16 10 700 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defensive Positions: The Politics of Maritime Security in Tokugawa Japan. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Wilson, Noell. Defensive Positions: The Politics of Maritime Security in Tokugawa Japan. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center, 2015. https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/498c5d5afc374db8fb745e2b096f9606.pdf e8037153f11bdf6c5d380d58461e1952 PDF Text Text Delivering scientific diver training for underwater archaeology: international best practice in education and a micro-credential case study Jonathan Benjamin, Hiro Yoshida, John McCarthy, Mark Polzer, Wendy van Duivenvoorde Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University ABSTRACT Delivering education in underwater archaeology is challenging for a variety of reasons, including the requirements to prepare archaeology students to become professional scientific divers. In practice, the discipline blends traditional academic and commercial archaeology with maritime sectors and diving industries. This paper discusses the principles of conducting safe underwater archaeology by trained divers and presents a case study of applied specialist training for diving maritime archaeology students at Flinders University, South Australia. We have developed an accredited micro-credential qualification in Professional Scientific Diving that meets the standards for both Australian Standards and the American Academy for Underwater Sciences (AAUS), enabling graduates to be classified as diving-workers under legal regimes where qualifications and professionalization are required. Delivery of this educational component within a maritime archaeology program is now critically important for career progression in underwater archaeology. We discuss the challenges of teaching diving for archaeology in a modern university with complex health and safety requirements and regulatory frameworks. We consider the barriers facing educators, students and professionals and how to create a safe and inclusive culture of scientific diving, critical to modern maritime archaeology and marine science in the coming decades. KEYWORDS: Scientific Diving, Professional Practice, Underwater Archaeology, Diver Education INTRODUCTION In 2016, at the annual general meeting of the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology, network members undertook a workshop on Reducing Barriers to International Partnership Working. The workshop identified a number of potential barriers to diving for archaeology, including Compliance Cultures (and working across different bureaucracies), Safety Cultures (a relative term that carries cultural implications), Diving Insurance (i.e., financial risk management for individual divers and their institutions) and Defining the ‘Professional Archaeological Diver’ (competencies, qualifications, experience). These challenges collectively create a substantial administrative burden for university training of archaeological divers. To mitigate this, a project was initiated to create a model code of practice for the UNITWIN Network to reduce the challenges for staff and students to undertake partnership research and educational programmes that involve diving for archaeology. Early examples of UNESCO work in this space include the first Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments (Flemming and Max 1988) and a short section on diving safety and compliance considerations in the UNESCO Manual for Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage (Maarleveld et al. 2013). Since the UNITWIN Model Code of Practice was first discussed in 2016, Flinders University has hosted two single-day symposium events in Adelaide, South Australia—in 2017 and 2022. After three years of discussions between Network Members, the Model Code of Practice for Safe Diving Operations (Benjamin et al. 2019) was published online in June 2019. Importantly, it received the endorsement of the UNITWIN Network and ICOMOS ICUCH, whose members were invited to respond to early drafts. The document provides a non-prescriptive model, with consistent practice and common language related to scientific archaeological diving, to serve as a starting point for network members to be able to dive safely, particularly members and aspiring members who do not already have a diving procedure 1 �or code of practice in place (Benjamin et al. 2019, 4). The model code of practice, now published online in English and Japanese (www.underwaterarchaeology.net), is 20 pages in length and covers, among other things, background, tools, roles, training and testing, medical fitness, dive planning and record keeping. CASE STUDY FROM FLINDERS UNIVERSITY MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM In 2022, the Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Program (FUMAP) celebrated its 20th anniversary of providing postgraduate degrees. Throughout that time, archaeological diving in Australia has been complicated by several factors, including regulatory requirements that vary from state to state and a national standard for scientific diving (AS/NZS 2299.2) that has not been updated since 2002, despite changing regulations. For many organisations with a role in underwater heritage, including universities, government agencies and heritage professionals, the questions of who is allowed to dive for archaeology and which qualifications are fit-for-purpose have been confusing and inconsistently resolved. This has only served to deter archaeological training and project work, which has stunted the development of the discipline, particularly in training underwater excavation methods (see also Benjamin and Mackintosh 2016). A sustainable maritime archaeological community requires a culture focused on safe diving and an understanding of the responsibilities that come from diving while classified as a worker. The late Professor George Bass, who authored the benchmark Archaeology Under Water in 1966, is often credited for having said it is easier to teach an archaeologist to dive than it is to teach a diver to become an archaeologist, an observation also made by Professor John Goggin in 1959 (Goggin 1960, 350). The discipline of maritime archaeology today requires professionalism in both diving and archaeological training and must consider qualifications, competencies, compliance and work health and safety regulations that Bass would not have encountered at the beginning of his career as a diving archaeologist. It is now clear that recreational diving qualifications may be suitable for entry-level, restricted student divers, but that more serious consideration of responsibilities as part of the workforce requires further training and experience. In Australia, the most common vocational training pathway for ‘occupational divers’ (which meets the Australian Standard series 2815 referenced in most state regulations) has typically been undertaken by private commercial diving schools that have been accredited through a private ‘Registered Training Organization (RTO)’, which in turn is accredited under the Australian Qualification Framework and the Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA). Commercial diving training, however, does not necessarily prepare one for a career in underwater archaeology or marine science. Skills, risks and pressures are different, and the culture of the sectors and overall approach to diving are often contrasting. For the most part, scientific divers and underwater archaeologists work on SCUBA, using small hand tools and light powered water dredges or airlifts. Certainly, there are risks associated with these kinds of activities, and these must be managed in line with regulations and cultural expectations, but it is refreshing to see some movement in this space, with more interest in a revitalized scientific diving sector than in past decades and a promise of new scientific diving standards over the horizon. There is also a newly recognised way for universities to include accredited qualifications under the Australian Qualification Framework, Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA). The TEQSA pathway enables universities to create an accredited program for qualifications, and this can include scientific diving. The most recent occupational diving standards in Australia have now included this in the training standard; a pathway to recognised professionalism that had been omitted previously. Since Flinders University is a TEQSA Registered University, FUMAP staff were able to undertake a multi-year project to develop a curriculum that best serves the program’s graduates, meets the Australian 2815-series Standard and has embedded within it the American Academy of Underwater Sciences training program. 2 �This not only ensures international best practice, but also provides a widely accepted international scientific diver training qualification for our graduates working outside of Australasia. Scientific Diver Training Structure and Delivery Guidelines The Professional Scientific Diver micro-credential (MICR-PSDC) certification ensures the competency requirements of the graduate, as defined in Australian Standard 2815.6, and is internationally aligned with and meets AAUS Standards (2019), ANZSDA guidelines and the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology Model Code of Practice for Safe Diving Operations (Benjamin et al. 2019). Flinders University has a long history of teaching underwater skills. In recognition of this existing activity, MICR-PSDC remains student-focused, formally acknowledging the skills and competencies of our graduates. Flinders has never taught non-divers how to dive, and we have maintained this stance. Within the new micro-credential, we only teach existing, competent SCUBA divers to become professionals, capable and qualified to undertake scientific diving for professional research and educational purposes under Australian Standard 2299.2 Scientific Diving Operations (Figure 1). Figure 1. MICR-PSDC delivery and implementation The primary educational aim of this micro-credential is to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge and confirm that they have the competencies necessary to conduct research and educational activities under water as a professional scientific diver. MICR-PSDC also aims to introduce students to the basics of techniques for underwater archaeology and marine science, present students with opportunities to apply their practical and interpretive skills during problem-solving exercises and provide students with a certification that aligns to recognised standards for industry recognition. 3 �Upon completion of this micro-credential, students are able to apply compliance and safety requirements to undertake scientific diving per Australian Standard AS2299.2 and AS2815.6; minimise their impact on the underwater cultural heritage and environment through improved diving skills and proper control of buoyancy, stability and trim; explain how to conduct underwater archaeology and marine science as a Scientific Diver; apply the practical and theoretical skills for scientific diving to future research and educational projects; and distinguish Scientific Diver training from Recreational and Commercial training pathways. Roles and Responsibilities of Personnel MICR-PSDC is delivered by a team in the College of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences (CHASS), which is the home college of FUMAP (Figure 2). Nevertheless, following the initial rounds of internal implementation and curriculum development in 2021, staff and students from other colleges at Flinders University with an interest in scientific diving have also been invited to participate. Figure 2. Involvement of roles in MICR-PSDC delivery The Academic Coordinator of MICR-PSDC has overall responsibility for administering and delivering the course content and for student assessment and completions. The Academic Coordinator must be a suitably experienced Scientific Diver with training and experience in all aspects of training to be delivered (i.e., must hold qualifications that meet all competencies outlined in AS 2815.6), have competencies of a professional diving instructor (i.e., be at least an Assistant SCUBA Instructor per ISO 24802-1), be registered as a Flinders University Diver and be authorised as a Dive Coordinator. The Lead SCUBA Instructor (LSI) is the delegated technical SCUBA Diving instructor and must hold qualifications that meet all competencies outlined in AS 2815.6 and be able to certify Autonomous SCUBA Divers (i.e., be a SCUBA Instructor per ISO 24802-2). An Approved Instructor / Assistant Instructor (AI) is a supportive Academic or Professional Staff who is qualified and experienced to oversee and instruct elements delivered in MICR-PSDC. An AI must hold 4 �qualifications that meet all competencies outlined in AS 2815.6. The individual must also hold qualifications that meet all competencies outlined in ISO 24802-1 OR they must meet all competencies outlined in ISO24801-3 (e.g., Divemaster) plus have formal qualification in training and assessment from higher education or vocational education pathways (e.g., Flinders Foundations of Teaching or Certificate IV in Training and Assessment). An AI must also be listed as a Registered Diver and Dive Coordinator in the Flinders Diver Register. The Maritime Safety Dive Officer (MSDO) in Flinders University’s organisational system is the specialist diving and boating officer employed by the University’s Work Health and Safety Office. The MSDO is charged with assisting all dive management tasks and providing advice to staff and students on university policy and procedures as they relate to safe diving. The MSDO undertakes audits of diving practices to ensure compliance with relevant standards, adequate assessment of all divers’ competencies and proper record keeping. The MSDO is responsible for ensuring that staff and students undertaking diving activities are appropriately trained and competent for the diving to be undertaken, and for approving Dive Plans prior to any diving activity commencing. The MSDO approves all new divers, all assigned diver categories and the status of all dive coordinators for Flinders University diving operations. Student Registration and Certification Process Onboarding of the students takes place through the College administration, with formal approval from the Academic Coordinator. Once prerequisites are confirmed and students are registered, they are given access to the MICR-PSDC site on the Flinders Learning Online (FLO) platform and provided with their Professional Scientific Diver Training Record Book, or ‘Workbook’. Minimum prerequisites to enrol in the micro-credential are Rescue Diver certification from a recognized recreational diver training agency (e.g., PADI, SSI, TDI); 40 hours of logged dives; a valid medical certificate of diver fitness (per Australian Standard AS 2299.1 supplement); and valid First Aid, CPR and Emergency Oxygen Provider certifications. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) is the process for assessing an individual’s relevant prior learning, including formal, informal and non-formal learning. It is a legal requirement and an important part of MICRPSDC. Generally, we will permit RPL for individual competencies when provided evidence for three times what is required in the standard (AS2815.6). Thus, if a student is requesting to receive RPL for diving experience, they must show verifiable evidence for three times the minimum number of dives and minutes at depths specified by the standard. Verification may entail written, logged or trusted communication, or may require physical verification. A student may be required to sign a statutory declaration to confirm, in legal terms, that they have completed the activities for which they apply. In practical terms, all skills and competencies are verified in person by a qualified instructor. Theory is delivered online and in class, and all materials are available via FLO. International best practice in Scientific Diving is ensured through third-party audits by the Australia/New Zealand Scientific Diving Association (ANZSDA), which undertook an independent review of the curriculum and confirmed that it meets all Safework and Australian Standard AS 2815.6 requirements. A series of theoretical learning modules and short examinations are provided to the students as resources, with students required to achieve 100 per cent on the dive planning exam and 70 per cent or higher on all other exams to pass the theoretical modules. Practical training activities (experience-based learning) are documented in the Workbook. This is the main record of competencies achieved through a combination of training and verified RPL, which comprise all competencies required for compliance with AS2815.6. All individual activities must be completed and signed off by the Academic Coordinator, the Lead SCUBA Instructor or Approved Instructors for the workbook to be completed. A Workbook is only complete when the student has achieved all listed 5 �competencies AND made at least 50 logged dives in total. It can then be uploaded for review for certification. The AAUS modules must also be completed through the online AAUS training platform. Certification is possible once a student successfully completes all theoretical and practical training and their Workbook is reviewed and approved by the Lead SCUBA Instructor and Academic Coordinator. Records are sent to the MSDO for compliance, auditing and record-keeping purposes. Academic marks are required and, in this case, are issued as Pass/Fail. They are sent to College Student Administration Services for processing and academic record-keeping. A certification card is generated by the Academic Coordinator on behalf of the College. It includes the date of issue, the diver’s depth limit, any other restrictions or supplemental endorsements and the following statements: 1. this certification meets the requirements of AS2815.6 and AAUS Standards; 2. this certification card is valid only with a valid diving medical issued within 12 months; and 3. it is the responsibility of the named diver, and any institutional dive officer deploying the diver, to ensure the card holder does not operate beyond their training. Supplemental endorsements are undertaken and administered in a similar manner as the core theoretical and practical competencies (Figure 3). Supplemental endorsement competencies are not required to achieve MICR-PSDC certification, but they are required to be granted the relevant endorsements listed on the certification card. Figure 3. The use of a water dredge during field school represents one possible ‘supplemental endorsement’ for the certified Professional Scientific Diver. (Jonathan Benjamin) 6 �Record-keeping is carefully maintained, with records kept by the College and centrally by the MSDO for at least seven years. Records may be shared externally for purposes of reciprocity and verification. Students are instructed to keep their Workbook and records of all activities in perpetuity. The MSDO undertakes regular reviews and audits to confirm that the course continues to be compliant with relevant standards. IMPACTS AND CONCLUSION The Professional Scientific Diver micro-credential is now in its third year at Flinders University. Although not quantifiable, staff and students have already noticed a marked improvement in the quality of our student divers. This is important, especially for our maritime archaeology field schools. Since MICR-PSDC student divers are already trained in and devoted to diving and safety through their existing training and practice, they can better focus on the archaeological tasks, underwater field methods and learning outcomes rather than on diving-specific components at the cost of their archaeological practice. Students who have taken the micro-credential are noticeably more competent and confident, in and out of the water. Diving routine is almost second nature, so they tend not to waste time during equipment preparation, safety checks, briefings and acclimation to the submerged environment. MICR-PSDC students also teach, both directly and indirectly and to the benefit of both, the less experienced restricted student divers, and in this way both the culture during field schools and standards of diving are noticeably improved. Diving is not a prerequisite for postgraduate studies in maritime archaeology at Flinders; however, there is a new generation of graduates who are divers and who will leave our maritime archaeology postgraduate program with an accredited qualification as a Professional Scientific Diver embedded in their degree (Figure 4). Aligning the diving qualification to both Australian Standards and the internationally recognised AAUS (American) Standard means that the program facilitates the best opportunities for our graduates to work safely and professionally around the world where, increasingly, they will be asked to produce evidence that they are suitably trained, competent and qualified as professionals in both archaeology and scientific diving. Figure 4. Our first graduating class of Professional Scientific Divers in 2021. (Hiro Yoshida) 7 �BIBLIOGRAPHY American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS). Standards for Scientific Diving Manual. Mobile, Alabama: AAUS, 2019. Bass, George F. Archaeology Under Water. Ancient Peoples and Places 48. London: Thames & Hudson, 1966. Benjamin, Jonathan, and Mackintosh, Robert. “Regulating scientific diving and underwater archaeology: legal and historical considerations.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 45, no. 1 (2016): 153-169. Benjamin, Jonathan, Underwood, Chris, and Sturt, Fraser, (eds.). Model Code of Practice for Safe Diving Operations. Adelaide, South Australia: UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology, 2019. Flemming, Nicholas C., and Max, Michael D., (eds.). Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments. Compiled and edited by the Scientific Committee of the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS). UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 53. Paris: UNESCO, 1988. Goggin, John M. “Underwater archaeology: its nature and limitations.” American Antiquity 25, no. 3 (1960): 348-354. Maarleveld, Thijs J., Guérin, Ulrike, and Egger, Barbara, (eds.). Manual for Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage: Guidelines to the Annex of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. Paris: UNESCO, 2013. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 20: Effective Ways to Deliver Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Session 20 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 20 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Delivering scientific diver training for underwater archaeology: international best practice in education and a micro-credential case study Description An account of the resource Delivering education in underwater archaeology is challenging for a variety of reasons, including the requirements to prepare archaeology students to become professional scientific divers. In practice, the discipline blends traditional academic and commercial archaeology with maritime sectors and diving industries. This paper discusses the principles of conducting safe underwater archaeology by trained divers and presents a case study of applied specialist training for diving maritime archaeology students at Flinders University, South Australia. We have developed an accredited micro-credential qualification in Professional Scientific Diving that meets the standards for both Australian Standards and the American Academy for Underwater Sciences (AAUS), enabling graduates to be classified as diving-workers under legal regimes where qualifications and professionalization are required. Delivery of this educational component within a maritime archaeology program is now critically important for career progression in underwater archaeology. We discuss the challenges of teaching diving for archaeology in a modern university with complex health and safety requirements and regulatory frameworks. We consider the barriers facing educators, students and professionals and how to create a safe and inclusive culture of scientific diving, critical to modern maritime archaeology and marine science in the coming decades. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jonathan Benjamin Hiro Yoshida John McCarthy Mark Polzer Wendy van Duivenvoorde Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Benjamin, Jonathan, et al. 2023. “Delivering scientific diver training for underwater archaeology: international best practice and a micro-credential case study.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bill Jeffery. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1965 Asia-Pac Session 20 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Description of the Province of Fars in Persia at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century A.D. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ibn al-Balkhi G. Le Strange Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Royal Asiatic Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Ibn al-Balkhi Translator G. Le Strange Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1912 Place London Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Royal Asiatic Society Title A name given to the resource Description of the Province of Fars in Persia at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century A.D. URL http://Persian.Packhum.Org/Persian/ https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/cdab29076868a5703fbfd2725db7a918.pdf ab88a71ea1821c93b33b3ca108ccd0c4 PDF Text Text Developing a zooarchaeological approach to studying the impacts of the Manila Galleon Trade on the landscapes and cultures of the Philippines Joan Quincy Lingao1, Eduardo Corona-M.2, Grace Barretto-Tesoro1, Patrick Roberts3,4, Maricar Belarmino5, Mary Jane Louise Bolunia5, Bobby Orillaneda5, Leee Anthony Neri1, Victor Paz1, Noel Amano3,6, Juan Rofes1,5,7 1 School of Archaeology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. Centro INAH Morelos & Seminario Relaciones Hombre-Fauna, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México. 3 isoTROPIC Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany. 4 School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia. 5 National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos Drive, City of Manila 1000, Philippines. 6 Zooarchaeology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany 7 Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique : Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE, UMR 7209), CNRS/MNHN, CP56, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France. 2 ABSTRACT After the discovery of the tornaviaje, or return trip to New Spain (Mexico), numerous galleons sailed from the Philippines to Mexico and back again for nearly two and a half centuries (1565–1815 CE). The Manila Galleon Trade played a major role in solidifying a maritime trade network between East and Southeast Asia and the Americas during the Spanish colonial period, stimulating the introduction of plants and animals that had major ramifications for the environments, economies, and societies of the Philippines. However, formal archaeological analyses of animal remains from the Spanish colonial period remain limited. Most studies related to the Manila Galleon Trade focus on shipbuilding, tradeware ceramics, and plants. Historical accounts have provided clues as to what animals may have been introduced to the Philippines during the Manila Galleon Trade and how they were integrated into the local economy and society. Demonstrating these introductions archaeologically is nevertheless an ongoing effort. By undertaking zooarchaeological research (study of faunal materials), we seek to improve the level of detail about the animals that arrived on Philippine shores during this time period. We recommend that extending the study of the Manila Galleon Trade to explore its impact on the landscape and culture of the Philippines will yield novel insights to animal translocations, animal husbandry practices, land-use, and changes in dietary preferences during the Spanish colonial period. Keywords: Galleon Trade, zooarchaeology, maritime archaeology, underwater archaeology, Spanish colonial period List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the sites and other relevant locations. Figure 2. Faunal remains from the San Diego wreck Figure 3. Faunal remains from the Intendencia ruins INTRODUCTION The Philippines was under Spanish rule for more than 300 years (1565–1898 CE), and this period witnessed major changes in the economies (e.g., Legarda 1999), cultures (e.g., Dakudao 1992; BarrettoTesoro 2015), and landscapes (e.g., Amano et al. 2021; Findley et al. 2022) of the Philippines. After Ferdinand Magellan reached the Philippines in 1521 CE (Field 2006), Spain had sent several expeditions to the archipelago, with an initial goal of penetrating the spice trade in Southeast Asia (Iaccarino 2011). These expeditions saw an already existing maritime trade network between China (as well as other 1 �southeast and east Asian regions) and some islands in the Philippines, highlighting the benefits of a trade network with China to European colonizers (Blair and Robertson 1903). By the 1570s, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi headed to Manila and designated it as the capital of its new colony of the Spanish East Indies (Iaccarino 2011). Fray Andrés de Urdaneta, one of the members of López de Legazpi’s expedition, also successfully mapped the tornaviaje, or the eastbound return trip to Mexico, which shortened the voyage from the Philippines to the Americas. This ushered the beginning of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade: a 250-year (1565–1815 CE) trans-Pacific maritime trade network that bridged together the two Spanish colonies (Legarda 1999; Reyes 2017). Archival records provide accounts of faunal introductions to the Philippines through the Manila Galleon Trade (Morga 1609; Iaccarino 2011; Javellana 2015). The thriving maritime trade in the Philippines at that time, particularly in Manila, not only welcomed plants and animals from New Spain (Mexico) but also from other East and Southeast Asian countries such as China and Cambodia (Alcina 1668; Legarda 1999; Javellana 2015; Amano et al. 2021). Animal husbandry practices and incorporation of the introduced taxa into the local diet were present in the archival records as well (Alcina 1668; Javellana 2015; Doeppers 2016). However, formal archaeological studies on these topics are limited. The historical archaeology of the Spanish occupation of the Philippines has tended to focus on buildings (e.g., churches and stone-based houses), shipyards, and tradeware (Barretto-Tesoro 2015; 2021; Jagoon and Orillaneda 2019). In contrast, there are limited zooarchaeological studies covering this period, including the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (Amano et al. 2021). The information provided by archival records only offers glimpses of the past, sometimes with conflicting accounts from different historical documents (Morga 1609; Dizon 1993; Goddio 1996a). Direct analysis of archaeological materials, especially animal remains, will not only complement and contrast archival records but may also provide new insights not explicitly indicated in historical documents (Amano et al. 2021). Zooarchaeological studies in general can offer inferences on the interaction of humans with their environment (Reitz and Wing 2008). Incorporating zooarchaeology within an historical framework will add to our current understanding of the historical archaeology of the Manila Galleon Trade and its legacy in the maritime trade networks in Asia during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. Formal zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains also serves as preparation for future in-depth analysis of animal remains using biomolecular approaches such as stable isotope analysis and ancient DNA (e.g., Guiry et al. 2015; Díaz-Lameiro et al. 2022), which can contribute to improving the resolution of our inferences regarding animal translocation, husbandry practices, and land use during the Spanish colonial period. SELECTED HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF ANIMAL TRANSLOCATION TO THE PHILIPPINES Several historical accounts of the early Spanish colonial period have mentioned various animals that were translocated to the Philippines. Antonio de Morga noted large scale cattle farms reared in several parts of the archipelago, with breeds coming from China and New Spain. In addition, he mentioned other animals and their introduction to the Philippines: ‘There are no ewes or rams, for though frequently brought from New Spain, they never increase because so far the climate and pasturage seem unsuitable. There were neither horses, mares nor asses in these islands until the Spaniards had them brought over from China and New Spain’ (Morga 1609, 255). However, there may have been horses already present in the Philippines before the colonial introductions, especially in Mindanao (Bankoff 2004; Amano et al. 2021). Morga also mentioned that ‘tame buffaloes, geese like swans in appearance; horses, mules, and donkeys, even caged birds some of which talk, while other sing, and make them play lots of tricks’ (Morga 1609, 306) were brought to the Philippines from China before loading them into the galleons bound for Acapulco. 2 �Similarly, Fr. Ignacio Francisco Alcina (or Alzina), a Jesuit friar who recorded a detailed natural history of the Visayas in the seventeenth century (Arcilla 1996), recorded that several animals were brought to the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period, likely via the Galleon Trade. Some of the animals include cattle, goats, donkeys, and horses. He also mentioned how some of these animals were not readily accepted by the people in the islands and how some did not survive in their new environment. Alcina also mentioned that the cattle from New Spain interbred with those from China (Alcina 1668). Doeppers (2016, 137) mentioned that the “local breed of horse evolved in the archipelago in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries from larger imported stock and, though small, was well adapted to the available forage supply”. The resulting breed was described as medium-sized, strong, vigorous, and hard workers (Bankoff 2004). This is in comparison to those from China, which Morga described as “small, strong, long steppers, but treacherous, vicious and ill conditioned” (Morga 1609, 255). RESEARCH FRAMEWORK The initial objective of this study was to identify the animal taxa present in colonial sites and infer from the faunal assemblages the taxa that could have been translocated to the Philippines, based on available historical data and chronological information. With this goal in mind, faunal remains from the 2020 Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of the Intendencia Ruins, Intramuros, Manila (Paz et al. 2020) and some bones from the 1992 and 1993 excavations of the San Diego wreck (Desroches, Casal, and Goddio 1996) were examined. Skeletal elements with diagnostic features were identified to the highest taxonomic level using the available comparative reference collection at the University of the Philippines School of Archaeology (UPSA) Zooarchaeology Laboratory, atlases, and online databases (e.g., “Anthro - Dynamic Imaging Engine” n.d.; “Digital Resource Platform for Archaeozoology” n.d.; Cornwall 1956; Gilbert, Martin, and Savage 1985; O’Connor 2000; Reitz and Wing 2008). To improve the resolution of the taxonomic identification, measurements of diagnostic features (Driesch 1976; Gilbert, Martin, and Savage 1985) were also taken using a digital calliper, and the summarised values were compared with those in the literature. In cases of limited features that can be used to identify a specimen, taxonomic identification was performed to the genus, or at least the family, level. The faunal remains were also subject to in-depth taphonomic examination to identify the presence of anthropogenic modifications (e.g., cut marks, chop marks, and burning). The specific taphonomic features were compared with those from the collection in the UPSA Zooarchaeology Laboratory as well as those available in atlases and other literature (e.g., Behrensmeyer 1978; Fernández-Jalvo and Andrews 2016). 3 �CASE STUDIES Figure 1. Map of the sites and other relevant locations. (Left) Map of the Philippines. (Inset) The San Diego wreck and Intendencia ruins are marked with a yellow pin. San Diego Wreck (Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines) The San Diego wreck site is located northeast of Fortune Island, off the coast of Nasugbu, Batangas (Figure 1). San Diego was initially a merchant ship that was retrofitted into a warship during the battle against the Dutch led by Oliver van Noort in December 1600. The San Diego was commanded by Antonio de Morga, whose accounts of the event were scrutinized for their inaccuracy and exaggeration (Dizon 1993; Goddio 1996a; 1996b). An initial survey and exploration were conducted in 1991 to determine the site of the wreck, as there were contradicting historical accounts as to the approximate location where the vessel sunk (Dizon 1993; Goddio 1996a). The first phase of the excavation was undertaken in 1991 followed by the recording of the ship hull in 1993. The diving activities were headed by Franck Goddio with the supervision of the National Museum of the Philippines, who did the accessioning, cataloguing, inventory, and recording of the archaeological materials recovered. Hundreds of ceramics (in the form of dishes, plates, bottles, pots, and jars), some cannons and muskets, navigational instruments, silver coins, two anchors, and many bone fragments were recovered from this site (Ronquillo 1993; Cuevas 1996). For this study, a fraction of the animal remains from the San Diego wreck were accessed from the repository of the National Museum of Anthropology. Of the reported 2,727 skeletal remains (combined number of animal and human bones), only 44 were accessed and confirmed as animal bones; some of the animal bones were fragmented and commingled with human bones, which made it difficult to sort them, while some of the bones may have been stored elsewhere. Among the bones analysed, 14 were pig bone fragments (Figure 2A), likely from the species Sus scrofa. The third lower molar (Figure 2A, topmost) is a good anatomical feature for identifying this species (Ingicco et al. 2017). The bovines in the assemblage were entirely represented by rib fragments (Figure 2B). Interestingly, anthropogenic modifications in the form of cut and chop marks (Figure 2B, arrows) were mostly observed on these bones, suggesting that bovines may have been butchered before they were loaded onto the galleon. The meat from the butchered animals was usually preserved in either brine or salt and then stored in barrels or jars (Guiry et al. 2015; Migaud 2011). Aside from pig and bovine bones, chicken (Gallus gallus) bones were also present in the faunal assemblage of the San Diego. Complete long bones of these birds were recovered from the site, with abrasions of the epiphyseal ends being observed due to the preservation underwater. 4 �Figure 2. Faunal remains from the San Diego wreck. (A) Pig skeletal remains, likely Sus scrofa (not necessarily from the same individual): (from top to bottom of panel A) a left mandible fragment with an intact third lower molar (m3), a humerus distal end, and a thoracic vertebra. (B) A bovine rib fragment with chop marks (arrows) at the sternal end. (C) A complete chicken (Gallus gallus) femur. Given the limited number of bones available from the original collection, it is difficult to make further inferences regarding the site. In the reports from the San Diego wreck survey and excavation, Secuya (1993) and Migaud and Pérez (in Veyrat 1996) provided insights into life on board the San Diego based on historical records and the initial analysis of the faunal remains from the site. According to the list of provisions for the San Diego, which consisted of live chickens and preserved pork and beef, there was a “certain predilection for pork hams, sides of beef, and chicken drumstick” (Veyrat 1996, 174). The presence of live chickens, specifically laying hens, was demonstrated by the presence of remains of a chick and eggshells, the major cortical ossification of certain long bones, as well as the accounts of the battle (Veyrat 1996). However, the initial zooarchaeological analyses focused only on the life on board the ship and did not provide possible explanations on the source of these animals (i.e., whether they were raised in the vicinity of the port, or transported from nearby provinces) and any clues on animal husbandry practices of that time (Migaud 2011; Veyrat 1996). More information regarding the origin of these animals may be generated using biomolecular approaches such as ancient DNA and stable isotope analyses. Intendencia Ruins (Intramuros, City of Manila) Not all shipwrecks will yield faunal remains for systematic zooarchaeological analysis. Aside from the San Diego wreck, other underwater excavations in the Philippines recovered mostly ceramics and metals, with almost no mention of faunal remains (Jago-on and Orillaneda 2019). Aside from the difficulty in recovering and collecting animal bones underwater, they may not always be preserved because they can be significantly eroded by tides and sea currents and are often used as substrate by certain aquatic organisms (Migaud 2011). In addition, faunal remains from shipwrecks may not necessarily represent the animals meant as livestock, but food rations and supplies of the passengers of the galleon. Thus, it is also necessary to investigate inland and coastal sites to expand our understanding of animal translocations and integration of introduced taxa to Philippine landscapes. 5 �In December 2020, an AIA was done on the Intendencia building inside Intramuros (Figure 1) to guide the reconstruction and development plan of the National Archives of the Philippines. Intendencia, or a building for offices, is a structure inside the Intramuros of Manila initially built as an aduana (customs house) in the nineteenth century. The excavation revealed some artefacts from the nineteenth century such as ceramic sherds, tiles, metal implements, coins, and faunal remains (Paz et al. 2020). The Intendencia Ruins faunal assemblage consists of several animal taxa including pig, cattle, buffalo, dog, and chicken. Furthermore, bones recovered from this site include a right tibiotarsus belonging to a wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) (Figure 3A). Currently, there is only limited evidence of an early introduction of turkey in the Philippines prior to the American period. Several turkey bone fragments were excavated from an AIA in Sta. Ana, Manila, although these were likely modern based on the associated materials in the sediment layer (Barretto-Tesoro et al. 2018). The discovery of a much older turkey bone from a nineteenth century site suggests an earlier introduction of this animal to the Philippines, possibly from the Americas which is considered the center of domestication for this bird taxa (Manin et al. 2018). The presence of cut marks (not shown in the figure) suggests consumption of this animal as early as the nineteenth century (Doeppers 2016). Figure 3. Faunal remains from the Intendencia Ruins. (A) Right tibiotarsus of a turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). (B) A bovine tibia with chop marks (arrows). The abundance of bovine bones, either from cattle (Bos taurus) or water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), was also observed in the faunal assemblage of the Intendencia Ruins. Evidence of butchery such as cut and chop marks (Figure 3B, arrows) on the bovine bones was also recorded. However, it is yet to be elucidated whether these animals were reared within or in the vicinity of Intramuros, or were supplied from nearby provinces such as Batangas and Laguna (Doeppers 2016). It will be important to explore archaeologically whether the practice of importing cattle and buffaloes from nearby provinces was in place since the early Spanish colonial period, if not before, and if this network of inland trade had supplied the food provisions of the Manila Galleons. 6 �Summary, Recommendations, and Future Analyses Historical accounts record the introduction of certain animal taxa, such as cattle and horses, to the Philippines during the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. Currently, there is limited direct archaeological evidence for these introductions, as this aspect of Philippine history is yet to be explored and examined from the perspective of zooarchaeology. This academic paper presents two pilot studies of zooarchaeological assemblages of potential relevance to the Manila Galleon Trade; however, it is imperative to do further analyses of colonial sites, especially those of the early Spanish colonial period, regardless of whether the archaeological materials come from underwater/coastal sites or from inland sites. In addition, archaeological sites of the later Spanish colonial period should also be explored because they may provide archaeological records of the adoption/rejection of certain animal taxa. Such studies will provide a bigger picture of the extent of animal translocations and will improve the resolution of our inferences about the integration of introduced taxa to local environments and human lifestyles in the Philippines (Amano et al. 2021). Genetic studies will also help in tracing the ancestry of the domestic animals from colonial sites, given the historical accounts of interbreeding of animals, whereas isotopic data can provide insights to animal husbandry practices and how these contributes to changing landscapes (e.g., Manin et al. 2018; Thornton, Emery, and Speller 2016; Conrad 2022; Morandi et al. 2021; Freiwald and Pugh 2018; Guiry et al. 2015). Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following for their help in realizing this study: Rachelle Ureta of the Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Division of the National Museum of Anthropology (NMA), for assisting in accessing the reports and materials from the San Diego wreck; Marian Reyes of the Archaeology Division of the NMA, for doing the initial assessment of the bones from the San Diego wreck in their repository; Jane Carlos of the UP School of Archaeology (UPSA), for coordinating the access to the animal remains from the Intendencia Ruins; Ian Cartalaba of the UPSA for taking photos of some bones presented in this paper; and Diego Rebato, Jr. for sharing several reference materials on the Manila Galleon Trade. This study is also supported by a thesis grant from the European Research Council through the PANTROPOCENE Project of the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcina, Francisco Ignacio. 1668. History of the Bisayan People in the Philippine Islands: Evangelization and Culture at the Contact Period. Edited and translated by Lucio Gutiérrez and Cantius J. Kobak. Vol. 2. 3 vols. UST Publishing House. Amano, Noel, Greg Bankoff, David Max Findley, Grace Barretto-Tesoro, and Patrick Roberts. 2021. “Archaeological and Historical Insights into the Ecological Impacts of Pre-Colonial and Colonial Introductions into the Philippine Archipelago.” The Holocene 31 (2): 313–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941152. “Anthro - Dynamic Imaging Engine.” n.d. Accessed February 7, 2023. https://boneswall.iri.isu.edu/. Arcilla, José S. 1996. “Jesuit Historians of the Philippines.” Philippine Studies 44 (3): 374–91. Bankoff, Greg. 2004. “Bestia Incognita: The Horse and Its History in the Philippines 1880–1930.” Anthrozoös 17 (1): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279304786991873. Barretto-Tesoro, Grace. 2015. “The Application of the Laws of the Indies in the Pacific: The Excavation of Two Old StoneBased Houses in San Juan, Batangas, Philippines.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 19 (3): 433–63. ———. 2021. The Ruins of Pinagbayanan: A Photo-Essay on the Archaeology of a Late Nineteenth-Century Philippine Town. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press. Barretto-Tesoro, Grace, Andrea Dominique Cosalan, Ian C.V. Lipardo, Jana Andrea Santos, Jonnah Marie Dagaas, Kate Lim, Emil Charles Robles, and Rebecca Ferreras. 2018. Archaeological Impact Assessment of the Ascentia Residences Site, New Panaderos Street, Sta. Ana, Manila. School of Archaeology. Behrensmeyer, Anna K. 1978. “Taphonomic and Ecologic Information from Bone Weathering.” Paleobiology 4 (2): 150–62. Blair, Emma Helen, and James Alexander Robertson, eds. 1903. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Vol. III. 55 vols. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company. Conrad, Cyler. 2022. “Contextualizing Ancestral Pueblo Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo spp.) Management.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 29 (2): 624–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-021-09531-9. Cornwall, I. W. 1956. Bones for the Archaeologist. London: Phoenix House Ltd. Cuevas, Maharlika A. 1996. “The San Diego Wreck Site off Fortune Island, Philippines.” Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 14 (January): 197–202. https://doi.org/10.7152/bippa.v14i0.11603. 7 �Dakudao, Michaelangelo E. 1992. “The Development of Cemeteries in Manila Before 1941.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 20 (2/3): 133–50. Desroches, Jean-Paul, Gabriel Casal, and Franck Goddio, eds. 1996. Treasures of the San Diego. Paris and New York: Association Française d’Action Artistique, Fondation Elf, and Elf Aquitaine International Foundation, Inc. Díaz-Lameiro, Alondra M., Jennifer G. L. Kennedy, Stephanie Craig, William H. Isbell, Peter W. Stahl, and D. Andrew Merriwether. 2022. “Ancient DNA Confirms Crossbreeding of Domestic South American Camelids in Two PreConquest Archaeological Sites.” Journal of Archaeological Science 141 (May): 105593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2022.105593. “Digital Resource Platform for Archaeozoology.” n.d. ArchéoZoothèque. Accessed February 7, 2023. https://www.archeozoo.org/archeozootheque/. Dizon, Eusebio Z. 1993. “War at Sea: Piecing Together the San Diego Puzzle.” In Saga of the San Diego, 21–26. VeraReyes, Inc. Philippines. Doeppers, Daniel. 2016. Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Wisconsin, USA: The University of Wisconsin Press. Driesch, Angela von den. 1976. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Harvard University Press. Fernández-Jalvo, Yolanda, and Peter Andrews. 2016. Atlas of Taphonomic Identifications: 1001+ Images of Fossil and Recent Mammal Bone Modification. Dordrecht: Springer. Field, Richard J. 2006. “Revisiting Magellan’s Voyage to the Philippines.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 34 (4): 313–37. Findley, David Max, Stephen Acabado, Noel Amano, Andrea U. Kay, Rebecca Jenner Hamilton, Grace Barretto-Tesoro, Greg Bankoff, Jed O. Kaplan, and Patrick Roberts. 2022. “Land Use Change in a Pericolonial Society: Intensification and Diversification in Ifugao, Philippines between 1570 and 1800 CE.” Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (March). https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.680926. Freiwald, Carolyn, and Timothy Pugh. 2018. “The Origins of Early Colonial Cows at San Bernabé, Guatemala: Strontium Isotope Values at an Early Spanish Mission in the Petén Lakes Region of Northern Guatemala.” Environmental Archaeology 23 (1): 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2017.1297012. Gilbert, B. Miles, Larry D. Martin, and Howard G. Savage. 1985. Avian Osteology. Missouri Archaeological Society. Goddio, Franck. 1996a. “The Beginning of an Adventure.” In Treasures of the San Diego, 28–69. Paris and New York: Association Française d’Action Artistique, Fondation Elf, and Elf Aquitaine International Foundation, Inc. ———. 1996b. “The Scientific Mission: Search and Excavation.” In Treasures of the San Diego, 72–115. Paris and New York: Association Française d’Action Artistique, Fondation Elf, and Elf Aquitaine International Foundation, Inc. Guiry, Eric J., Mark Staniforth, Olaf Nehlich, Vaughan Grimes, Colin Smith, Bernice Harpley, Stéphane Noël, and Mike P. Richards. 2015. “Tracing Historical Animal Husbandry, Meat Trade, and Food Provisioning: A Multi-Isotopic Approach to the Analysis of Shipwreck Faunal Remains from the William Salthouse, Port Phillip, Australia.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 1 (March): 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.10.001. Iaccarino, Ubaldo. 2011. “The ‘Galleon System’ and Chinese Trade in Manila at the Turn of the 16th Century.” Ming Qing Yanjiu 16 (01): 95–128. https://doi.org/10.1163/24684791-01601005. Ingicco, Thomas, Philip Piper, Noel Amano, Victor Paz, and Alfred Pawlik. 2017. “Biometric Differentiation of Wild Philippine Pigs from Introduced Sus scrofa in Modern and Archaeological Assemblages.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27 (5): 768–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2592. Jago-on, Sheldon Clyde B., and Bobby C. Orillaneda. 2019. “Archaeological Researches on the Manila Galleon Wrecks in the Philippines.” In Archaeology of Manila Galleon Seaports and Early Maritime Globalization, edited by Chunming Wu, Roberto Junco Sanchez, and Miao Liu, 129–45. The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9248-2_7. Javellana, Rene. 2015. “Global Exchange: Glimpses of an 18th Century Colonial Kitchen in Manila.” Kritika Kultura 0 (24). https://ajol.ateneo.edu/kk/articles/76/787. Legarda, Benito Justo. 1999. After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change & Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Manin, Aurelie, Eduardo Corona-M, Michelle Alexander, Abigail Craig, Erin Kennedy Thornton, Dongya Y. Yang, Michael Richards, and Camilla F. Speller. 2018. “Diversity of Management Strategies in Mesoamerican Turkeys: Archaeological, Isotopic and Genetic Evidence.” Royal Society Open Science 5 (1): 171613. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171613. Migaud, Philippe. 2011. “A First Approach to Links between Animals and Life on Board Sailing Vessels (1500-1800).” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 40 (2): 283–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2011.00315.x. Morandi, L. F., D. Frémondeau, G. Müldner, and R. Maggi. 2021. “Sequential Analyses of Bovid Tooth Enamel and Dentine Collagen (Δ18O, Δ13C, Δ15N): New Insights into Animal Husbandry between the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age at Tana Del Barletta (Ligurian Prealps).” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13 (9): 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01418-w. Morga, Antonio de. 1609. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. Edited and translated by J. S. Cummins. Second Series, Vol. 140. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. O’Connor, Terry. 2000. The Archaeology of Animal Bones. United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing. Paz, Victor, Joel Rico, Jane Carlos, Roel Flores, José Alain Austria, Ian C.V. Lipardo, Fairuz Bangahan, Jana Andrea Santos, Justin J. B. Marfil, and Douglas Wong. 2020. Report on the Archaeological Impact Assessment of the Intendencia Ruins, National Archives of the Philippines Building Site (NCR-1996-Y2). Diliman, Quezon City. Reitz, Elizabeth J., and Elizabeth S. Wing. 2008. Zooarchaeology. 2nd ed. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 8 �Reyes, Raquel A. G. 2017. “Flaunting It: How the Galleon Trade Made Manila, circa 1571–1800.” Early American Studies 15 (4): 683–713. Ronquillo, Wilfredo. 1993. “The Archaeology of the San Diego: A Summary of Activities from 1991 to 1993.” In Saga of the San Diego, 13–20. Vera-Reyes, Inc. Philippines. Secuya, Vicente III. 1993. “Life At Sea: Circa 1600 AD.” In Saga of the San Diego, 27–28. Vera-Reyes, Inc. Philippines. Thornton, Erin, Kitty F. Emery, and Camilla Speller. 2016. “Ancient Maya Turkey Husbandry: Testing Theories through Stable Isotope Analysis.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10 (December): 584–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.011. Veyrat, Elisabeth. 1996. “Life on Board: Chronicle of a Forgotten Way of Life.” In Treasures of the San Diego, 160–83. Paris and New York: Association Française d’Action Artistique, Fondation Elf, and Elf Aquitaine International Foundation, Inc. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 12: The Archaeology of the Manila Galleon at the APCONF: past, present and new interpretations. Subject The topic of the resource Session 12 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 12 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Developing a zooarchaeological approach to studying the impacts of the Manila Galleon Trade on the landscapes and cultures of the Philippines Description An account of the resource After the discovery of the tornaviaje, or return trip to New Spain (Mexico), numerous galleons sailed from the Philippines to Mexico and back again for nearly two and a half centuries (1565–1815 CE). The Manila Galleon Trade played a major role in solidifying a maritime trade network between East and Southeast Asia and the Americas during the Spanish colonial period, stimulating the introduction of plants and animals that had major ramifications for the environments, economies, and societies of the Philippines. However, formal archaeological analyses of animal remains from the Spanish colonial period remain limited. Most studies related to the Manila Galleon Trade focus on shipbuilding, tradeware ceramics, and plants. Historical accounts have provided clues as to what animals may have been introduced to the Philippines during the Manila Galleon Trade and how they were integrated into the local economy and society. Demonstrating these introductions archaeologically is nevertheless an ongoing effort. By undertaking zooarchaeological research (study of faunal materials), we seek to improve the level of detail about the animals that arrived on Philippine shores during this time period. We recommend that extending the study of the Manila Galleon Trade to explore its impact on the landscape and culture of the Philippines will yield novel insights to animal translocations, animal husbandry practices, land-use, and changes in dietary preferences during the Spanish colonial period. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Joan Quincy Lingao Eduardo Corona-M Grace Barretto-Tesoro Patrick Roberts Maricar Belarmino Mary Jane Louise Bolunia Bobby Orillaneda Leee Anthony Neri Victor Paz Noel Amano Juan Rofes Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Lingao, Joan Quincy, Eduardo Corona-M, Grace Barretto-Tesoro, Patrick Roberts, Maricar Belarmino, Mary Jane Louise Bolunia, Bobby Orillaneda, Leee Anthony Neri, Victor Paz, Noel Amano, and Juan Rofes. 2023. “Developing a zooarchaeological approach to studying the impacts of the Manila Galleon Trade on the landscapes and cultures of the Philippines.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Roberto Junco. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1958 Asia-Pac Session 12 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/af279e045e2565b015f5a1a7aac7184d.pdf 08b852799248f4a5a7fe57f063e63904 PDF Text Text Developing the Foundation for Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Starting from Local Involvement: Case Studies in Okinawa Yumiko Nakanishi Osaka Prefectural Board of Education NakanishiYum@mbox.pref.osaka.lg.jp Rintaro Ono Tokai University or109423@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp Norimitsu Sakagami Tokai University sakagami@scc.u-tokai.ac.jp Hironobu Kan Research Center for Coastal Seafloor, Kyushu University kan@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp Chiaki Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center chiakik0407@gmail.com Katagiri Abstract The Ryukyu Archipelago is well known for its beautiful ocean and coral reefs; and thanks to these beautiful oceans, scuba diving and snorkeling and have become one of the most important activities for its tourist industry of the archipelago. Around the islands, 230 underwater cultural heritage sites were found and identified. In this presentation, the authors shall introduce their attempts and case studies regarding the public engagement of local communities with management of underwater cultural heritage, including providing guidelines for sustainable valorization of the site with local marine sports industry. For Yarabuoki underwater site of Ishigaki Island, there are seven iron grapnel anchors and a cluster of Early Modern Ryukyuwan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). To establish a connection/relationship between the site and the local professional divers, who actually go into the sea and see the site most frequently, the authors provided workshops about UCH and a place where �archaeologists and the local professional divers can exchange their opinions. The goal of these activities is to ask professional divers of local communities help to monitor UCH after scientific evaluations led by archaeologists are completed. The Ohajima underwater site is located off the Coast of Kume Island in Okinawa. This site contains a dense distribution of medieval Chinese pottery. Public open-houses were experimentally organized twice for local communities. The Board of education from local communities (for instance, Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities were heavily involved and helped underwater archaeologists and the research team to organize this event. After continuous attempts of public outreach, public awareness and interests for UCH among the local diving communities has increased. More divers have started visiting the sites. However, an increase in public awareness creates another concerns that it exposes the UCH sites into social media such as blogs by visitors, articles on diving magazines, and so on. Henceforth, the next challenge confronting the authors and the local communities regarding these sites are plans to properly monitor those sites and a proposal for a reliable long-term management plans. More importantly, these monitoring and management plans have to involve wide varieties and different type of local communities Key words: Ryukyu, UCH, public engagement, management Introduction In past few decades, in addition to conventional preservation operations for cultural heritage sites, understanding values of cultural heritages, and utilizing those as cultural resources for local communities has become a very important perspective to manage cultural heritage. Archaeological sites are often turned to site museums where visitors actually visit and enjoy the original sites. This new phenomenon is widely seen not only on terrestrial sites, but also on underwater sites. This paper aims to share the authors’ attempts and experiences of their attempt to establish the involvement of local communities towards sustainable management plans of underwater cultural heritage, and their case studies around the area of Okinawa Prefecture. �Background and Subjects of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa Okinawa consists of the southern half of the Ryukyu Archipelago with 199 islands, and its area expands over 1200km between Kyushu Island and Taiwan. Because of its location, islands of Okinawa have subtropical climates which makes Okinawa differs from other areas of Japan, and it gives warm climate through a year. Islands of Okinawa are surrounded by amazingly beautiful ocean with flourishing coral reefs. Therefore, these beautiful waters are very popular among scuba divers and snorkelers. Sometimes, those divers and snorkelers become to be interested in something different from beautiful fishes and corals; they want to see something different yet attractive. Therefore, authors believe that UCH has great potential to be a resources of truism, or diving industry. Indeed, underwater cultural heritage often attracts non-archaeologists and non-experts. For instance, the wreck-diving is one of the very popular diving-tour options in many countries, such as Malta and other Mediterranean islands. It is already the major tourist attraction in many countries. In the case of Okinawa, a beautiful coral reef with schools of colorful fishes shall provide special background which adds extra value on diving on UCH. 230 underwater cultural heritage sites are identified around the islands in the Okinawa Prefecture. This presentation is about the authors’ attempts to establish strong ties between the local public and underwater cultural heritage managements and to provide guidelines for sustainable managements of the site and involving of local marine sports industry into this management plans. The Ohajima underwater site is located off the coast of Kume Island in Okinawa. The site contains dense distributions of medieval Chinese pottery. Public Open Site Day was experimentally held twice in the island. �Along with the authors’ research team of underwater archeologists and researchers who organized the events, attendance, and support from the Local Board of Education (Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities (Katagiri et al., 2012). The Yarabuoki underwater site of Ishigaki Island consists of seven iron grapnel anchors and a cluster of Early Modern Ryukyuwan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). During field campaigns, authors and its research team provided workshops and a meeting to exchange opinion with local communities in order to establish a new tie and relationship between the UCH of the islands and local professional divers who visit the the sites most frequently (Ono et al., 2015 and Nakanishi et al., 2016). The aim of these activities and meetings are to ask local diving communities to monitor the sites even after the scientific academic evaluations of the site led by authors is completed in near future, and to share general knowledges and perspectives of protecting UCH as our common heritages and value those heritages in non-intrusive manners. After the continuous attempts, public awareness and interests in UCH have increased dramatically among the local divers and its communities. More divers began to visit the sites. Yet, this new movements and trends has invoked another potential dangers toward this UCH. The potential dangers is an increased number of divers and exposure of UCH into wider range of the general public; the UCH have started to appear in divers’ SNS, blogs, diving magazines, and so forth. This trend may trigger unfriendly and intrusive activities on the sites, such as lootings and destructions. Henceforward, now the authors have to urgently focus on its plans of site managements and monitoring plans, and to accomplish this task, involvement wide variety of scholars as well as local communities are essential. �Case Studies in Okinawa Part 1: Ohajima Site in Kume Island, Okinawa: Open Site Day Location and Characteristics of the Site The Ohajima underwater site is located off the coast Oha Island where is annexed to Kume Island in Okinawa. The site consists of a dense distribution of Chinese pottery that is dated between the latter half of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century. A Public Open Site day was experimentally held twice (in 2011 and 2013). Local Board of Education (Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities supported underwater archaeologists and researchers to organize this event (Katagiri et al., 2012). The main attraction of the event was a tour to Ohajima underwater site either by snorkeling or a glass-bottomed boat. The event schedule was especially composed for the general public to understand general ideas of UCH; the schedule (described as Step 1 - 5) of the event can be seen below: Step 1: Lecture ‘History and Culture of Kume Island’ Step 2: Material Observation of Ceramics Excavated from Underwater Site Step 3: Tour of the On-land Site Where Was Important for Maritime Trades. Step 4: Snorkeling Practice Step 5: Snorkeling Tour of the Site Step 1: Lecture ‘History and Culture of Kume Island’ First, archaeologists gave a 30 minute long preliminary lecture prior to the site visit. This lecture was about general knowledge and information regarding history of Kume Island. The authors believed that providing �historical information and knowledge to the participants is very important because the lecture and its information transform this event into a learning opportunity rather than be a just sightseeing for fun (Katagiri et al., 2012). Step 2: Material Observation of Ceramics Excavated from the Underwater Site As the second step, the participants experienced observation-practice on raised artefacts; those artefacts used for this 30 minutes long observationpractice included pottery pieces were collected from Ohajima site and a stone anchor from Uegusuku (Castle) Site (Fig. 1). The purpose of this practice is for participants to understand the appearances of underwater artefacts; and this experience helped the participants to find/recognize artefacts during the following underwater on-site tour. Experiences of observations on artefacts together with the lecture of preliminary knowledge of the site provided a great preparation for the following tour and this event (Katagiri et al., 2012). Fig. 1: Material observation excavated ceramics from underwater site. (Kumejima Museum, Kume Island) �Step 3: Tour to the On-land Site Where Was Important for Maritime Trades Furthermore, the participants attended a tour to terrestrial cultural heritage sites: on this tour, participants visited the Tenkogu Site, the Kuramoto-ato Site, the Majako Port Site, quarries, and so on. This one hour long tour was organized and guided by archaeologists. The aim of this tour was to explain site-formation processes of Ohajima underwater site and to provide comprehensive knowledge of archaeological sites and its surrounding environments (Katagiri et al., 2012). Step 4: Snorkeling Practice Before visiting the underwater site, a practice session was provided to participants who decided to visit the site with snorkeling. For this tour, two different options were provided for participants; one is visiting the site by snorkeling, and the other option is to visit the site by a glass-bottomed boat. Twenty participants visited the site by snorkeling, and the other participants who did not want to swim chose the glass-bottomed boat. Both tour lasted one hour-long each. This practice-session of snorkeling was taught by local professional divers for safety reasons of participants (Katagiri et al., 2012). Step 5: Snorkeling Tour of the Site Finally, as the last activities of the Open Site Day, the participants visited and enjoyed the actual UCH site. Fig.2 displays a scene of the snorkeling tour in Ohajima underwater site (Katagiri et al., 2012). �Fig. 2: A snorkelling tour of the site. (Ohajima Underwater Site, Kume Island) Discussion The authors believed that the Open Site Day was successful; this experiment of public outreach that take local participants to the actual UCH sites can be a great case study for other UCH site across the Ryukyu Archipelago. Although this experiment was generally a successful case, the authors also became to acknowledge its difficulties and rooms for improvements in order to use it this experiments using it as a case study of public outreach with other UCH sites across the archipelago. Also, this type of events still requires experienced archaeologists to organize and to provide informative lectures; nonetheless, these archaeologists were most cases not originally from local communities. The authors believe that an ideal perspective of local workshops and public outreach for UCH is ‘sustainability’; local divers and communities became to be able to provide workshops as well as monitoring and management UCH without supports from outside. Thus, next challenge for this public outreach experiments is �to compose a flexible guideline that make those events more sustainable by local diving experts and communities. Case Studies in Okinawa Part 2: Yarabuoki Underwater Site Location and Characteristics of the Site Yarabuoki underwater site is located off the coast of Yarabuzaki in Nagura Bay of Ishigaki Island in Okinawa Prefecture. This site contains seven iron grapnel anchors of various sizes and a cluster of Early Modern Okinawan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). This type of ceramic jars were originally produced in Okinawa Islands between the 16th century and the 19th century, which also corresponding to the time periods of the Early Modern Ryukyu Kingdom Period for Okinawa Islands and the Edo Period for the main lands of Japan (Fig. 3). Also those grapnel anchors found in this site are the only examples of grapnel anchors that are found in Japan. Fig. 3: The assemblage of Okinawa produced pottery in good condition at the Yarabuoki underwater site. (Okinawa Prefectural Archaeology Center) �The site was discovered by a local professional diver, Seiji Fujii, in 2009. And in 2010, the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center conducted inspection survey with assistances of the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group (Katagiri, 2010 and 2013). This newly discovered UCH site also required an accurate recording by experienced diving archaeologists, and then values of the site have to be evaluated and disseminated. Currently authors and their research team is operating an interdisciplinary research project to evaluate historical and archaeological values of the site, as well as its potentials as a cultural resource for local communities (Ono et al., 2016). Moreover, authors also believe that geographical and topographical data around site area shall greatly contribute to understand site formation process and its reconstruction. Under this scope, Dr. Kan conducted a multibeam echo sounding (MBES) survey around Yarabuoki underwater site in August 2011 (Kan et al., 2015 and Ono et al. 2016). This multibeam data successfully visualized the bathymetry around the site with lateral grid resolution of one metre. Fig. 4 displays enlarged image of the multibeam bathymetric map of Yarabuoki underwater site with plotted locations of its components. The authors believe that this multibeam map is an essential tool for their public outreach because the map can be a tool to convey accurate academic evaluations of the site to its readers and visitors. The authors have to remark on the importance of scientific and historical values of UCH sites and its dissemination to local communities; without understanding its cultural significance, divers will not be able to appreciate UCH and visiting the sites will be a part of fun dives, not a part of cultural activities. Moreover, without understanding cultural values of UCH properly, its exposures to the general public may trigger negative impacts on the sites. �Fig. 4: Multibeam bathymetric map of the Yarabuoki underwater site. (Hironobu Kan) Workshops with the Local Professional Divers First, the authors tried to build a network with local professional divers who frequently visit this UCH site. Also Mr. Fujii, who found and reported the site to Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, has been involved in archaeological investigations since the beginning. A goal of this was to establish strong ties with the local diving communities and to ask them to monitor the UCH sites; also the authors tried to share histories and archaeological information of the site based on scholarly researches as well as methods for non-intrusive/non-disturbance recreation diving on UCH sites. With supports from Ishigaki City Board of Education where manages cultural heritages around/in the island, authors organized several workshops and invite local divers; during this workshops, divers also visited the site with authors and diving archaeologists. Then the authors and participants exchange opinions towards UHC of the islands �and discussed values of the sites for local communities and importance of in situ preservation (Nakanishi et al., 2016). These workshops started November 2015, and the authors have tried to share the idea of UCH and its important concepts that is not to touch or remove artefacts and contexts from its original positions. Also as a part of the workshop, the authors and archaeologists invited participants, or local professional divers, to the UCH sites during the archaeological investigations; aims of this activities are to share archaeological methods of underwater recording of UCH, such as measuring and drawing of the sites in scientific manners. Throughout these workshops, the author believes that the local divers become to be aware of significances of archaeological information of the site that may help archaeologists to reconstruct the past (Fig. 5). Fig. 5: Site visit with the local professional divers. (Yuji Yamamoto) �Discussion For this experimental research in Ishigaki Island, the authors also focused on involvements of local communities into monitoring and managements plans. Therefore collaborative efforts with local authorities and the general public were essential. Local divers may be able to visit the sites as their daily activities, yet they also do monitoring while they do so, and when they found a new archaeological site, they can quickly yet properly report their discoveries to the local authorities using established network via authors’ workshops. An ideal goal of this workshops and experimental research is to establish a sustainable management and monitoring plans of UCH site; once archaeological investigations are completed, the authors want local diving communities and their local dive shops to bring their customers (recreation divers who visit the island) to UCH sites with providing proper information of its history and archeology. When those diving tours on the UCH become popular activity, their frequent visit may function as a monitoring activity, not to mention that these tours may have positive impacts on the local tourist businesses by bringing customers to the island by. The authors’ main question for this experimental research on public outreach and dissemination is ‘how to maintain and protect qualities of scientific information and values of archaeological sites during the course of dissemination’. Discussion: Developing the Foundation for Sustainable Management Plans on Underwater Cultural Heritage with Local Involvement The authors’ main purpose of this research is to establish sustainable management and monitoring plans for UCH. It is important to remark that �the sustainable management and monitoring plan is different from other leisure diving activities on shipwreck sites that are often intrusive and destructive to UCH. Also, to make the stated management and monitoring plans different from other uncontrolled leisure shipwreck diving activities, it is very important for archaeologists to provide good scientific information to local diving communities and dive shops where will bring leisure divers to the UCH sites after archaeological investigations are completed. If the local diving communities recognize and share values of UCH, they will respects its presence, and keep non-intrusive and non-destructive methods to enjoy their underwater common heritages. In order convey values of UCH to the local communities properly, it is important for archaeologists and researchers to provide ‘good’ information and data. For instance, in case of Yarabuoki underwater site, high-resolution multibeam maps were provided to local communities. Indeed, there are many good case studies of similar concepts: for instance, similar case studies were done for Baia Underwater Archaeological Park (Nogami et al., 2007), protected-sites-tours in Sicily (Soprintendenza del Mare, 2009 and Tusa, 2009) and so forth (Nakanishi et al., 2017). For this authors’ experimental researches around Okinawa areas, authors need to find the most suitable case study and its fittest methodology to accomplish their dissemination and monitoring plans as socio-cultural and natural environmental studies. Throughout the authors’ researched and the workshops in Kume Island and Ishigaki Island, local communities and diving shops displayed strong interest to be a part of the management and monitoring plans. Now, the authors have to move to next step; that is further development of the local networks and capacity buildings. Those two developments are essential for the plan to be established with local communities for long-term site management. For this purpose, authors composed four-step work- �models; this model can be seen as Fig. 6 (Nakanishi and Katagiri 2017, amended by the authors). Fig. 6: Suggested model case: 4 steps and subjects to overcome. (Nakanishi and Katagiri, 2017, amended) For an already identified UCH site, four-step process shall be expected to accomplish a sustainable management plan. First, as Step 1, archaeologists and researchers have to investigate and identify values of the UCH site. It is an essential process because these values display how to manage and protect the sites. Also this value shall be shared with local communities; therefore, values of the sites have to be identified and studied before the following dissemination processes. Also, these archaeological investigation by scholars may take multi-years and can be labor intensive; therefore, collaboration with local diving communities are often very helpful. Moreover, this collaborative efforts between �archaeologists and local diving communities can be a positive first steps of local involvement for the management and monitoring UCH. The second step is capacity building. The capacity building include introduction of UCH to local communities; therefore, providing proper knowledge and methods to protect and manage the sites is essential. For that reason, workshop-style, such as Yarabuoki underwater site, is an effective method to accomplish this step. Additionally, this step may widely expose UCH into the general public; therefore, one of the important tasks for archaeologists is to evaluate preservation condition/status of sites, and its access have to be restricted if it is necessary. In short, it is important for archaeologists and experts to share and disseminate good knowledge and information with the local communities. The third step is ‘risk management’ and ‘establishment’. UCH has been opened to the general public via the processes of the previous step; and it may trigger influx of tourists into the UCH. The main task of this stage is to closely monitor the UCH. To do this correctly and frequently, supports of local diving communities with proper networking shall become essential. On the other hand, the authors hope another potential of UCH; the beginning of new touristic trends by utilizing UCH may generate new values of UCH for local communities. The authors is hoping that practice of UCH site management and monitoring shall be established throughout this step. Final stage, or Step 4, is about ‘sustainability’ by the local communities. It is important for local communities to lead site managements and monitoring operation of UCH. While archaeologists and other experts still be able to support the local communities if necessary, the author strongly �believe that main groups that manage and monitor the UCH have to be local communities. This shifting process may take long time. However the authors also hope that the local communities may become to realize their own values on UHCs throughout their experiences of the management. When the local communities understand values and methods to manage and monitor UCH without helps by archaeologists and experts, ‘sustainability’ of the management will be achieved. To accomplish the Step 4, supports from local authorities, such as Board of Education of a municipal government where is responsible for managing cultural heritages found in the region, is essential. Two main important tasks for them are: to secure and maintain academic values of UCH and keep qualities of its management; to report and register new discoveries of UCH within their jurisdictions. Before closing this paper, the authors want to give special thanks to Coastal Area Capability Project in Southeast Asia (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature), Tokai Project Study ‘Okinawa Underwater Cultural Heritage and Underwater Museum Project’ (Tokai University), and Mitsubishi Foundation, for their supports by funding this research project. References Kan, H., Urata, K., Nagao, M., Hori, N., Fujita, K., Yokoyama, Y., Nakashima, Y., Ohashi, T., Goto, K. and Suzuki, A., 2015, Submerged karst landforms observed by multibeam bathymetric survey in Nagura bay, Ishigaki island, south-western Japan. Geomorphology, Vol. 229: 112124. Katagiri, C. (Ed.), 2009. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (II): Volume on Miyako of Yaeyama. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). �Katagiri, C. (Ed.), 2010. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (III): Site Map Volume. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., 2013. Iron anchors discovered in Nansei islands. In Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Association for Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group and Kagoshima University The Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, (Eds.), The Database of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Promotion of Underwater Archaeology: Nansei Shoto, ARIUA, Fukuoka: 136-141 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Miyagi, H. and Watanabe, M., 2014. Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa: Pieces of History in the Blue (Okinawa No SuichuBunka-Isan: Aoi Umi ni Sizunda Rekishi no Kakera), Borderink, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Yamada, H., Sakihara, T., Nakajima, T., Miyagi, H., Watanabe, Y., 2012. The report of an underwater cultural heritage tour in Kumejima: the project of ‘the museum of underwater cultural heritage’. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Vol. 5: 19-36 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Yamamoto, Y. and Nakanishi, Y., 2014b. Distributional survey of underwater cultural heritage and its experimental presentation in the Ryukyu archipelago, Okinawa, Japan. In H. van Tilburg et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Vol. 2, APCONF 2014, Honolulu: 655-668. Nakanishi, Y. and Katagiri, C., 2017. Okinawa kaiiki deno suichubunkaisan no hozonkatsuyou moderu kouchiku no tameno kokusaihikakukenkyu. The Summary of Research Presentations at the General Assembly of the Japanese Archaeological Association, 83th: 6869 (in Japanese). Nakanishi, Y., Katagiri, C., Tusa, S., Agneto, F. and Selvaggio, P., 2017. A study on the development of underwater cultural heritage management in Sicily, Italy. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Vol.10: 19-42 (in Japanese with English summary). Nakanishi, Y., Tetsu, T. and Ono, R., 2016. Pursuing Sustainable Preservation and Valorisation of Underwater Cultural Heritage: Attempt in �Okinawa to Underwater Site Museum. Poster Session at IKUWA VI, Fremantle. Nogami, T. and Petrella, D., 2007. Report on the visits of Baia underwater park. Kanazawa University Archaeology Department Bulletin, Vol. 59:2631 (in Japanese). Ono, R., Katagiri, C., Sakagami, N., Kan, H., Miyagi, H. and Yamamoto, Y., 2013. Present and future of the underwater cultural heritages in the Yaeyama islands: perspective from the recent research of Yarabuoki. Proceedings of Yaeyama Museum, Vol. 22:20-43 (in Japanese). Ono, R., Katagiri, C., Kan, H., Nagano, N., Nakanishi, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Takemura, F. and Sakagami, N., 2016. Discovery of iron grapnel anchors in early modern Ryukyu and management of underwater cultural heritages in Okinawa, Japan. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 45(1):75-91. Ono, R., Kan, H., Sakagami, N., Nagano, M. and Katagiri, C., 2014. First discovery and mapping of early modern grapnel anchors in Ishigaki island and cultural resource management of underwater cultural heritage in Okinawa. In H. van Tilburg et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd AsiaPacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Vol. 2, APCONF 2014, Honolulu: 983-697. Ryukyu Shinpo (琉球新報), 2013. Moved by underwater cultural heritage: Chinese pottery on the seabed (Suichu isan ni kando, kaitei no chuugoku san toujiki). Ryukyu Shinpo, 10th October 2013 (in Japanese) . Sakagami, N., Li, Y., Yamada, Y., Kawasaki, I., Niki, M., Ono, R. and Ishikawa, S., 2014. Ocean environmental education through ‘monozukuri’ in Ishigaki island. Journal of Japan Society for Engineering Education, Vol. 62(3): 47–52 (in Japanese). Soprintendenza del Mare, 2009. Manutenzione degli itinerari culturali subacquei della soprintendenza del mare: norme di progettazione e fruizione. Assessorato dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, Dipartimento dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, Palermo. Tusa, S., 2009. Research, protection and evaluation of Sicilian and Mediterranean marine cultural heritage. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, Vol. 9(1): 79-98. �Biographies Yumiko Nakanishi is a senior archaeologist working at Cultural Properties Protection Division, Osaka Prefectural Board of Education. She obtained MPhill in Archaeology at Cambridge University in 2001 and is currently a PhD candidate, specializing on heritage management and public archaeology, as well as the final phase of Kofun Period in Kinki region of Japan. She has been involved in projects on underwater cultural heritage in Okinawa area. Her publication includes ‘The Great East Japan Earthquake and Cultural Heritage: Towards an Archaeology of Disaster’, Antiquity, Vol. 87: 258269, ‘Archaeological Administration and Japanese Archaeology’, Japanese Journal of Archaeology, No. 4 (2017): 171-184, and so on. Dr. Rintaro Ono is an Associate Professor of School of Marine Science and Technology at Tokai University, Japan. His research is focused on Maritime Archaeology and Anthropology, and specifically: human maritime adaptation process, human migration into Island Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands, human maritime exploitation history, and maritime trade history. He has been involved in many research projects in Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Palau, and Vanuatu. He has been visiting researcher or collaborator with some national and international laboratories and universities. He is author of more than 50 academic papers, two books, and editor of Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions. (ANU E Press, 2013). �Dr. Norimitsu Sakagami is an Associate Professor of the School of Marine Science and Technology at Tokai University, Japan. He has developed marine robotic systems such as a human-sized underwater robot with manipulators, underwater soil core sampling robot, wave-powered boat and so on. The primary focuses of his research are motion control of marine surface vehicles and underwater vehicles. His major works include ‘Development of an Underwater Robotic Inspection System Using Mechanical Contact’, Journal of Field Robotics, Vol.30(4):624-640, 2013 (co-author) and others. Dr. Hironobu Kan is a Professor in the Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Global Society, Kyushu University, and Director of the Research Center for Coastal Seafloor, Kyushu University, Japan. The primary focus of his current research is Coral Reefs and Coastal Seafloor Geomorphology using Multibeam Bathymetric Echo Sounder and SCUBA Diving Surveys. His recent work includes ‘Submerged karst landforms observed by multibeam bathymetric survey in Nagura bay, Ishigaki island, southwestern Japan’, Geomorphology 229:112-124, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.032). Chiaki Katagiri is a senior archaeologist at Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center. He was born in Nagano Prefecture, Japan in 1976, graduated from Okinawa International University in 1999 majoring in archeology. He is specializing in the anthropology of the islands, carrying out anthropological and archaeological fieldwork throughout Asia. He has been actively engaged in investigation and many research projects of underwater cultural heritage in the Ryukyu Archipelago. He is a co-author of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa: Pieces of History in the Blue or Okinawa No Suichu-BunkaIsan: Aoi Umi ni Sizunda Rekishi no Kakera (Borderink, Naha, 2014). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 6: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Description An account of the resource East Asia is extremely rich in underwater cultural heritage, such as conventional shipwrecks under the sea, submerged settlement sites on the bottoms of inland lakes and rivers, or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones. For instance, the medieval or post-medieval aged wrecks and their cargos have recently been discovered one after another in the waters, or the underwater cultural heritage or seascape of stone tidal weir is a common cultural trait to the Ryukyu archipelago, western Japan, southern Korea, mainland China, and Formosa, which surround the East China Sea or a northern part of the Asian Mediterranean. No East Asian nation has ratified the UNESCO 2001 Convention, partly because it does not exactly correspond with oriental philosophy, it does not properly resolve the controversial issues upon sovereign immunity of warship wrecks, and so forth. Occasionally, the principle of preservation in situ in the convention has not been the first choice as Asian waters have poor water clarity generally. Nevertheless, each country has already moved forward with its own underwater archaeological policies and projects both on governmental and grassroots levels. Some activities are in close cooperation with foreign institutions or universities. In East Asia, document-based historical study or terrestrial archaeology has a long tradition, which has had a noteworthy impact upon underwater archaeology and its methodology. Even in this region as well as in other Pacific areas, contrariwise, the technological advancement in underwater survey has remarkably been made recently; using remote-sensing with satellites, robotics for ROVs or AUVs, or 3D photogrammetry by computer software mitigates or cancels the limitations regarding accessibility and working time caused by underwater environment. The tie between such modern technologies and archaeology has minted new applications and perspectives of underwater cultural heritage study. The multi-disciplinary or holistic approaches are increasingly more and more necessary among Asian researchers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akifumi Iwabuchi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Kotaro Yamafune APPARATUS, LLC, Japan Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Developing the Foundation for Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Starting from Local Involvement: Case Studies in Okinawa Description An account of the resource The Ryukyu Archipelago is well known for its beautiful ocean and coral reefs; and thanks to these beautiful oceans, scuba diving and snorkeling and have become one of the most important activities for its tourist industry of the archipelago. Around the islands, 230 underwater cultural heritage sites were found and identified. In this presentation, the authors shall introduce their attempts and case studies regarding the public engagement of local communities with management of underwater cultural heritage, including providing guidelines for sustainable valorization of the site with local marine sports industry. For Yarabuoki underwater site of Ishigaki Island, there are seven iron grapnel anchors and a cluster of Early Modern Ryukyuwan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). To establish a connection/relationship between the site and the local professional divers, who actually go into the sea and see the site most frequently, the authors provided workshops about UCH and a place where archaeologists and the local professional divers can exchange their opinions. The goal of these activities is to ask professional divers of local communities help to monitor UCH after scientific evaluations led by archaeologists are completed. The Ohajima underwater site is located off the Coast of Kume Island in Okinawa. This site contains a dense distribution of medieval Chinese pottery. Public open-houses were experimentally organized twice for local communities. The Board of education from local communities (for instance, Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities were heavily involved and helped underwater archaeologists and the research team to organize this event. After continuous attempts of public outreach, public awareness and interests for UCH among the local diving communities has increased. More divers have started visiting the sites. However, an increase in public awareness creates another concerns that it exposes the UCH sites into social media such as blogs by visitors, articles on diving magazines, and so on. Henceforth, the next challenge confronting the authors and the local communities regarding these sites are plans to properly monitor those sites and a proposal for a reliable long-term management plans. More importantly, these monitoring and management plans have to involve wide varieties and different type of local communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yumiko Nakanishi Rintaro Ono Norimitsu Sakagami Hironobu Kan Chiaki Katagiri Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Yumiko Nakanishi Rintaro Ono Norimitsu Sakagami Hironobu Kan Chiaki Asia-Pac Session 6 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/ab98b9028ff6033a29cc8ba493b4838a.pdf 4449d3da0d6f136e9acdac64d5d33dad PDF Text Text Development and Implementation of Media Exhibition on Underwater Excavation Sites Yuri Choi (National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, Curator) ABSTRACT This paper’s theme fits the underwater excavation sites into media exhibition and implement of such exhibition. Underwater excavation in Korea has a long history of over 40 years with the start of Sinan shipwreck excavation in 1976 but it is still recognized as an unfamiliar and strange field. The National Maritime Museum has been in operation to improve the public understanding but it has limitation to make the public understand underwater excavation as the exhibition focuses on recovered maritime cultural heritage. Accordingly, exhibition contents were developed for two years from 2021. Basic design started in 2022 and was placed in exhibition room 3 of the National Maritime Museum. The exhibition was designed as immersive. Content introduces digital technology in line with the latest exhibition trend. We included a Sinan shipwreck model, with a similar ratio size to that of the actual site. Unique experience elements were also added. The process started with the classification of underwater excavation process. This exhibition was divided into three spaces: (1) archaeology program ship, which is the starting point of underwater excavation and the last space above water; (2) transfer space to enter the underwater excavation site from the surface; and (3) the space that embodies the underwater excavation site. In order to implement the activities conducted in each space, video content recorded on the underwater excavation site was analyzed and reviewed by those involved in underwater excavation in order to realize characters close to reality. Thanks to the development and implementation of media exhibition on underwater excavation site, audiences are able to feel and experience underwater excavation, which is recognized as strange and unfamiliar field in person. Keywords: underwater excavation, media exhibition List of Figures Figure 1 Mind map of underwater archaeology Figure 2 Interactive exhibitions Figure 3 Immersive video contents of underwater excavation site INTRODUCTION Underwater excavation in Korea has a 40-year history. It began with the excavation of Sinan shipwreck in 1976 but only the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) can conduct underwater excavation in Korea and as the site is located underwater unlike land one, accessibility to the site by the public is significantly low. Therefore, this field is still recognized as strange and unfamiliar except for experts. The NRIMCH operates two exhibition halls in Mokpo in Jeonnam and Taean in Chungnam to promote maritime cultural heritage and most of the exhibitions focus on excavated artifacts. Photos and videos of the sites are being displayed and played in the exhibition space. We recognize limitations in understanding the process of underwater excavations and their artifacts, which have their own characteristics and features. It is hard for non-experts to understand the background. Therefore, it was planned to reshape the exhibition room 3 into the exhibition titled ‘Underwater Excavation in Korea’ in Mokpo Maritime Museum, to promote information on underwater excavation in a more systematic and active way. Preparation was done for two years from 2021 to 2022. Currently the exhibition hall is in operation. In order to turn the underwater excavation into an exhibition, work was done in three broad steps. First, various information on underwater excavation such as theory of underwater excavation and appearance of the site was collected and reviewed. Second, the way to deliver the information most effectively in the exhibition room was reviewed. Third, exhibition items were selected and video and experience content were made to ensure professional information is received in an easy and interesting manner. 1 �This paper contributes as the theme ‘development of underwater excavation process into exhibition and implementation’ session 20 ‘effective delivery of underwater cultural heritage (UCH).’ PLANNING UNDERWATER EXCAVATION EXHIBITION Selection of exhibition content First, various information on underwater excavation such as theory of underwater excavation and appearance of the site was collected and information to be delivered in the exhibition was reviewed. Direction of exhibition was set, mind map to plan content was prepared and raw data on the theme was analyzed to select the exhibition content. Establishing the direction of exhibition The purpose of this exhibition is easy access to the general public of underwater excavation, which is conducted only by the NRIMCH. Therefore, the direction was set to compose an exhibition to make sure that audiences enjoy and understand various information on underwater excavation. Mind map To select exhibition content, it was necessary to organize overall information on the overall process of underwater excavation. To approach it systematically, a mind map was created with the definition of underwater archaeology, classification, history of development, process, equipment of underwater excavation, UCH and overseas cases centering around underwater archaeology. Figure 1. Mind map of underwater archaeology 2 �Collection of raw data Collection and analysis of raw data were conducted based on the mind map. The data on the definition and characteristics of underwater archaeology, applicable laws, factors that hamper UCH, other basic matters of underwater archaeology, global history of underwater excavation, underwater excavation process and cases of similar organizations (overseas) was collected and organized. Selection of exhibition content As it is not possible to include all information on underwater excavation, the information that is representative and essential and audience interest was selected as exhibition content. Along with providing basic information on underwater excavation, equipment used in actual sites such as wet suits and exploration equipment were introduced, and contents for experiencing underwater excavation sites were selected. 1. Basic information In order to make the public understand underwater excavation, it is necessary to provide basic information. The start and history of underwater excavation, current state of underwater excavation in Korea and underwater excavation process are the most essential information. The minimum information is organized in an easy way. 2. Equipment used on site Introduction on suit and equipment used on site was necessary. It was decided to give the realistic feeling of the site by displaying the outfit and excavation equipment used on site as they are not easy to see in daily lives. Excavation devices are expensive and it is difficult to purchase, so equipment not used anymore was selected for exhibition. It was decided to display Global Positioning System (GPS) that confirms the location of underwater excavation, Side Scan Sonar, which is a representative equipment for underwater exploration, and Sub-Bottom Profiler that can identify underwater strata and anomalies and Underwater Photography Equipment to make record of excavation site. It was also decided to give more realistic feeling by reproducing the actual site such as excavated artifacts and excavation grid. 3. Reproduction of the underwater excavation site The exhibition begins with the control room of an archaeology program ship. In professional practice this is often limited to a number of people within limited period for various reasons such as safety and security. Underwater sites are generally inaccessible to the general public so it was determined to compose the exhibition to make sure that people can experience underwater excavation from the control room. Composition of underwater excavation exhibition Exhibition was organized to show the selected exhibition content most effectively. It attempted to improve the immersion of indirect experience by showing the information such as history at the beginning, organizing items in the order of time and space allowed audience to understand underwater excavation easily. The exhibition is composed of three parts. The first part deals with the start and development of underwater excavation in Korea. The second part handles underwater exploration and excavation and the third part deals with underwater shipwreck excavation site. Start and development of underwater excavation in Korea In ‘Part 1. Start and development of underwater excavation in Korea’ is composed of information starting with the pledge to protect UCH made before starting underwater excavation, history of underwater excavation, current state of underwater excavation in Korea, and experience of control room in archaeology program ship. This shows the history and present of the underwater excavation and indirect experience of the archaeology program ship. 3 �Underwater exploration and excavation In ‘Part 2. Underwater exploration and excavation’, exhibition is composed of the introduction of underwater exploration devices, introduction and experience of wet suit and process of underwater excavation. People have a chance to see and experience the outfit and exploration equipment used in the excavation. Underwater shipwreck excavation site In ‘Part 3. Underwater shipwreck excavation site’, it is attempted to reproduce the excavation site as much as possible in the exhibition space to provide realistic experience of visiting the excavation site to the audience. The excavation site was reproduced close to the actual size, and the exhibition space was filled with realistic images and the excavation process, so that the underwater scene could be vividly experienced. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MEDIA EXHIBITION Review on media exhibition method and planning Recently, exhibition methods have been diversified to give more realistic experience along with the advancement of media. Unlike existing exhibition based on one-way communication, the trend is to utilize interactive exhibition where audience participate in the exhibition directly. This exhibition is intended to introduce various media exhibition techniques based on the site where underwater excavation is conducted to make the audience understand underwater excavation in an easy and fun way. The media exhibition techniques introduced to this exhibition are as follows. Interactive exhibition with engagement of audience Instead of making the audience accept the information on underwater excavation that could be hard or boring, the exhibition was designed to make the audiences select and accept the information they want. For the history of underwater excavation and underwater excavation process, media wall was utilized and digital archive utilizing media table provide detailed information on the status of underwater excavation. Media wall (excavation process) Figure 2. Interactive exhibitions Digital archive (excavation archive) Immersive video to give more realistic feeling on the site The four sides of the exhibition space were filled with immersive video, which is used frequently in recent exhibitions to give more vivid and realistic feeling on the excavation site. Three kinds of videos were developed: place above the sea, entering into the sea, and activities in underwater excavation site. In addition, it was designed to be more immersive by installing the model shipwreck with similar ratio 4 �size of the Sinan site. Development and implementation of immersive video content A series of underwater excavation processes were produced as immersive images. In order to realize underwater excavation as a video, video content recorded on the underwater excavation site were analyzed and reviewed by experts to implement the characters closest to the actual site. However, it was hard to produce image on the west sea of Korea as it was hard to secure visibility due to water’s high turbidity, so video was produced based on the excavation environment of Shinchang-ri, Jeju. Analysis on the work of underwater excavation site The basic background and characters of the three immersive videos were made to have unity. The basic characters of divers and sailors were set based on the clothes and equipment worn in the field, and all elements inserted into the video, such as probes, exploration equipment, marine plants and creatures, were produced based on facts. Control room in archaeology program ship The video on the control room of archaeology program ship was created from imagery through the window of the control room and landscape of the sea. In addition, monitor images of exploration equipment such as side scan sonar and scanning sonar are on top of the basic image, and images communicating with the underwater site can be played with by visitors, so that they can experience the role of the control room. Images of the actual excavation site are also displayed with buttons. It is configured so that you can check it by pressing. The video on communication with underwater site was made with four themes of diving, discovery of artifacts, problem and ascending, which may occur on the underwater excavation site. Transfer space into the sea A video of diving into the sea was prepared to heighten the expectations of the visitors, and to smooth the connection between the control room on the sea and the underwater excavation site. The video was designed to show the start of diving into the sea from the above the sea and connect the scene to the excavation site. Underwater excavation site The underwater excavation site was prepared as the most important space for the exhibition. The audience can feel they are in the sea. Divers show each underwater excavation process introduced in the previous exhibition space and exploration equipment introduced with actual equipment used is also seen in the video. By installing a model that reproduces the excavation site people can have more realistic experience and have experience in artifacts excavation indirectly. Control room for underwater Transfer space into the sea excavation Figure 3. Immersive video contents of underwater excavation site 5 Underwater excavation site �CONCLUSIONS This exhibition was planned to give indirect experience in underwater excavation to improve the understanding on the maritime cultural heritage of the audience. Various data on underwater excavation was collected and the data was used to develop media exhibition in an easy to understand and fun way to meet the needs of the audience. Making underwater excavation video has been tried continuously but with the development of media production technology, audiences have higher expectation. This exhibition tries to deliver the circumstances of excavation site as objectively as possible. The exhibition was designed to give a realistic feeling about the underwater excavation site. It is also designed to give more realistic and lively feeling by including a correct ratio shipwreck model together with excavation experience. I hope this exhibition serves as an opportunity for the audience who once use to feel underwater excavation difficult and unfamiliar, to now understand the subject in an easy and fun way. Bibliography NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 1 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 20. Mokpo: MRIMCH, 2010 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 2 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 22. Mokpo: NRIMCH: Mokpo, 2011 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No. 3 Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 27. Mokpo: The NRIMCH, 2012 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Waters off the Jindo Myeongnyangdaecheop-ro [Ave.] Underwater Excavation I, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 39. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2015 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Underwater Archaeology in Korea. Seoul: GongMyeong, 2018 (In Korean). Nautical Archaeology Society. Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 20: Effective Ways to Deliver Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Session 20 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 20 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development and Implementation of Media Exhibition on Underwater Excavation Sites Description An account of the resource This paper’s theme fits the underwater excavation sites into media exhibition and implement of such exhibition. Underwater excavation in Korea has a long history of over 40 years with the start of Sinan shipwreck excavation in 1976 but it is still recognized as an unfamiliar and strange field. The National Maritime Museum has been in operation to improve the public understanding but it has limitation to make the public understand underwater excavation as the exhibition focuses on recovered maritime cultural heritage. Accordingly, exhibition contents were developed for two years from 2021. Basic design started in 2022 and was placed in exhibition room 3 of the National Maritime Museum. The exhibition was designed as immersive. Content introduces digital technology in line with the latest exhibition trend. We included a Sinan shipwreck model, with a similar ratio size to that of the actual site. Unique experience elements were also added. The process started with the classification of underwater excavation process. This exhibition was divided into three spaces: (1) archaeology program ship, which is the starting point of underwater excavation and the last space above water; (2) transfer space to enter the underwater excavation site from the surface; and (3) the space that embodies the underwater excavation site. In order to implement the activities conducted in each space, video content recorded on the underwater excavation site was analyzed and reviewed by those involved in underwater excavation in order to realize characters close to reality. Thanks to the development and implementation of media exhibition on underwater excavation site, audiences are able to feel and experience underwater excavation, which is recognized as strange and unfamiliar field in person. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yuri Choi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Choi, Yuri . 2023. “Development and Implementation of Media Exhibition on Underwater Excavation Sites.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1970 Asia-Pac Session 20 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1bcda376a910a9e09dd68952d56563fc.pdf eb8bdf725bebbacf088e37cf8c3023bb PDF Text Text Development and State of Research on Conservation Treatment of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea Bo-hyun Lee (Conservation Science Research Curator, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT Conservation treatment of large waterlogged wooden historic ships improved gradually as historic ships were excavated one after another. After 40 years, exhibition halls and conservation treatment centers have been established and in operation in Mokpo and Taean. Taean is equipped with Asia's largest vacuum freezer and Mokpo conservation treatment place with a long history is being transformed into a new conservation treatment center. In addition, the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, which has Korea's only underwater cultural heritage conservation and treatment facility, has been publishing treatment reports and guidelines for many years. However, as the acidic aging was discovered on the Sinan shipwreck like the Vasa and Mary Rose, it has become an issue and various studies were conducted to identify the cause and treatment method accordingly. It is unreasonable to apply the results of test pieces in the laboratory directly to the entire Sinan shipwreck, which was restored and displayed at the exhibition hall. Therefore, it is planned to conduct a partial test gradually to find a method that can handle exhibition and treatment at the same time. Keywords: underwater cultural heritage, conservation treatment, research status, challenges List of Tables Table 1. State of conservation treatment of historic ships recovered from underwater (as of May 2023) Table 2. List of publications on conservation of underwater cultural heritage INTRODUCTION This study deals with overall matters related to the conservation treatment of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in Korea which started in 1976. The research was partially addressed in Conservation Treatment of Historic Ships Collected from the Sea published by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) in 2021. This study intends to deal with the current state of research on conservation science of UCH in Korea in detail from more various perspectives. In addition, this study intends to highlight the current research projects and future tasks. We will examine the process of development before touching upon the current state of conservation science of UCH in Korea. DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION TREATMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE IN KOREA Conservation treatment of UCH in Korea began with the excavation of the Sinan shipwreck in 1976. However, excavation of the Sinan shipwreck which started in the sea, a special environment, presented many challenges from the beginning. There was no infrastructure to speak of such as professionals, budget and treatment facility and there was a big problem of how to treat super-large wooden historic ships. At that time conservation treatment technology of Japan was more advanced than that of Korea but the conservation treatment technology for wooden historic ships in East Asia was not comparable to that of Europe. Accordingly, Korea started direct exchanges with museums in many parts of Europe including Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and the UK in order to learn Europe’s historic ship conservation treatment method and restoration technology in 1983. Korea dispatched domestic experts to international courses for wooden cultural heritage conservation sponsored by UNESCO and ICCROM and started forming academic exchanges. Thanks to this, the current state of wooden 1 �historic ships in Europe and various treatment methods became widely known in Korea. In the 1990s, the waterlogged wooden conservation treatment area took its root firmly in Korea’s cultural heritage conservation science. In addition, PEG-2 step treatment method was applied to the Sinan shipwreck through joint basic experiment and research conducted together with the German Maritime Museum. PEG-2 step is a method of impregnating a low-molecular PEG400 solution at a low concentration, and then heating the high-molecular solid PEG4000 at 40-45 °C and impregnating it to a high concentration (Kim Ik-joo 2004, 68-69). This method still works for submerged shipwrecks. Table 1. State of conservation treatment of historic ships recovered from underwater (as of May 2023) No. Name Size (length x width (m)) / No. of pieces Treatment method Date of treatment period Treatment status Location 1 Sinan shipwreck 34 x 11 / 1, 729 pieces 1981-2004 Exhibition Mokpo Museum 2 Wando shipwreck 9 x 3.5 / 1, 81 pieces 1984-1998 Exhibition Mokpo Museum 3 Dalido shipwreck 10.5 x 2.7 / 1, 33 pieces Jul. 1995- Dec. 2009 Exhibition Mokpo Museum 4 Sipyidongpado shipwreck 7 x 2.5 / 1, 14 pieces 2004-2016 Exhibition Mokpo Museum 5 Jindo shipwreck 16.8 x 2.3 / 1, 2 pieces Jun. 1992-present Dried Mokpo Conservation Center 6 Anjwado shipwreck 14.7 x 4.5 / 1, 39 pieces Aug. 2005-present Dried Mokpo Conservation Center 7 Daebudo shipwreck 6.6 x 1.4 / 1, 7 pieces Dec. 2006-present Dried Mokpo Conservation Center 8 Taean shipwreck 8.2 x 1.5 / 1, 7 pieces May 2008-present Reinforced (70%) Taean Conservation Center 9 Mado no. 1 shipwreck 10.8 x 3.7 / 1, 40 pieces Oct. 2009-present Reinforced (70%) Taean Conservation Center 10 Mado no. 2 shipwreck 12.8 x 5 / 1, 41 pieces - Oct. 2010-present Desalinated Taean Conservation Center 11 Mado no. 3 shipwreck 12 x 8 / 1, 21 pieces - - Conserved on site - 12 Yeongheungdo shipwreck 6 x 1.5 / 1, 3 pieces - Jul. 2013-present Desalinated Mokpo Conservation Center 13 Mado no. 4 12 x 5 / 1, 22 pieces - - Conserved on site - 14 Daebudo shipwreck no. 2 9.2 x 2.9 / 1, 50 pieces - Jul. 2015-present Desalinated Mokpo Conservation Center 15 Jebudo shipwreck no. 1 9.2 x 2.9 - - Conserved on site - 16 Jebudo shipwreck no. 2 9.2 x 2.9 - - Conserved on site - shipwreck PEG 2-Step method (400/4000) 2 �The Sinan shipwreck was unveiled in 2004 after 18 years of conservation treatment and 10 years of hull restoration. After excavation of Sinan shipwreck, historic ships were discovered one after another in the West Sea of Korea, including Wando shipwreck (1984), Jindo Pyokpari Tongnamu Pae (1992), Dalido shipwreck (1995), Sipyidongpado shipwreck (2004), Anjwado shipwreck (2005), Daebudo shipwreck (2006), Taean shipwreck (2008), Mado shipwreck no. 1 (2009), Mado shipwreck no. 2 (2010), Mado shipwreck no. 3 (2011), Yeongheungdo shipwreck (2013), Mado shipwreck no. 4 (2014), Daebudo shipwreck no. 2 (2015), Jebudo shipwreck no. 1 (2016) and Jebudo shipwreck no. 2 (2016). Table 1 summarizes where these ships have been treated for conservation or in the process of conservation treatment, while some are conserved on site. As historic ships have been excavated continuously, Korea’s underwater archeology and conservation treatment technology of historic ships have grown remarkably. The conservation treatment infrastructure, organization and budget have become one of the top in Asia. The NRIMCH, which started in Mokpo Conservation Center in 1982, is now operating museums in Mokpo (Jeollanam-do) and Taean (Chungcheongnam-do) respectively and has its own conservation treatment facility. Mokpo conservation center, which started with two employees about 42 years ago, has now ten employees in Mokpo and five in Taean. Taean conservation center has installed and run test operation of Asia's largest vacuum freezer. CURRENT STATE OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE FOR UCH IN KOREA Cultural heritage excavated from water is very diverse in materials such as metal, ceramics, wood, and stone. Various kinds of artifacts are excavated from ships as ships are a carrier of transport goods, which contains living space on the ship. Therefore, conservation methods should be applied differently depending on materials. Korea has already prepared guidelines on conservation treatment by material with dividing artifacts into those excavated from land and those from underwater and has treated them by referring to these guidelines. Recovered Artifacts so far are mainly made of wood (hull components, etc.) and ceramics (transport goods), so the proportion of conservation treatment for historic ships and ceramics is high. Out of 50,762 artifacts excavated, 47,036 pieces are ceramics, accounting for more than 93 per cent. In addition, all five pieces which are nationally designated cultural property and in possession are ceramics. Natural scientific analysis of ceramics excavated from the sea began in earnest in the early 2000s. Depending on the excavation site and function, various analyzes have been conducted, such as the base soil, firing temperature, minor components, and estimation of the production site. Starting from this year, research is being conducted to scientifically reveal the relationship between the production and the consumption areas, and the correlation between the times and materials based on the existing research results. 3 �Table 2. List of publications on conservation of UCH Major content No . Title Date 1 Guideline on Conservation Treatment of Artifacts Excavated from Underwater 2013 A guideline on conservation treatment of artifacts excavated from underwater including treatment cases. 2 Conservation Manual of Maritime Archaeological Objects in Korea 2014 English version of the guideline on conservation treatment of artifacts excavated from underwater, introducing how to treat wooden artifacts, ceramics and metal artifacts. 3 Conservation Treatment of Ceramics Excavated from Underwater 2020 Classifying pottery which was excavated the largest in volume into pottery, celadon and white porcelain and reporting treatment methods and cases. 4 Conservation Treatment of historic Ships Excavated from Underwater 2021 Containing the process of conservation treatment for Sinan shipwreck, Wando shipwreck, Jindo shipwreck, Dalido shipwreck and Sipyidongpado shipwreck and natural scientific analysis details. 5 Comprehensive Report on Sinan Ship Conservation Project 2022 Summarizing the research on analysis on aging of Sinan shipwreck and conservation treatment method comprehensively. Cover ISSUES REGARDING CONSERVATION SCIENCE OF UCH IN KOREA Korea's historic ship conservation treatment can be divided into two fields. First, conservation treatment of waterlogged wood using PEG and infrastructure. Second, neutralization treatment of acidic aging that occurs in historic ships treated with PEG. First, the conservation of waterlogged wood with PEG is to treat the wood using PEG-2 step method as mentioned earlier. Reinforcement treatment is done with PEG 400-PEG 4000 and not vacuum lyophilization but control drying is done for conservation. Taean conservation treatment room is equipped with the latest vacuum lyophilizer that can treat 10 m. The Mokpo Conservation Center needs facility replacement as it was established in 1981. Conservation treatment of waterlogged wood using PEG and infrastructure The hull varies in length from about 2 m to 10 m for each member and a specially designed tank is required for reinforcement treatment. The tank should be made of stainless steel with strong corrosion resistance, and a heat source (boiler hot water and electric coil) and temperature sensor should be attached to maintain a constant temperature. In addition, in order to mix the high molecular weight 4 �PEG well, a solution circulation pump facility that can exchange the upper and lower solutions is required. Moreover, boiler, expansion tank, and hot water pipe facilities should be in place in the boiler room upon heating treatment using boiler hot water. Assuming that the hull members are 5-6 m long, 0.1 m thick, and 0.5 m wide, the weight usually reaches 300 kg. Hoists, cranes, and lifts that can lift and move these members safely and easily are essential. Therefore, in order to conserve and treat large-sized timbers such as hulls, a large-scale processing facility should be established. The NRIMCH started seismic construction of PEG reinforcement treatment in 2022, and planned PEG reinforcement treatment internal construction (water drainage, piping, electricity, etc.) and tank (10 m x 1 m x 1 m * 1 unit, 6 m x 1 m x 1 m * 6 units), desalination treatment room improvement in 2025 and drying treatment room improvement in 2026. Acidic aging of historic ships treated with PEG Acidic aging is caused by the presence of iron compounds in wood and prolonged exposure, and the same phenomenon has already appeared in foreign ships such as Vasa, Mary Rose, and Batavia, and efforts have been made to solve this problem. The Sinan shipwreck experienced acidic aging since 2010 and various methods were tried inside and outside the laboratory to solve the problem. Constant temperature and humidity monitoring has been conducted to secure raw data and the aging condition of the hull has been recorded with 3D scanning using 3D digital methods. After that, surface contaminants were removed through dry cleaning, and a deterioration map was also prepared to compare changes in surface conditions. Integrated Pest Management is being implemented to prevent harmful organisms in exhibition halls and storage areas and to establish a stable conservation environment. Various acidic aging treatment experiments were conducted in the laboratory and the Comprehensive Report on Sinan Ship Conservation Project that contains the results of experiments was recently released. This experiment is the result of the experiment on a test piece carried out in the laboratory, but it is difficult to practically apply chemical treatment to the 924 m2 exhibition room. Therefore, the Heritage Science Team of the NRIMCH plans to expand the treatment area in the future, starting with a direct spot test on the Sinan shipwreck, which was exhibited from this year. Our future task will be how to open the exhibition site to the audience safely as the conservation treatment is underway in the exhibition hall. Acknowledgements I would like to thank organizers and committee members for making a decision for Korea to host APConf 2023. I would also like to express my gratitude to my seniors and colleagues who have worked hard for conservation science at the NRIMCH. Bibliography Kim, Ik-Joo. “Conservation of Waterlogged Ancient Ship in Korea.” The Conservation and Restoration of Shinan Ship, the 20 Years History (2004): 58-71 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Conservation Manual of Maritime Archaeological Objects in Korea, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 31. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2013 (In Korean). NRIMCH. The Conservation of Ceramics Excavated from Underwater, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 61. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2020 (In Korean). NRIMCH. The Conservation of Shipwrecks Excavated from Underwater, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 63. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2021 (In Korean). NRIMCH. The Comprehensive Report on Conservation Project of Sinan Shipwreck, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 74. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2022 (In Korean). 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 14: Conservation Treatment of Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Session 14 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 14 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development and State of Research on Conservation Treatment of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea Description An account of the resource Conservation treatment of large waterlogged wooden historic ships improved gradually as historic ships were excavated one after another. After 40 years, exhibition halls and conservation treatment centers have been established and in operation in Mokpo and Taean. Taean is equipped with Asia's largest vacuum freezer and Mokpo conservation treatment place with a long history is being transformed into a new conservation treatment center. In addition, the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, which has Korea's only underwater cultural heritage conservation and treatment facility, has been publishing treatment reports and guidelines for many years. However, as the acidic aging was discovered on the Sinan shipwreck like the Vasa and Mary Rose, it has become an issue and various studies were conducted to identify the cause and treatment method accordingly. It is unreasonable to apply the results of test pieces in the laboratory directly to the entire Sinan shipwreck, which was restored and displayed at the exhibition hall. Therefore, it is planned to conduct a partial test gradually to find a method that can handle exhibition and treatment at the same time. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bo-hyun Lee Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Lee, Bo-hyun. 2023. “Development and State of Research on Conservation Treatment of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1961 Asia-Pac Session 14 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/cca90867dabc8b0985aaad9996064734.pdf e4b8e631ae3e447dbebe1ce5ba597037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 13: Modern Trends and Applications of Maritime Archaeology Subject The topic of the resource Session 13 paper Description An account of the resource Abstract While it is important to discuss local and regional aspects of Maritime Archaeology, this session offers an opportunity to discuss the wider scope of the discipline by showing how other scholars, historians, curators, and agencies are using innovative technologies and theoretical concepts to develop new and exciting positions in the field. This session will host presenters from other regions of the world to present how they are using new trends and applications to further their scholarship, and will offer an opportunity to discuss and collaborate with regional representatives who may not have been previously aware of the work being done elsewhere. Papers on novel concepts of Theory, Scientific Analysis, Excavation, Public Outreach, Policy and Anthropology will be considered. Session Organizer: Brian Fahy Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of Image Distortion Correction Software for Underwater Photographs Description An account of the resource A large quantity of various still and video images are generated in underwater archeological sites and research labs for record keeping and dimensional analysis. A variety of image capturing devices including underwater cameras are used. It is well known that underwater photographs are distorted due to the difference in refractive indices of air and (fresh or salt) water. Due to the lack of convenient image processing software capable of underwater image distortion correction, distorted photographic images are frequently used in various reports. We have conducted experimental studies on underwater photographic distortion as a function of geometry and distance between the window separating (clear or salt) water and a camera. Based on the simulating experimental photographing results, we developed distortion correction (compensation) algorithm for underwater photographic images. The newly developed function is added to the unified image processing software (PicMan from WaferMasters, Inc.) for convenient usage in underwater archaeological sites with ordinary notebook PCs. The unified image processing software, PicMan, can support various digital image formats (such as BMP, JPG, PNG, GIF, TIF, DM3, MOV, MP4, AVI, WMV etc.). In this paper, a newly added function for underwater image distortion correction (compensation) to the unified image processing software will be introduced. It will be demonstrated using a few digital photographic images from a laboratory simulating underwater conditions and underwater archaeological studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Woo Sik Yoo Kitaek Kang Yeongsik Yoo Young-Hwa Jung Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Yoo, Woo Sik, Kitaek Kang, Yeongsik Yoo, and Young-Hwa Jung. 2021. “Development of Image Distortion Correction Software for Underwater Photographs.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/697 Asia-Pac Session 13 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/da4601c647dd5db7bf4ceca51c412542.pdf 3df9243455527140ce0a95af4d2450d8 PDF Text Text Development of Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration: The Case of the Destroyer Warabi, Which Sank in the Mihonoseki Incident Masami Sannoh1 (m_sannoh@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp) Keitaro Ohara3, 4 (keitaro230@outlook.jp) Kotaro Yamafune1, 5 (apparatus.japan@gmail.com) Yasumasa Ichikawa1, 2 (ichikawa@world-scan-project.com) Ryohei Uetaki1, 2 (uetaki@world-scan-project.com) Hayate Kimura1 (kimura.hayate.275@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp) Masaya Katagiri2 (masaya.katagiri@world-scan-project.com) Takashi Kitsuda6 (T-kitsuda@hydro-sys.com) Tomoyuki Nishio7 (nishio@asahic.co.jp) Toshiyuki Ohara3 (toshi.seamaster@gmail.com) Hironobu Kan1 (kan@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp) 1 Kyushu University, 2World Scan Project, Inc., 3Houki Cultural Research Society, 4Shimane University, 5Apparatus LLC, 6Hydro Systems Development, Inc., 7Asahi Consultant Co. ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract is most appropriate for this Session 1, as it deals with the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). The case study will be based on the discovery and digital recording of the warship destroyer Warabi, which sank in 1927 in the Sea of Japan and has since been lost. We use state of the art technology at depths between 95m and 180m. Resources available for the work include multibeam acoustic sounding and photography using ROVs, and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. The research questions are developed out of the identification and condition of UCH at great depths, as difficult and not well documented or conserved. The results will contribute significantly to the development of research methods in underwater archaeology. INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper fits best into this Session 1 because it is about the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). Although this study is about archiving underwater war sites, the methodology can be adapted to UCH generally. CASE STUDIES The research focuses on the case study of the Japanese destroyer Warabi, which sank in the Sea of Japan in 1927 and has been missing ever since. Using cutting-edge technology, the research team located and digitally recorded the wreck of the Warabi at a depth of 95 to 180 metres (m) on the seabed. Warabi was a destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which was involved in a multiple collision later known as the Mihonoseki Incident, in which a total of 119 people were killed or missing. This accident was influenced by the Washington Naval Treaty. To compensate for the numerical disadvantage, the Imperial Japanese Navy conducted a night exercise at Mihonoseki on 24 August 1927. The ships sailed under cover of darkness with all lights out. They navigated at extremely close range. This created a very dangerous situation. In addition, a combination of factors led to collisions between the light cruiser Jintsu and the destroyer Warabi. Along with collisions between the light cruiser Naka and the destroyer Ashi. Jintsu and Naka suffered significant damage to their bow sections, while Ashi lost part of her stern but managed to avoid sinking. However, Jintsu's oblique collision split Warabi's hull in two and she sank. Immediately after the sinking, both the Navy and residents conducted search operations around the presumed location where Warabi sank, but only 22 people were rescued, and most of the crew remained missing and presumed dead. 1 �Over 90 years have passed since the incident, and although there are some records of where the Warabi sank, its exact whereabouts remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the sinking of the Warabi. RESOURCES The resources available to carry out this research were bathymetry multibeam sonar, photogrammetry using ROV imagery and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. There are several oral histories that report locations of the sinking of the Warabi, but after organizing the existing records and information from local fishermen, it was narrowed down to four locations. One of these four locations, although shallower than the recorded depths, was known to local fishermen as ‘Gunkan (Warship). Warabi was used as a fishing reef. It was known there was an object on the seabed. In order to obtain accurate position measurements and understand its shape, a bathymetric survey using multibeam sonar was conducted in May 2020. The multibeam sonar Teledyne Reson Seabat T50P with a frequency range of 190-420 kilohertz (kHz) was used with a maximum swath angle of 165 degrees, and beam width of 0.5-1 degrees (using 400 kHz) at 512 beams. In addition, an SBG NvSight Apogee inertial navigation system and a Teledyne Reson SVP70 real-time sound velocity profiler were used. The survey area was approximately 1.5×1.5 kilometres around the fishing reef points. The results of the multibeam survey showed a location with an elevation at a depth of approximately 96m on the seabed, with a length of approximately 54m, a height of 5.4m and a maximum width of 8.3m. The shape was similar to that of a ship, but asymmetrical at the front and back. A search was conducted within a radius of approximately 600m from this location, but no other seabed elevations were found. In order to investigate the nature of the uplift, underwater filming was carried out in September 2020 using an ROV (CHASING M2) at the locations obtained from the multibeam survey. For this investigation, a filming device called MURAKUMO, which could be installed on the ROV, was developed and deployed. Following the ROV survey, it was determined the mass at the survey site was the wreckage of an iron sunken ship. The shipwreck was covered in numerous fishing nets and most of the structures on the deck had collapsed, with the hull partially punctured. The shape of the bow was well preserved and had the characteristic "spoon bow", which is also a feature of the destroyer Warabi. The shape suggested that it was probably the forward part of Warabi's hull, although the aft part was not found in the vicinity. The location where the sunken ship, believed to be the forward section of the Warabi's hull, was discovered was approximately 15km from the previously recorded sinking area, based on historical records. While the Warabi is believed to have sunk rapidly, it is now possible that the forward section did not sink at the collision point, but drifted and sank at its present location. To confirm the existence of the stern section of the Warabi, a new survey using multibeam sonar and ROV was conducted in July 2021 in an area known by some fishermen as 'Gunkan-ba’ (warship area), where there were occasional sonar responses. The water depth in this area was 180m, twice as deep as the previous survey area. Firstly, a multibeam sonar survey was carried out over an area of 2.5×2.5 km using the same equipment as the previous year (Seabat T50P). This identified detailed areas of significant uplift and showed that what was previously thought to be a single uplift consisted of three larger uplifts and several smaller ones. The length of the Warabi bow was measured using multibeam data from the previous year and the length of the Warabi aft was estimated. Among several topographic rises. A rise that appeared to be close to the shape of Warabi was selected and surveyed by ROV. As the water depth in this area was 180 m and the ROV and filming accessories used in the previous year's survey could not be used 2 �because they exceeded the pressure-resistant limit, an underwater drone, BlueROV2 manufactured by Blue Robotics, was used and a newly developed filming device, MURAKUMO, was mounted. The ROV survey confirmed cylindrical structures similar to the third turret of the Warabi, portholes and torpedo launchers. In addition, as the hull was destroyed in the middle, leaving only the aft section, it was determined that it was most likely the destroyer Warabi. Based on a large amount of photographic data taken by the MURAKUMO photographic device mounted on the ROV, photogrammetric 3D data of the front and aft parts of the Warabi hull were created. Analysis this 3D data indicates the hull shape of the front and aft sections together closely resembles that of the destroyer Warabi. This is consistent with the fact the destroyer Warabi was broken up and sunk in a collision with the light cruiser Jintsu. The aft of Warabi immediately sank to the seabed and the bow drifted approximately 15 km below the sea surface it its present location. Considering that the front section drifted 15 km, the presence of multiple potential sinking sites may indicate the wreckage of the destroyed ship is scattered and submerged in various areas. FRAMEWORK The aim of the research is to identify, evaluate and archive UCH at great depths. As water depth increases, visibility and the influence of currents become challenging factors. The use of ROVs requires their location and managing cables. In addition, reaching the target objects and performing photogrammetry in such environments is extremely challenging. In this survey, by successfully locating the Warabi and achieving its 3D reconstruction through photogrammetry, it has been possible to pinpoint the collision site, locate and record Warabi's hull and identify other UCH. RESULTS The research methodology used in this study provides an efficient and highly accurate approach to the acquisition and documentation of detailed seafloor maps and the archiving of UCH. The use of 3D data allows for high-resolution and accurate representations, making a significant contribution to future research on UCH. ACKOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to Captain Akira Ohara of the JOY MARINE, who provided the research vessel and contributed to the discovery of Warabi with exceptional navigational skills. We would also like to thank the members of the Mihonoseki Incident Memorial Association for their generous information and cooperation in the investigation. We are truly grateful for their assistance. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP 16H06309 and JP 21K00991. 3 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration: The Case of the Destroyer Warabi, Which Sank in the Mihonoseki Incident Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract is most appropriate for this Session 1, as it deals with the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). The case study will be based on the discovery and digital recording of the warship destroyer Warabi, which sank in 1927 in the Sea of Japan and has since been lost. We use state of the art technology at depths between 95m and 180m. Resources available for the work include multibeam acoustic sounding and photography using ROVs, and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. The research questions are developed out of the identification and condition of UCH at great depths, as difficult and not well documented or conserved. The results will contribute significantly to the development of research methods in underwater archaeology. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Masami Sannoh Keitaro Ohara Kotaro Yamafune Yasumasa Ichikawa Ryohei Uetaki Hayate Kimura Masaya Katagiri Takashi Kitsuda Tomoyuki Nishio Toshiyuki Ohara Hironobu Kan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Sannoh, Masami. 2023. “Development of methods for underwater cultural heritage exploration. ―The case of the destroyer Warabi, which sank in the Mihonoseki Incident.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1887 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f5710969a8340f73875e222544732b7f.pdf f11479bd2215048ddf6d8c0092d6cb0c PDF Text Text Development of Small Autonomous Surface Vehicle Design for Underwater Cultural Heritage Jun Seok (Research Institute of Medium&small Shipbuilding, Senior researcher) and Jae-Hyung Jo (Research Institute of Medium&small Shipbuilding, Senior researcher) ABSTRACT As part of research on unmanned exploration equipment, we conducted a study related to the development of a small autonomous surface vehicle for exploring underwater heritage in areas that are difficult to access by ship. In order to develop an autonomous surface vehicle, initial conceptual design was performed by examining the constraints of the vehicle, and the hull foam was developed based on the results of the conceptual design. In addition, the developed hull foam was used to estimate the resistance and motion performance using numerical simulation methods, and the thrusters and related equipment were selected based on this. Keywords: Autonomous surface vehicle, Hull foam, Underwater exploration List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 U-shape hull foam of autonomous surface vehicle Figure 2 GZ curve at draft 0.37m Figure 3 Results motion analysis at 2 knots Figure 4 Results motion analysis at 4 knots Figure 5 Results of resistance performance from 2 knots to 5 knots Table 1 Results of static stability Table 2 Results of resistance simulation 1. INTRODUCTION In general, underwater surveys are conducted using ships, and in areas that are difficult to access by ship small boats such as rubber boats are used to conduct underwater surveys. However, there are many cases where surveys cannot be carried out in these areas due to the possibility of problems with the operation of the boat and the safety of the surveyors. In the field of marine survey, various equipment is being developed to conduct surveys in the nearshore and shallow water area where such surveys are difficult. In particular, in recent years, unmanned exploration equipment has been developed by applying rapidly developing ICT technologies such as the 4th Industrial Revolution and 5G technology. In the case of underwater artefacts, they are mainly excavated in shallow coastal environments rather than in deeper waters (> 110 m depth), so precision exploration at shallow water depths can increase the probability of discovering underwater artefacts. In addition, if an unmanned autonomous surface vehicle for underwater cultural property investigation is developed, it may be more efficient than the current manpower-dependent exploration method. Therefore, as a first in developing this new technology, this research program conducted a study related to optimal hull design and development of 3m-sized unmanned surface vehicle as a fundamental study for the development of small surface autonomous vehicles that can be used in coastal areas to increase the efficiency of exploration of underwater cultural heritage. 1 �2. HULL FOAM Typically, a small boat has a V-shape hull to improve resistance performance, however the autonomous surface vehicle developed in this study has a maximum speed of four knots, which is similar to the Froude number of a merchant ship. In addition, as we need a flat space at the bottom of the hull to attach sensors for exploration, we developed a U-shape hull foam as Figure 1. The conditions required for autonomous surface vehicles developed in this study can be summarised as follows. 1. Purpose: autonomous surface vehicle carries out unmanned exploration of underwater cultural heritage after being transported by a platform vessel to the exploration area. 2. Hull foam: Catamaran type for loading space 3. Size: It should be able to be loaded on a ship, and it should be able to be transported in a container. 4. Velocity: To ensure exploration quality, the maximum speed is 4 knots. 5. Operating time: Maximum 4 hours at 4 knots 6. Propulsion type: Azimuth type thruster for dynamic positioning 7. Power source: Gasoline generator (main) and battery (emergency) Figure 1 U-shape hull foam of autonomous surface vehicle 3. PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION Stability calculation and motion analysis were performed to confirm the static & dynamic stability of the developed hull. Also, resistance performance was analysed to determine the specifications of the propulsion system. 3.1 Static stability Static stability analysis was performed to confirm the stability using the software package Maxsurf stability. For static stability analysis, it is essential to estimate the weight and centre of gravity of the mounted equipment on the hull. We estimated the weight by categorising the equipment as exploration, propulsion, and navigation, resulting in an estimate of 206 kg for exploration, 110 kg for navigation, and 320 kg for propulsion. The hull weight was calculated assuming a thickness of 5 mm to give a weight (200 kg). The total weight is therefore not expected to exceed one ton. The vertical centre of gravity was assumed to be 0.5 metres above the bottom of the hull. 2 �The result of the static analysis is shown in Table 1. The Metacentric height (GM) values are all above 1 at a draft of about 0.3 to 0.4 metres. In addition, the righting arm (GZ) as shown in Figure 2, at a draft of 0.37m, satisfies the IMO stability criteria. As a result, this autonomous surface vehicle is considered safe. Draft (m) Displacement (ton) KG (m) GM (m) Table 1 Results of static stability 0.317 0.331 0.8 0.8463 0.5 0.5 1.864 1.795 0.344 0.8925 0.5 1.738 0.357 0.9388 0.5 1.706 0.37 0.9849 0.5 1.806 Figure 2 GZ curve at draft 0.37m 3.2 Dynamic stability Dynamic stability analysis was performed to confirm the stability using the software package Maxsurf motion. The motion analysis was performed in strips for ship speeds (2, 4 knots), and irregular wave conditions were considered using ITTC spectrum and the wave height and period of Sea-State 2. The results of the analysis are shown as Figures 3 and 4. As the speed increases, the heave is increasing in a head sea (180 degree) and decreasing in the following sea (0 degree). Overall, however, the motion is small, less than 10 cm. In the case of roll, the largest value of 1.4 deg. is found in the beam sea (90 degree), which is estimated to be stable, and the same as heave, the roll tends to decrease in the quartering sea (45 degree) as the speed increases. In the case of pitch, the motion tends to increase as the speed increases, and the largest motion is found in the following sea (0 degree) as 1.33deg. However, the difference between stern and stem draft is about 7cm, which is considered to be stable considering the hull length. 3 �Figure 3 Results motion analysis at 2 knots Figure 4 Results motion analysis at 4 knots 3.3 Resistance performance Resistance performance was performed to determine the specifications of propulsion system. In this study, the commercial software Star-CCM+ was used. The governing equations were the continuity equation and momentum equation for three-dimensional unsteady incompressible viscous flow. For detailed analysis conditions, refer to Seok and Park (2020a). The numerical simulation was performed under two conditions of draft at 360 mm and at 370 mm. For a draft of 370 mm, we also performed additional analysis under ship speed conditions of 2-5 knots to determine the resistance performance. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 2 and Figure 5. When the speed is 4 knots, it can be seen that the resistance acting on the ship increases as the draft increases by 10 mm, and the increase is approximately 4 percent. When the draft is 370 mm, the resistance acting on the ship increases according to the ship speed, and the resistance is estimated to be 530N at the target speed of 4 knots. Therefore, assuming that the efficiency of the propulsion system is 50%, 1060 N is required for the ship to reach a target speed. 4 �Figure 5 Results of resistance performance from 2 knots to 5 knots Type Autonomous surface vehicle Table 2 Results of resistance simulation draft Speed (mm) (knots) 360 4 2 3 370 4 5 Resistance (N) 510 32 116 530 1,230 4. RESULTS In this paper, research on the development of initial hull foam and performance estimation for the developed autonomous surface vehicle was conducted. For the development of the hull foam, the requirements of the autonomous surface vehicle were reviewed, and U-shape hull foam was finally developed. In addition, stability analysis and resistance performance estimation were performed on the developed hull foam using commercial software such as Maxsurf stability, Maxsurf motion, and Star ccm+. For static analysis, the weight and centre of gravity of each part were estimated, and static and dynamic analysis were performed using it. As a result, it was confirmed that the developed hull was safe. Additionally, the resistance performance estimates indicated that the autonomous surface vehicle would require approximately 1000 N of propulsion to achieve its target speed of 4 knots. Based on the results of this study, a propulsion system will be selected and the autonomous surface vehicle will be built, and its performance will be confirmed by sea trial after construction. 5 �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is supported 0000 Cultural Heritage Smart Preservation & Utilization R&D Program by Cultural Heritage Administration, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (Project Name: Development of ASV for underwater cultural heritage investigation using autonomous navigation technology and field demonstration, Project Number: 2022A01D10-002, Contribution Rate: 100%) BIBLIOGRAPHY Seok, jun and Park, Jong-chun. “Comparative Study of Air Resistance with and without a Superstructure on a Container Ship Using Numerical Simulation”, Journal of marine Science and Engineering, Vol.8, No.267 (2020a): 1-14 Seok, jun and Park, Jong-chun. “Numerical simulation of resistance performance according to surface roughness in container ships”, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 12 (2020b): 11-19. 6 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of Small Autonomous Surface Vehicle Design for Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource As part of research on unmanned exploration equipment, we conducted a study related to the development of a small autonomous surface vehicle for exploring underwater heritage in areas that are difficult to access by ship. In order to develop an autonomous surface vehicle, initial conceptual design was performed by examining the constraints of the vehicle, and the hull foam was developed based on the results of the conceptual design. In addition, the developed hull foam was used to estimate the resistance and motion performance using numerical simulation methods, and the thrusters and related equipment were selected based on this. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jun Seok Jae-Hyung Jo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Seok, Jun . 2023. “Development of Small Autonomous Surface Vehicle Design for Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2021 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023