by getting remarkable results including:  The creation of various legal and regulatory documents.  Strategic planning and implementation of legal measures in the management of cultural heritage.  Identifying archaeological sites and ruins to protect.  Management, conservation and renovation of archaeological ruins and artifacts.  The inventory of archaeological sites and temples.  The inventory of museum collections and public and private cultural property outside museum.  Preparation of technical documentation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, World Heritage.  Improve the existing museum building and the establishment of a new museum in the provinces and city to process.  The opening of training and human resources building.  Public awareness and mobilizing the participation of communities and citizens.  To strengthen cooperation within the framework of national, regional and international. • Article 5 of the Convention on the means of prohibiting and prevent exports and exchange of ownership of cultural property illegally (the Convention entered into force on 24 April 1972, and Cambodia adopted on 26 September 1972) was written to ensure the protection of properties subscription asteroid prevent the export, import and ownership of cultural property illegally countries as a member of the Convention agreed to create an institution or organization for the protection of cultural property by equipped with staff qualified to carry out effectively its role as follows:  And contribute to the draft regulations for the protection of cultural property management.  Inventory of key public and private cultural property export of cultural property is a clause that involve extinction of national cultural heritage.  Boost the development or the establishment of scientific and technical institutions (museums, libraries, archives conservation lab workshops ...) that are necessary for ensuring the maintenance and display of cultural property. � Assigned to oversee the archaeological excavation to ensure protection (in place) because any cultural property income and protect any areas for future research.  Take measures to promote media education and promote respect for cultural heritage for all bribe.  Be deemed to preach to the masses in a way appropriate to do to show the lost cultural property.  The launch of an appropriate certificate in which the country exports any cultural properties is obtained permits and cards. Coupons should send all legally exported cultural property.  Prohibits the export of cultural property from its territory unless export letter as stated above.  Preach to the masses about the ban by using appropriate means, especially among those who can be exported or imported cultural property. • In the international arena, we also get great results should be proud:  Actual recent "archives of the Museum Tuol Sleng Genocide" has been included in the list of UNESCO of the Memory of the World (MoW) in late July 2009 after heritage tangible Two UNESCO included in the World Heritage List is the archaeological site of Angkor in 1992, and the resort national culture of Preas Vihear Temple in 2008 and Intangible Heritage of four other UNESCO inserted as masterpieces of intangible heritage of humanity of which comprises the Royal Ballet in Nov 2003, the Large Shadow Puppetry in Nov 2005, Tugging Rituals and Games in Dec 2015 and Chapei Dang Veng in Nov 2016. Memory of the World (MoW) The Archives of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in late July 2009 The Heritage Tangible Two UNESCO included in the World Heritage List are: Archaeological site of Angkor in 1992 �Resort National Culture of Preas Vihear Temple, in late July, 2008 Intangible Heritage of four other UNESCO inserted as masterpieces of intangible heritage of humanity of which comprises: Large Shadow Puppetry in Nov 2005 Royal Ballet in Nov 2003 Tugging Rituals and Games in Dec 2015 Chapei Dang Veng in Nov 2016 �Legal Measures and Regulations  National Level  Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage (01/1996).  Sub Decree on the implementation of the Protection of Cultural Heritage (09/2002).  Law on the Rights and Related Rights system (03/2003).  Royal decrees Sub Decree and other notice regarding the artistic and cultural sector, especially related to cultural heritage.  Regional and International Level  Cambodia has signed a memorandum of Convention relating to the protection and particular. understand ding and the preservation of cultural heritage, in  Bilateral Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand on anti-border smuggling and illegal traffic of cultural property which is movable and the transmission of cultural property (06/2000).  Memorandum of Understanding between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United States on the limits to ban the import of Khmer artifacts (09/2003). As a member state of UNESCO exhibition on July 3, 1951, Cambodia has been involved in many international activities related to the protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Since 1960s, Cambodia has signed excuse Castle Convention and Protocol such as:  Conventions and the first Protocols for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague on May 14, 1954 (adopted on April 4, 1962 and the Second Optional Protocol is on May 17, 1999).  The Convention on the Means of Prohibition and Control of Imports and Exports, Change of ownership of Cultural Property Illegally called “1972 Convention”, adopted on September 26, 1972.  The Convention on the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, called “World Heritage Convention” adopted on November 28, 1991.  UNITE DROTE Convention on Cultural Property was Stolen or Illegally held Integra -ted “adopted on February 21, 2002”.  The Convention on the Protection of Intangible Cultural January 18, 2006”. Heritage “adopted on  The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of Diversity of Cultural Diversity “adopted on July 20, 2007”.  Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage July 20, 2007”. “adopted on Cultural Property at Risk  Although the Government has taken a number of measures, and in the Protection of Cultural Heritage, art looting and destruction of archaeological sites continue. Example: A recent is the destruction in a new format appears with prehistoric site was burglarized. � Finding artifacts caused demand on the international market. Traffic of all types of illegal artifacts and materials that date from prehistory to the 19th century is a country rich in cultural heritage can lead to disaster. RED LIST OF CAMBODIAN ANTIQUITIES AT RISK With the agreement on the Memorandum of Understanding between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the US government on the limits ban the imports of artifacts Khmer, US State Department has been providing assistance to the Council for the International Museum in collaboration between the Ministry Culture and Fine Arts and experts of national and international, to study and document the "Red List of archaeological Cambodia be at risk" for the purpose of protection and prevent the circulation of illegal Heritage Khmer. The work began in June 2008 and was completed in early 2009, printed in Khmer, English, French, German, Spanish and Thai. Cultural property is divided into: The type of feedstock  Stones (including precious first slap).  Metal (bronze, copper, iron, gold and silver).  Objects made of organic material (wood, paper, leaves).  Ceramics and glass objects.  Periodic:  Prehistory (5th century BC. to 5th AD.)  Pre-Angkorian (6th to 8th AD.)  Angkor period (9th to 13rd AD.)  Post-Angkorian (14th to 20th AD.) �Measures to protect artifacts I- UNESCO Convention of 1972 states that the members of the Convention agreed to take all necessary are: A- To prevent any museum in the country of its acceptance of cultural property that was illegally exported. B- Prohibit the import of cultural property that had been stolen from museums or any public institution after the Convention entered into force. C- At the request of an owner to pay back their cultural heritage, which was piled stolen and exported to other countries. Article 2- Countries are members of the Convention recognizes that imports export and transfer of ownership of possessions measure protection culture illegally is a major cause of one of the causes, those causes extinction cultural heritage of the country, which is the original owner of the properties of those, and that international cooperation is the one of the measures are measures efficiency those in protecting the cultural heritage of each country against the threat of exports, imported illegally. • For many years, the competent authorities involved in joint cultural property seats in the temples and archaeological objects found by the people to save the museum and a safe place to preserve. • Some cultural property to the competent authorities of Cambodia take from merchants who attempt to export abroad. Cambodian armed forces in the province take the dishonest traders. �• Cultural heritage, some have returned to Cambodia from other countries through the international cooperation based on the international law and agreements, bilateral or multilateral between each other and to overcome any problems that need to resist, especially the export of illegal cultural property from the territory of any payments and properties, then returned to the original owners. • Sculpture Lokeshvara, there is a lot of hand on the temple wall 2 and inscriptions and other objects was captured by Thai authorities in 1999, when transported into Thailand. Based on bilateral agreements on anti-border smuggling and illegal traffic of cultural property, movable and transmission of cultural property were returned to the country of origin. Royal Thai government awarded to Cambodia in 2000. �• Khmer artifacts 7 (01 angels on the head and a strong head 06 out of 43) that authorities take the Thai government was returned to the Cambodian government awarded on June12, 2009. • Based on the agreement bilateral on the memorandum of understanding between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Government of the United States on a restricted ban the imports of artifacts Khmer (19 September 2003 and renewed in August 2008 and the Convention of UNESCO on the statues head APSARA was US authorities take in the state of California relatives in 2005 and returned to hand over to the Royal Cambodia on 30 July 2007. • Khmer cultural heritage and someone has returned to Cambodia from various countries through the generous donation. Jewelry, gold crown Angkor period between th th the 12 to the 13 century that foreign generous charities awarded on 04 January 2008. Statue of ancient Khmer th (hunchback), sandstone 10 century originate from the Koh Ker site foreign generous awarded on 17 October 2002. �Khmer silver Ceramic ancient with inscription th around the 13 century, foreign generous charities, awarded on 16 July 2004. Towing precious ancient script written, Bayon th style 13 century, foreign generous charities presented on 12 June 2009. Cooperation projects in the framework of international International Organization of Museums (ICOM) in collaboration with EFEO, published this book in 1993 and the second edition in 1997. This book has become an effective tool in providing information about the Khmer artifacts stolen from Cambodia to seek and to get it back. Actual result from print books, with good cooperation and greater efforts by national and international institutions so far 9 artifacts returned to Cambodia and some are researching. Brahma head (DCA.3489, Ka.2337) was cut off from the statue of Brahma from Temple of Rolous Group, Angkor area. This object was discovered in Britain in November 1994, which was sold in London by Sothebys's on 21 October 1993. British sent returned to Cambodia on 4 December 1996. Torso female statue (DCA.1429, ka.2472). was stolen in the early 1980s and has been spotted in France. Frenchman in Paris, awarded to Cambodia on 19 February 1997. �The inventory of museum collections, public and private cultural heritage outside the museum: The inventory is data recorded for public or private cultural properties which are very necessary into science, history arts or religions, although they are not required to classify a hurry.  Assistance to the management and conservation of cultural heritage.  Supporting research and education programs.  Confirmation of ownership of cultural property in case of losses.  Confirm the reality of the case of fraud. ……………………………… � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 7: Underwater Cultural Heritage Politics, Laws, Ethics and Values Description An account of the resource All cultural materials are potentially cultural resources. However, because not all of them can be preserved or studied, choices must be made based on evaluation and re-evaluation. Values are learned and depend on cultural, intellectual, historical, and psychological frames of reference. Consequently, valuation is made individually, but is shared by communities. Valuation of underwater cultural heritage has, then, a broad range of determining value depending on the community to which it belongs. A clear example of this is the protection of human remains. The 2001 UNESCO Convention includes, in its definition of underwater cultural heritage, human remains which have been underwater for more than 100 years. However, the Christian philosophy on the treatment of human remains is different to that of Asian philosophy that teaches that human remains will never become underwater cultural heritage since, if they are seen by someone in an underwater site, it is imperative to rescue the human remains and bury them on land according to their beliefs. This session aims to create a forum for policymakers, managers, and archaeologists devoted to underwater cultural heritage where they can share their experiences of and research on the valuation of underwater cultural heritage. We aim to accept papers that help us to understand the definition of ‘underwater cultural heritage’ in the Asia-Pacific regions, comparing those definitions with the definition of the 2001 UNESCO Convention and trying to find a common interpretation. We will also be looking to examine the meaning of the underwater cultural heritage sites and objects for different communities. Finally, we will be expecting papers exploring the different possibilities of the use and/or conservation of this underwater cultural heritage according to the values and needs of the different communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elena Perez-Alvaro Licit Cultural Heritage Ltd., UK Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Risk and Protective Measures of Cultural Property in Cambodia Description An account of the resource The risk to cultural property takes several forms such as risk from illegal activities, risk from neglect, and primarily the risk that cultural heritage is not well understood, but the key element of this presentation is protection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kamsan Heng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 24, 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Kamsan Heng Language A language of the resource English 2017 Session 7 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/32782553356f901500377f6efd3ceb7f.pdf 56079b3eebab34e237fbde99723d9de6 PDF Text Text A Blueprint for the Conservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan Dr. Ying-Ying Tung (Kuo-King Tung) 董盈穎 Associate Researcher, Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Taiwan Istituto Centrale per la Patologia del Libro Istituto Italiano Arte Artigianato e Restauro Museology, Tainan National University of the Arts Art Administration Management, National Taiwan Normal University Email: ch0235@boch.gov.tw ; telephone: 866-912600718 Abstract Located on an important East Asian shipping route, the island of Taiwan is surrounded by waters containing a large number of underwater artefacts as a result of weather conditions, changes in the current, submerged reefs, war and other human factors. In 2006, the Bureau of Cultural Heritage (BOCH) commissioned the Institute of History and Philology at Academia Sinica to carry out a survey of underwater cultural heritage. In the ten years since, and with the assistance of scholars from France’s DRASSM, Australia, the United States and Japan, Taiwan has made remarkable progress. Wherever underwater archaeological sites are found, underwater artefacts are also. In the last ten years, the BOCH has recovered 1,567 items, the vast majority of which are metal and pottery. In addition, parts of wooden boats and vessels of the two World Wars and freighted goods have also been found. Because there is a lack of professional facilities and conservators, half of the recovered objects are still being stored in water. Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, promulgated on 9 December 2015, ensures the protection of Taiwan’s underwater cultural heritage. Item 6 of Article 2 of UNESCO’s 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage states that “Recovered underwater cultural heritage shall be deposited, conserved and managed in a manner that ensures its long-term preservation.” In order to enhance the safety of artefacts once they are out of the water, and to provide comprehensive information about the restored artefacts, it is necessary to plan in advance and proceed carefully. In the next ten years, we need to �train more professional conservation and restoration personnel and to expand the necessary facilities into a complete system for the handling of underwater archaeology—including a series of tasks such as surveying, verification, monitoring, exploration, conservation and restoration, research, educational exhibition and promotional publication. Conserving recovered underwater artefacts is also an important task for underwater archaeology. A complete plan is needed before undertaking an underwater archaeological project, encompassing the conservation, registration and recording of submerged objects and the restoration, research and storage of recovered objects. We need to train conservation and restoration personnel, set up conservation and restoration facilities, equipment and laboratories for recovered artefacts, and all documentation regarding underwater cultural heritage must be centrally administered and kept in good condition at the data centre. A data system should also be set up for use by researchers and the general public. If recovered artefacts are to retain their full cultural and historical value, their conservation must be carried out by professional personnel in a way that retains all their historical information and “make the artefact talk”. Key words: Underwater Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage, Conservation-Restoration, Bureau of Cultural Heritage (BOCH) 1. The Importance of Recovering Underwater Artefacts 1.1 Underwater Cultural Heritage Provides Data Integral to Human History With progress in diving technology and equipment, underwater cultural heritage has become an important type of cultural heritage, providing evidence of historical processes relating to human maritime culture and trade, oceanic migration routes and other human maritime activities. Underwater heritage sites are like time capsules, providing supplementary historical data and enriching human history. Underwater cultural heritage �makes up for deficiencies in land-based cultural heritage; only together do the two types provide the full historical information on human activity. 1.2 Evidence from Historical Research Although recovered relics can supplement or corroborate much historical information, it is only in the last 50 to 60 years that the study of underwater cultural heritage has come to be an academic discipline. Thus, many mammalian fossils have been discovered in the Penghu submarine canyon in Taiwan, including skeletons of mammoths, water buffalo, deer and horses. According to palaeontologists, these fauna fossils (known as “Taiwan Land Bridge Fauna Fossils”) prove that in antiquity the Taiwan landmass was connected to the continental landmass. Many wrecked naval vessels from the Second World War were also discovered in the Penghu sea area (such as the Guangbing gunboat), which, together with historical records and nearby lighthouses built on islands, such as the Guangbing gunboat (from the Guangdong Fleet) and(including the Gupo (Koba) Island lighthouse), constitute a complete network of underwater cultural heritage and sites. According to Japanese historical records, the Yamafuji Maru cargo ship ran aground and sank, whereas United States records state it was sunk by torpedo. Perhaps damaged objects recovered from the area could set the record straight. 1.3 A Perfectly Preserved Time Capsule The artefacts most likely to have retained their original appearance from the time of sinking are those that lie buried under the seabed at depths greater than 60 metres, where they are relatively undisturbed by human passage and where the environment is especially oxygen-depleted. An artefact that has sunk into the sea and remained there for a thousand years may look exactly as it did at the moment it sank, while a land-based �thousand-year-old artefact may long ago have shattered and even been reduced to dust. The thousands of century-old artefacts allow us to turn back time and thus constitute an important asset for historical research. 2. Characteristics and Classification of Recovered Artefacts 2.1 Characteristics of Recovered Artefacts Recovered underwater artefacts are different from regular land-based artefacts because they have been immersed in cold, dark, low-oxygen, salt-saturated seawater for hundreds or thousands of years. Recovery brings them into a new environment, which makes their conservation and restoration even more difficult than for land-based artefacts. Without expert treatment, when they leave their original environment and are exposed to the atmosphere, the rate of decomposition will accelerate. In order to avoid degradation and corrosion, artefacts have to be adapted to suit the surface environment, ensuring that all physical and chemical changes are gradual. Thus, immediately upon being taken from the water they are given urgent first treatment, and once they have been documented (photographed, registered, labeling) they are sent to the laboratory or conservation studio to continue the conservation and protection work, such as desalination, cleaning(algae, molluscs, sand, chlorine), impregnation, reinforcement, drying, filling and retouching. The aim is to restore the object to its original form with minimal intervention, to preserve its integrity and make its historical value “speak” so that it can be used for research and exhibition. 2.2 Classification of Recovered Artefacts According to the definition in Article 1 of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, underwater cultural heritage consists of: �(a) “sites, structures, buildings, artefacts and human remains, together with their archaeological and natural context” (b) “vessels, aircraft, other vehicles or any part thereof, their cargo or other contents, together with their archaeological and natural context” (c) “objects of prehistoric character” Objects found in ruins and towns are mainly stone sculptures, parts of buildings, artefacts and everyday items. Recovered vessels, aircraft and other means of transportation are generally made of wood or metal, while the objects that they carry are mainly pottery, porcelain, coins, stone goods, daily items and food supplies, and cannons and munitions for warships. Organic matter such as rope, sailcloth, textiles, leather and human bones can also be found. In sum, underwater cultural heritage can be divided into three broad categories: (1) organic matter such as bones, textiles and wood (2) inorganic matter such as metal and pottery (3) Composite material The number of categories of underwater artefacts depends on the categorization of discovered underwater archaeological sites and their contents. 3. Recovered Underwater Artefacts in Taiwan 3.1 Quantities To date, the Bureau of Cultural Heritage has overseen the recovery of 1,567 items in total: 174 in 2009, 118 in 2010, 144 in 2011, 126 in 2012, 87 in 2013, 96 in 2014, 393 in 2015 and 429 in 2016 (as shown in Table 1). �Table 1. Total recovered artefacts by year. Total recovered artefacts by year 500 400 300 數量 200 100 0 98年 99年 100年 101年 102年 103年 104年 105年 The recovered items fall into the following categories: 946 metallic items, 15 wooden, 327 pottery, 58 seashell, 127 glass, 56 stone, 1 seed and 37 other. In addition to the artefacts recovered during the BOCH survey, the underwater artefacts were recovered by many places: (1) the Cultural Affairs Bureau of Yilan County government recovered 1,471,804 items at the Qiwulan site, including 946 metallic items, 15 wooden, 327 pottery, 58 seashell, 127 glass, 56 stone, 1 seed and 37 other.organic matter such as bones, textiles and wood (2) In Penghu the recovery of Jiangjun No. 1 shipwreck, under the direction of the National Museum of History, 284 items were recovered in 1995-1998. (3) The Sobraon shipwreck recovery off Matsu Island saw the discovery of X items. 3.2 Storage Sites �BOCH currently stores recovered artefacts at four locations: Taichung, Penghu, Keelung and Tainan. Many of those recovered by the Yilan County Cultural Affairs Bureau are stored in Yilan Cultural Centre. Artefacts from the Jiangjun No. 1 are stored at the National Museum of History and the Penghu County Bureau of Cultural Affairs. The Sobraon artefacts are stored on Matsu Island. (as shown in Table 2). Table 2. Total recovered storage place. Site Department in charge / Deposit Place Green Island BOCH No.1, Guangbing Penghu Underwater gunboat, S.S. Archaeology Work Bokhare, Station Masushimakan, The National Museum … of Marine Science & Technology, Keelung Cultural Heritage Research Center, Tainan Qiwulan Site Yilan County Bureau of Cultural Affairs Jiangjun No. 1 Penghu County Bureau of Cultural Affairs Sobraon Cultural Affairs department of Lienchiang County Government. Matsu Quantity notes 100 1,022 26 100 1,151,066 Before the setting up of the 284 Underwater Cultural Heritage 25 Section at BOCH In its earlier development in Taiwan, underwater archaeology was understaffed, with a relative lack of manpower and technical ability for the conservation and restoration of recovered artefacts. Thus, the first batch of artefacts salvaged from Jiangjun No. 1 did not go through each and every part of the conservation process: 794 items of the underwater artefacts recovered by BOCH are still being stored in water. approx. 51% �have yet to be processed. Of the 1,473,655 items recovered in Taiwan, most of them have yet to be processed. 3.3 Efforts to protect underwater cultural heritage On 10 December 2015, Taiwan passed the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, which laid the optimal groundwork to guarantee conservation of Taiwan’s underwater cultural heritage. To bolster the security of recovered artefacts, BOCH has set up an index to record their information and is organizing a storage/exhibition space and professional training in conservation workshops. This will preserve for posterity the historical data of these recovered remnants and fully realize their great historical value. 3.3.1 Staff Training and Workshops In August 2015, BOCH invited two scholars, Australia’s Mark Staniforth and Japan’s Jun Kimura, to come to Taiwan and share their expertise with the Taiwan Underwater Archaeology Team. From 2 to 12 October 2016, Australians Andrew Viduka and Jon Carpenter ran a study workshop on on-site processing of underwater artefacts (metal and wood). In collaboration with Academia Sinica’s underwater archaeology team, BOCH carried out the Taiwan Coastal Waters Underwater Cultural Heritage Survey Project and trained front-line staff at the site of the Green Island No. 1 shipwreck in the waters off Green Island to correctly handle recovered artefacts and follow the right workflow. The training gave personnel a good grasp of the knowledge and skills needed to carry out on-site conservation and protection of recovered artefacts and work management. It also helps improve the process of conserving and managing recovered underwater cultural heritage. 3.3.2 Taking Inventory and Building a Database �In 2015 and 2016, an inventory of recovered artefacts was carried out and a data registration form was drawn up in the hope of gathering the scattered information about recovered objects into one place, ultimately to be entered into a forthcoming database. 3.3.3 Setting Up the Penghu Work Station In 2014, BOCH signed a contract with Chunghwa Telecom to turn the historic Penghu Post Office and the telecommunications bureau dormitory on its east side into a national underwater archaeology work station, combining data resources and equipment for the use of the underwater archaeology workforce as a work and exhibition space. By May 2015, the renovation was complete, a reuse survey had been carried out and a plan had been drawn up to finish the work by February 2018. The historic post office building was chosen to act as an exhibition space, and the underwater archaeology work station would be moved to the former site of the telecommunications bureau dormitory. A research area, storage area, car park, preparation zone, cleaning zone and dormitory have been planned. 3.3.4 Setting Up a Collection Space for Recovered Artefacts BOCH will set up a collection space on the fourth floor of the Weishui Building at our Taichung office’s to be used as an initial repository for underwater artefacts recovered by the future underwater archaeology research centre. The space is approximately 90 m2 and able to house around 24,000,000 m3 of recovered artefacts. Detailed plans have already been drawn up, and construction is due to be complete before the end of the year. 4. Recommendations 4.1 Train conservation and restoration personnel �The lack of professional staff is why the majority of recovered underwater artefacts continue to be stored in water and also one reason why Taiwan is not doing its utmost to recover objects. Of course, if the necessary skills to treat recovered artefacts are lacking, recovery is the wrong course of action, but it is also poor policy not to salvage important underwater artefacts that are of historical value or that lie in an inhospitable environment simply because of a lack of professional restoration staff. In this way, the laborious work of surveying and identifying underwater cultural heritage has all been in vain, and the hard-won discovery of underwater archaeological sites will not lead to any further research. After surveying, checking, rechecking and confirming underwater archaeological sites, if they contain objects that fill in gaps in human history, recovery should be under consideration. But in order to resolve this problem, we must immediately start training conservation and restoration personnel, perhaps by inviting international scholars to Taiwan on a yearly basis to give courses on metal, pottery, wooden and other organic materials, so that staff can earn course credits or certificates on the treatment of recovered artefacts. Training of underwater cultural heritage conservation staff could start with those who have a Master’s degree or higher in cultural heritage, art culture, artefact conservation or other fields relating to conservation techniques. They should be encouraged to gain qualifications in underwater cultural heritage conservation, protection or management, either in Taiwan or abroad. 4.2 Expand the size of underwater archaeological work station The Penghu underwater archaeology work station is located opposite Makung Harbour. The Penghu site has a high number of wrecks, so it is the ideal location for the work station, but it currently measures only �633.54 m2. Discounting the Penghu Post Office exhibition space, the telecommunications bureau dormitory has to provide space for underwater archaeology personnel and diving-related facilities such as divers’ sleeping quarters and office space, diving tank recharge area, shower area, drying room for diving suits, storeroom, a room for various marine survey equipment, car park and corridors. If an emergency room for treating recovered underwater artefacts is to be set up, it will be rather cramped. In the event that a large volume of objects is recovered, a certain amount of space will be necessary for their treatment, so it will be necessary to find a bigger space in Penghu. Other underwater archaeological sites such as Green Island, should evaluate its quantities of underwater cultural heritage. 4.3 Integrate the data and management of all underwater artefacts in Taiwan Information regarding the underwater artefacts at Yilan’s Qiwulan site (more than 10,000) the Jiangjun No. 1 wreck in 1995 (over 200), and the Matsu Sobraon wreck (25), which were all recovered before the passing of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, should be integrated and managed centrally. 4.4 Set up first-rate restoration laboratories in work stations Recovered underwater artefacts are vastly different from regular landbased artefacts. The former requires immediate appropriate treatment, so the more underwater sites an area has, the more first-rate restoration and testing spaces are needed. A properly equipped facility can be used to give recovered artefacts the care they need. By restoring and preserving an artefact’s original shape and appearance, we can preserve its original historical data, to be studied by historians and exhibited for the public, and �everyone can get a closer look at precious underwater cultural artefacts that would otherwise be out of reach. The size of the conservation room determines the size of the artefact that can be treated. Because artefacts require desalination, impregnation, and chemical substitution, we must install large tanks for water or solvents or electrolysis tanks. These are extremely heavy and must be installed on the ground floor to make it easier to unload artefacts and avoid concerns about overloading the floor. 4.5 Set up an underwater archaeology data centre According to Rule 33 of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, “The project archives, including any underwater cultural heritage removed and a copy of all supporting documentation shall, as far as possible, be kept together and intact as a collection in a manner that is available for professional and public access as well as for the curation of the archives.” Since the promulgation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act in Taiwan, BOCH, Ministry of Culture is the only government administrative body to have jurisdiction over underwater cultural heritage. Although Taiwan has only been undertaking underwater cultural heritage work for ten years, the annual surveys and related research data should be systematically collected and stored centrally as soon as possible. An underwater archaeology centre should also be set up with the goal of assembling all the data for the use of researchers and the general public. 4.6 Underwater excavation work only to be carried out by trained conservation and restoration personnel According to Article 35 of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, when artefacts are excavated a plan must be drawn up �for their conservation and protection. Emergency treatment must be carried out by professionals of underwater archaeology, underwater work and conservation. During assessment of artefact recovery, professional restoration personnel must be brought in in order to understand the degree of risk artefacts face in their environment and situation and so better prepare for recovery. For example, should the artefact be recovered by hand, by wrapping it up, or using a bag or a hook? On the day of recovery, the professional conservation personnel should be on board the work boat to handle, labelling and clean the items or give urgent attention to more fragile items. Some excavation sites are remote, and excavation may take several days or weeks, in which case a temporary work station should be set up on shore. If the quantity of objects is very large, it will be necessary to consider setting up a formal work station, where personnel, apparatus and all the main facilities can be stationed. 5. Conclusions The waters around Taiwan are teeming with historical maritime culture. It is estimated that just over 99% of our underwater cultural heritage still lies on the seabed, waiting to be uncovered. Underwater archaeology has developed late in Taiwan and still faces serious challenges. It needs the support of government policy and an influx of fresh young talent. Recovered artefacts need to be dealt with carefully, with advance planning. Item 6, Article 2 of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage states that “Recovered underwater cultural heritage shall be deposited, conserved and managed in a manner that ensures its long-term preservation.” It is impossible to store recovered artefacts in water tanks forever—they will still decompose. But while we cannot allow over half of our recovered artefacts to continue to be stored �in water, nor can we leave them unrecovered simply because we lack storage locations or trained personnel, i.e. preserving the status quo by using “in-situ preservation”. Henceforth, the most important criterion for conservation and protection personnel is professional qualification, which means we need to start training people straightaway. We need to work closely with professional personnel when setting up laboratories and conservation facilities. Surveying, verification, exploration, conservation and restoration, research, educational exhibition and promotional publication are all tasks for underwater archaeology. We must not merely work on the initial stages and then ignore the subsequent conservation and restoration of recovered artefacts. Rather, we have to look at it as a whole process and take each task to completion. With the right restoration and testing space and the right equipment and tools, we can give recovered underwater artefacts the attention they require, restoring and preserving their original shape and appearance. In this way, we can preserve the entirety of these items’ historical data, so historians can study them, the public can see them in exhibition and everyone can get a closer look at precious underwater cultural artefacts that would otherwise remain out of reach. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 7: Underwater Cultural Heritage Politics, Laws, Ethics and Values Description An account of the resource All cultural materials are potentially cultural resources. However, because not all of them can be preserved or studied, choices must be made based on evaluation and re-evaluation. Values are learned and depend on cultural, intellectual, historical, and psychological frames of reference. Consequently, valuation is made individually, but is shared by communities. Valuation of underwater cultural heritage has, then, a broad range of determining value depending on the community to which it belongs. A clear example of this is the protection of human remains. The 2001 UNESCO Convention includes, in its definition of underwater cultural heritage, human remains which have been underwater for more than 100 years. However, the Christian philosophy on the treatment of human remains is different to that of Asian philosophy that teaches that human remains will never become underwater cultural heritage since, if they are seen by someone in an underwater site, it is imperative to rescue the human remains and bury them on land according to their beliefs. This session aims to create a forum for policymakers, managers, and archaeologists devoted to underwater cultural heritage where they can share their experiences of and research on the valuation of underwater cultural heritage. We aim to accept papers that help us to understand the definition of ‘underwater cultural heritage’ in the Asia-Pacific regions, comparing those definitions with the definition of the 2001 UNESCO Convention and trying to find a common interpretation. We will also be looking to examine the meaning of the underwater cultural heritage sites and objects for different communities. Finally, we will be expecting papers exploring the different possibilities of the use and/or conservation of this underwater cultural heritage according to the values and needs of the different communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elena Perez-Alvaro Licit Cultural Heritage Ltd., UK Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Blueprint for the Conservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan Description An account of the resource Located on an important East Asian shipping route, the island of Taiwan is surrounded by waters containing a large number of underwater artefacts as a result of weather conditions, changes in the current, submerged reefs, war and other human factors. In 2006, the Bureau of Cultural Heritage (BOCH) commissioned the Institute of History and Philology at Academia Sinica to carry out a survey of underwater cultural heritage. In the ten years since, and with the assistance of scholars from France’s DRASSM, Australia, the United States and Japan, Taiwan has made remarkable progress. Wherever underwater archaeological sites are found, underwater artefacts are also. In the last ten years, the BOCH has recovered 1,567 items, the vast majority of which are metal and pottery. In addition, parts of wooden boats and vessels of the two World Wars and freighted goods have also been found. Because there is a lack of professional facilities and conservators, half of the recovered objects are still being stored in water. Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, promulgated on 9 December 2015, ensures the protection of Taiwan’s underwater cultural heritage. Item 6 of Article 2 of UNESCO’s 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage states that “Recovered underwater cultural heritage shall be deposited, conserved and managed in a manner that ensures its long-term preservation.” In order to enhance the safety of artefacts once they are out of the water, and to provide comprehensive information about the restored artefacts, it is necessary to plan in advance and proceed carefully. In the next ten years, we need to train more professional conservation and restoration personnel and to expand the necessary facilities into a complete system for the handling of underwater archaeology—including a series of tasks such as surveying, verification, monitoring, exploration, conservation and restoration, research, educational exhibition and promotional publication. Conserving recovered underwater artefacts is also an important task for underwater archaeology. A complete plan is needed before undertaking an underwater archaeological project, encompassing the conservation, registration and recording of submerged objects and the restoration, research and storage of recovered objects. We need to train conservation and restoration personnel, set up conservation and restoration facilities, equipment and laboratories for recovered artefacts, and all documentation regarding underwater cultural heritage must be centrally administered and kept in good condition at the data center. A data system should also be set up for use by researchers and the general public. If recovered artefacts are to retain their full cultural and historical value, their conservation must be carried out by professional personnel in a way that retains all their historical information and “make the artefact talk”. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Ying-Ying Tung Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Dr. Ying-Ying Tung ( Language A language of the resource English https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f4166c74d80fc0210e6535eb459594e5.pdf 66a24b1cfac35c8bfc61bbff0c002114 PDF Text Text A non-member State’s practice on the incorporation of the UCH Convention: Taiwan’s experience Pei-Fu Wu Ph.D. candidate, National Sun Yat-sen University, R.O.C. Investigator, Coast Guard Administration, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. Abstract The United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) adopted the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2001 which entered into force in 2009. In order to preserve, protect and manage underwater cultural heritage, State Parties should preserve underwater cultural heritage and take actions accordingly. The R.O.C. has followed the developments afore mentioned since 1999, and a specific legislation “Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act” was enacted and entered into force in 2015 while facing various challenges along the way, even the R.O.C. is not a member of the UNESCO nor a Party to the Convention. The emergence, evolution, and practice in terms of the incorporation of the Convention into domestic legislation warrants the necessity of in-depth studies and further theorization since such experience relates to the success or failure of policies with respect to the incorporation of international conventions into domestic legislation. This paper provides an analytical assessment on the approaches that the R.O.C. incorporated the Convention through applying or modifying relevant theories regarding the incorporation of international conventions into domestic laws, and suggestions on confronting similar challenges. Key words: UNESCO, Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, incorporation into domestic legislation I. Forward The adoption and ratification of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the UCH Convention) have had an impact on the international community, including Taiwan. Taiwan is not a UNESCO Member State nor a party to the UCH Convention and has no international law duty to sign, approve or �comply with the UCH Convention. In response to this change, under the commission of the Ministry of Culture (hereinafter referred to as the MOC and its predecessor Cultural Affairs Council, hereinafter referred to as the CAC) and supervision of scholars, the author has participated in this academic research and bill drafting, namely the permanent “Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act” (hereinafter referred to as the UCHPA), the “Rules for the Implementation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act,” the “Guidelines for Underwater Archaeological Work,” and the “Rules for the Management of Activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage.” The adoption and implementation of the UCHPA not only demonstrates Taiwan’s political will in participating this international affair, but it also affects the agency authority, legal regimes, and marine affairs management domestically. The experiences mentioned above may cast new light on Taiwan’s incorporation of other international instruments in the future, even more for other smaller countries like Taiwan with respect to UCH issues. The author exams Taiwan’s relevant laws regarding UCH, and takes an overlook on the incorporation of the UCH Convention, particularly related bill-drafting processes. Finally, some preliminary observations are illustrated. II. Taiwan’s incorporation process According to surveys conducted by the Academia Sinica group headed by Academician Chent-Hwa Tsang, at least fifteen shipwrecks have been confirmed surrounding the waters of Taiwan, and part of them have been listed on the national register.1 Besides, some UCH were discovered in inland waters. These UCH continue to face a threat from man and nature, and such danger should be reflected in national policies and legislations for their preservation, protection, and management. �The Cultural Heritage Preservation Act (hereinafter referred to as the CHPA) is the core of Taiwan’s legal protection of cultural heritage. However, the CHPA is dominated by inland concept, with extremely limited sea or underwater notion or almost non-existent. In the 2002 amendment of the CHPA, it was stipulated that “res nullius antiquities” and “res nullius ancient monuments” in submerged water are state-owned, and finders would be rewarded accordingly. These provisions were deleted in the 2005 amendment, leaving only that international investigations and excavations of sites within the territorial sea of the R.O.C. are regulated and authorized. This removal led to an insufficient linkage between the CHPA and the preservation, protection, and management of UCH. Nor can it be the foundation for the MOC as the competent authority in charge of UCH. Legally speaking, the CHPA can no longer be the basis for the preservation, protection, and management of UCH, nor it be part of the so called “relevant laws and regulations” in the “Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of the Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the LTS).” Other laws directly regarding UCH are unavailable to be applied as a groundwork for the preservation, protection, and management of UCH. Article 16 of the LTS states: ‘The historical relics or monuments found in the archaeological, scientific research, or any other activities in the territorial sea and the contiguous zone of the Republic of China shall be owned by the Republic of China and shall be disposed of by the relevant laws of the Republic of China.’ The provision was delivered by the Legislative Yuan (namely the Congress) in the bill review process, not the Executive Yuan (namely the Cabinet). The Congress raised the article based on articles 33 and 303 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea2 focusing on State ownership or disposition, without taking into account the shortcomings of �the Convention at the time of its adoption of the two articles, and the international law in which the international community was engaged in the UCH issues. The LTS could not be the appropriate legal foundation for the preservation, protection, and management of the UCH. Given the general needs of Taiwan to promote her national marine policy, a scholar advocated the position and function of the UCH legal regime from the policy and maritime legislation perspective and drafted a UCH bill. The initiative is the initial driving force for Taiwan’s incorporation of the UCH Convention. In 1997, under the commission of the Ministry of the Interior, scholars submitted a report themed as “Strategic Arrangements Regarding Maritime Legislations.” They proposed that maritime legislations should be carried out to push forward the national marine policy, including an “Underwater Cultural Heritage Act” (Hu, 1997). Afterward, in 1998, scholars drafted the first “Bill of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Republic of China” for the CAC (Hu, 1999). However, the draft bill was not submitted to the Congress. The reasons behind deserve a detailed discussion. In 1997, the CAC invited scholars and relevant agencies to review the provisions of the CHPA. The academic representatives supported the regulation of UCH in the CHPA and had only different opinions on its practices, such as abstract or a particular chapter. The scholar who drafted the LTS called for a particular legislation regarding UCH. Officials are conservative on the issue. The CAC delegation expressed his doubt about the necessity of developing a particular bill regarding UCH. The delegation from the Ministry of Education stated that it was immature to deal with the theme. The Ministry of the Interior said that at the present stage, due to coordination difficulties, unless the MOC is established in the future and exercises authority over ancient antiquities as well as �monuments, the government should act in accordance with the CHPA. They reached the final resolutions as follows:3 Before the MOC is established, the primary task of the CAC falls mainly on cross-agency coordination and consultation. In principle, the CAC respects the authority of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Interior. Some of the relevant standards regarding the protection of UCH provided in this meeting are incorporated from the UCH Convention, and others are from draft bills. However, whether it is mature to incorporate these norms into our local law should be reconsidered. These international norms must be quite mature enough to be incorporated. It is significant to protect UCH, and the government should pay more attention and collect information. Most of the relevant problems regarding UCH could be solved according to article 16 of the current LTS. When it comes to amending the CHPA, some issues need to be reconsidered: how to rule UCH in the CHPA? Is there an immediate need? How about the maturity of the international norm (draft)? Even if we take the terms of the license clauses, the scope of the mandate will also involve the issue of legal retention, and the concept of res nullius seems to have not yet reached a consensus domestically. The case is proposed to maintain the status quo, and relevant agencies shall collect more information on this topic and have in-depth analysis, as soon as the overall structure and concept are mature, the amendment of the CHPA or a particular legislation is available. The CAC has commissioned the National Sun Yat-sen University (The Center for Marine Policy Studies) in June 1999 to complete a research program and put forward a particular bill for legislation4. The report has been delivered to the relevant agencies for reference. Before the establishment of the MOC, the Ministry of Education command the �preservation as well as maintenance of archaeological relics, and the CAC should fully collaborate with the Ministry of Education. In fact, it is difficult to solve most of the related problems mentioned above by the LTS. The government exercises jurisdiction over UCH in the territorial sea and contiguous zone of R.O.C. only, and the maritime jurisdiction is less than that by the CHPA. The comprehensive application of the laws results in a lack of jurisdiction over UCH in the contiguous zone and beyond. Furthermore, the LTS only stipulates ownership over UCH with other aspects of UCH preservation, protection, and management blank, especially international cooperation. Legal vacuum undoubtedly impedes the protection of UCH. Since 2006, the CAC commissioned various research programs regarding UCH issues (Hu, 2006). In 2008, the scholars resubmitted an “Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation, Protection and Management Act (Draft)” to the CAC, that is, the predecessor of the UCHPA (Hu, 2008). In 2012 the MOC commissioned scholars to submit the “Guidelines for Underwater Archaeological Work (draft)” which was then incorporated into the permanent “Rules for the Management of Activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage” (Hu, 2012). In addition to the efforts of the MOC, scholars have continued to promote relevant work in different areas and levels, such as the introduction of the UCH Convention (Hu and Wu, 2009), the organization of international conferences and visits, initiatives carrying out in the Council of Marine Affairs Advancement, Executive Yuan. The UCHPA was passed in 2015 by the Congress with several revisions. In response to the changes and a significant number of statutory authorization requirements, the MOC once again commissioned scholars a research program to draft nine regulations or rules accordingly (Hu, 2016). The drafts were completed in 2017, and �the MOC initialed them all in the same year. From the academic initiative to the full completion of the UCH legal regime, twenty years have elapsed. III. Taiwan’s practice of incorporation of the UCH Convention The incorporation process and the success acquired have shown some considerable signs, worthy continuing to carry out legislative policy research in the future. First, from the legislative policy perspective, through the development of the UCHPA and its reference to other existing laws and regulations, a complete UCH legal regime was established. UCH issues involve authorities, duties, and functions of almost all agencies of the Cabinet. To effectively adapt to the inter-disciplinary and inter-agencies nature, the government incorporated the UCH Convention into the UCHPA and incorporated the contents of the Annex Rules of the UCH Convention into the subordinate ordinance authorized by the UCHPA with Taiwan’s national conditions thoroughly considered. The UCHPA apply to all UCH issues with priority. Any rules or norms in contradiction with the spirit of the UCHPA shall be amended in due course gradually in the future. Second, national interests are the primary considerations of Taiwan’s incorporation of the UCH Convention. According to the official statements, the CAC formed its perception regarding the preservation, protection, and management of UCH based on international and domestic factors. The former is the worldwide value on the preservation and protection regarding UCH. The latter is Taiwan’s promotion and implementation of her national marine policy. The significant principles and spirits of the UCH Convention were not timely implemented in the domestic legal regime. The current law could not be fully applied to the preservation, protection, and management of UCH. The lack of norms regarding UCH resulted in the lack of jurisdiction over the conservation of UCH. Meanwhile, nation-wide precise rules regarding UCH are absent for interest groups or �stakeholders, especially the fishing and diving communities. Thus, private salvage and incidental damage are unavoidable. The lack of specific awarding incentives over UCH discoveries led to investigation difficulties. Positively, the government assessed that although the annual required administrative costs would up to about NT$ 20 to 50 million after the adoption of the draft (UCHPA), Taiwan would be benefited from an output value conservatively estimated NT$ 120 billion each year. And it would bring other non-economic benefits or values, such as that UCH is fully protected and managed. The authority would learn more about the preservation, protection, and management of UCH. Public access would enrich social education as well. Since 2006, the CAC has been planning to promote a series of medium and long-term projects regarding UCH, including general survey, regulations research and billing, historical research, preservation of excavated UCH, personnel training, educational promotion and international cooperation. The CAC envisaged in cultivating underwater archaeology with Taiwan characteristics and developing Taiwan’s marine culture in line with the “Prosperity with the Ocean” policy. Third, native scholars played a significant role in the legislative process. The incorporation was initiated by a small number of academics out of national interests, rule-legitimacy, and other factors. They followed and introduced the international development of the UCH issue domestically. By the cooperation with the government, internal administrative selfinterpretation of the UCH Convention and awareness were raised. The academic community actively called on the Congress to pay close attention to the issue and put forward the draft respectively. Eventually, the bill was soon adopted than expected. It is no doubt that domestic �driving force, especially elites from the academic community, influenced more than international or external pressure. Fourth, the incorporation of the UCH Convention is still in progress. There are still many opportunities and challenges ahead, especially capacity building. The preservation, protection, and management of UCH in Taiwan involve the management of activities directed and incidentally directed at UCH, as well as law of salvage and law of finds, territorial sovereignty, and maritime jurisdiction disputes. These controversies comprehend cultural (heritage), maritime law, admiralty law and other different legal areas. The author’s drafting experiences over the past years indicate that the preservation, protection, and management of UCH at least comprehend half of the agencies of the Cabinet. Meanwhile, the adoption of the UCHPA has impacted these organizations, especially their authority, duties, and functions individually. The process of drafting the UCHPA also showed strong cross-agency coordination and cooperation nature. The interdisciplinary feature has made the issue more dependent on higher and direct political support from the Cabinet itself. Before the Cabinet are empowered directly to coordinate the issue by the UCHPA, the MOC and even the future Marine Affairs Council (or the Ministry of Marine Affairs) will be responsible for cross-agency cooperation and coordination. Apart from this, drafting the particular bill regarding UCH is one of the priorities of the incorporation of the UCH Convention. Much of the work in the broad sense has yet to be pursued and at the same time constitute opportunities as well as challenges for Taiwan. International factors played a limited role in Taiwan’s incorporation of the UCH Convention. However, we shall never under estimate their influence. There is a great room for Taiwan to utilize international forces aggressively. For example, international collaboration on site excavation, information exchange, �cultural diplomacy or UCH diplomacy are encouraged in accordance with the UCHPA. Disputes over maritime and UCH jurisdiction arose from the UNCLOS and the UCH Convention, coupled with the East China Sea and the South China Sea disputes as well as the potential jurisdiction overlapping over sunken military aircrafts all involve Taiwan’s major national interests. It even more provides the government with a window of opportunity to deal with the cross-Strait relations and relevant collaborations with Mainland China. To deal with the issue appropriately, the MOC would need to cooperate actively with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defense, the Mainland Affairs Council, and other agencies. There is a significant room for future development regarding UCH related foreign affairs. When the Congress passed the UCHPA, a resolution was accompanied by a Congress request for a written report regarding the official strategy in response to the national security need to the Education and Culture Commission of the Congress by the MOC with conciliation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defense and the Mainland Affairs Council. In the report replied, the MOC defined the scope of UCH related national security issue as “international information and communication security, international criminal cooperation, international information flow, international research cooperation and international exchange cooperation.” The definition reflects part of the permanent and future needs of Taiwan, showing that the government may need to offer some fresh insights into the issue to meet the national interests. The affected interest groups or stakeholders, like fishing and diving communities, had insufficient awareness of the principles of the UCHPA and relevant regulations in the legislative process. Whether the government attains their full support remains uncertain in the future. Public awareness regarding UCH affairs remains in the spirit of �mysterious treasure hunting or legendary commercial exploitation. If the spirit of the preservation, protection, and management of UCH is to be effectively implemented, in-depth public awareness and public access will be indispensable. As a part of marine affairs, the preservation, protection, and management of UCH has a close relationship with other marine affairs and involves duties of different agencies. The implementation of the UCHPA and relevant regulations have a significant impact on those agencies, along with the relatively minor feature of the issue in Taiwan, political will would be essential. As to the judicial implementation of the UCHPA, expertise regarding cross-border cultural heritage crime investigation, return, and restitution needs to be cultivated. �Table 1: Some features of Taiwan’s incorporation of the UCH Convention. Level The public Opportunity minority nature Challenge 1. inadequate public awareness and public access 2. minority nature The 1. academic position integration difficulties academic enthusiasm and among scholars from different community expertise fields 2. lobbying and voicing in different occasion The Cabinet 1. major resources 2. political will and capacity building (budget, personnel, expertise) power on inter-agency coordination and cooperation The understanding and Congress support from particular support from most political political elites with inadequate understanding and elites academic backgrounds The judicial 1. potential to deal with capacity building (expertise, system the issue 2. rule of law international collaboration) �IV. Conclusion The experience and observation over the past twenty years indicated that long-term internal academic concern and government efforts devoted regarding UCH legislation for national interests eventually acquired fruitful success. With coordination and cooperation among different agencies, especially the Cabinet itself and the Congress, Taiwan finished her initial legal construction regarding the preservation, protection, and management of UCH comparable to international standards. In the future, Taiwan has a long way to go on this issue, whether she is a member of the United Nations and UNESCO or not. As an indispensable part of the world marine culture and human history, in addition to strengthening capacity building, Taiwan needs to devote more on UCH related foreign affairs, so that can properly preserve, protect, and manage this common heritage of mankind, and ultimately achieve the universal goal of world peace. Endnotes The Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, “Time Capsule on the Seabed: Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage,” https://zhtw.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=800518620050069&id=4401 30549422213, June 10, 2016 (accessed June 15, 2016). 2 Article 33 of the UNLCLOS states: 1. In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to: (a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; (b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea. 2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Article 303 of the UNLCLOS states: 1. States have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall cooperate for this purpose. 2.In order to control traffic in such objects, the coastal State may, in applying article 33, presume that their removal from the seabed in the zone referred to in that article without its approval would result in an 1 �infringement within its territory or territorial sea of the laws and regulations referred to in that article. 3. Nothing in this article affects the rights of identifiable owners, the law of salvage or other rules of admiralty, or laws and practices with respect to cultural exchanges. 4. This article is without prejudice to other international agreements and rules of international law regarding the protection of objects of an archaeological and historical nature. 3 The 9th meeting record on the re-amendment regarding the amendment of the CHPA was issued by the CAC on Oct. 15, 1998, by a letter referenced as Wen-Jian-E-Tzu(文建壹字) No. 06770. It is on file with the author. 4 Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 1999. Report on the Preliminary Study on the Domestic Legislation Regarding UCH, commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Council. In the report delivered to the CAC, scholars drafted the first “Bill of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Republic of China. References Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 2016. Report on the Research on the Legal Regime with Respect to UCHPA, commissioned by the Ministry of Culture. Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 2012. Report on the Research on the Guidelines for Underwater Archaeological Work, commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Council. Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, Pei-Fu Wu, 2009. The 2001 UNESCO UCH Convention and the Practices of Its Contracting Parties in Terms of the Incorporation of the Convention into Domestic Legislations. In Wen-Yan Chiau (Eds.), The Ocean and Taiwan Conference, Taiwan Research Foundation, Taipei: 192-230. Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 2008. Report on the Bill-drafting Regarding UCH, commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Council. Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 2006. Report on the Research on the Utilization of UCH and the Arrangement of International Conferences, commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Council. �Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 1999. Report on the Preliminary Study on the Domestic Legislation Regarding UCH, commissioned by the Cultural Affairs Council. Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, 1997. Report on the Strategic Arrangements Regarding Maritime Legislations, commissioned by the Ministry of the Interior. The Cultural Affairs Council, 1998. The 9th Meeting on the Reamendment Regarding the Amendment of the CHPA. Official Letter, WenJian-E-Tzu(文建壹字) No. 06770. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 7: Underwater Cultural Heritage Politics, Laws, Ethics and Values Description An account of the resource All cultural materials are potentially cultural resources. However, because not all of them can be preserved or studied, choices must be made based on evaluation and re-evaluation. Values are learned and depend on cultural, intellectual, historical, and psychological frames of reference. Consequently, valuation is made individually, but is shared by communities. Valuation of underwater cultural heritage has, then, a broad range of determining value depending on the community to which it belongs. A clear example of this is the protection of human remains. The 2001 UNESCO Convention includes, in its definition of underwater cultural heritage, human remains which have been underwater for more than 100 years. However, the Christian philosophy on the treatment of human remains is different to that of Asian philosophy that teaches that human remains will never become underwater cultural heritage since, if they are seen by someone in an underwater site, it is imperative to rescue the human remains and bury them on land according to their beliefs. This session aims to create a forum for policymakers, managers, and archaeologists devoted to underwater cultural heritage where they can share their experiences of and research on the valuation of underwater cultural heritage. We aim to accept papers that help us to understand the definition of ‘underwater cultural heritage’ in the Asia-Pacific regions, comparing those definitions with the definition of the 2001 UNESCO Convention and trying to find a common interpretation. We will also be looking to examine the meaning of the underwater cultural heritage sites and objects for different communities. Finally, we will be expecting papers exploring the different possibilities of the use and/or conservation of this underwater cultural heritage according to the values and needs of the different communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elena Perez-Alvaro Licit Cultural Heritage Ltd., UK Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A non-member State’s practice on the incorporation of the UCH Convention: Taiwan’s experience Description An account of the resource The United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) adopted the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in 2001 which entered into force in 2009. In order to preserve, protect and manage underwater cultural heritage, State Parties should preserve underwater cultural heritage and take actions accordingly. The R.O.C. has followed the developments afore mentioned since 1999, and a specific legislation “Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act” was enacted and entered into force in 2015 while facing various challenges along the way, even the R.O.C. is not a member of the UNESCO nor a Party to the Convention. The emergence, evolution, and practice in terms of the incorporation of the Convention into domestic legislation warrants the necessity of in-depth studies and further theorization since such experience relates to the success or failure of policies with respect to the incorporation of international conventions into domestic legislation. This paper provides an analytical assessment on the approaches that the R.O.C. incorporated the Convention through applying or modifying relevant theories regarding the incorporation of international conventions into domestic laws, and suggestions on confronting similar challenges. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pei-Fu Wu Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Pei-Fu Wu Language A language of the resource English Zotero Author Pei-Fu Wu https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/3da863b19839c75b0956a5eb20ca478e.mp4 005e930ae70b4b7e6a843870ae53554c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 23: Collections-based Research Subject The topic of the resource Session 23 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 23 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Conference Session 23 Introduction Video with Session Chair Jennifer Craig Subject The topic of the resource Introduction to Session 23 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jennifer Craig Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/14/23 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Dr. Michelle Damian Asia-Pac Session 23 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f1bbfa91c33b182af4c141d94f514c34.pdf b8a309bc6facd2b653da75d3347e91f8 PDF Text Text PRIISMH project: A Case Study of Community Involvement and Museum Collaboration on Maritime Cultural Heritage around Rottnest Island (Perth, Western Australia) Nicolas Bigourdan Western Australian Museum Kevin Edwards Tempus Archaeology Abstract The Program for the Rottnest Island Interpretation of Shipwrecks and Maritime Heritage (PRIISMH) project is a community-based initiative conducted under the aegis of the Maritime Archaeology Association of Western Australia (MAAWA), in collaboration with the Western Australian Museum (WAM), the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA), Tempus Archaeology, and Shipwreck Data, with sponsorship provided by the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme (MMAPSS 20162017) from the Australian National Maritime Museum. The main objective of the PRIISMH project was to enhance the presentation of Rottnest Island maritime cultural heritage through the use of new and innovative forms of interpretation involving terrestrial and underwater 3D Photogrammetry as a key element in for public engagement. Specifically, the project was initially developed to address issues identified in a recent condition report on the Rottnest Onshore Shipwreck Plaques (MAAWA, 2015), relating to existing interpretive signage on the island. As a consequence, MAAWA and RIA identified as a priority the need to update existing land-based shipwreck signage (currently over thirty years old) in order to address potential health and safety issues, to improve overall visitor experience, and to improve public accessibility to the Rottnest Island underwater shipwreck heritage. The project represents a new stage in an on-going long-term program of site documentation, management and interpretation within the broad Perth region, initiated by MAAWA in 2014 under the aegis of the ThreeDimensional (3D) Maritime Archaeology Project – Perth Region (3DMAPRR, Edwards et al. 2016). The structure and nature of the project also allowed it to be connected to another MAAWA earlier initiative (2013), namely the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ website and app platform to expand the audience outreach. Key words: Outreach, Photogrammetry, Heritage, Australia �Introduction As a geographical reference, Rottnest Island is located 18 kilometres off the coast of Western Australia, and it encompasses an area of approximately 19 square kilometres. The island is administered by the Rottnest Island Authority and mainly used currently as a popular holiday destination. Known as Wadjemup to the local Noongar people, the island has a rich and diverse history including the early Aboriginal presence, and the European exploration and settlement. The coast surrounding Rottnest Island is composed of outlying reefs which have been the resting place of at least 12 vessels since 1842. Access to, and interpretation of, the maritime cultural and archaeological heritage of Rottnest Island is currently facilitated through a variety of means, among which is the Rottnest Wrecks Heritage Trail (RWHT), which currently encompasses 12 wreck sites, namely Transit (1842), Gem (1876), Macedon (1883), Janet (1887), Lady Elizabeth (1878), Raven (1891), Shark (1939), Uribes (1942), Mira Flores (1886), City of York (1899) and Kyrio Maru I (1984). Information on each of these wrecks is provided through on-site underwater and terrestrial plaques, links to websites, and information pamphlets. Visitors are also encouraged to view the wrecks using a land trail, snorkel dives, semi-submersible tour, boat trail and dives (Rottnest Island Wrecks Heritage Trail pamphlet, 1981). The RWHT has been rightly praised for its innovation since being established in 1981 by the Western Australian Museum in conjunction with the Rottnest Island Authority (and with the participation of MAAWA) as the first underwater heritage trail in the Southern Hemisphere (McCarthy 1981; McCarthy et al. 1982). Nevertheless, a number of issues have been identified, both in terms of on-going maintenance of interpretive signage (now almost 30 years old), and the interpretive content itself. These issues are outlined in more detail, below. Project Background The Maritime Archaeological Association of Western Australia or MAAWA is a not-for-profit association created in 1974 in order to promote and encourage maritime archaeology in Western Australia. Since the 1990’s MAAWA and its members have been very regularly traveling to Rottnest �Island in order to undertake basic maintenance and the cleaning of the underwater plaques. This annual task has put the association in a favourable situation to be able to visually inspect these plaques, but also to visit and inspect the terrestrial plaques at each opportunity. This observer viewpoint led in 2015, some MAAWA members on their own initiative, to conduct a formal and documented visual inspection about the state of the terrestrial plaques. The final observations gathered in a report were subsequently sent to the RIA (MAAWA 2015). The condition report highlighted the poor condition of many interpretive plaques, prompting the RIA to initiate a long-term renovation programme of terrestrial signages as part of a wider Rottnest Island interpretation plan. Based on the MAAWA long standing past experience as well as these more recent observations, another group of MAAWA members (including the authors) listed a series of inherent as well as structural limitations concerning the various means of interpretation accessible to the public about the maritime cultural heritage of Rottnest Island. As a consequence, this group identified a number of points to address about these pamphlet and plaques (with the aim to update and improve these means), including:  The lack of accurate and updated visual representation and geographical localization for each of the sites;  The basic nature of the interpretation format in comparison to the more immersive experience provided by the possibility of diving/snorkelling on those shipwreck sites;  The level of inconsistencies between the different supportive media proposed to visitors for the various sites, in term of content but also regarding the general layout;  The degradation of the on-land signage due to the choice of material and the impacts of the natural elements. In terms of interpretive issues, these observations are consistent with an earlier review of maritime heritage trails in Australia conducted by Cassandra Philippou and Mark Staniforth (2003). Part of the reason behind these observations resides in the lack of consistent professional �archaeological monitoring of these sites during the past 20 to 30 years, and hence the lack of updated information to enhance the interpretive content and means accessible to the RIA to improve the visitor experience. Nourished by the points listed above, MAAWA embarked in an internal consultation stage, which resulted in the decision to shape the contours of a project in order to address these points, and hence instigated the basis of the PRIISMH (Program for the Rottnest Island Interpretation of Shipwrecks and Maritime Heritage) project. Once agreed on the definition of the objectives, and after consultation with project partners (RIA, MADWAM, Shipwreck Data and Tempus) this initiative became a reality when MAAWA was officially notified of the success of its grant application to the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme (MMAPSS) 2016-17 from the Australian National Maritime Museum (becoming as a result one of the project support). The project received strong additional backing with the in-kind support from the MADWAM and RIA. Finally, the fieldwork for the project was conducted in several phases between mid 2016 and mid 2017. Project Objectives Beyond the meaning of the acronym PRIISMH, the word ‘Prism’ has been chosen for its definition of a light refracting device. When applied in the context of this project, this word symbolises the project’s aim. Indeed, the idea developed as the basis of this project is to enlarge accessibility to the various components of the local knowledge on Western Australian maritime cultural heritage. Likewise, a prism enlarges the light beam to perceive all its colourful components. The PRIISMH project is inscribed in a wider strategy based on a continuity of projects established by MAAWA since 2011 in order re-invigorate the association as a crucial link and a central facilitator between the general public and its local maritime cultural heritage. Indeed, in addition to providing support for the RIAs Rottnest interpretation plan, the project aims to build upon several long-terms MAAWA initiatives, including the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, as well as the 3DMAPPR initiative. �As a consequence, and in order to fulfil its mission, the overall objectives of the PRIISMH Project can be summarised as follow: 1 To enhance the Rottnest Island content of the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ website and app; 2 To record three terrestrial features with maritime heritage values (specifically the anchors of the Kyrio Maru, City of York and Mira Flores); 3 To support the renovation of the terrestrial shipwreck trail on Rottnest Island as part of the wider Rottnest Interpretation Plan; and 4 To conduct 3D photogrammetric recording of six shipwreck sites around Rottnest Island (specifically the Lady Elisabeth, Miwok II, Uribes, Macedon, Mira Flores, City of York. Beyond building upon MAAWA’s existing skillset and projects, important aims of the PRIISMH project were also to address current documentation, management and interpretation priorities associated with the maritime and underwater cultural heritage in the Perth region and more particularly within and around the Rottnest Island. It was furthermore planned that this project would enhance the visitor experience and awareness (both in reality and virtually), as well as to increase to a wider audience the accessibility to the Rottnest Island shipwreck sites that are typically inaccessible to non-divers and people with reduced mobility. Finally, the project also provided an avenue for skill development among the MAAWA membership, with training being provided in respect of maritime archaeology best practices. Enhance ‘Shipwrecks WA’ The first objective of the PRIISMH project was to conduct a gap analysis in respect to the information content of MAAWAs ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, specifically as it pertained to Rottnest Island content. The gap analysis was performed in July 2016, by two volunteers from the University of Western Australia (UWA) during their internship at the Maritime Archaeology Department of the Western Australian Museum (MADWAM). Having identified deficiencies in the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ content, additional research was carried out to identify suitable documentary and/or image-based content from the MADWAM archives. This research was also conducted by the same two volunteers in August �2016, and was focusing particularly in looking at the digital photos, the slides and the paper archives specifically for the Rottnest Island shipwrecks site files. The results of these first two steps were then combined into a single working document with the purpose to use the content data collected to fill in the gaps identified within the MAAWA’s ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website. This task consisted in the migration (with MADWAM authorization and credit) of all content data from the MADWAM archives (text and/or visuals) deemed appropriate to each relevant entry to the MAAWA’s ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website. This data was migrated to the various platforms supported by ‘Shipwrecks WA’ by project partner Shipwrecks Data in September 2016. This aspect of the project has benefited significantly from the long experience and expertise accumulated by several MAAWA members involved in the development of the MAAWA’s ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, but also from the collaboration with MADWAM as the Western Australian custodian of the archives on the Rottnest Island shipwreck sites. Record maritime heritage terrestrial features The second objective was focused on the accurate recording of terrestrial maritime heritage features around Rottnest Island. As part of this component of the project, focus was placed on the recording of three anchors from local three different shipwrecks, namely the City of York (British three-masted ship, wrecked in 1899 after striking a reef), the Mira Flores (British built but German owned Barque, wrecked in 1886 after running around in poor visibility) and the Kiryo Maru (Japanese tuna boat, wrecked in 1984, in rough seas after its propeller shaft broke). These three anchors and their associated commemorative plaques are the only anchors installed terrestrially on Rottnest Island to mark (almost as reminders but also as urban decorations) the proximity of these three shipwreck sites. (Fig.1) �Fig 1: The measuring of the City of York anchor. (Nicolas Bigourdan) To fulfil this objective, it was decided that both manual and close-range 3D photogrammetric techniques would be employed. Here Photogrammetry was undertaken not only as a recording tool but also to provide additional data assets that could be used for interpretive purposes. The first recording technique used was based on the standards of the manual recording (coupled with detailed descriptions) developed by the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) as part of their international ‘Big Anchor Project’ (BAP) online anchors typology database project. The second one was centred around the use of photogrammetry in order to create an accessible interactive 3D model for each anchor, while following the methodology developed as part of MAAWA’s 3DMAPPR initiative. This also allowed various MAAWA members to practice the simple but crucial skills needed to complete the recording of a 3D model (Fig. 2). Fig 2: 3D Model of the City of York anchor. (Kevin Edwards) This phase of the project has required three visits on Rottnest Island and involved up to eight different team members during various visits between �December 2016 and July 2017. The task consisted firstly in taking hundreds of digital images for each of the 3D models anchors reconstruction, and secondly to undertake the necessary measurements for each anchor as required by the BAP. In addition, some testing attempts were implemented on nearby maritime cultural heritage features such as the Rottnest Island pilot boat. However, a few problems emerged, involving access difficulties the poor lighting conditions. As a result in participating in the world-wide maritime cultural BAP initiative coordinated by the NAS, it allowed MAAWA to become the Western Australian representative of this NAS BAP initiative after uploading the three anchors forms with corresponding images, and secondly has also permitted MAAWA to create three interactive 3D models for each of these anchors that were made accessible to the wider public on the MAAWA Sketchfab account. (https://sketchfab.com/MAAWA). Upgrade the Rottnest Island terrestrial shipwrecks trail The third objective was focused on upgrading one element of the terrestrial component of the RWHT. This aspect of the project was carried out as part of RIAs longer-term Rottnest Island Interpretation plan. This task was centred on the creation of the signage’s design, its manufacturing as well as its installation. This new sign, concerned a site for which no previous sign existed mainly due to its isolated location in a less visited area of Rottnest Island. This site concerned the shipwreck of the Uribes (three-masted Schooner, wrecked in 1942, after drifted onto rocks) The design of the sign followed a recent and consistent new generation of sign template developed by RIA (similar to others on Rottnest Island. Made out of solid metal, the sign was composed of a square pole onto which was fixed an information plate. The content of the sign was composed of a brief text provided by one of the authors and a MAAWA member about the Uribes wreck, a few images of the ship sourced and the wreck from MADWAM’s and MAAWA’s archives; a map showing the location of the shipwreck site relative to the sig, and a QR code. The presence of this QR code make this sign unique in Rottnest Island, and at least in Australia for a maritime cultural heritage site. This QR code is a �link that provides direct and in situ access for any visitor with a mobile phone to the page of the MAAWA Sketchfab account showing an interactive 3D model of the Uribes (Fig. 3). Due to unexpected issues encountered at the data acquisition and processing phase of this site as well as at the sign conception stage, this objective was only completed at a much later stage (around December 2017). Fig. 3: Home page of the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website. (MAAWA) The creation of this sign permitted a strong working collaboration between 3 partners (MAAWA for the 3D model and some visuals, MADWAM for the historic information and some visuals, and RIA for the design, manufacturing and installation) of the PRIISMH project. Once finalised and manufactured, the Uribes sign was installed, made operational and finally unveiled in February 2018. Record 3D models of six shipwrecks The fourth and final objective of the PRIISMH Project was to carry out detailed close-range 3D photogrammetric documentation of six wreck sites. This proved to be the most time consuming, challenging component of the PRIISMH project. The documentation of these sites was completed over the course of three visits between December 2016 and April 2017. Overall, fifteen MAAWA members and two MADWAM staff members have been involved. Weather and underwater conditions involving strong winds, surge as well as low underwater visibility have created numerous issues in term data acquisition and processing. These constraints forced the team to review the initial list of targeted sites, and replace two of the target sites with �fallback options; specifically, Denton Holmes (Irish built Barque, wrecked in 1890, after drifting inshore) and Shark (local Hopper Barge, wrecked in 1939, after going aground) were replaced by Miwok II (local flat top crane Barge, wreck in 1983, by explosives) and Lady Elizabeth (British threemasted Barque, wrecked in 1878, after running aground in a heavy gale) respectively. In addition to these two shipwrecks sites the list consisted in the Uribes, the Mira Flores, the City of York and the Macedon (British screw steamer rigged Barque, wrecked in 1883 after running aground on a reef). Several MAAWA divers recorded each site to ensure an optimal and maximum coverage of the area targeted. (Figs. 4 and 5). Gopro action cameras together with simple scale and orientation rig were used to implement the image recording methodology. In addition to the photogrammetric recording, basic length and width measurements together with surface GPS points were taken between pre-defined points across the site in order to ascertain the scale, orientation and geographic position of each site. Once captured, the images were processed using Agisoft Photoscan 3D Photogrammetry software through the contracted endeavour of the project partner Tempus Archaeology. After the processing phase, each 3D model was uploaded onto the MAAWA Sketchfab account (provided in kind as one of the project support), together with the 3D models of the terrestrial anchors. Fig. 4 (left): Shannon Reid recording the Macedon (Nicolas Bigourdan) Fig. 5 (right): Nick Sargeant and Shannon Reid undertaking measurement on the Lady Elisabeth (Nicolas Bigourdan) Because as a best practice in maritime archology, the collection and management of data should not be seen as an end in itself; it is important to remember as a principle that research becomes most valuable when it is effectively disseminated to a wider audience. This why as a tool to �respond to this principle, the MAAWA Sketchfab account facilitates a wider accessibility to and dissemination of information to the general public (Fig 6). These 3D models will also in due course be linked to the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, and as a consequence will become a touristic opportunity for the RIA to be used as promotional material of the underwater and maritime cultural heritage of Rottnest Fig. 6: Home page of the MAAWA Island (Figs. 7 and 8). Sketchfab account. (MAAWA) Fig. 7: 3D Model of the Lady Elisabeth (Kevin Edwards) Fig. 8: 3D Model of the Uribes (Kevin Edwards) The PRIISMH project was also designed as a capacity building exercise from the start, allowing MAAWA members to participate in several workshops (in October 2016) and training sessions on 3D �photogrammetric recording and processing in November 2016 as well as February and April 2017 (Fig. 9). The project also allowed further transmission of knowledge and skills, because it enabled MAAWA members to further engage in community education and outreach through a workshop to recreational divers from Perth Scuba dive club and shop in October 2017. This last action was pursued with the objective to further expand the accessibility for a wider audience to involvement opportunities in the preservation of the Perth region maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Fig. 9: MAAWA members teaching 3D photogrammetry (Perth Scuba) Conclusion The PRIISMH project represents the latest in a long-line of collaborative ventures between an institutional organisation and a community-base avocational group. In the context of ensuring a sustainable future for the local Perth Metropolitan maritime and underwater cultural heritage by actively involving and engaging the public into local, meaningful, useful and innovative projects, the PRIISMH initiative successfully responded in the most encompassing and proactive way to this complex but rewarding challenge. With the enhancement of the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ app and website, the recording of three anchors in 3D and in traditionally, the creation and installation of the Uribes interactive sign, and the processing of 3D model from 6 shipwreck sites around Rottnest Island, the PRIISMH has entirely fulfilled its 4 main objectives. MAAWA’s active role was central in the �PRIISMH project in initiating the condition report, but above all a number of its new assets can be accessed through its ‘WA Shipwrecks’ app and website or via Sketchfab where the majority of MAAWA 3D content has been made available to the public. The multiple facets of the PRIISMH project have highlighted the relationship between MAAWA and MADWAM (or in other words between a community group and a governmental institution), and will continue to be in the upcoming and even more inclusive SWAN RIVER project the beacon that will show the direction to follow for the connection between maritime heritage and local public. Acknowledgements Shannon Reid, Patrick Morrison, Michael McCarthy, Ian Warne, Colin Cockram, David Jackson, Rebecca Ryan, Rebecca Familton, John Cecchi, Nick Sargeant, Jacquie McGhie, Kosta Stamoulis. References Edwards, K., Bigourdan, N., McCann, I., Cooper, D. 2016 3DMAPPR: A Community-based underwater archaeological photogrammetry program in Perth, Western Australia. Journal of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 40:1-16. McCarthy, M. 1981 ‘The Rottnest Experiment’. Skindiving in Australia and New Zealand 11(4). McCarthy, M., Barblett, P. and Humphries, V. 1982 ‘Follow the Rottnest Wreck Trail’. Information pamphlet published for the Rottnest Island Board. MAAWA 2015 ‘Report on the Rottnest Onshore Shipwreck Plaques’. Unpublished MAAWA Report. Philippou, C. and Staniforth, M. 2003 Maritime Heritage Trails in Australia: an overview and critique of the interpretive programs. In Spirek, J.D. and Scott-Ireton, D.A. (eds), Submerged Cultural Resource Management: Preserving and Interpreting our Maritime Heritage. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York. pp. 135147. �Biography Nicolas Bigourdan graduated from the ParisSorbonne University in 2003 and from James Cook University in 2006 in nautical and maritime archaeology respectively. His research interests include 18th and 19th centuries French scientific sailing expeditions in the Southern Hemisphere, 3D visualisation of underwater maritime cultural heritage, Western Australian maritime Aboriginal rock art, Middle Eastern (Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf) early watercraft depictions, Indian Ocean French illegal slave trade, Citizen scientist’s involvement in maritime archaeology, and Ethnoarchaeological study of canoes traditions from Irian Jaya (Indonesia). He has an extensive fieldwork experience in multiple countries, and as worked over the last 10 years successively for Wessex Archaeology (UK) and the Western Australian Museum (Australia). Kevin Edwards graduated from the University of Western Australia in 1991 and is currently a post graduate student in the Maritime Archaeology program at Flinders University. His research interests include the archaeological potential of near and offshore disposals of military material in wartime and postbellum contexts, the application of social theory to shipwreck survivor camp studies, and the documentation of archaeological collections using a variety of 3D digitization technologies. He hopes to expand his study interests to include the social and material agencies involved in the creation of 19th century museum collections relating to maritime archaeology. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 4: Ensuring a Sustainable Future for UCH: Museums and Public Engagement Description An account of the resource Cultural heritage derives its value from societal contexts, and so public engagement plays an important role in growing support for, and interest in heritage. Engagement may take many forms, from awareness-raising to formal learning programmes to creating platforms for public participation in the process of heritage conservation, governance, and/or interpretation. Papers bridging theoretical and practical approaches to engagement with UCH are particularly welcome, as are papers which offer collaborative and/or participatory models, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building and development, approaches to the particular challenges of engagement with underwater cultural heritage vs other kinds of cultural heritage. Of course heritage exists in a variety of cultural frameworks, and ensuring sustainability requires approaches to engagement to be both responsive and sensitive to the overlapping cultural contexts in which UCH may exist. As a culturally diverse region, the treatment of heritage must be also tailored to cultural definitions, heritage management frameworks and conventions which may, in some cases, differ across jurisdictions/countries and their interests. The panel will also attempt to explore the ways in which UCH is managed within diverse cultural frameworks, and invites papers to examine topics including contested UCH, ownership, security, etc. The panel invites papers exploring significance within local, national and transnational historiographies and the implications for funding and management of UCH. UCH includes material that has been deposited on the seabed as a result of warfare and catastrophe, so papers which explore and/or engage with topics including loss, warfare, conflicted significance and contested heritage are particularly welcome. Other relevant sub-themes include: * Public engagement in the management of UCH * Interpreting maritime cultural heritage for non-specialist audiences * Significance, interpretative potential, stakeholders and support/sustainability * Museums, Education, Outreach and Conservation * Memory, memorials and memorialisation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raphael Igombo National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Michelle Damian Monmouth College (IL), USA Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PRIISMH project: A Case Study of Community Involvement and Museum Collaboration on Maritime Cultural Heritage around Rottnest Island (Perth, Western Australia) Description An account of the resource The Program for the Rottnest Island Interpretation of Shipwrecks and Maritime Heritage (PRIISMH) project is a community-based initiative conducted under the aegis of the Maritime Archaeology Association of Western Australia (MAAWA), in collaboration with the Western Australian Museum (WAM), the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA), Tempus Archaeology, and Shipwreck Data, with sponsorship provided by the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme (MMAPSS 2016-2017) from the Australian National Maritime Museum. The main objective of the PRIISMH project was to enhance the presentation of Rottnest Island maritime cultural heritage through the use of new and innovative forms of interpretation involving terrestrial and underwater 3D Photogrammetry as a key element in for public engagement. Specifically, the project was initially developed to address issues identified in a recent condition report on the Rottnest Onshore Shipwreck Plaques (MAAWA, 2015), relating to existing interpretive signage on the island. As a consequence, MAAWA and RIA identified as a priority the need to update existing land-based shipwreck signage (currently over thirty years old) in order to address potential health and safety issues, to improve overall visitor experience, and to improve public accessibility to the Rottnest Island underwater shipwreck heritage. The project represents a new stage in an on-going long-term program of site documentation, management and interpretation within the broad Perth region, initiated by MAAWA in 2014 under the aegis of the Three-Dimensional (3D) Maritime Archaeology Project – Perth Region (3DMAPRR, Edwards et al. 2016). The structure and nature of the project also allowed it to be connected to another MAAWA earlier initiative (2013), namely the ‘Shipwrecks WA’ website and app platform to expand the audience outreach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicolas Bigourdan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Nicolas Bigourdan Date Created Date of creation of the resource. November 2017 Asia-Pac Session 4 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 13: The Archaeology of Manila Galleons, Past, Present and Future Description An account of the resource This session will focus on a specific part of the rich maritime history of the Asia Pacific region, the Manila Galleons. These ships traversed between continents surrounding the Pacific, transporting goods from India and China to Peru and Spain via New Spain, for 250 years, changing the cultural landscape of South East Asia and America, transforming cultures, peoples, technology, spreading ideas, plants and customs, among many other significant processes. This session explores the archaeological work done to date in regard to these ships and the work being done now in several parts of the world. Furthermore, the session will explore the future ways in which this topic can contribute to present societies. In regard to past works, papers from the excavations done on the Concepcion in the Mariana Islands, and the San Diego in the Philippines are a good opportunity for archaeologists that worked decades ago to present part of that research in a new light as well as present work not yet available to researchers. Current works from the Philippines, Spain, Japan, USA, and Mexico will be presented. In this part of the session, interesting points of contact between projects and researchers will be encouraged. Different methodologies and research strategies will help projects see their strong points and adapt new ones. Trade, nautical archaeology, among other topics can be presented. Current works will demonstrate that the topic is very much alive and growing. Papers on future research objectives can contribute to map the road ahead, looking at different lines of inquiry related to the Galleons. Above all, the session seeks to make this research topic a celebration of diversity and common heritage that brings people together in our common cultural traits and admiration for our differences. The session will bring interested researchers together to collaborate in the diverse projects. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roberto Junco INAH Mexico, Mexico Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 13 Introduction Video Description An account of the resource Roberto Junco introduces Session 13. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Asia-Pac Session 13 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/ae207b7d0f6b67f3ed0c0496a7950d7e.mp4 7be95d2df8c91591b1c3ce48c38f00a7 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/eee82ba797abec3ad67b718943f701db.jpg 407cc2369cbe3dc31caccebb4fe8251b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 4: Ensuring a Sustainable Future for UCH: Museums and Public Engagement Description An account of the resource Cultural heritage derives its value from societal contexts, and so public engagement plays an important role in growing support for, and interest in heritage. Engagement may take many forms, from awareness-raising to formal learning programmes to creating platforms for public participation in the process of heritage conservation, governance, and/or interpretation. Papers bridging theoretical and practical approaches to engagement with UCH are particularly welcome, as are papers which offer collaborative and/or participatory models, stakeholder engagement, capacity-building and development, approaches to the particular challenges of engagement with underwater cultural heritage vs other kinds of cultural heritage. Of course heritage exists in a variety of cultural frameworks, and ensuring sustainability requires approaches to engagement to be both responsive and sensitive to the overlapping cultural contexts in which UCH may exist. As a culturally diverse region, the treatment of heritage must be also tailored to cultural definitions, heritage management frameworks and conventions which may, in some cases, differ across jurisdictions/countries and their interests. The panel will also attempt to explore the ways in which UCH is managed within diverse cultural frameworks, and invites papers to examine topics including contested UCH, ownership, security, etc. The panel invites papers exploring significance within local, national and transnational historiographies and the implications for funding and management of UCH. UCH includes material that has been deposited on the seabed as a result of warfare and catastrophe, so papers which explore and/or engage with topics including loss, warfare, conflicted significance and contested heritage are particularly welcome. Other relevant sub-themes include: * Public engagement in the management of UCH * Interpreting maritime cultural heritage for non-specialist audiences * Significance, interpretative potential, stakeholders and support/sustainability * Museums, Education, Outreach and Conservation * Memory, memorials and memorialisation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raphael Igombo National Museums of Kenya, Kenya Michelle Damian Monmouth College (IL), USA Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 4 Introduction Video Description An account of the resource Dr. Michelle Damian introduces Session 4. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/28/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Asia-Pac Session 4 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 8: Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites and Conservation of Wet Archaeological Materials Description An account of the resource This session will focus on in-situ preservation and conservation management issues, conservation analyses and treatments, and applied conservation research of archaeological materials from underwater cultural heritage sites. The main purpose of this session is to encourage the exchange of ideas and practices as well as to encourage the development of conservation networks throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Presentations, posters and workshops are invited that address any of the following areas: <br /><br /> <ul> <li>In situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage sites, including reburial practices</li> <li>Conservation management of underwater cultural heritage sites, including on-site monitoring</li> <li>Conservation treatment case studies</li> <li>Research into the analysis and treatment of wet archaeological materials</li> <li>Review of the status of wet archaeological conservation programs in the Asia Pacific region</li> <li>Development of collaborative conservation research and treatment programs</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vicki Richards PhD candidate, University of WA Jon Carpenter Western Australian Museum, Australia Mi Young Cha National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage Republic of Korea Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8 Video Introduction Description An account of the resource Vicki Richards, Jon Carpenter, and Mi Young Cha introduce the papers in Session 8. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/29/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/17da064c70e0bf02c849889d0eb9784a.mp4 f168785de45fa2be83ebfcb366608037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 1: Underwater and Maritime Archaeology and Capacity Building in the Pacific Islands Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) spanning human history from the Stone Age to the atomic age. Since the first Pacific UCH Workshop held in Solomon Islands in 2009, the Pacific island nations have been progressing in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme by awareness raising, research and capacity building activities through inter-disciplinary cooperation and promoting synergy with the Pacific World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Programmes. Notable progresses include, among others, the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Outcome Document of the 3rd UN International Cooperation on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (Samoa, 2014) that contains references to the importance of UCH for sustainable development of SIDS and SIDS ratification of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001), as well as the enhanced cooperation between universities in the Pacific islands and professional training institutions through UNESCO University Twinning and Networking Programme (UNITWIN) for Underwater Archaeology. With this as its background, the session “Underwater and maritime archaeology and capacity building in the Pacific Islands” will be held with the aims to: i) share information on recent progress in awareness raising, research and capacity building activities in underwater and maritime archaeology in the Pacific Islands, ii) identify priority actions, iii) foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. The session especially welcomes presentations focusing on the protection and management of UCH belonging to indigenous community shared UCH in the Pacific, addressing challenges and opportunities facing Pacific SIDS in the implementation of the Pacific UCH Programme and the promotion of the UCH Convention, presenting good practice in ensuring the effective engagement of Pacific island countries and community in UCH management for their sustainable development, and proposing collaborative projects in this area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akatsuki Takahashi UNESCO Office for the Pacific States, Samoa Andrew Viduka, Maritime and Commonwealth Heritage, Australian Government, Nicolas Bigourdan, Western Australian Museum Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 1 Introduction Video Description An account of the resource Andrew Viduka introduces Session 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/29/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Asia-Pac Session 1 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/eacc82a8f31640a08f16eb644e3b1ac6.mp4 cbf568ef4cb2eacf37cdce1dc802b5c6 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c4a4ca877eaa12bcfd267e560bf198e0.pdf 3654ceb404cebadcc9efd82abb725326 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource From Recovering Shipwrecks to Recovering Our Past Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert A. Underwood Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 29 November 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology PDF Text Text FROM RECOVERING SHIPWRECKS TO RECOVERING OUR PAST Nov. 29, 2017 Address to the 3rd Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Heritage:The Maritime Cultural Landscapes and Seascapes of Asia-Pacific: Voyaging, Migration, Colonisation, Trade, and Cross-Cultural Contacts By Robert A. Underwood, President University of Guam Hafa Adai and Good Morning I have been asked to give a keynote address this morning. This is a special responsibility because I am supposed to do with words what others do with pictures of even power points. I will make the best effort I can to address the importance of this conference for universities, for Pacific Islands and for academics. If this were just an ordinary speech or presentation, I would excuse my lack of slides or a power point – by saying I don’t have a power point, but I hope to make some powerful points. This is a conference of experts and cursory observers. I am clearly one of the latter. It is an honor and special privilege to be with you here this morning to present some ideas about Maritime Archeology and the enormous growth of interest in Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). As a result of this invitation and the continuing efforts of Bill Jeffery at the University of Guam, I have become immersed in the important work and conceptual frameworks which are used to advance the growth of your collective field and abiding interest in the traces of our human impact as found below the waterline. If this were just ordinary, terrestrial based archeology, I suppose that we would say buried in your work as opposed to immersed. Coming from the relatively small island of Guam, I am particularly interested in the field’s deep and important connection to research about the history of the �Pacific Islands, the prehistory of the Pacific Islanders and a greater understanding about Pacific Islanders themselves. I take this route to understanding all human endeavors as we all should, whether we are seeking profit from an economic enterprise such as treasure hunting, a passion for certain areas of academic research or just pursuing avocations. There must always be an overarching central purpose which enhances our understanding of our past, our resources and our future existence. It is in this vein that I think we have made the journey from Maritime Archeology and the attention to shipwrecks to international agreements about our common UCH, from the adventurism of diving for treasure to the methodical research facilitated by the latest technology. This is of particular importance to the Pacific Islands in a number of ways. Pacific Islands were settled at various times over the past 4,000 years ago and in the process of inhabiting the Pacific Islands, they left evidence of their endeavors, their journeys and their human imprint. Most of the time, we think of their prehistoric presence as existing in terrestrial evidence and their history is determined by this evidence in combination with the oral history of the islanders (in myths and legends) as well as the notes of early voyagers. In the interplay of these sources of information, we develop coherent and evidence-based narratives about their march across vast areas of ocean. In recent decades, we have added to this corpus of evidence, an examination of remains and remnants below the water line. The growth of interest in Austronesian migrations, the revival of navigation amongst Pacific island communities combined with the burgeoning interest in more recent historical phenomenon related to ships and vessels which now lie at the bottom of the ocean have propelled your field of study into new heights (or should I say depths). In combination with examining geographical formations and changing natural physical attributes and phenomena, underwater research may have a lot to say about issues like climate change. The connections between science and social science, past and present, natural and human phenomena are enriched and enlivened by marine archeology and its focus on uncovering evidence from below the waterline. �Most of us live in coastal areas. Over the years when I attend meetings in the U.S. on historic preservation (and I started as a young member of the Guam Review Board for Historic Preservation in 1977) attention to coastal areas and management of their resources is highlighted by pointing out that 39% of the population live in coastal counties, normally within 10-20 miles of the ocean. I always point out that 100% of the people I know live within 2-3 miles of the ocean. Yet, even in spite of the proximity of the ocean and the use of its resources on a daily basis, even those of us in the Pacific under estimate the value of remains and remnants below the water line in providing evidence about who we were and how we got here. We are more concerned with evidence that we can readily see on land than what remains underwater. It is in my concern about Pacific Island peoples and their history which brings me here and which compel those of us who manage knowledge bearing and generating institutions like Universities to pay attention to marine archeology, especially in island-based institutions like the University of Guam. In combination with the renewed attention given to UCH, we are recreating balances between historical preservation programs on land and in the water; we are revisiting our laws and procedures as well as changing our attitudes about the management of historical artifacts and remnants of vessels. We now create Maritime Historical Trails to preserve and appreciate our history. As I take a closer look at programs designed to protect our UCH, I am struck by the diversity of interest and the renewal of academic study and support in some of the larger countries of Asia. There is a healthy dose of interest in sunken cities as well as sunken vessels. I also admire the curiosity and patience involved which keeps you engaged in your research even when the evidence is meager and not easily discoverable (as in looking for the San Francisco off the coast of Chiba). Living and working in Micronesia, I have always had an interest in structures like Nan Madol in Pohnpei and the islets and canals which were created at great physical cost combined with great mental abilities to bring honor to ancient kingdoms and societies. Lesser known but equally significant and obviously connected is the Insaru settlement in Kosrae. I didn’t think of them originally as �part of a UCH, but they obviously are now. These are sometimes luridly described as mysterious monuments to ancient, superior cultures. They are connected to other “mysterious” structures and technologies like the latte stones of the Marianas Islands (which were likely originally quarried out of the water during low tide), the quarrying of stone money in Yap which required voyages to the rock islands of Palau. These are described as remnants of mysterious lost cities, sometimes by modern day writers who see themselves as modern day Indiana Jones’. I am more interested in the nameless Pacific Islanders who made these structures under extreme conditions and with an appreciation of the water around them. This brings to mind submerged settlements which dot the region and are remarkably intact like the ancient city of Junzhoul in the Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hubei Province. As described by Professor Sun Jian (of the Wuhan Underwater Cultural Heritage Base), the submerged city from the Ming and Qin dynasties lies preserved in remarkably good condition in the deep dark waters of the reservoir. There are also the remarkable submerged ruins off the coast of Yonaguni situated 68 miles east of Taiwan. The ruins consists of solid rock slabs which stand erect at right angles and are estimated to be around 8,000 years old or perhaps leading back to the last ice age. The existence of land bridges between the mainland and the surrounding islands frustrate the popular view that these underwater structures like Yonaguni (and even Nan Madol) were constructed by extraterrestrial beings and forces. They were just ordinary human beings like us. But we are still wedded in popular culture to ancient, submerged continents like Atlantis and Mu. In the 21st century, we think of fanciful theories about lost cities and extraterrestrial action in our distant past or even divine intervention as subject to evidentiary proof. Collectively, your efforts as resource managers, academics, informed hobbyists or just intelligent people are supposed to guard against these ideas which seem so 19th century or part of some lunatic fringe. Evidentiary proof is part of the rigor of analysis and the basis for separating truth from fiction. �With the onset of fake news and the explosion of social media and sources of information, I am not so sure that these fanciful explanations are buried in our past. They are given new life all the time. I am not talking about faith-based as opposed to evidence-based discoveries like the Shroud of Turin (in which Jesus’ likeness is reflected) or the Tablets discovered by Joseph Smith which gave birth to the Latter Day Saints or Mormons. I am talking about fake archeological evidence as in treasure makers or fakers who are the next step down from treasure hunters. Today, we have a public that knows more about pirates from Johnny Depp and the Pirates of the Caribbean than shipwrecks, documents and logs. Some 25% of the American public believes that the moon landing was faked. On a more positive note, in polling done for the Society of American Archaeology, 96% of the people believe that archeological sites deserve legal protection, but only 67% think that should apply to their own private property when it comes to removing artifacts. A smaller number (61%) think that laws should prevent the general public from taking away artifacts found on shipwrecks. Private property is apparently proprietary even in history and “finders keepers” is an ethic that continues to catch our attention. Of course, this is a dated poll (early 2000s) and includes only Americans. In the poll, 56% of the respondents received their knowledge about archeology through television and only 10% from k-12 education There must be fake archeological websites or at least ones that hold questionable views. In the new world, we respond to sources of information that agree with our points of view. I am concerned that political leadership will take a more direct hand in the portrayal of sites and findings especially when they conflict with national self-imagery or celebration. We have seen much of that in recent years and in some countries, an overt nationalist agenda trumps evidence. Come to think of it, I wonder what kind of UCH evidence President Trump would take as credible. Perhaps a few planted Trump tower signs in order to spark imagination would be acceptable. �The lost continent imagery continues to capture the imagination through popular programming and even amusement parks. Our childhood introductions to such topics in children’s stories and in portrayals in amusement parks (Jungle Boat Cruise in Disneyland and across the water at Hong Kong Disneyland) are never refined unless we go to postsecondary education or have the opportunity to visit World Heritage sites. A good, but not so dramatic example is the cluster of atolls named Papahānaumokuākea. As described in the World Heritage Listing, “This is a linear low lying islands located 250 kilometers northwest of the main Hawaiian islands, but extending some 1900 kilometer. The area has traditional significance for living Native Hawaiian culture, as an ancestral environment, as an embodiment of the Hawaiian concept of kinship between people and the natural world, and as the place where it is believed that life originates and to where the spirits return after death. On two of the islands, Nihoa and Makumanamana, there are archaeological remains relating to pre-European settlement and use. Much of the monument is made up of pelagic and deep water habitats, with notable features such as seamounts and submerged banks, extensive coral reefs and lagoons. It is one of the largest Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the world. This World Heritage Site brings a distinctive Pacific Islander perspective to UCH. It simultaneously gives a Pacific Islander cosmological interpretation to a series of practical applications and uses of resources needed for everyday life. Pacific Islanders understood that systems of land tenure included coastlines and extensions into the water. Pacific Islander reliance on ocean resources meant the study of fish, currents, and geographical landmarks to form ponds and mark areas where access to the open ocean was facilitated. Some of this is lost as islanders themselves turned to land-based resources, imports and other ways of interpreting existence, but the perspective of this world view can still be discovered in the UCH of Pacific Islands. In the listing of World Heritage Sites, 13 are discoverable through diving. Of these dive-able sites, three are in the Pacific Islands. They are Palau (southern Rock �Islands), Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and Bikini Atoll. The first two are heritage sites primarily for their natural assets which are unique and provide insight into naturally occurring phenomena. Only the Bikini Atoll World Heritage site brings us into the human affected underwater world. Bikini certainly does so in a dramatic way. Bikini became a World Heritage Site in 2010. Mary Jane Naone tells us that this site exists primarily to inform us about the effects of the nuclear age and the beginning of the Cold War. The extensive testing which occurred in the Marshall Islands harkens back to the effects of colonialism and disregard for Pacific Islanders which is within the recent life span of many of us. It is not ancient history or something that happened in the 19th century. It happened as an indicator of human progress and ingenuity in the 20th century. The testing itself helped motivate a global anti-nuclear movement after radiated tuna found its way into Japanese markets courtesy of a Japanese fishing vessel. Naone reminds us that there are also important natural as well as cultural/historical elements to this particular World Heritage site. We must be mindful of both and allow each to inform each other rather than be in conflict. UCH based on shipwrecks from nuclear testing or World War II remains of compelling interest to divers and the Pacific Islands themselves. There are perhaps as many as 4000 vessels resting on the bottom of the ocean throughout the Pacific. Many are just below the waterline and near coastlines and are accessible to divers. They offer a glimpse of history but also a hint of danger with unexploded ordnance and environmental challenges with some 300 oil tankers amongst the sunken ships. None are more stunning than the ships and airplanes in the Chuuk Lagoon. There are 50 Japanese vessels, 300 airplanes and 5000 sailors that are accessible to visitors from around the world. It is a world famous site that is not on the list of World Heritage Sites. As reviewed by our colleague Bill Jeffery in the publication being unveiled in this Conference (Safeguarding Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific), the Chuuk case presents many important lessons for us. There are challenges to the �environment from oil leaking from the vessels and the ever present threat of unexploded ordnance. This is exacerbated by the lack of adequate monitoring processes, regulation of visitors and uncertain government structure. Add to this the seeming indifference of islanders who continue to practice dynamite fishing, there is lots of room for misunderstandings and conflict. This keeps the site off the World Heritage list. Conflict archaeology clearly has a role in examining the case of Chuuk Lagoon. More significant than inadequate or irregular processes is the varying perspectives on the site itself. There are the American, Japanese and Chuukese points of view of the value and importance of the site. For decades, Americans have flocked to the site and are encouraged by a point of view that is concerned with the war time experience. There is an almost “celebratory” dimension to witnessing the destruction of the Japanese fleet. At the time of the air raids in World War II, it was seen as payback for Pearl Harbor. Diving and examining the Japanese wrecks as curiosities and trophies have been encouraged in ways that would be unthinkable in Pearl Harbor. The ships there are seen as entombing heroic Americans and are deserving of protection and solemnity. To some extent, the American attitude towards Pearl Harbor is more like the Japanese attitude towards the Chuuk Lagoon. Theirs is a decidedly more subdued point of view. This is a graveyard for the remains of thousands of Japanese sailors and a site that deserves more respect and reverence. As explained by Akifumi Iwabuchi, the soldiers and sailors of the Japanese military were promised that their remains would be returned to Japan if they fell in battle. Lastly, the Chuukese are ambivalent about it. They recognize that they have an historic site worth of worldwide attention to it, but their connection to the war experience was a tragic one. It reminds them of hardship, not national sacrifice or military victory. They want to profit from the site, but they are unsure about how to portray it in light of their own experiences. This is a continuing theme and unresolved issue which deserves serious thought and consideration if any attention to UCH is to be worthy of local and global support. It is important to �remember that worldwide acknowledgement matters very little if local communities neither support nor understand the establishment of historical sites. This has a terrestrial counterpart in the War in the Pacific National Park in Guam. After several decades of consideration, dialogue, examination and Congressional direction, a three prong approach to explaining the war has emerged. Basically, when you visit the Park or any of its sites, there is an American, Japanese and Chamoru point of view. It is important to note that this did not occur spontaneously. It required an open mind, lots of dialogue, advocacy and literally an Act of Congress. The sobering part of this is to understand that in Guam, World War II probably cost the lives of 5% of the entire population. For Saipan, it was closer to 10%. To ask them to commemorate the battles that occurred there in the same way that the combatant nations did is to simultaneously dishonor the islander experience and miss out an important part of the story. As we look to the future to ironically protect our past, we must not just cooperate and follow suggested steps as outlined in the annex of the publication Safeguarding Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific: Report on Good Practice in the protection and Management of World War II-Related Underwater Cultural Heritage, we have to work locally in individual jurisdictions to monitor regulatory processes and change laws. Local laws regarding salvaging were likely formed at a time when salvaging shipwrecks rather than history was the main concern. Treasure hunting has always captured the public imagination and impeded the growth of regulatory regimes and dispassionate academic research. We must also put teeth into the protection of these tangible remnants as looters and salvaging for metal intensifies. The desire for metal by islanders upon their first contact with Western voyagers is matched today by those eager to sell off salvaged metal. The interest in the Manila Galleons which went through the Marianas on the way to Manila, but only shipwrecked on the way back provides some interesting lessons and insights into the history of the Chamoru people. The passage between Guam and the nearest island to the north became known as the route, La Ruta in �Spanish and now gives that island the name of Rota or Luta in Chamoru. Some estimate that there are as many as 10 Galleons shipwrecked in the area, but the waters around Guam in particular are pretty deep. The Galleon Trade introduced missionaries, Catholicism and other major forms of Hispanicized reality to the Marianas Islands. Islander appreciation of these historical changes will be severely tested and analyzed when 2021 comes around, the 500th anniversary of Magellan’s visit to the Pacific. For Guam and the Marianas, this will be a watershed moment as we will get a waterfall of opinions. I am sure that there will be a voyage in store for the Pacific. I assume that the same welcome will be extended to would be Magellans as the original one. We do have some institutional support from resource agencies and for those of us in that part of the Pacific which is commonly referred to the US affiliated islands, this provides us a good basis to proceed with. The U.S. National Park Service has its Submerged Resources Center. It does excellent work even though it remains focused on historical sites. The work in Bikini Atoll on the archeology of the atomic bomb is an example of extraordinary effort on their part on the work that the NPS itself feels passionate about. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the US Department of Commerce also supports underwater archeology and helps bridge the gap between the study of human activity in areas impacted by shipwrecks, the construction of facilities and naturally occurring phenomenon which occurs over thousands of years and increases our understanding of climate change, sea level rise and connections to human migration and coastal activity. The role of academic institutions as the lead research agencies and honest brokers is vitally important. Marine archeology in universities is clearly not as robust as archeology on land, but it has been growing in networks which reach out to other disciplines. Nautical Archeology Program (NAP) founded in the 1970s at Texas A and M is the grandfather for American programs and set the standard. As its name implies, it �was originally focused on shipwrecks. It has grown into the Center for Maritime Archeology and Conservation belying the trajectory of interest as academic and research interests grew and matured. East Carolina University has also been a tremendous leader. Academic programs are also connected internationally through UNESCO and the University Twinning and Networking Program better known as UNITWIN. The UNITWIN just celebrated its 25th anniversary. There are 69 networks, covering 850 institutions in 134 countries. There is a UNITWIN Network for Marine Archeology established in 2012, The University of Guam (UOG) is an associate member and 11 full members (US members are East Carolina and Texas A and M), 17 associate members from an international array of universities. The Network complements the work of the UNESCO Secretariat of the 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. The convention is one of the seven core Conventions in the field of culture. Adopted in 2001, it intends to enable States to better protect submerged heritage. Through universities and these networks, marine archeology is growing as a discipline at the graduate level and is establishing its own presence through Field Schools which bridge practice with knowledge and hopefully within an environment of understanding. CONCLUSION As we look towards the future, the past looks brighter. And it will be so if we broaden our collective outlook to examine the relationship of the Pacific Island peoples back to Asia, Southeast Asia and the renewed interest in the origins of the Austronesian people in Taiwan. The Austronesian languages make up the fifth largest language family in the world (in numbers of speakers) but they are the second largest group in terms of numbers of languages. They are clearly the most geographically dispersed. They �can be thought of as the Maritime group of languages since they are dispersed throughout most of the island Pacific, through Southeast Asia and all the way to Madagascar. Their migration over large expanses of ocean left a trail of evidence which we should search for. They left fishing weirs, coastal settlements (some submerged) and a history of migration through navigation which is being re-discovered and re-enacted. Their ability to be scientists, meteorologists, naturalists, dreamers, planners and adventurers over large expanses of ocean remain one of the untold stories of human existence. Its discovery could even rival World War II in importance and significance. The interc onnectedness of natural and c ult ural res ourc es s hould i nfo It behooves all of us from large countries and small islands to not just promise collaboration but to work on specific networks of relationships with clear goals and objectives in mind. Those of us from small islands have big hearts, but regrettably resources and scale that are equal in size and scope to our diminutive size. Micronesia means more than small islands, it usually also means small resources. We need to rely on the expertise and extensive resources on places like Korea’s National Research Institute on Maritime Cultural Heritage and Taiwan’s renewed efforts to understand their UCH in terms of being the fountainhead of Austronesian migration. In partnering with larger land masses and expertise, Pacific Islands will discover their own past. More importantly, the search will provide important clues about the diffusion and spread of Austronesian peoples and languages. They spread out over the greatest part of the globe. Their story is important not only to themselves, but to understanding the genius of all of us terrestrial beings who moved over large parts of the ocean. � Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Honorable Robert Underwood Subject The topic of the resource Keynote Speaker speech and interview Description An account of the resource The Honorable Robert Underwood is a former Member of the U.S. Congress and is currently the 10th President of the University of Guam. As an educator, he has served as a teacher, school administrator, curriculum writer and administrator at the University of Guam. He is a distinguished scholar with many publications to his credit. He served as the Congressional Delegate from Guam in the 103-107th Congresses (1993-2003) during which he sponsored major legislation for Guam, played an active role in Department of Defense authorization bills and was a forceful advocate for political development for insular areas, the protection of oceans and coral reefs and the extension of educational and social opportunities for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. As a senior member of the House Armed Services and Resources Committees, he was the ranking member for several subcommittees and panels. He emphasized the importance of Guam and the Asian Pacific Region in national strategic policy and secured the initial funding for the Guam National Guard Readiness Center. He ensured Guam’s inclusion in major legislation such as the Telecommunications Act of 1996 that brought domestic telephone rates to Pacific territories, the State Children Health Insurance Program and legislation which created the Department of Homeland Security. He passed major legislation for Guam that resolved long standing land disputes with the federal government, brought recognition to Guam’s World War II generation and their case for war claims and enhanced local autonomy (elected attorney general, magistrate bill). Robert was born in Guam (1948) and educated in Guam and California. He graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Guam (1965) and received a Bachelors (1969) and Masters Degree (1971) from Cal State University, Los Angeles. He holds a Doctor of Education degree from the University of Southern California. He has five children, two grandchildren and is married to former Guam Senator Nerissa Bretania Underwood, a prominent educator and former Superintendent of the Guam Department of Education. As a teacher and Professor of Education at the University of Guam, he led the effort to include the Chamorro language and culture in the curriculum of Guam’s schools and enhance multicultural understanding. He was appointed to the National Advisory Council on Bilingual Education during President Carter’s administration. He also served as Chairman of the Chamorro Language Commission for over a decade and is widely acknowledged as a leading authority on cultural, educational and linguistic issues in Guam and Micronesia. Since becoming President of the University, in 2008, he has helped reposition the University as the “natural choice” for thousands of young people in Guam and the Micronesian Region. He has significantly increased federal funding to the University and led a Good to Great (G2G) Initiative to build a great university for the region. He eagerly embraces the challenge of helping island communities take on issues related to change and building a sustainable future that continues our essence as islanders, protects our islands and oceans and builds strong societies and economies. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Asia-Pac Keynote 2017