16 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/af279e045e2565b015f5a1a7aac7184d.pdf 08b852799248f4a5a7fe57f063e63904 PDF Text Text Developing the Foundation for Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Starting from Local Involvement: Case Studies in Okinawa Yumiko Nakanishi Osaka Prefectural Board of Education NakanishiYum@mbox.pref.osaka.lg.jp Rintaro Ono Tokai University or109423@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp Norimitsu Sakagami Tokai University sakagami@scc.u-tokai.ac.jp Hironobu Kan Research Center for Coastal Seafloor, Kyushu University kan@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp Chiaki Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center chiakik0407@gmail.com Katagiri Abstract The Ryukyu Archipelago is well known for its beautiful ocean and coral reefs; and thanks to these beautiful oceans, scuba diving and snorkeling and have become one of the most important activities for its tourist industry of the archipelago. Around the islands, 230 underwater cultural heritage sites were found and identified. In this presentation, the authors shall introduce their attempts and case studies regarding the public engagement of local communities with management of underwater cultural heritage, including providing guidelines for sustainable valorization of the site with local marine sports industry. For Yarabuoki underwater site of Ishigaki Island, there are seven iron grapnel anchors and a cluster of Early Modern Ryukyuwan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). To establish a connection/relationship between the site and the local professional divers, who actually go into the sea and see the site most frequently, the authors provided workshops about UCH and a place where �archaeologists and the local professional divers can exchange their opinions. The goal of these activities is to ask professional divers of local communities help to monitor UCH after scientific evaluations led by archaeologists are completed. The Ohajima underwater site is located off the Coast of Kume Island in Okinawa. This site contains a dense distribution of medieval Chinese pottery. Public open-houses were experimentally organized twice for local communities. The Board of education from local communities (for instance, Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities were heavily involved and helped underwater archaeologists and the research team to organize this event. After continuous attempts of public outreach, public awareness and interests for UCH among the local diving communities has increased. More divers have started visiting the sites. However, an increase in public awareness creates another concerns that it exposes the UCH sites into social media such as blogs by visitors, articles on diving magazines, and so on. Henceforth, the next challenge confronting the authors and the local communities regarding these sites are plans to properly monitor those sites and a proposal for a reliable long-term management plans. More importantly, these monitoring and management plans have to involve wide varieties and different type of local communities Key words: Ryukyu, UCH, public engagement, management Introduction In past few decades, in addition to conventional preservation operations for cultural heritage sites, understanding values of cultural heritages, and utilizing those as cultural resources for local communities has become a very important perspective to manage cultural heritage. Archaeological sites are often turned to site museums where visitors actually visit and enjoy the original sites. This new phenomenon is widely seen not only on terrestrial sites, but also on underwater sites. This paper aims to share the authors’ attempts and experiences of their attempt to establish the involvement of local communities towards sustainable management plans of underwater cultural heritage, and their case studies around the area of Okinawa Prefecture. �Background and Subjects of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa Okinawa consists of the southern half of the Ryukyu Archipelago with 199 islands, and its area expands over 1200km between Kyushu Island and Taiwan. Because of its location, islands of Okinawa have subtropical climates which makes Okinawa differs from other areas of Japan, and it gives warm climate through a year. Islands of Okinawa are surrounded by amazingly beautiful ocean with flourishing coral reefs. Therefore, these beautiful waters are very popular among scuba divers and snorkelers. Sometimes, those divers and snorkelers become to be interested in something different from beautiful fishes and corals; they want to see something different yet attractive. Therefore, authors believe that UCH has great potential to be a resources of truism, or diving industry. Indeed, underwater cultural heritage often attracts non-archaeologists and non-experts. For instance, the wreck-diving is one of the very popular diving-tour options in many countries, such as Malta and other Mediterranean islands. It is already the major tourist attraction in many countries. In the case of Okinawa, a beautiful coral reef with schools of colorful fishes shall provide special background which adds extra value on diving on UCH. 230 underwater cultural heritage sites are identified around the islands in the Okinawa Prefecture. This presentation is about the authors’ attempts to establish strong ties between the local public and underwater cultural heritage managements and to provide guidelines for sustainable managements of the site and involving of local marine sports industry into this management plans. The Ohajima underwater site is located off the coast of Kume Island in Okinawa. The site contains dense distributions of medieval Chinese pottery. Public Open Site Day was experimentally held twice in the island. �Along with the authors’ research team of underwater archeologists and researchers who organized the events, attendance, and support from the Local Board of Education (Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities (Katagiri et al., 2012). The Yarabuoki underwater site of Ishigaki Island consists of seven iron grapnel anchors and a cluster of Early Modern Ryukyuwan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). During field campaigns, authors and its research team provided workshops and a meeting to exchange opinion with local communities in order to establish a new tie and relationship between the UCH of the islands and local professional divers who visit the the sites most frequently (Ono et al., 2015 and Nakanishi et al., 2016). The aim of these activities and meetings are to ask local diving communities to monitor the sites even after the scientific academic evaluations of the site led by authors is completed in near future, and to share general knowledges and perspectives of protecting UCH as our common heritages and value those heritages in non-intrusive manners. After the continuous attempts, public awareness and interests in UCH have increased dramatically among the local divers and its communities. More divers began to visit the sites. Yet, this new movements and trends has invoked another potential dangers toward this UCH. The potential dangers is an increased number of divers and exposure of UCH into wider range of the general public; the UCH have started to appear in divers’ SNS, blogs, diving magazines, and so forth. This trend may trigger unfriendly and intrusive activities on the sites, such as lootings and destructions. Henceforward, now the authors have to urgently focus on its plans of site managements and monitoring plans, and to accomplish this task, involvement wide variety of scholars as well as local communities are essential. �Case Studies in Okinawa Part 1: Ohajima Site in Kume Island, Okinawa: Open Site Day Location and Characteristics of the Site The Ohajima underwater site is located off the coast Oha Island where is annexed to Kume Island in Okinawa. The site consists of a dense distribution of Chinese pottery that is dated between the latter half of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century. A Public Open Site day was experimentally held twice (in 2011 and 2013). Local Board of Education (Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities supported underwater archaeologists and researchers to organize this event (Katagiri et al., 2012). The main attraction of the event was a tour to Ohajima underwater site either by snorkeling or a glass-bottomed boat. The event schedule was especially composed for the general public to understand general ideas of UCH; the schedule (described as Step 1 - 5) of the event can be seen below: Step 1: Lecture ‘History and Culture of Kume Island’ Step 2: Material Observation of Ceramics Excavated from Underwater Site Step 3: Tour of the On-land Site Where Was Important for Maritime Trades. Step 4: Snorkeling Practice Step 5: Snorkeling Tour of the Site Step 1: Lecture ‘History and Culture of Kume Island’ First, archaeologists gave a 30 minute long preliminary lecture prior to the site visit. This lecture was about general knowledge and information regarding history of Kume Island. The authors believed that providing �historical information and knowledge to the participants is very important because the lecture and its information transform this event into a learning opportunity rather than be a just sightseeing for fun (Katagiri et al., 2012). Step 2: Material Observation of Ceramics Excavated from the Underwater Site As the second step, the participants experienced observation-practice on raised artefacts; those artefacts used for this 30 minutes long observationpractice included pottery pieces were collected from Ohajima site and a stone anchor from Uegusuku (Castle) Site (Fig. 1). The purpose of this practice is for participants to understand the appearances of underwater artefacts; and this experience helped the participants to find/recognize artefacts during the following underwater on-site tour. Experiences of observations on artefacts together with the lecture of preliminary knowledge of the site provided a great preparation for the following tour and this event (Katagiri et al., 2012). Fig. 1: Material observation excavated ceramics from underwater site. (Kumejima Museum, Kume Island) �Step 3: Tour to the On-land Site Where Was Important for Maritime Trades Furthermore, the participants attended a tour to terrestrial cultural heritage sites: on this tour, participants visited the Tenkogu Site, the Kuramoto-ato Site, the Majako Port Site, quarries, and so on. This one hour long tour was organized and guided by archaeologists. The aim of this tour was to explain site-formation processes of Ohajima underwater site and to provide comprehensive knowledge of archaeological sites and its surrounding environments (Katagiri et al., 2012). Step 4: Snorkeling Practice Before visiting the underwater site, a practice session was provided to participants who decided to visit the site with snorkeling. For this tour, two different options were provided for participants; one is visiting the site by snorkeling, and the other option is to visit the site by a glass-bottomed boat. Twenty participants visited the site by snorkeling, and the other participants who did not want to swim chose the glass-bottomed boat. Both tour lasted one hour-long each. This practice-session of snorkeling was taught by local professional divers for safety reasons of participants (Katagiri et al., 2012). Step 5: Snorkeling Tour of the Site Finally, as the last activities of the Open Site Day, the participants visited and enjoyed the actual UCH site. Fig.2 displays a scene of the snorkeling tour in Ohajima underwater site (Katagiri et al., 2012). �Fig. 2: A snorkelling tour of the site. (Ohajima Underwater Site, Kume Island) Discussion The authors believed that the Open Site Day was successful; this experiment of public outreach that take local participants to the actual UCH sites can be a great case study for other UCH site across the Ryukyu Archipelago. Although this experiment was generally a successful case, the authors also became to acknowledge its difficulties and rooms for improvements in order to use it this experiments using it as a case study of public outreach with other UCH sites across the archipelago. Also, this type of events still requires experienced archaeologists to organize and to provide informative lectures; nonetheless, these archaeologists were most cases not originally from local communities. The authors believe that an ideal perspective of local workshops and public outreach for UCH is ‘sustainability’; local divers and communities became to be able to provide workshops as well as monitoring and management UCH without supports from outside. Thus, next challenge for this public outreach experiments is �to compose a flexible guideline that make those events more sustainable by local diving experts and communities. Case Studies in Okinawa Part 2: Yarabuoki Underwater Site Location and Characteristics of the Site Yarabuoki underwater site is located off the coast of Yarabuzaki in Nagura Bay of Ishigaki Island in Okinawa Prefecture. This site contains seven iron grapnel anchors of various sizes and a cluster of Early Modern Okinawan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). This type of ceramic jars were originally produced in Okinawa Islands between the 16th century and the 19th century, which also corresponding to the time periods of the Early Modern Ryukyu Kingdom Period for Okinawa Islands and the Edo Period for the main lands of Japan (Fig. 3). Also those grapnel anchors found in this site are the only examples of grapnel anchors that are found in Japan. Fig. 3: The assemblage of Okinawa produced pottery in good condition at the Yarabuoki underwater site. (Okinawa Prefectural Archaeology Center) �The site was discovered by a local professional diver, Seiji Fujii, in 2009. And in 2010, the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center conducted inspection survey with assistances of the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group (Katagiri, 2010 and 2013). This newly discovered UCH site also required an accurate recording by experienced diving archaeologists, and then values of the site have to be evaluated and disseminated. Currently authors and their research team is operating an interdisciplinary research project to evaluate historical and archaeological values of the site, as well as its potentials as a cultural resource for local communities (Ono et al., 2016). Moreover, authors also believe that geographical and topographical data around site area shall greatly contribute to understand site formation process and its reconstruction. Under this scope, Dr. Kan conducted a multibeam echo sounding (MBES) survey around Yarabuoki underwater site in August 2011 (Kan et al., 2015 and Ono et al. 2016). This multibeam data successfully visualized the bathymetry around the site with lateral grid resolution of one metre. Fig. 4 displays enlarged image of the multibeam bathymetric map of Yarabuoki underwater site with plotted locations of its components. The authors believe that this multibeam map is an essential tool for their public outreach because the map can be a tool to convey accurate academic evaluations of the site to its readers and visitors. The authors have to remark on the importance of scientific and historical values of UCH sites and its dissemination to local communities; without understanding its cultural significance, divers will not be able to appreciate UCH and visiting the sites will be a part of fun dives, not a part of cultural activities. Moreover, without understanding cultural values of UCH properly, its exposures to the general public may trigger negative impacts on the sites. �Fig. 4: Multibeam bathymetric map of the Yarabuoki underwater site. (Hironobu Kan) Workshops with the Local Professional Divers First, the authors tried to build a network with local professional divers who frequently visit this UCH site. Also Mr. Fujii, who found and reported the site to Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, has been involved in archaeological investigations since the beginning. A goal of this was to establish strong ties with the local diving communities and to ask them to monitor the UCH sites; also the authors tried to share histories and archaeological information of the site based on scholarly researches as well as methods for non-intrusive/non-disturbance recreation diving on UCH sites. With supports from Ishigaki City Board of Education where manages cultural heritages around/in the island, authors organized several workshops and invite local divers; during this workshops, divers also visited the site with authors and diving archaeologists. Then the authors and participants exchange opinions towards UHC of the islands �and discussed values of the sites for local communities and importance of in situ preservation (Nakanishi et al., 2016). These workshops started November 2015, and the authors have tried to share the idea of UCH and its important concepts that is not to touch or remove artefacts and contexts from its original positions. Also as a part of the workshop, the authors and archaeologists invited participants, or local professional divers, to the UCH sites during the archaeological investigations; aims of this activities are to share archaeological methods of underwater recording of UCH, such as measuring and drawing of the sites in scientific manners. Throughout these workshops, the author believes that the local divers become to be aware of significances of archaeological information of the site that may help archaeologists to reconstruct the past (Fig. 5). Fig. 5: Site visit with the local professional divers. (Yuji Yamamoto) �Discussion For this experimental research in Ishigaki Island, the authors also focused on involvements of local communities into monitoring and managements plans. Therefore collaborative efforts with local authorities and the general public were essential. Local divers may be able to visit the sites as their daily activities, yet they also do monitoring while they do so, and when they found a new archaeological site, they can quickly yet properly report their discoveries to the local authorities using established network via authors’ workshops. An ideal goal of this workshops and experimental research is to establish a sustainable management and monitoring plans of UCH site; once archaeological investigations are completed, the authors want local diving communities and their local dive shops to bring their customers (recreation divers who visit the island) to UCH sites with providing proper information of its history and archeology. When those diving tours on the UCH become popular activity, their frequent visit may function as a monitoring activity, not to mention that these tours may have positive impacts on the local tourist businesses by bringing customers to the island by. The authors’ main question for this experimental research on public outreach and dissemination is ‘how to maintain and protect qualities of scientific information and values of archaeological sites during the course of dissemination’. Discussion: Developing the Foundation for Sustainable Management Plans on Underwater Cultural Heritage with Local Involvement The authors’ main purpose of this research is to establish sustainable management and monitoring plans for UCH. It is important to remark that �the sustainable management and monitoring plan is different from other leisure diving activities on shipwreck sites that are often intrusive and destructive to UCH. Also, to make the stated management and monitoring plans different from other uncontrolled leisure shipwreck diving activities, it is very important for archaeologists to provide good scientific information to local diving communities and dive shops where will bring leisure divers to the UCH sites after archaeological investigations are completed. If the local diving communities recognize and share values of UCH, they will respects its presence, and keep non-intrusive and non-destructive methods to enjoy their underwater common heritages. In order convey values of UCH to the local communities properly, it is important for archaeologists and researchers to provide ‘good’ information and data. For instance, in case of Yarabuoki underwater site, high-resolution multibeam maps were provided to local communities. Indeed, there are many good case studies of similar concepts: for instance, similar case studies were done for Baia Underwater Archaeological Park (Nogami et al., 2007), protected-sites-tours in Sicily (Soprintendenza del Mare, 2009 and Tusa, 2009) and so forth (Nakanishi et al., 2017). For this authors’ experimental researches around Okinawa areas, authors need to find the most suitable case study and its fittest methodology to accomplish their dissemination and monitoring plans as socio-cultural and natural environmental studies. Throughout the authors’ researched and the workshops in Kume Island and Ishigaki Island, local communities and diving shops displayed strong interest to be a part of the management and monitoring plans. Now, the authors have to move to next step; that is further development of the local networks and capacity buildings. Those two developments are essential for the plan to be established with local communities for long-term site management. For this purpose, authors composed four-step work- �models; this model can be seen as Fig. 6 (Nakanishi and Katagiri 2017, amended by the authors). Fig. 6: Suggested model case: 4 steps and subjects to overcome. (Nakanishi and Katagiri, 2017, amended) For an already identified UCH site, four-step process shall be expected to accomplish a sustainable management plan. First, as Step 1, archaeologists and researchers have to investigate and identify values of the UCH site. It is an essential process because these values display how to manage and protect the sites. Also this value shall be shared with local communities; therefore, values of the sites have to be identified and studied before the following dissemination processes. Also, these archaeological investigation by scholars may take multi-years and can be labor intensive; therefore, collaboration with local diving communities are often very helpful. Moreover, this collaborative efforts between �archaeologists and local diving communities can be a positive first steps of local involvement for the management and monitoring UCH. The second step is capacity building. The capacity building include introduction of UCH to local communities; therefore, providing proper knowledge and methods to protect and manage the sites is essential. For that reason, workshop-style, such as Yarabuoki underwater site, is an effective method to accomplish this step. Additionally, this step may widely expose UCH into the general public; therefore, one of the important tasks for archaeologists is to evaluate preservation condition/status of sites, and its access have to be restricted if it is necessary. In short, it is important for archaeologists and experts to share and disseminate good knowledge and information with the local communities. The third step is ‘risk management’ and ‘establishment’. UCH has been opened to the general public via the processes of the previous step; and it may trigger influx of tourists into the UCH. The main task of this stage is to closely monitor the UCH. To do this correctly and frequently, supports of local diving communities with proper networking shall become essential. On the other hand, the authors hope another potential of UCH; the beginning of new touristic trends by utilizing UCH may generate new values of UCH for local communities. The authors is hoping that practice of UCH site management and monitoring shall be established throughout this step. Final stage, or Step 4, is about ‘sustainability’ by the local communities. It is important for local communities to lead site managements and monitoring operation of UCH. While archaeologists and other experts still be able to support the local communities if necessary, the author strongly �believe that main groups that manage and monitor the UCH have to be local communities. This shifting process may take long time. However the authors also hope that the local communities may become to realize their own values on UHCs throughout their experiences of the management. When the local communities understand values and methods to manage and monitor UCH without helps by archaeologists and experts, ‘sustainability’ of the management will be achieved. To accomplish the Step 4, supports from local authorities, such as Board of Education of a municipal government where is responsible for managing cultural heritages found in the region, is essential. Two main important tasks for them are: to secure and maintain academic values of UCH and keep qualities of its management; to report and register new discoveries of UCH within their jurisdictions. Before closing this paper, the authors want to give special thanks to Coastal Area Capability Project in Southeast Asia (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature), Tokai Project Study ‘Okinawa Underwater Cultural Heritage and Underwater Museum Project’ (Tokai University), and Mitsubishi Foundation, for their supports by funding this research project. References Kan, H., Urata, K., Nagao, M., Hori, N., Fujita, K., Yokoyama, Y., Nakashima, Y., Ohashi, T., Goto, K. and Suzuki, A., 2015, Submerged karst landforms observed by multibeam bathymetric survey in Nagura bay, Ishigaki island, south-western Japan. Geomorphology, Vol. 229: 112124. Katagiri, C. (Ed.), 2009. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (II): Volume on Miyako of Yaeyama. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). �Katagiri, C. (Ed.), 2010. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (III): Site Map Volume. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., 2013. 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Distributional survey of underwater cultural heritage and its experimental presentation in the Ryukyu archipelago, Okinawa, Japan. In H. van Tilburg et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Vol. 2, APCONF 2014, Honolulu: 655-668. Nakanishi, Y. and Katagiri, C., 2017. Okinawa kaiiki deno suichubunkaisan no hozonkatsuyou moderu kouchiku no tameno kokusaihikakukenkyu. The Summary of Research Presentations at the General Assembly of the Japanese Archaeological Association, 83th: 6869 (in Japanese). Nakanishi, Y., Katagiri, C., Tusa, S., Agneto, F. and Selvaggio, P., 2017. A study on the development of underwater cultural heritage management in Sicily, Italy. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Vol.10: 19-42 (in Japanese with English summary). Nakanishi, Y., Tetsu, T. and Ono, R., 2016. 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First discovery and mapping of early modern grapnel anchors in Ishigaki island and cultural resource management of underwater cultural heritage in Okinawa. In H. van Tilburg et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd AsiaPacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Vol. 2, APCONF 2014, Honolulu: 983-697. Ryukyu Shinpo (琉球新報), 2013. Moved by underwater cultural heritage: Chinese pottery on the seabed (Suichu isan ni kando, kaitei no chuugoku san toujiki). Ryukyu Shinpo, 10th October 2013 (in Japanese) . Sakagami, N., Li, Y., Yamada, Y., Kawasaki, I., Niki, M., Ono, R. and Ishikawa, S., 2014. Ocean environmental education through ‘monozukuri’ in Ishigaki island. Journal of Japan Society for Engineering Education, Vol. 62(3): 47–52 (in Japanese). Soprintendenza del Mare, 2009. Manutenzione degli itinerari culturali subacquei della soprintendenza del mare: norme di progettazione e fruizione. Assessorato dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, Dipartimento dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, Palermo. Tusa, S., 2009. Research, protection and evaluation of Sicilian and Mediterranean marine cultural heritage. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, Vol. 9(1): 79-98. �Biographies Yumiko Nakanishi is a senior archaeologist working at Cultural Properties Protection Division, Osaka Prefectural Board of Education. She obtained MPhill in Archaeology at Cambridge University in 2001 and is currently a PhD candidate, specializing on heritage management and public archaeology, as well as the final phase of Kofun Period in Kinki region of Japan. She has been involved in projects on underwater cultural heritage in Okinawa area. Her publication includes ‘The Great East Japan Earthquake and Cultural Heritage: Towards an Archaeology of Disaster’, Antiquity, Vol. 87: 258269, ‘Archaeological Administration and Japanese Archaeology’, Japanese Journal of Archaeology, No. 4 (2017): 171-184, and so on. Dr. Rintaro Ono is an Associate Professor of School of Marine Science and Technology at Tokai University, Japan. His research is focused on Maritime Archaeology and Anthropology, and specifically: human maritime adaptation process, human migration into Island Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands, human maritime exploitation history, and maritime trade history. He has been involved in many research projects in Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Palau, and Vanuatu. He has been visiting researcher or collaborator with some national and international laboratories and universities. He is author of more than 50 academic papers, two books, and editor of Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions. (ANU E Press, 2013). �Dr. Norimitsu Sakagami is an Associate Professor of the School of Marine Science and Technology at Tokai University, Japan. He has developed marine robotic systems such as a human-sized underwater robot with manipulators, underwater soil core sampling robot, wave-powered boat and so on. The primary focuses of his research are motion control of marine surface vehicles and underwater vehicles. His major works include ‘Development of an Underwater Robotic Inspection System Using Mechanical Contact’, Journal of Field Robotics, Vol.30(4):624-640, 2013 (co-author) and others. Dr. Hironobu Kan is a Professor in the Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Global Society, Kyushu University, and Director of the Research Center for Coastal Seafloor, Kyushu University, Japan. The primary focus of his current research is Coral Reefs and Coastal Seafloor Geomorphology using Multibeam Bathymetric Echo Sounder and SCUBA Diving Surveys. His recent work includes ‘Submerged karst landforms observed by multibeam bathymetric survey in Nagura bay, Ishigaki island, southwestern Japan’, Geomorphology 229:112-124, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.032). Chiaki Katagiri is a senior archaeologist at Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center. He was born in Nagano Prefecture, Japan in 1976, graduated from Okinawa International University in 1999 majoring in archeology. He is specializing in the anthropology of the islands, carrying out anthropological and archaeological fieldwork throughout Asia. He has been actively engaged in investigation and many research projects of underwater cultural heritage in the Ryukyu Archipelago. He is a co-author of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa: Pieces of History in the Blue or Okinawa No Suichu-BunkaIsan: Aoi Umi ni Sizunda Rekishi no Kakera (Borderink, Naha, 2014). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 6: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Description An account of the resource East Asia is extremely rich in underwater cultural heritage, such as conventional shipwrecks under the sea, submerged settlement sites on the bottoms of inland lakes and rivers, or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones. For instance, the medieval or post-medieval aged wrecks and their cargos have recently been discovered one after another in the waters, or the underwater cultural heritage or seascape of stone tidal weir is a common cultural trait to the Ryukyu archipelago, western Japan, southern Korea, mainland China, and Formosa, which surround the East China Sea or a northern part of the Asian Mediterranean. No East Asian nation has ratified the UNESCO 2001 Convention, partly because it does not exactly correspond with oriental philosophy, it does not properly resolve the controversial issues upon sovereign immunity of warship wrecks, and so forth. Occasionally, the principle of preservation in situ in the convention has not been the first choice as Asian waters have poor water clarity generally. Nevertheless, each country has already moved forward with its own underwater archaeological policies and projects both on governmental and grassroots levels. Some activities are in close cooperation with foreign institutions or universities. In East Asia, document-based historical study or terrestrial archaeology has a long tradition, which has had a noteworthy impact upon underwater archaeology and its methodology. Even in this region as well as in other Pacific areas, contrariwise, the technological advancement in underwater survey has remarkably been made recently; using remote-sensing with satellites, robotics for ROVs or AUVs, or 3D photogrammetry by computer software mitigates or cancels the limitations regarding accessibility and working time caused by underwater environment. The tie between such modern technologies and archaeology has minted new applications and perspectives of underwater cultural heritage study. The multi-disciplinary or holistic approaches are increasingly more and more necessary among Asian researchers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akifumi Iwabuchi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Kotaro Yamafune APPARATUS, LLC, Japan Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Developing the Foundation for Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Starting from Local Involvement: Case Studies in Okinawa Description An account of the resource The Ryukyu Archipelago is well known for its beautiful ocean and coral reefs; and thanks to these beautiful oceans, scuba diving and snorkeling and have become one of the most important activities for its tourist industry of the archipelago. Around the islands, 230 underwater cultural heritage sites were found and identified. In this presentation, the authors shall introduce their attempts and case studies regarding the public engagement of local communities with management of underwater cultural heritage, including providing guidelines for sustainable valorization of the site with local marine sports industry. For Yarabuoki underwater site of Ishigaki Island, there are seven iron grapnel anchors and a cluster of Early Modern Ryukyuwan ceramic jars (tsuboya-yaki). To establish a connection/relationship between the site and the local professional divers, who actually go into the sea and see the site most frequently, the authors provided workshops about UCH and a place where archaeologists and the local professional divers can exchange their opinions. The goal of these activities is to ask professional divers of local communities help to monitor UCH after scientific evaluations led by archaeologists are completed. The Ohajima underwater site is located off the Coast of Kume Island in Okinawa. This site contains a dense distribution of medieval Chinese pottery. Public open-houses were experimentally organized twice for local communities. The Board of education from local communities (for instance, Kumejima Museum) and local diving communities were heavily involved and helped underwater archaeologists and the research team to organize this event. After continuous attempts of public outreach, public awareness and interests for UCH among the local diving communities has increased. More divers have started visiting the sites. However, an increase in public awareness creates another concerns that it exposes the UCH sites into social media such as blogs by visitors, articles on diving magazines, and so on. Henceforth, the next challenge confronting the authors and the local communities regarding these sites are plans to properly monitor those sites and a proposal for a reliable long-term management plans. More importantly, these monitoring and management plans have to involve wide varieties and different type of local communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yumiko Nakanishi Rintaro Ono Norimitsu Sakagami Hironobu Kan Chiaki Katagiri Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Yumiko Nakanishi Rintaro Ono Norimitsu Sakagami Hironobu Kan Chiaki Asia-Pac Session 6 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8a28bdda763226e8bfa6dee88d912eb4.pdf 4f33f4f0723bee9c2fdc6f0bcb73f000 PDF Text Text First Discovery and Mapping of Early Modern Grapnel Anchors in Ishigaki Island and Cultural Resource Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa Rintaro Ono Tokai University Shizuoka Japan, 424-8610 Email: rintaro@tokai-u.jp Hironobu Kan Okayama University Okayama Japan, 700-8530 Email: kan@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp Norimitsu Sakagami Tokai University Shizuoka Japan, 424-8610 Email: sakagami@scc.u-tokai.ac.jp Masayuki Nagao National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan, 305-8567 Email: nagao-masayuki@aist.go.jp Chiaki Katagiri Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum Naha Japan, 900-0006 Email: katgiric@pref.okinawa.lg.jp Abstract Yarabuoki site, which contains iron grapnel anchors and early modern Okinawa ceramic jars in 12 to 32 m depth off the western Coast of Ishigaki Island, was discovered by a local diver and reported to Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center. In 2010, the Center conducted a distributional survey to confirm the site and its location. Although the survey found and pictured seven numbers of grapnel anchors that were first findings of this type in Okinawa area, the previous study did not record each position and the accurate depth of these artifacts and the site character such as shipwreck site or discarded shipping loads site is yet unclear. With such background and tasks, our team has conducted underwater archaeological research to record each location of grapnel anchors and ceramic jars using GPS. Furthermore, Kan and Nagao conducted a broadband multibeam survey around the Yarabuoki site and visualized the bathymetric 1 �results at a lateral grid resolution of 1m. This will enable us to create a threedimensional site map to plot the artifacts, while Sakagami (Tokai University) developed a low-cost and human-portable underwater robot to explore and record high resolution video of underwater sites, and the robot successfully worked during our surveys. Our paper reports the results and outcomes of the research at Yarabuoki site and other underwater sites in Ishigaki and the Yaeyama Islands and discusses the early modern marine transportations in Okinawa or the Ryukyu Islands. We also discuss the future possibility for cultural resource management of underwater cultural heritages in the Yaeyama and Okinawa. Keywords: Broadband multibeam survey, Okinawa, Yaeyama Islands, Yarabeoki site, Grapnel anchors, Cultural resource management Introduction The Academic and social interests on underwater cultural heritage is currently increasing in Japan. In 2011, for example, the Takashima site in Nagasaki Prefecture (in Kyushu Island) where the 13th century original Yuan ships from China were firstly discovered became the first National historical heritage of an underwater site. In such current movement, one of the hottest areas with increasing number of underwater archaeological surveys and underwater cultural heritages is Okinawa or Ryukyu Archipelago. The archipelago consists of 199 islands of various sizes and ranges about 1,200 km between Kyushu Island at its north end and Taiwan in its south end (see also Katagiri et al., in this volume). In fact, in the past 10 years surveys and researches by Kagoshima University and the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group (2010, 2011), the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, the Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum (e.g. Katagiri 2007, 2009, 2010; Miyagi et al., 2005), and the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology (2013) have discovered and confirmed over 100 of underwater archaeological sites in relatively good condition. Yarabuoki site in Ishigaki Island is one of these newly discovered sites. The site produces a total of seven iron grapnel anchors and early modern Okinawa ceramic jars in 12 to 32 m of depth off the western coast of Ishigaki Island, which is the most populated island with the local capital city in the Yaeyama Islands (Fig. 1). Other major islands in the Yaeyama Islands are Iriomote Island, Taketomi Island, and Kuroshima 2 �Island etc, and other underwater archaeological sites are located off the coast of these islands (see also Fig. 1). In this paper, we report the recent results and outcomes of our underwater archaeological research at Yarabuoki site and discuss the early modern maritime transportations in Okinawa or the Ryukyu Archipelago. We also report and discuss our practices on cultural 1 Fig. 1 Locations of Underwater Archaeological resource management of underwater Sites in the Yaeyama Islands. (R. Ono) cultural heritages in the Yaeyama Islands and Okinawa. Discovery and Mapping of Yarabuoki Site In 2009, Yarabuoki site was firstly discovered by a local professional diver (Mr. Seiji Fujii) who has operated diving services over 30 years in Ishigaki Island. He reported the location of this site to the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center. In 2010, Katagiri (2010) conducted the first survey as the chief investigator from the Center with assistance of the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group (2011) to confirm the total of seven iron grapnel anchors of various sizes and numbers of early modern Okinawa pottery jars (Tsuboya-Yaki) in 2010. However, these previous surveys did not measure the detail location of each anchor and pottery jars, hence it was discussed whether the site could be classified as a sort of port/anchorage site or possible shipwreck site. In terms of dating the site, we could roughly estimate these artifacts belong to the early modern times between the 17th to 19th centuries (mainly Edo period in Japan), though it was hard to provide an exact date of these artifacts. With these background and research questions, we have conducted an interdisciplinary underwater research with multiple methodologies including GPS position coordinating and archaeological analysis of each artifact (Ono and Katagiri), a broadband multibeam survey searching (Kan and Nagao), and recording high-resolution video of the site and survey progress by a human-portable underwater robot (Sakagami). This interdisciplinary research is part of the larger-scale study project “Coastal Area 3 �Capability Enhancement in Southeast Asia” (headed by Dr. Satoshi Ishikawa) by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Fig. 2 A Human-portable Underwater Robot Made and Used in Our Kyoto, Japan, and the Research. (R. Ono) robot (Fig. 2) was originally planned and made for this research project in low-cost value by Sakagami at Tokai University. Surveys were conducted in November 2012, August 2013, and November 2013. During these researches, GPS position coordinates and exact depth of all the seven iron grapnel anchors and the clustered area with ceramic jars were measured. Table 1 shows each position coordinate and depth of anchors and ceramics, while Figure 3 is the bathymetric map provided by Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GIS) with each location of artifacts plotted. As shown in Figure 3, the GIS bathymetric map is only mapped in 10m scale level and it is yet hard to locate the exact position of each artifact with this map. Concerning such mapping problem, Kan and Nagao conducted a broadband multibeam survey around the Yarabuoki site to visualize the bathymetric results at a lateral grid resolution of 1m during our research. Although the complete map is not come out in this moment, such map should enable us to create a three-dimensional site map to plotting the artifacts in much detail and exact position in the final stage of our research. Description of Grapnel Anchors and Ceramic Jars As shown in Figure 3 map, the distribution area of the grapnel anchors can be mainly separated into two zones as (1) eastern zone and (2) western zone. Each zone have about 400 m away in distance, hence it is highly Fig. 3 The GIS Bathymetric Map with Plotted possible that these seven grapnel anchors Each Location of Artifacts. (R. Ono) 4 �Fig. 4 The Iron Grapnel Anchors in Yarabuoki site. (Y. Yamamoto) 5 �could belong to more than two ships rather than a single ship. Such possibility might be also supported by the existence of various sizes of anchors in the site. Concerning the clustered area of ceramic jars, these jars are distributed close to the No. 1, 2, and 3 grapnel anchors, and there might have been any relationships with these anchors and jars. Here, we firstly introduce the condition and form of each grapnel anchors and ceramic jars, then discuss the possible age and character of the site from various aspects. No. 1 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.1 anchor shank is 1.97 m in length. All the four arms left in good condition, while two of them are buried in the sandy bottom (Fig. 4A). The width of joint base with shank and arm is about 20 cm and its cross section is square size. The width of shank point is about 15 cm and no arm ring attached. No. 2 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.2 anchor is a bit smaller than No.1 as its shank is about 1.8 m in length. All the four arms left with good condition, while two of them are buried in the sandy bottom (Fig. 4B). The width of joint base with shank and arm is now surrounded by corals but its cross section can be estimated as square size. The width of shank point is about 15 cm with an arm ring attached. No. 3 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.3 anchor is much smaller as its shank is about 1.5 m in length. Among the four arms, two of them are buried in the sandy bottom, while other two are expose only its point part. Both of these exposed arm points are not complete and broken (Fig. 4C). The width of joint base with shank and arm is now surrounded by corals but its cross section can be confirmed as square size. The width of shank point is about 15 cm with an arm ring attached. No. 4 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.4 anchor is one of the smallest as its shank is about 1.2 m in length. Among the four arms, two of them are buried in the sandy bottom, while other two are expose only its point part. Both of these exposed arm points are not complete and broken (Fig. 4D). The width of joint base with shank and arm is now surrounded by corals but its cross section can be confirmed as square size. The width of shank point is 6 �about 15 cm with an arm ring attached. No. 5 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.5 anchor shank is 1.6 m in length and almost. Among the four arms, two of them are buried in the sandy bottom, while other two are exposed in good condition as complete form (Fig. 4E). The width of joint base with shank and arm is now surrounded by corals but its cross section can be estimated as square size. The width of shank point is about 15 cm with an arm ring attached. No. 6 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.6 anchor shank is about 1.65 m in length. Among the four arms, two of them are buried in the sandy bottom, while other two are exposed only its point part. Both of these exposed arm points are not complete and broken (Fig. 4F). The width of joint base with shank and arm is now surrounded by corals but its cross section can be confirmed as square size. The width of shank point is about 15 cm with an arm ring attached. No. 7 Grapnel Anchor The size of No.7 anchor shank is about 2.05 m in length. Among the four arms, three of them are exposed in good condition as complete form (Fig. 4G), while another one is buried in the rocky bottom. The width of joint base with shank and arm is now surrounded by corals but its cross section can be confirmed as square size. The width of shank point is about 20 cm with an arm ring (30cm in diameter) attached. Pottery Jars As shown in Table 1, these pottery jars locate close from No. 1 to 3 grapnel anchors and about 20 m in depth. In total of 12 jars are recently confirmed with some variety in size from about 40 cm up to 100 cm in height. Yet, all of these jars are similar in form and source material, and can be identified as early modern Okinawa pottery jars called “tsuboya-yaki” in local name and originally made in Okinawa Island (Fig. 5A). We measured the detail size and location of all of these jar but did not salvaged and kept them in the original position except one small jar (Fig. 5B) which was not fixed with coral or rocky bottom and easily movable. This salvaged jar is now kept in the Okinawa Prefectural Museum for further archaeological analysis to indentify the original production location and exact date of these jars. 7 �Fig. 5 The Early Modern Okinawa Pottery Jars in Yarabuoki site. (Y. Yamamoto) Discussions and Future Perspectives Early modern maritime transportations in Okinawa As described and discussed in previous chapters, the seven grapnel anchors are variety in size and its shape. Among these, No.1 to 4 anchors are basically distributed in eastern zone with pottery jars, while the other No. 5 to 7 anchors are located in western zone in the site around 13-32 m in depth. Such distribution patterns of the anchors tentatively indicate that more than two ships dropped their anchors around the site. In the Yaeyama Isands, including Ishigaki Island, there is no record of public port in historic times or during the Ryukyu Kingdom Period (from 1429 AD to 1879), and most of trading or loading activities were possibly done in off-coast by use of small boats (e.g. Oohama, 1999). With such situation, large size ships were basically anchored inside bays such as Nagura bay in western coast of Ishigaki or some anchorage points where they could avoid strong winds and waves. Yarabuoki site is located in the northern coast of Yarabu peninsula next to the large Nagura bay is also known as one of these anchorage points from historic times. In fact, there were some historical records of anchorage by drifting ships in local historic documents during the 17th to 19th centuries. Based on these historic facts, these grapnel anchors could belong to ships originally from Okinawa Island (where the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom located), Satsuma in 8 �Kyushu Island (where had occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom since 1609), or mainland China (during the Chin Dynasty) to visit in some purposes or drift off by accident to Ishigaki Island. However, there were no grapnel anchors discovered or kept in Okinawa except these seven anchors from Yarabuoki site. This fact can be the possible hint to estimate the types and origins of ships that equipped or loaded these anchors and pottery jars. There are no historical records either that mentioning what types of anchors were equipped with the local ships during the Ryukyu Kingdom period. The major ship types in Okinawa during the early modern times were “Shinko-sen” as the largest sized junk typed ship for international trading mainly with China (Ming and Chin Dynasty) and “Maran-sen” as the middle to small sized wooden ship for domestic trading mainly inside the territory of the Ryukyu Kingdom. The types of anchor equipped in these ships are unclear since no historic documents or records were discovered except a drawing of the old Ryukyu trading port (Naha city) on folding screen in the early 19th century (owned by Urasoko City Museum). Some Shinko-sen ships and the equipped anchors were drown in the folding screen, though these anchors are not grapnel and its material seems like wood and not iron (Katagiri, 2011). On the other hand, iron grapnel anchors were major anchors for Japanese style wooden ship called “Kai sen” and “Benzaisen” (sen=ship) during the Edo period after the 16th century. These early modern ships are usually equipped 6 to 8 different size of iron grapnel anchors identified as the first anchor to the eighth anchor. The first anchor was usually the largest, while the eighth anchor was the smallest among them (e.g. Kojima, 2012). For example, the largest sized-class wooden ship “Sengoku sen” (sen=1000, goku/koku = basic unit of volume used during the Edo period) which had over 278 kL/m3 loading capacity, was usually equipped with a fist anchor of over 2-3 m length and 300-400 kg weight. Based on these historical backgrounds and the size variety of Yarabuoki grapnel anchors between 2.0 to 1.2 m in length, it is possible that these anchors were equipped with Sengoku-sen class Japanese style wooden ship. Another possibility is visits of Chinese ships to Ishigaki and other islands in the Yaeyama since the early modern Chinese ships also usually equipped iron grapnel anchors. However, considering that all 9 �the pottery jars in Yarabuoki site are Tsuboya-yaki as the early modern Okinawa jars originally produced in Naha City in Okinawa Island, it is highly possible that at least the No. 1 to 3 grapnel anchors could be equipped with Japanese style wooden ship(s), probably from Satsuma in Kyushu Island since most of this type of ships in Okinawa were mainly from Satsuma after 1609 when the Ryukyu Kingdom was dominated by Satsuma. According to another drawing of the old Naha port on a folding screen from the 19th century (owned by Okinawa Prefectural Museum), there are some Satsuma ships equipped with iron grapnel anchor (Katagiri, 2011). Although it is yet unclear in which types of ships these anchors were used, we estimate some of them could belong to Satsuma ship(s). For further investigation and dating of these anchors and exact ships anchored in Yarabuoki, we need much detail analysis including accurate measuring of each anchor and comparative study of early modern iron anchors in China and Kyushu particularly Satsuma. In terms of the site type, there are still two possibilities as (1) the site also contains shipwreck(s) or (2) the site is just scattered seabed artifacts site with only anchors and pottery jars and no shipwreck (Ono et al., 2013). Although it is required to discover part of the shipwreck(s) to identify Yarabuoki as shipwreck site in future study, we consider that the distribution pattern as No.1 to 3 anchors are concentrated with clustered pottery jars in their center position may indicate the presence of a shipwreck. To confirm such possibility, further surveys including test excavation around the area are required. Use and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritages in Okinawa Lastly, regarding the use and management of underwater cultural heritages in the Yaeyama Islands or Okinawa Archipelago, we strongly consider there is great potential for cultural resource management of underwater cultural heritage in the Yaeyama or Okinawa. Since Okinawa Archipelago including the Yaeyama Islands locate in subtropic climatic zone with developed coral reefs in Japan, these islands, particularly the Yaeyama, located in the southern part of Okinawa, are the most popular diving area in Japan. Because of such environmental and social backgrounds, there is great potential for the use and management of underwater cultural heritages including Yarabuoki site as cultural, educational and tourism resources that the local community can properly manage and conserve (see also Ono et al., 2013). Our interdisciplinary underwater 10 �research and current surveys reported here can be considered as the first stage for this initiative of use and management of underwater cultural heritages in the Yaeyama and Okinawa in the near future. This work is important as an initial stage because it is essential to identify underwater archaeological or historical sites put forward the significance of cultural heritage in order to manage them. For the second stage, we should report and spread research outcomes to the public, particularly to the local community. Concerning this stage, we have also tried to report our research outcomes and information to the local schools, the museum and public offices after our first survey. With such outreach activities, the local museum (Ishigaki City Yaeyama Museum) held a special exhibition focusing on the underwater cultural heritage of the Yaeyama Islands, including Yarabuoki site and exhibited many of our research outcomes. The robot designed and tested by Sakagami during the surveys of 2013 was also exhibited. For the third stage, we consider the significance of operating educational and cultural programs to tell the historical or archaeological significance and future potentials of underwater cultural heritage to the local young generations (school students). With such reason, we also tried to operate the educational program for school students (mainly Junior high school and High school students) to make small-sized low-cost underwater robots to investigate shallow underwater in near shore coral reef zone in Ishigaki Island. As the robot could be one of the key tools to attract the student’s interest, trigger their curiosity and increase interest on underwater and underwater cultural heritage, Sakagami has leaded the program since 2012. In November 2013, we also conducted co-research in Yarabuoki site with some local high school students who had joined the robot making program. During this co-research program, the diving team members conducted their research of some anchors and pottery jars in the site, while Sakagami supervised the students on how to manage and operate the human-portable underwater robot for the observation of the underwater cultural heritage and underwater survey activity. Following such educational practices, we also held some town meetings in Ishigaki city to invite the school teachers, students, and local members of Educational board to openly discuss about the possibility of the underwater cultural heritages around Ishigaki Island and its potential use for further educational and cultural program. All of these trials and practices seem to have worked to get the local community involved and 11 �to increase their interests in our research and underwater cultural heritage as well. Now, our next target is to create the local society and its core members who want to join and continue to conserve their underwater cultural heritages as educational, cultural and tourism resources. As also mentioned by other Japanese scholars (e.g. Iwabuchi, 2012; Katagiri et al., 2010, Katagiri et al., in this volume), the concept of establishing Seabed Site Museums can be one of the ideal ways to accomplish our final goal for the use and management of underwater cultural heritage in the Yaeyama and Ryukyu Archipelago in the near future. Table 1 GPS Position Coordinate and Depth of Anchors and Ceramics. (R. Ono) Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge Mr. Seiji Fujii, Mr. Yuji Yamamoto, Mr. Toshiaki Hayashibara, Dr. Shiro Takemura, Mz. Yumiko Ogawa, Mr. Naoshi Inabatani, and Mr. Takehiro Furuse for their considerable support and assistance of our research in the Yaeyama Islands. The underwater research of the Yarabeoki site was funded by The Research Institute of Humanity and Nature, Japan. All the underwater pictures here were taken and provided by Mr. Yuji Yamamoto. Lastly, we are greatly indebted to Dr. Akihumi Iwabuchi and Dr. Tatsuya Nakata for their kind support and useful comments to our first draft as the session organizers. 12 �References Iwabuchi, A., 2012. The Sea Possessing Cultural Heritage. Kagaku-dojin, Kyoto (in Japanese). Kagoshima University, The Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities and Association for Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Studies, 2010. The report 1: A research report of the underwater cultural heritages in Nansei Islands in 2009. The Journal of Underwater Archaeological Studies, No. 3: 5-31 (in Japanese). Kagoshima University, The Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities and Association for Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Studies, 2011. The report 4: A research report of the underwater cultural heritages in Nansei Islands in 2010. The Journal of Underwater Archaeological Studies, No. 4: 36-59 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., (Ed.), 2007.Enganchiikiisekibunpuchousagaihou (I) – Okinawa hontooyobishuhenrito hen. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., (Ed.), 2009. Enganchiikiisekibunpuchousagaihou (II) – Miyako Yaeyama hen. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre, Naha. (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., (Ed.), 2010. Enganchiikiisekibunpuchousagaihou (III) – gaiyoisekichizu hen. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., 2011. Iron Anchors discovered in Nansei Islands. In The Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities and Association for Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Studies (Ed.), The Database of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Promotion of Underwater Archaeology: Nansei Islands. The Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Fukuoka, 136-141 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Yamada, H., Sakihara, T., Nakajima, T., Miyagi, H., and Watanabe, Y., 2012. The Report of an Underwater Cultural Heritage Tour in Kumejima –The Project of ‘The Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage’. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, No. 5: 19-36 (in Japanese). Kojima, R., 2012, Areal Characters of Japanese Style Ships during the Early Modern Times. In H. Okamoto (Ed.), Difference and Similarity of Ship Culture in Eastern Asia: Perspectives from the Early Modern Ryukyu and Comparative Study, Kansai University, Osaka: 103-121 (in Japanese). 13 �Miyagi, H., Katagiri, C., Higa, N., and Sakihara, T., 2005. Preliminary Investigation into Discovering Sunken Ships in the Southwest Islands (II): Underwater Artifacts and marine Transportation. Bulletin of the Archaeological Study of Okinawa, No. 2: 81-108 (in Japanese). Ono, R., Katagiri, C., Sakagami, N., Kan, H., Miyagi, H. and Yamamoto, Y., 2013. Present and Future of the Underwater Cultural Heritages in the Yaeyama Islands: Perspective from the Recent Research of Yarabuoki. Proceedings of Yaeyama Museum, Vol. 22: 20-43 (in Japanese). Oohama, E., 1999.The Archaeology in the Yaeyama Islands. The Yaeyama Prehistoric Culture and Research Institution, Ishigaki (in Japanese). Biography Rintaro Ono is an Associate Professor in the School of Marine Science and Technologies at Tokai University, Japan. He has conducted numbers of archaeological fieldworks in Island Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands, and Okinawa. The primary focus of his research is development of the human’s maritime adaptation, maritime networking and resource exploitation in island ecosystem. Hironobu Kan is a Professor in the Graduate School of Education / Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. The primary focus of his current research is Coral Reef Geomorphology using Multibeam Bathymetric Echo Sounder and SCUBA Diving Surveys. Norimitsu Sakagami is an Associate Professor in the School of Marine Science and Technologies at Tokai University, Japan. The primary focuses of his research are motion control of surface vehicles, underwater vehicles, environmental monitoring systems, and linear control systems etc. Masayuki Nagao is a Senior Researcher in the Institute of Geology and Geoinformationat, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. The primary focus of his current research is Coral Reef Geomorphology using Multibeam Bathymetric Echo Sounder and SCUBA Diving Surveys. Chiaki Katagiri is the chief curator of the Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum. He has been actively engaged in investigation and research of underwater cultural heritage in Ryukyu Archipelago. His papers include Research Studies of Ginama Foreign Shipwreck sites in Kunigamison, Okinawa (2012). 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 9: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Interview with Session 9 chair Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource East Asia is rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Not only conventional shipwrecks or submerged archaeological sites but also stone tidal weirs or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones have extensively been identified by many researchers. Most countries have just started in directing the heritage management in order to preserve them well, but the process of trial and error is still going on. In addition, no Asian nation, except for Cambodia and Iran, has ratified the UNESCO’s 2001 convention yet, partly because of territorial disputes over the sea among several East and Southeast Asian governments. It would be foolish to rule out political considerations when we study maritime or underwater archaeology in Asia. This session showcases papers about the history and current trends of maritime or underwater archaeology around East Asia. It may includes papers focusing upon historical backgrounds or wakeup calls of underwater cultural studies, ongoing excavations, grass roots movements, legislation efforts, contemporary political matters, and so forth. In 1890 an Ottoman frigate sunk within Japanese territorial waters; her wreck has lately been salvaged by foreign hunters who disregard its domestic law for the protection of cultural properties, while Japanese academic institutions or underwater archaeological organizations have been kept away from the excavation activities. Papers on points raised from such case studies will also be welcomed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First Discovery and Mapping of Early Modern Grapnel Anchors in Ishigaki Island and Cultural Resource Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa Description An account of the resource Yarabuoki site, which contains iron grapnel anchors and early modern Okinawa ceramic jars in 12 to 32 m depth off the western Coast of Ishigaki Island, was discovered by a local diver and reported to Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center. In 2010, the Center conducted a distributional survey to confirm the site and its location. Although the survey found and pictured seven numbers of grapnel anchors that were first findings of this type in Okinawa area, the previous study did not record each position and the accurate depth of these artifacts and the site character such as shipwreck site or discarded shipping loads site is yet unclear. With such background and tasks, our team has conducted underwater archaeological research to record each location of grapnel anchors and ceramic jars using GPS. Furthermore, Kan and Nagao conducted a broadband multibeam survey around the Yarabuoki site and visualized the bathymetric 2 results at a lateral grid resolution of 1m. This will enable us to create a three- dimensional site map to plot the artifacts, while Sakagami (Tokai University) developed a low-cost and human-portable underwater robot to explore and record high resolution video of underwater sites, and the robot successfully worked during our surveys. Our paper reports the results and outcomes of the research at Yarabuoki site and other underwater sites in Ishigaki and the Yaeyama Islands and discusses the early modern marine transportations in Okinawa or the Ryukyu Islands. We also discuss the future possibility for cultural resource management of underwater cultural heritages in the Yaeyama and Okinawa. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rintaro Ono Hironobu Kan Norimitsu Sakagami Masayuki Nagao Chiaki Katagiri, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 9 2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Confucius Chichuang Huang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Confucius Translator Chichuang Huang Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Place New York Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Oxford University Press Title A name given to the resource The Analects of Confucius (Lun Yu) China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/4437703c05046c156b19dbf319efe76e.pdf c13c3cc56dd6716c240b3e77ecc9df49 PDF Text Text 2001 Convention and UNESCO’s Capacity Building in Asia-Pacific Chihiro NISHIKAWA ABSTRACT The topic of this paper fits best within this Session 18: Revisiting the UNESCO Foundation and Advanced Courses for Asia-Pacific: Status, Development, and Challenges because it reviews UNESCO’s capacity building efforts and activities with an aim to identify challenges and propose future course of action relating to underwater cultural heritage in the region. 2001 CONVENTION The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (the 2001 Convention) was adopted in 2001 by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to fight against commercial exploitation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH). According to the Convention, UCH is “an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage” (UNESCO 2001: Preamble), and provides vital evidence and information about human history and the interaction of civilizations with all kinds of waters, e.g. oceans, lakes, rivers, flooded caves and swamps. The 2001 Convention aims to assure UCH protection and sustainability at the same level as those provided to land-based heritage. To this end, the 2001 Convention regulates site protection measures and obliges its States Parties to impose sanctions in cases of violations of the measures. It also provides ethical principles such as in situ preservation and the respect of all human remains located in maritime waters. The 2001 Convention moreover underlines the importance of research, information and education to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage and contains, in its Annex, 36 rules for activities directed at UCH, providing practical guidelines for underwater scientific and archaeological interventions. Today the rules have become internationally recognized scientific standards for underwater archaeology and research, applied by many specialized institutions and universities. UNESCO regional meetings and training workshops The 2001 Convention entered into force with 20 ratifications in 2009. To promote the principles of the 2001 Convention and help countries develop capacity in the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage in line with the objectives of the Convention, UNESCO organized a series of regional meetings and technical workshops. For Southeast Asia, UNESCO organized, between 2009 and 2011, extensive training workshops in underwater archaeology to build regional capacity in identification, research and protection of underwater cultural heritage, owing to the generous financial contribution from Norway. Five UNESCO training workshops, including three foundation courses and two advanced training courses, took place at the regional training centre on UCH in Chanthaburi, Thailand. The workshops all together trained nearly 100 underwater archaeologists from over 15 countries in Asia (UNESCO 2013b). Building on the training workshops, UNESCO further published the Training Manual for the Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific in 2012, to facilitate the development of capacity building programmes in underwater archaeology for the region (UNESCO 2012). At the same time, UNESCO organized regional policy meetings (Ko Kong, Cambodia in 2012, Indonesia in 2017 and 2019 in cooperation with ASEAN) to gain support for the 2001 Convention 1 �and enhance its ratification in the region. Several large-scale conferences were also undertaken at the initiatives of governments, universities and non-governmental stakeholders, including the Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage (APCONF) in Manilla (2011), Honolulu (2014), Hong Kong (2017), and Taiwan (2020) which provided a regional platform for academic exchange and information dissemination regarding underwater archaeology and UCH (Kimura and McCann 2019). While the 2001 Convention has progressively gained its influence and recognition as the international scientific standard and effective legal instrument for UCH protection, its ratification in Asia-Pacific remains the smallest among all regions, with only four countries1 having ratified the Convention. In Southeast Asia, only one state, Cambodia, has ratified the Convention in 2007. Table 1: Number of States Parties and ratification rate by UNESCO regional groups (electoral)2Source: UNESCO Europe & Latin North America America and Asia and Africa Pacific Arab Total States Caribbean Number of 20 21 4 15 12 72 50 33 44 47 19 193 40 63 9 31 63 37 States Parties Number of Member States Ratification rate (%) In the Pacific, two countries, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and Niue, have ratified the Convention respectively in 2018 and 2019. Moreover, UCH in the Pacific has begun to gain attention and has been increasingly integrated in the regional policies and initiatives such as the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway, Climate Change, Disaster Resilience and Environmental Protection of the United Nation Pacific Strategy 2018–2022, and the Regional Culture Strategy: Investing in Pacific Cultures 2010–2020. With numerous unexplored submerged sites, ranging from sunken villages, prehistorical dwellings to the shipwrecks from World War II, UCH is increasingly researched and recognised as a driver for sustainable development and as an effective means for community engagement and economic incentive through tourism (UNESCO 2017). In September 2014, UNESCO organized a side event on Underwater Cultural Heritage and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) during the SIDS Conference. It published two publications related to UCH in Oceania (2010) and related legislation and programmes in the five countries in Micronesia (2018) in collaboration with UCH experts from the region. The recent ratification of FSM and Niue is likely to be followed by other Pacific states, including Australia currently working toward the ratification3 and potentially the Solomon Islands and the Republic of the Marshall Islands for which UNESCO carried out studies on the gap analysis between their national legislations and the 2001 Convention in 2021, the preparatory work towards the ratification. 1 Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Iran, and Niue 2 According to UNESCO Executive Board groupings https://pax.unesco.org/cp/ListeMS_Indicators.asp See: Australia must do more to prevent ‘looting and destruction’ of underwater heritage, report says | Oceans | The Guardian 3 2 �In Asia where a series of trainings and workshops were conducted between 2009 and 2011, no other states have joined the Convention since Cambodia’s ratification in 2007. To take stock of the development and progress made to safeguard UCH in the region, UNESCO held a meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2019 in cooperation with the ASEAN Secretariat inviting the representatives and experts of eight Southeast Asian countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam)4. Most underwater archaeology experts at the meeting, notably from Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, were the beneficiaries of the UNESCO trainings conducted between 2009 and 2011. During the meeting, the national reports on the status of safeguarding UCH were presented by the country representatives, which clearly showed that some progress have been made in the region to fight against commercial exploitation through various measures, e.g. the adoption of national laws to ban commercial salvage or to reinforce national capacity building and awareness-raising activities of the submerged cultural heritage (UNESCO 2019c). For example, underwater heritage is part of the policy for integrated coastal zone management in Indonesia today, and since 2010, the country has stopped UCH salvaging activities by imposing a moratorium on Ministerial Decree No. 30/200013 which permits commercial salvage of UCH in the country.5 A marine heritage gallery is permanently held inside the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, open to the public and used for awareness-raising seminars and activities. In Thailand, the Underwater Archaeology Division of the Fine Arts Department in the Ministry of Culture, established in 1974, systematically undertakes a series of underwater archaeological surveys according to proper scientific and archaeological standards. The Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, with its Regional Centre for Archaeology and the Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) in Bangkok, Thailand, has been actively promoting regional cooperation in underwater protection and archaeology and organising technical and policy workshops on UCH issues. Malaysia introduced three legislations affecting UCH, i.e. Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Antiquities Act of 1976 and National Heritage Act 2005. The 2005 National Heritage Act defines underwater heritage and authorises the Heritage Commissioner to regulate salvage or excavation activities. In Vietnam where a great number of UCH was commercially salvaged and most archaeological sites had been seriously damaged and deformed over the years, the government has established the Department of Underwater Archaeology in 2013, which was later changed to the Centre of Underwater Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology in 2016 to enhance its capacity in underwater archaeology and management of submerged historical sites. The Vietnamese government officials are more conscious of the historical and cultural value of its UCH (Dissanayake 2014). While certain positive developments to protect UCH have been observed and the national legislative measures to halt commercial exploitation have begun to be put in place, there still remains many challenges to overcome in Southeast Asia. Despite the increasing recognition of the importance and the potential attached to this heritage in recent years, there is the general absence of political will and adequate financial support to research and protect UCH in the region. Many countries still lack the capacity and expertise to undertake systematic research on their own with the exception of a few countries that have adequately trained national underwater archaeologists such as Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines, albeit with limited financial means. Lacking funding and expertise, certain countries have also chosen to work with commercial salvage companies to carry out archaeological research and excavation in exchange for a share of recovered artefacts, which are then distributed to the commercial companies and eventually to auction sales. There are also issues with legal legislation and law enforcement which are not always strictly applied in practice, leaving room for unlicensed excavation and commercial exploitation. Even today, 15th century Vietnamese ceramics from the Hoi An shipwreck or 19th century Chinese porcelain bowls from the Tek Sing shipwreck can be purchased through commercial websites. In the southern coast of Cambodia, a man was arrested in 2020 for illegally collecting and possessing some 281 ancient jars recovered from the sea. In Vietnam, many artefacts were clandestinely recovered from the 7th to 8th century Châu Tân 4 The author attended the meeting. However, this moratorium was revoked in Indonesia through the Jobs Creation Law in March 2021. By reversing course, Indonesia has allowed treasure hunting by private investors and foreigners again. See https://www.southeastasianarchaeology. com/. 5 3 �shipwreck and kept by a private collector (Kimura 2016). Low visibility of this heritage and the lack of public awareness and ethical conscience are also factors to overcome while more awareness-raising efforts are generally necessary at local and national levels to gain public support to safeguard this heritage for future generations. Future course of action During the past decade, Latin America and the Caribbean, which possesses extremely rich underwater cultural heritage as Asia-Pacific, had continuously suffered from commercial exploitation and destruction of the heritage by treasure hunters. However, the region today has been most successful in the ratification and implementation of the 2001 Convention with reinforced human capacity and infrastructure, owing to growing awareness and efforts made by states to enhance the regional collaboration and adopt a roadmap to prioritize the protection of underwater cultural heritage through the ratification of the 2001 Convention (UNESCO 2015). As such, many courses of action can be envisaged and should be reinforced in line with the principles and rules contained in the 2001 Convention. To protect and establish a good management of underwater cultural heritage in Asia, the provision of adequate trained underwater heritage specialists are prerequisite. It will further help the establishment of competent national authorities, establishment of national research agenda and national inventories, public awareness raising and development of solid research and training programmes. To ensure the long-term preservation and use of this heritage, the elaboration of the national need assessments and capacity building strategies should be elaborate. In this vein, UNESCO launched a series of new initiatives, including the first Regional Meeting on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage and the UNESCO 2001 Convention in Central Asia and the Caspian Sea Region. The meeting took place in Almaty, Kazakhstan, participated by the representatives of 8 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) which highlighted the existing potential of the cultural heritage in the region. Following the recommendations of the meeting, a “Capacity Building Strategy” was developed for the region with an aim to help develop the necessary skills and knowledge for researching and managing the underwater archaeological sites found in the region. As a follow-up to the Almaty meeting in 2019, national policy consultations took place in 2021 with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan on the legal framework of the 2001 Convention. In cooperation with the International Centre for Underwater Archaeology in Zadar, Croatia, technical workshops were organized for the Central Asian countries in May and September 2023, to help states develop their capacity in underwater archaeology and conservation and restoration of underwater archaeological finds. In Southeast Asia, a training workshop on conservation and restoration of underwater archaeological finds took place in June 2023, attended by heritage experts from ASEAN countries. This workshop was realized thanks to the first tripartite collaboration among UNESCO, SEAMEO Regional Centre for Archaeology and the Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) and Underwater Archaeological Division (UAD) of the Fine Arts Department, Thai Ministry of Culture. This model of regional and international cooperation should be further reinforced to develop capacity and raise experts in underwater cultural heritage. With huge potential for development with underwater cultural heritage and as seen in the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific states further invest in the UCH protection, develop regional cooperation and adopt a roadmap to prioritize its protection and the ratification of the 2001 Convention. In recent years, the contribution of UCH to sustainable development began to be underlined in the Development Agenda, such as the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 14 setting up ten targets to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, and the UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021-2030). To better respond to the emerging global challenges and safeguarding UCH for future generations, it is about time that UCH protection should be prioritized in the national agenda of the Asian-Pacific countries with the legal framework provided by the 2001 Convention. 4 �Bibliography Asia-Pacific Regional Conferences on Underwater Cultural Heritage. 2017. https://www.apconf.org/call-for/past-conferences/ (accessed 20 November 2020). Australian Government. 2018. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Underwater Cultural Heritage Act. https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ underwater-heritage/underwater-cultural-heritage-act# (accessed 30 August 2020). of the Federated States of Micronesia. 2018. A resolution: Ratifying the 2001 UNESCO convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage. https://www.cfsm.gov.fm/ifile/20%20congress/PASSED%20RESOLUTIONS/ CR_NO_20-29.pdf (accessed 30 August 2020). Curtis, T. 2011. TheCongress 2001 Convention: A framework for international cooperation in safeguarding our underwater cultural heritage. The 2011 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Proceedings. http://www.themua .org/collections/files/original/401ddde8a071a00c4ad9c29d6608af46.pdf (accessed 13 September 2020). Henderson, J. 2019. Ocean without history? Marine cultural heritage and the sustainable development agenda. Sustainability 11 (18): 5080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su11185080 Holmes, O., Ulmanu, M. and Roberts, S. 2017. The world’s biggest grave robbery: Asia’s disappearing WWII shipwrecks.TheGuardian. (https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2017/nov/03/worlds-biggest-grave-robbery-asias-disappe aring-ww2-shipwrecks (accessed 6 October 2020). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 2020. 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Journal of Maritime Archaeology 14: 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-019-09241-0 The Independent. 2020. Diver arrested with almost 300 centuries’ old jars, 29 September. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/cambodiaman-arrested-jar-earthenware-shipwreck-b696287. html?fbclid=IwAR047DevPV0McHTQ3IMl-GF8VKwVIbNl7yBWbPdefqc0IN_7ED_XCPjUwY0. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2012. Training manual for the UNESCO foundation course on the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage in Asia and the 5 �Pacific.Bangkok:UNESCO.https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217234?posIn Set=1&queryId=c8798b7e-8a07-415a-ae26-440753242aab (accessed 7 February 2021). . 2013a. The benefit of the protection of underwater cultural heritage for sustainable growth, tourism and urban development. www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/UCH_development_study_2013.pdf (accessed 14September 2020). . 2013b. Secretariat report. Convention of the protection of the underwater cultural heritage: Meeting of States Parties; Fourth session. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000219546 (accessed 14 September 2020). . 2015. Underwater cultural heritage in Latin America and the Caribbean. Culture and Development 13: 16–21. http://www.lacult.unesco.org/lacult_en/docc/CyD_13_en.pdf (accessed 10 October 2020). . 2016. The impact of treasure-hunting on submerged archaeological sites. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Brochure PillageADOPTEDdec2.pdf (accessed 10 October 2022). . 2017. Safeguarding underwater cultural heritage in the Pacific: report on good practice in the protection and management of World War II-related underwater cultural heritage. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260457 (accessed 28 October 2020). . 2019a. Evaluation of UNESCO’s standard-setting work of the Culture Sector, part VI: 2001 Convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368446?posInSet=2&queryId =16a17f7c-2e9c-498a-b8df-26e7a2b39c20 (accessed 10 November 2020). . 2019b. Summary note: Safeguarding and reviving the shared maritime cultural heritage of South-East Asia (5–9 November 2019), Jakarta and Belitung, Indonesia [unpublished]. . 2019c. UN Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development. https://www.oceandecade.org/about (accessed 28 October 2020). . n.d. Best practices of underwater cultural heritage. new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/underwater-cultural-heritage/ best-practices-of-underwater-cultural-heritage/ (accessed 10 November 2020. 6 http://www.unesco.org/ � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2001 Convention and UNESCO’s Capacity Building in Asia-Pacific Description An account of the resource The topic of this paper fits best within this Session 18: Revisiting the UNESCO Foundation and Advanced Courses for Asia-Pacific: Status, Development, and Challenges because it reviews UNESCO’s capacity building efforts and activities with an aim to identify challenges and propose future course of action relating to underwater cultural heritage in the region. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chihiro Nishikawa Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Nishikawa, Chihiro . 2023. “Underwater Cultural Heritage and UNESCO’s Capacity Building in Asia and the Pacific.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Bobby Orillaneda, and Brian Fahy. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1997 Asia-Pac Session 18 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ports, Merchants, Chieftains and Eunuchs: Reading Maritime Commerce of Early Guangdong Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chin James K Shing Müller Thomas O. Höllmann Putao Gui Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Harrassowitz Verlag Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Chin James K Editor Shing Müller Thomas O. Höllmann Putao Gui Item Type Book Section Book Title Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou-Tang) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Pages 217-239 Place Wiesbaden Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Harrassowitz Verlag Title A name given to the resource Ports, Merchants, Chieftains and Eunuchs: Reading Maritime Commerce of Early Guangdong China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/e9501e89c86be4d23d22596ced86f864.pdf 161a636e91266705b1699c71225189bd PDF Text Text Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan: Legislation and Challenges Ching-Ching Kuo Ph.D. Student, Department of Environmental Biology and Fishery Science Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan kuomaster@gmail.com Chun-Pei Liao Ph.D. Student, Department of Environmental Biology and Fishery Science Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan a314172427a@hotmail.com Wen-Yan Chiau Dr. /Professor, Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan chiau0717@gmail.com Abstract The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted in 2001 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The convention acknowledges the importance of underwater cultural heritage as an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations, and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage. The responsibility of protecting and preserving the underwater cultural heritage therefore rests with all States (UNESCO, 2017.). By echoing the spirit of the above convention, the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) of Taiwan adopted the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act on November 24, 2015. The Act was promulgated by the President and was also put into force on 9 December 2015. The Law is in seven chapters with 44 articles. The chapters cover general provisions, attributed rights and international cooperation, activities involving underwater cultural heritage, in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage, excavation management in the sea, public education  Correspondent author. �and professional training, penalties, and supplementary provisions. This paper introduces the recent research projects of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan, illustrates the enactment process of the new law and highlights its main features. The paper concludes that it is essential to have further integration of management affairs, establishing national research institute, strengthening the international cooperation and the professional training, implementing related bylaws and mechanisms, and promoting public awareness, which also become daunting challenges faced by Taiwan as it marches toward the protection of its precious underwater cultural heritage. Key words: UCH, Taiwan, UNESCO Introduction Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) refers to all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical, or archaeological character, such as ruins, architecture, handicrafts, human remains, boats, aircrafts, environments having an archaeological character and natural environments. According to Article 3 of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act promulgated on December 9, 2015, “Underwater Cultural Heritage” means all traces of human existence having a historical, cultural, archaeological, artistic, or scientific character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously: (1) sites, structures, buildings, artifacts and human remains, together with their archaeological and natural context; (2) vessels, aircrafts, other vehicles or any part thereof, their cargo or other contents, together with their archaeological and natural context; and (3) objects of a prehistoric character. The UCH contains rich information related to cultures, history, geography and technology. A shipwreck, for instance, is testimony to trade and cultural dialogue between peoples. It also functions as a time capsule, providing a complete snapshot of the life on board at the time of sinking. Therefore, how to protect this common heritage of all mankind become the center of international concern. �Brief History of Legislation Since 2000, some scholars in Taiwan, Professor Wen-Yan Chiau (later served as legislator) with the National Taiwan Ocean University, have being concerned about the protection of UCH and have organized several international conferences. In 2005, Professor Chiau was commissioned by Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior to conduct a literature study on UCH in Dongsha (Pratas) Islands in the South China Sea. He concluded that at least 28 wrecks were clearly recorded. Over the past ten years, the UCH research projects made by the Academia Sinica and the National Sun Yat-sen University, under the authorization of the Ministry of Culture, discovered nearly 100 wrecks in the waters around Taiwan, including GUANG-BIN Warship that participated in the first SinoJapanese War and British S.S. BOKHARA were sunk in Penghu (Pescadores) Archipelagoes, British SOBRAON near Matsu Islands and the unknown “GREEN ISLAND No. I” in East Taiwan (Bureau of Cultural Heritage, 2014). These wrecks are as valuable as “NANHAI No. I” and “DANDONG No. I” of China and the important research projects in other countries. In the past, however, such precious UCH resources in Taiwan were not protected through a proper mechanism and were possibly destroyed by illegal and unappropriated underwater activities. Moreover, the important principles and spirit of the UNESCO UCH Convention have not yet been implemented in the domestic laws and the existing Cultural Heritage Preservation Act does not apply to the preservation, protection and management of UCH. Thus, there is an urgent need to formulate an exclusive law for Taiwan to preserve, protect and manage its rich and valuable UCH. In view of this, the Ministry of Culture drafted a specific law called the "Law on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage of the Republic of �China". After years of discussions, the draft of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act was finally proposed by the Executive Yuan (Cabinet) and submitted to the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) for discussion. The Draft was completed gradually through researches conducted by experts and scholars commissioned by the Ministry of Culture, expert meetings, national public hearings, and related legal operating procedures as well as the acquisition of public consensus (Ministry of Culture, 2015). In the Legislative Yuan, Legislator Wen-Yan Chiau and Legislator Pi-Han Chen also proposed the corresponding versions (Legislative Yuan, 2015). Since the 8th session of the Parliament had limited time for UCH discussions, Legislator Chiau consulted Professor Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu and some key officials with the Ministry of Culture and integrated three versions into one, which served as the basis of discussion upon the consent of the Committee. On November 9, 2015, the integrated version was reviewed by the Committee and submitted to the Legislative Yuan for determination. On November 24, 2015, the Legislative Yuan finally approved the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act through a three-reading procedure. The Act was promulgated by the President on December 9, 2015, becoming the first exclusive law regarding the preservation of UCH in Taiwan (Office of the President, R.O.C., 2015). The approval and implementation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act ensure the effective preservation, protection, and management of UCH in the waters around Taiwan under a specific and clear legislation. Principles and Main Contents Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act consists of seven chapters with 44 articles in total: Chapter One "General Provisions", �Chapter Two "Right Attribution and International Cooperation", Chapter Three " Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage ", Chapter Four " In-situ Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage", Chapter Five "Excavating Out Of The Water", Chapter Six "Penalty Provisions" and Chapter Seven "Supplementary Provisions". Main contents of the Act are summarized as follows (Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 2017). 1. Respect and response to the spirit of the UNESCO Convention The themes of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act are to preserve, protect and manage UCH, build the historical connection, and develop the characteristic of the maritime country in accordance with the spirit of the UNESCO Convention and other international agreements. In this regard, the Act includes the principles of the Convention in many articles with the hope to preserve and manage UCH in Taiwan like that operated in many parts of the world. For example, Article 4 of the Act reflects the spirit of the Convention and stipulates that “Any activity involving underwater cultural heritage should avoid unnecessary interference with human remains and historical sites” and that “UCH should not be commercially exploited.” 2. Carry out general survey and registry management Article 5 of the Act stipulates, “the competent authority shall undertake a general survey of underwater cultural heritage, or record and manage the files after conducting the investigation, research and review, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by this Act, on the reports from individuals or organizations that indicate a suspected underwater cultural heritage existed.” In addition, Article 6 also regulated that the competent authority shall fully set up case data for the investigation, �research, excavation, preservation, and restoration for underwater cultural heritage. The data shall be permanently preserved in accordance with the Archives Act and its relevant regulations. The survey of underwater cultural heritage is also stipulated in Article 9 of the Act：“Where an environmental impact assessment is required for an exploitation activity, or where a governmental agency and state-owned enterprise makes or ratifies a plan with respect to exploitation and utilization of a water area, it is required to conduct a prior investigation related to the existence of underwater cultural heritage or suspected underwater cultural heritage. A notification of the discovery shall submit to the competent authority if any.” 3. Establish a national institute for the preservation and research of UCH Referring to the foreign cases (e.g., Department of Underwater and Marine Archaeological Research, DRASSM, in Marseille, France), Article 7 of the Act stipulates that “the competent authority may designate a dedicated organization for the preservation and research of underwater cultural heritage to perform the investigation, research, excavation, restoration, education, promulgation, international cooperation, and other activities with respect to underwater cultural heritage.” For recruiting professionals to protect UCH in Taiwan, Article 11 of the Act also stipulates that “the competent authority shall educate and train the relevant professionals with respect to underwater cultural heritage in order to undertake the preservation of underwater cultural heritage.” The items, manners, procedures, examinations, evaluations, utilization, withdrawal, revocation, and other related affairs of the professionals will be further regulated by competent authorities after consulting related agencies. �4. Establish a Review Mechanism Regarding the administrative aspects, Article 8 of the Act expressly stipulates that the competent authority shall convene the review committee of underwater cultural heritage to review the following subjects: (1) applications for activities directed at underwater cultural heritage; (2) coordination with other authorities in charge of other affairs with respect to activities incidentally affecting underwater cultural heritage; (3) the recordation and management of underwater cultural heritage; (4) the zoning of underwater cultural heritage protection areas; (5) subject substantially relating to the preservation of underwater cultural heritage. 5. Report the discovery of cultural relics Pursuant to Article 13 of the Act, “anyone who discovers suspected underwater cultural heritage shall terminate any activity that has an influence on such heritage, maintain completeness of the site, and promptly report the discovery to the competent authority excepted that there is a need to prevent an urgent and severe danger or there is a substantial public interest at stake, such activity may not be terminated, and the discovery of such shall be reported to the competent authority.” After receiving the report referred to in the first paragraph, the competent authority may take the following measures: (1) restrict or terminate all or part of the activity which has an influence on the suspected underwater heritage in a specific water area; (2) undertake necessary investigation, research, and other related underwater operations; and (3) set up a temporary protection zone in the water area of the discovery site. Article 18 of the Act also stipulates that the citizen or the vessel master of the country, who discovers suspected underwater cultural heritage or activities directed at underwater cultural heritage in the �exclusive economic area or on the continental shelf of other states, shall promptly report such discovery or activity to the competent authority. The government of Taiwan may report such discovery or activity referred to in the preceding paragraph to the relevant states or international organizations. 6. Stipulate right attribution and international cooperation The right attribution and international cooperation are included in Chapter 2 of the Act. For instance, Article 15 of the Act stipulates that “any underwater cultural heritage discovered in the internal waters and territorial sea of the Republic of China, except for the state vessels and aircraft in which a foreign state declares an interest, shall belong to the Republic of China.” “The Republic of China, in the exercise of its sovereignty, has the exclusive jurisdiction to regulate, authorize, or approve activities directed at underwater cultural heritage in the internal waters and territorial sea of the Republic of China.” With a view to cooperating on the best methods of protecting the state vessels and aircraft prescribed, however, the competent authority, should inform the flag state and, if applicable, other states with a cultural, historical or archaeological link, with respect to the discovery of such identifiable state vessels and aircraft. Additionally, Article 21 of the Act stipulates that the ROC government may enter into bilateral, regional or other multilateral agreements or develop existing agreements with other states or international organizations, for the preservation, protection, and management of underwater cultural heritage. 7. Strictly regulate activities directed at UCH Article 22 of the Act stipulates that “activities directed at underwater cultural heritage shall not be undertaken unless an application with an �underwater cultural heritage activity plan is filed by a scholar, experts, or academic/professional scientific research institutions to the competent authority and approved thereby.” With the case of international cooperation, the Act further regulates that “foreigner(s) shall cooperate with domestic scientific research organizations or institutions to file such application.” Pursuant to Article 23 of the Act, those activities directed at UCH should be supervised by the competent authority; The competent authority shall also stipulate the regulations related to the UCH activities including the operational procedure, qualification of relevant operational personnel, method for in situ preservation, method for evacuated, preservation or protection method after excavation, and other matters related to the underwater cultural heritage activities should be complied with. Practically, this highlights the importance of bylaws of the Act. 8. In situ preservation and planning for UCH protected areas With echoing to the spirit of the Convention, Article 27 of the Act expressly stipulates that “the preservation in situ of UCH shall be the first option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage.” And, the proper means for in situ preservation may include recordation management, protection zone, or other proper preservation measures. When the review committees make a decision that it is necessary to designate a specific underwater cultural heritage protection zone, according to Article 28, the competent authority should consult with relevant authorities to designate and publicize an underwater cultural heritage protection zone within such water area to preserve the underwater heritage in situ. To allow the public engagement, Article 28 also regulated that the authority should hold a public hearing or explanation session inviting civilians or groups with an interest at stake to attend. �Article 30 of the Act regulates the content of the management and protection plan, which include the following: (1) basic data: location, measure of area, significance of the underwater cultural heritage, description and scope diagram of research; (2) range classification; (3) accountable authority distribution and reporting system (4) routine maintenance: preservation, maintenance and recordation of the environmental landscape; (5) emergency maintenance: prevention of natural or human damage and emergency disaster disposal; (6) education and promotion: production and exhibition of promotional material as well as education activities; (7) source of funding; (8) management plan of entrust; and (9) other matters related to management and protection. For well managing UCH, Article 31 of the Act regulates the activities that are prohibited within UCH protection zone, such as salvage of UCH, usage of explosives, trawling or anchoring, mining, installation of electric cables and pipelines, discarding waste water or hazardous substances, dredging and construction of ocean engineering. As for management and protection of the underwater cultural heritage and settling illegal matters, according to Article 32, the competent authority may request assistance from the Coast Guard Administration to help in the enforcement of the Act. 9. Regulate the conditions for UCH salvage In principle, the underwater cultural heritage shall not be excavated out of the water. Pursuant to Article 34, exceptions are only limited to the following situations: (1) the underwater cultural heritage related to historical status or recognition of the nation: (2) the absence of such underwater cultural heritage could be detrimental to a full understanding of human history; (3) the underwater cultural heritage is of substantial commercial value that cannot be protected without excavating it out of the water; (4) excavation is necessary for the investigation and research of �underwater cultural heritage; (5) the underwater cultural heritage cannot be sufficiently preserved, protected or managed without excavating it out of the water due to an emergency or the change of the existing environment; (6) other situations in which the competent authority deems necessary to excavate out of the water. While excavation to be undertaken, pursuant to Article 35 of the Act, the preservation and maintenance plan for UCH should be proposed at the same time, and in which “non-destructive technology and survey method shall be used preferentially.” In addition, the expertise of underwater archaeology, underwater operators, and preservative scientist shall jointly participate in the measure for the excavation or emergency disposal. 10. Stipulate strict penalties for protecting UCH Chapter 6 of the Act strictly stipulates the penalty provisions. As Article 37 regulates, for instance, any person who commits any of the following offenses shall be liable to imprisonment for up to five years, detention, and/or a fine of NT$200,000 to NT$10,000,000: theft of UCH with an intention to possess for his own or for a third person, damage of UCH within the protection zone or temporary protection zone, conveyance of UCH which belongs to the Republic of China out of the country, and undertaking UCH activities without prior approval of the competent authority. It is hope that the penalties can effectively stop the illegal activities which are harmful to the protection of UCH in this country. Challenges Ahead Over the past few decades, Taiwan has realized its richness of UCH through academic research and investigation, research projects commissioned by Ministry of Culture, findings by the local civil groups, fishermen or diving enthusiasts. However, these precious cultural relics �and artifacts were not protected properly due to the absence of related laws on the preservation of UCH in this country. Since the implementation of Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act is still in its infancy, the protection of UCH is unavoidably encountering many challenges as follows (Chiau and Kuo, 2014). Dissemination and Implementation of bylaws The Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act is a fundamental law of Taiwan for the protection of UCH. In late 2016, the Ministry of Culture had already formulated some 9 bylaws for implementing the Act. They include the enforcement regulations on：UCH survey and management before development in the marine area, seabed and subsoil management, activities directed at UCH, UCH professionals training, promotion of public education on UCH, delineation and management of UCH protection zone, and incentives and subsidy on UCH research and protection. However, the challenges are to disseminate those concept of protecting UCH and smoothly implement those tasks among various stakeholders. Establishment of a national-level research institution Pursuant to Article 7 of the Act, the Ministry of Culture may appoint an institute responsible for UCH preservation, protection and management. It is believed that this national-level institute is able to best integrate various research resources, including technologies, professions and budgets. The DRASSM established in Marseille, France, for instance, is a national-level research institute with a history of more than 50 years. Having equipped with research vessels and many professionals, the Institute has been participating in various international UCH projects and has achieved abundant results with solid budgets and operations. In �2009, the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage was established in Korea to promote the country’s maritime culture and exchange research results with other international research institutions or museums. These institutes are all worth referring to as Taiwan establishing its own one. Enhancing technologies and professionals training The technologies such as side scan sonar, multibeam depth sounding system, sub-bottom profiler and magnetometer have been applied in UCH survey and research in Taiwan (Liu, 2010). However, there is a necessity for developing and/or enhancing new technologies especially for those UCH buried in shallow waters, lagoons, estuaries and river bed. On the other hand, it is in short of UCH professionals in Taiwan. Over the past ten years, although several training workshops for underwater archaeology have been held in Taiwan, few trainees are willing to engage in underwater archaeology due to limited job opportunities. After the Act is promulgated, the demand for professionals will definitely increase. The Ministry of Culture should be keen to training and employment of UCH professionals, especially their appropriate and stable job opportunities. The Ministry should also have professionals recruited in its subordinated agencies and even engage the international professional certification in order to provide appropriate and safe jobs for UCH professionals. Strengthening international exchange and cooperation Pursuant to Article 19 of the Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage promulgated, the UNESCO urges the international cooperation and information sharing regarding the protection of UCH. As mentioned above, the research, protection and management of UCH is still in its infancy in Taiwan. As a cultural entity and a responsible country, �there is essential to learn from and/or work with other countries for better managing the common heritage for all mankind. Raising the public awareness on UCH protection With the development of underwater technologies and diving techniques, it is easy to dive into the deep sea, resulting in more opportunities of discovery, collection and destruction of UCH. However, different from treasury hunting, the concept of preservation of UCH must promote through the nation-wide education and propaganda to raise the public awareness of the protection of UCH. Firstly, the government may include UCH concepts in the textbooks for the public schools and encourage universities to establish related departments on UCH research. Secondly, many countries establish maritime museums and marine parks to encourage the public to engage in cultural tourism. For example, underwater museum in Alexandria, Egypt, Mary Rose in the UK, Baiheliang Underwater Museum in China, Underwater Archaeological Park in Finland and Dalarö Blue Park in Sweden showcase the creativity by combining nature and cultures. These examples are all worth referring to for raising the public awareness on UCH. In the aspect of social education, the educational promotion for diving enthusiasts is especially important in this case. Improving integration among related government agencies The management of UCH involves many aspects, including investigation, research, excavation, repair, education, promotion, supervision, enforcement, international cooperation and other related activities. Many government departments and agencies may engage in the administrative procedures in Taiwan, including Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Education, Council of Agriculture, Coast Guard Administration, Ministry of the Interior, �Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry Communications and local governments. of Transportation and Related stakeholders and interested parties, such as fishermen, diving clubs, or recreation industries are also involved. In view of this, a better governance of UCH issues will rely on the close cross-department cooperation. And, integration among the related agencies is a must and represents a daunting challenge faced by Taiwan. Concluding Remarks Although Taiwan’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act is promulgated, daunting challenges remain in the implementation of this brand new legal system. It is hope the government can facilitate the establishment of a national research institute of UCH, training programs for professionals and the public awareness of the protection of UCH. International cooperation and information sharing also deserve the priority. Reference Office of the President, R.O.C., 2015. Promulgation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, Gazette of the President Office, No. 7223, Taipei. Ministry of Culture, 2015. Legislative Yuan Approved the Draft of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act through a Threereading Procedure and Implemented the Legislation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan, http://www.moc.gov.tw (Retrieved on 16 January 2016). Bureau of Cultural Heritage, 2014. The Phase 3 Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Waters around Taiwan, Ministry of Culture, Taipei. Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 2017. Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, �http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=H0170102 (Retrieved on 14 July 2017). Legislative Yuan, 2015. The Report of the Education and Culture Committee on the Draft of Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act proposed by Legislator Pi-Han Chen and other 27 Legislators and Legislator Wen-Yen Chiau and other 28 legislators respectively, Legislative Yuan Related Documents, Yuan-Tsung No. 1082, Government Proposal No. 15341, Legislator Proposal No. 17968 and No. 17668-1. Chiau, W.-Y. and Kuo, C.-C., 2014. Current development and challenges of underwater archaeology in Taiwan, presented at the International Workshop on Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Building-up the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, South China Sea Institute, Xiamen University. National Development Council, 2012. Golden Decade and the National Vision, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. Liu, C.-Y., 2010. Applications of Underwater Technology in Marine Archaeological Survey, presented at the 2010 Seed Talent Training Workshop on Underwater Archaeology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2017. Underwater Cultural Heritage, http://www.unesco.org/new/zh/culture/themes/underwater-culturalheritage/2001-convention/ (Retrieved on 14 July 2017). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 7: Underwater Cultural Heritage Politics, Laws, Ethics and Values Description An account of the resource All cultural materials are potentially cultural resources. However, because not all of them can be preserved or studied, choices must be made based on evaluation and re-evaluation. Values are learned and depend on cultural, intellectual, historical, and psychological frames of reference. Consequently, valuation is made individually, but is shared by communities. Valuation of underwater cultural heritage has, then, a broad range of determining value depending on the community to which it belongs. A clear example of this is the protection of human remains. The 2001 UNESCO Convention includes, in its definition of underwater cultural heritage, human remains which have been underwater for more than 100 years. However, the Christian philosophy on the treatment of human remains is different to that of Asian philosophy that teaches that human remains will never become underwater cultural heritage since, if they are seen by someone in an underwater site, it is imperative to rescue the human remains and bury them on land according to their beliefs. This session aims to create a forum for policymakers, managers, and archaeologists devoted to underwater cultural heritage where they can share their experiences of and research on the valuation of underwater cultural heritage. We aim to accept papers that help us to understand the definition of ‘underwater cultural heritage’ in the Asia-Pacific regions, comparing those definitions with the definition of the 2001 UNESCO Convention and trying to find a common interpretation. We will also be looking to examine the meaning of the underwater cultural heritage sites and objects for different communities. Finally, we will be expecting papers exploring the different possibilities of the use and/or conservation of this underwater cultural heritage according to the values and needs of the different communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elena Perez-Alvaro Licit Cultural Heritage Ltd., UK Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Taiwan: Legislation and Challenges Description An account of the resource The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage was adopted in 2001 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The convention acknowledges the importance of underwater cultural heritage as an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations, and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage. The responsibility of protecting and preserving the underwater cultural heritage therefore rests with all States (UNESCO, 2017.). By echoing the spirit of the above convention, the Legislative Yuan (Parliament) of Taiwan adopted the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act on November 24, 2015. The Act was promulgated by the President and was also put into force on 9 December 2015. The Law is in seven chapters with 44 articles. The chapters cover general provisions, attributed rights and international cooperation, activities involving underwater cultural heritage, in-situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage, excavation management in the sea, public education and professional training, penalties, and supplementary provisions. This paper introduces the recent research projects of underwater cultural heritage in Taiwan, illustrates the enactment process of the new law and highlights its main features. The paper concludes that it is essential to have further integration of management affairs, establishing national research institute, strengthening the international cooperation and the professional training, implementing related bylaws and mechanisms, and promoting public awareness, which also become daunting challenges faced by Taiwan as it marches toward the protection of its precious underwater cultural heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ching-Ching Kuo Chun-Pei Liao Wen-Yan Chiau Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Ching-Ching Kuo Chun-Pei Liao Wen-Yan Chiau Asia-Pac Session 7 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kilwa: An Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast. Vol. 1, History and Archaeology Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chittick, Neville Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available British Institute in Eastern Africa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Chittick, Neville Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Place Nairobi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available British Institute in Eastern Africa Title A name given to the resource Kilwa: An Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast. Vol. 1, History and Archaeology Volume 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource East African Trade with the Orient Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chittick, Neville D.S. Richards Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bruno Cassirer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Section Zotero Author Chittick, Neville Editor D.S. Richards Item Type Book Section Book Title Islam and the Trade of Asia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Pages 97-104 Place Oxford Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bruno Cassirer Title A name given to the resource East African Trade with the Orient https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c29bff2dc08d3f3411aea8154ee8713b.pdf eb3d7d0db832b0163408a2e10de5b203 PDF Text Text When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage Chiung-Hui Fu (National Academy of Marine Research / National Cheng Kung University, cathyfu886@gmail.com) Yu-Chuan Tseng (National Academy of Marine Research, a24725169@gmail.com) Shao-Jung Chung (National Academy of Marine Research, shaorong28@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a newly developed interdisciplinary field in which historical research is indispensable. According to the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of UCH, the desk-based study of historical, archaeological, geological, and environmental data is necessary for the preliminary work of inventory. Then researchers conjecture sensitive areas after analyzing and integrating the above information. The Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan are important historical sites for the political activities of the Dutch East India Company and the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in the 17th century. According to preliminary conclusions from the historical documents, Dutch shipwrecks may have been buried in the shoals and wetlands around the mouths of the Zengwen to Yanshui River or the land area of Anping District, Tainan City. If there are discoveries, they will be significant material evidence of Taiwan's history in the Age of Discovery. However, the Taijiang Inner Sea has undergone 400 years of geographical and environmental changes, including river channel migration, sandbars, lagoons, land expansion, and urban development. Many of the hydrological regions of the period are gone. Therefore, planning shipwreck survey strategies that compare historical documents and map data with current geographical locations is more complex than surveying the sea. This study attempts to collect domestic and foreign maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan area and collect documents related to Dutch East Indies shipwrecks. After inductive analysis, a geographic information system program overlays the maps and data. Authors estimate the possible location range of sunken ships as a reference for UCH survey planning and target object comparison. Finally, integrate the suspected targets discovered by the scientific instrument survey to examine the relationship between historical documents and scientific survey data. List of Figures and Table Table 1: Information of VOC Shipwrecks in the Waters near Tayouan Figure 1: Fort Selandia on Teowan (Lai and Wei 2018) Figure 2: Locations of Sites in Tayouan (Chiang 1992) Figure 3: Overlay of Data from Historical Documents as well as the Investigations with Scientific Devices, Possible Locations of the VOC Shipwrecks (Map of Taijian Inner Sea) INTRODUCTION Since equipment for scuba diving was invented by the French engineer Jacques-Yues Cousteau and Émile Gagnan in 1943, operations in archaeology could be extended from land to underwater, which also brought about the cooperation of different fields and made underwater archaeology an emerging interdisciplinary practice. Regardless of legal or practical perspectives, history is always an inseparable element in research. I. Legal Perspective Articles 14 and 15 of Annex-Rules Concerning Activities Directed at UCH in UNESCO's 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2001 Convention) address that an assessment should be conducted in the preliminary work to elevate the meaning and fragility of damages upon the UCH and surrounding natural environment from the project itself as well as the potential of obtaining the data that can satisfy the project goals. Such assessment shall include obtainable background studies on the history and archaeological evidence, the archaeological and 1 �environmental qualities of the historic sites, and any potential consequences of affecting the stability of such UCH as a result of these activities. The Operational Guidelines for the UNESCO 2001 Convention specify that the State Parties shall declare their link to a specific UCH through the following information when consulting their interests in such heritage: (a) the results of scientific expertises; (b) historic documentation; or (c) any other adequate documentation (UNESCO 2015). In other words, the historical documentation is essential evidence for clarifying the ownership or other relevance of the UCH. II. Practical Perspective In terms of underwater archaeology operations procedures, they include preliminary work, historic site investigation, study organization, preservation and management, and education and promotion. The preliminary work can be divided into advanced assessment, desk or background research, general investigation, and evaluation. Among them, the advance assessment can be further divided into: 1. Thorough or partial history investigation of UCH. 2. Thorough and partial evaluation of marine environment, social and economic development, national policies, and comprehensive resources. 3. Draft of assessment standards of general investigation in sensitive zones. 4. Assessment of the potential sensitive area of the UCH. 5. Planning of a range of thorough or partial one-time general investigations. 6. Planning of priority or road map of thorough general investigation. Background research shall be involved with the time of the historic site’s formation and the historical and archaeological backgrounds of relevant regions. Historical geography can provide crucial information on the development of a specific area and possible historic sites of that region (Maarleveld et al. 2013). The historical data can also serve as the archaeological resources for the expected site (Manders and Underwood 2012). The desk research shall integrate all previously collected archaeological evidence and take all usable historical proofs as the reference (Maarleveld et al. 2013). Evaluation should be about the historical, cultural, archaeological, artistic, and scientific values, among which the historical importance should be about evaluating whether the historic sites or relics are relevant to the local, regional, or national history, or even the people, events, activities, locations, or themes of world history. For the subsequent investigation of historic sites, research organization, preservation, and educational promotion, the historical research can be essential support, such as comparison of relics or ship nationality, statements on the value of the heritages, as well as explanation, exhibitions, and publications of data of historical sites. CASE STUDY: VOC SHIPWRECKS IN THE TAIJANG INNER SEA Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan were necessary historical fields of the governance activities of the United East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) and the battle between them and Koxinga. From the literature, we can preliminarily conclude that Dutch shipwrecks or relics might 2 �be underneath the shoal, wetlands, or even the inland area of nowadays Anping, Tainan. They can be the material proof of Taiwan’s place in the Age of Sail if they can be found. However, due to the river channel migration and urbanization over the past 400 years, the shoals, lagoons, and the inner sea became land, and the waters of Taijang Inner Sea are no longer. The comparison between historical documents, maps, and current locations, as well as the investigation of shipwrecks, is significantly more complex than underwater cultural heritage in marine areas. In this study, we intend to collect the maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan in Taiwan and other countries and the pieces of literature about VOC shipwrecks. By overlaying the maps and the data with the geographic information system (GIS), we can preliminarily speculate the possible locations or range of the shipwrecks, which can serve as a reference for investigating cultural heritage and target comparison. Lastly, we can organize the suspected targets found by the scientific devices for cultural heritage to check the correlation between the historical documents and the found data. RESOURCES First of all, regarding the source of historical documents, we have original and second-hand data. For accuracy, we took the journals, letters, and paintings to find the records and clues of ship sinking and estimate the possible locations of the shipwrecks with other data organized in previous research. The historical data in this study include: 1. VOC Literature: De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia: vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, Report of Affairs in East India, De missiven van de VOC-gouverneur in Taiwan aan de Gouverneur-generaal te Batavia, and Konxinga’s March to Taiwan by Albrecht Herport. 2. Maps: Overview Taijiang: Scanning Antique Maps of Tayouan for 400 Years, Historical Atlas of Tainan, 1626-1960, and Antique Maps Drawn by the Dutch in the 17th Century. 3. Previous Research: Report of Investigations on Port Channels of Tayouan and VOC Shipwrecks in the 17th Century by Tree Valley Foundation with the commission from the Administration Office of Taijiang National Park in 2012, as well as the Closing Report of Collection and Analysis of Historical documents and Data of VOC Shipwrecks by Tamkang University from 2015 to 2016 and the Report of Prospection Plan with Remote Sensing on Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Waters of Tayouan Port by Strong Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. from 2017 to 2018 with the commission from Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture. 4. Field Survey: On-site positioning of former sites of Fort Zeelandia, Tayouan Towns, Fort Provintia, and Zeeburgh, as well as detection with shipborne devices and investigation with an airborne magnetometer in waters of Taijiang. FRAMEWORK We collected the humanity and natural background data of the waters of the former Taijiang Inner Sea before planning this investigation, including: 1. Historical documents and data, such as the ports, the channels, naval warfare, and the shipwrecks. 2. Map data, such as historical maps and voyage maps. 3 �3. Archaeological information on land, such as indigenous archaeological sites related to the VOC. 4. Terrain and environment data of the waters, such as the landform, depth, sediments, and depositions. First, we organized the information about shipwrecks in the historical documents. As the records lacked coordinates, we could only mark the possible areas from the textual descriptions about the locations, wind direction, and relative position of the objects on land. Second, for the maps we collected, we would position and digitalize the buildings or historic sites that still stand today and overlay them with Taiwan e-Map. Third, we use GIS to establish the attribute data and carry out archives and analyses with these data. It can be helpful not only in drawing out the sensitive zone of the investigation but also in the comparison of the data. Such data can become a reference for future studies, courses, and promotions. Last, the target data from comparing the shipborne devices and airborne magnetometer in the waters of Taijiang can be input for overlay in GIS and serve as the basis for further investigations and the reference for EIA on the UCH in the future. RESULTS By organizing the historical documents, we can conclude that 11 ships sunk in the waters of Taijiang or Tayouan at the time. The vessel and brief information are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Information of VOC Shipwrecks in the Waters near Tayouan No. Ship Date of Shipwreck Type Tonnage 1 Valk (Valck) 1623-07-19 Jacht (Yacht) 60 Location Remarks South to the entrance 2 Taiwan 1654-08-09 Jacht (Yacht) 150 Reef at the entrance 3 Verde 1654-10-28 Retour schip 400 Noorderrif Sicao, Tainan 4 Lam, Witte 1654-10-28 Fluyt 5 Formosa 1654-10-28 Galjoot 6 Maarssen 1656-09-11 7 Hector 1661-05-01 8 Immenhorn 1661-05-29 Jacht (Yacht) Jacht (Yacht) Galjoot 9 Urk 1661-08-18 Galjoot 10 Koudekerke 1661-09-16 Jacht (Yacht) 11 Kortenhoef (Kurtenhofen) 1661-09-16 Noorderrif Sicao, Tainan Port and Starboard (dismounted) Er’ren River Rear side of Fort Zeelandia Shipwreck Caya, Wengang (Northern Gate) Western end of Baxemboy to Luermen Baxemboy 300 Fort Zeelandia channel South to the entrance Soulang River (Zengwen River) Mashagou, Jiangjun District, Tainan 100 Baxemboy Baxemboy When choosing the base map, as Dutch Formosa lasted from 1624 to 1662, we could only obtain information about the shipwrecks after 1654. Therefore, we took Formosa 1652 / Een perfect caertjen vant Taijouanse canael as the base map because the era is closer and the terrain marking is the clearest. 4 �For the modern map, we chose Taiwan e-Map and Google Maps as the base maps for overlay. After analyzing the relative locations of the shipwrecks in the texts, we marked on Formosa 1652 / Een perfect caertjen vant Taijouanse canael first and then overlaid with Taiwan e-Map after digital positioning. The combination produced Figure 4, and can be the referenced for detecting the target objects with the submersible devices. Below I discuss our process of approximating two shipwrecks during the battle between Konxinga and the Dutch. Figure 1: Fort Selandia on Teowan (Lai and Wei 2018) I. Hector According to De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, the Hector sank during the battle between Konxinga’s fleet with the Dutch. On 30 April 1661, the Hector, the Gravelande, and the Maria were porting in the southern shipyard, preparing for battle (Chiang 2007). On 1 May the Dutch commander ordered the three ships to attack Konxinga’s junk fleet. Based on the journal, we could only know the Hector was sinking in an explosion (caused by gunpowder) on the way to fight the fleet when sailing downwind. At the same time, the Gravelande and Maria successfully retreated to the southern porting site (Chiang 2007). The journal does not specify the route of the Hector nor the location where the explosion occurred. By comparing other documents, we found that two aerial views illustrated the blast of Hector. Although the views are not precise maps, they can serve as a reference to the relative location. According to the drawing of Die Vestung Seeland auff der Insul Tijawan gelegen published in Continuatio Diarri Europaei in 1663, the explosion was marked at the character C, which is by the 5 �shore of towns in Tayuoan; it’s the northeastern direction from the towns. However, according to Die vesting Selandia auff Teowan drawn by the Swiss-Dutch soldier Albrecht Herport, the explosion was at the number 8 in Figure 1, between Baxemboy and Fort Zeelandia; it’s the northwestern direction from the fort on the sea. The marked locations are different and contradictory. Regarding reliability, Albrecht Herport was witnessing the scene, so his drawing should be more accurate (Lai and Wei 2018). Thus, we adopted the location marked in Die vesting Selandia auff Teowan and believed the explosion of the Hector occurred between Baxemboy and Fort Zeelandia, which was the northwestern direction from the fort on the sea. II. Koudekerke According to De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, the Koudekerke arrived at Fort Zeelandia on 15 September 1661. The Dutch planned to detour to the rear side of the town of Tayouan, assaulting Konxinga’s forces. The Koudekerke was ordered to port between the Noorstraat and the Custom House and attack from there on the 16th. On the day, the Koudekerke headed to the location but got away from the coast due to the winds. In the battle, cannons on the Koudekerke exploded and became the enemy’s target, and it ended up sinking by the sand coast near the enemy’s fort. For the relative location, please see the number 10 in Figure 1. Based on Figure 2, the Custom House was on the outskirt of the town. Although the ship was away from the coast, the location should be roughly near the Custom House. The sinking place should be by the sand coast near the eight cannons. Therefore, we deemed the shipwreck near the Custom House and by the shore of Fort Zeelandia. Figure 2: Locations of Sites in Tayouan (Chiang 1992) Combined with Table 1 of the historical documents about the shipwrecks, the locations are presumed, as shown in the coloured polygons in Figure 3. 6 �For detection with shipborne devices, we used side scan sonar, multibeam echo sounder, sub-bottom profiler, and magnetometer in the waters near Yanshui River and river mouth Luermen. Also, we chose to hang a magnetometer on the drone for investigation due to the different terrains at the tidal river, shoals, river mouth, wetlands, and the coast, as well as the dense woods of mangroves on both sides of the river, the sandbanks, and the oyster farms, which made underwater investigation very difficult. The muddy water is also a downside for divers or optical detection. After comparing and filtering the results from airborne and shipborne devices, we found seven suspected UCH sites. Figure 3: Overlay of Data from Historical Documents as well as the Investigations with Scientific Devices, Possible Locations of the VOC Shipwrecks (Map of Taijian Inner Sea) We overlaid the results and the historical documents, as shown in the circular/coloured dots Figure 3, and saw they roughly match. As the investigations do not yet involve diving, optical detection with remotely operated vehicles (ROV), or archaeological sampling, the results concluded in Figure 3 can be taken as a reference in decision-making in future archaeological investigations or construction projects. We also selected five of the seven suspected UCH sites in this study. We conducted sampling by core drilling to analyze the sedimentation and migration of the river. Combining the results of 210Pb dating and carbon-14 dating, we assumed that the locations of VOC shipwrecks are 0.7-2.7 meters beneath the riverbeds. It can also be the basis for river construction projects involving UCH investigation or surveillance. 7 �Bibliography Albrecht, A. “Annex: Konxinga’s March to Taiwan (Trans. Chou, Hsueh-Pu).” In Formosa in the Past, edited by Chen, Kuan-Hsueh. Taipei: San Min Book Co., (2018): 177-193. Chiang, Shu-Sheng. The Final Battle and Peace Treaty between Konxinga and the Dutch in Taiwan. Taipei : ECHO of Things Chinese, 1992. Chiang, Shu-Sheng. De missiven van de VOC-gouverneur in Taiwan aan de Gouverneur-generaal te Batavia 1, 1622-1626. Taipei: SMC Publishing, Inc., 2007 Lai, Chih-Chang and Wei, Te-Wen. Scanning Antique Maps of Tayouan for 400 Years, Historical Atlas of Tainan, 1626-1960. Cultural Affairs Bureau, Tainan City Government, Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc., 2018. Manders M. R. and Underwood C. J. Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UNESCO, 2012 Maarleveld, T. J., Guérin U. and Egger B. Manual for Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage: Guidelines to the Annex of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. Paris: UNESCO, 2013 UNESCO. Operational Guidelines for the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Digital Library. 2015 Available through: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf000 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a newly developed interdisciplinary field in which historical research is indispensable. According to the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of UCH, the desk-based study of historical, archaeological, geological, and environmental data is necessary for the preliminary work of inventory. Then researchers conjecture sensitive areas after analyzing and integrating the above information. The Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan are important historical sites for the political activities of the Dutch East India Company and the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in the 17th century. According to preliminary conclusions from the historical documents, Dutch shipwrecks may have been buried in the shoals and wetlands around the mouths of the Zengwen to Yanshui River or the land area of Anping District, Tainan City. If there are discoveries, they will be significant material evidence of Taiwan's history in the Age of Discovery. However, the Taijiang Inner Sea has undergone 400 years of geographical and environmental changes, including river channel migration, sandbars, lagoons, land expansion, and urban development. Many of the hydrological regions of the period are gone. Therefore, planning shipwreck survey strategies that compare historical documents and map data with current geographical locations is more complex than surveying the sea. This study attempts to collect domestic and foreign maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan area and collect documents related to Dutch East Indies shipwrecks. After inductive analysis, a geographic information system program overlays the maps and data. Authors estimate the possible location range of sunken ships as a reference for UCH survey planning and target object comparison. Finally, integrate the suspected targets discovered by the scientific instrument survey to examine the relationship between historical documents and scientific survey data. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chiung-Hui Fu Yu-Chuan Tseng Shao-Jung Chung Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Fu, Chiung-Hui. 2023. “When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1889 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b53e4e7a3c28e8d20624e7cc2f130873.pdf 7151f499086729ae5ff822bbef983d95 PDF Text Text Research on the Intertidal Zone Using Drone Choi Dongwon (Researcher, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT Surrounded by the sea on three sides, Korea is in a location of active maritime exchanges throughout history. Before the development of shipbuilding and navigation, people sometimes chose to navigate while visually observing surrounding land. However, the natural environment of the Southwest Sea, where tidal flats are exposed, is likely to have occurred. It may be wrecked by a reef, or the old ship may have been abandoned. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) has conducted seven surveys in the intertidal zone, which helped to establish a systematic investigation method. Our previous investigations involved manpower surveys. We sought a method for systematic and efficient investigation. Drones identify anomalies exposed in natural environments such as intertidal zones. However, we questioned the usefulness of drones in underwater archeology. Drones produced orthophotos. Our results present a new method of intertidal zone survey. Keywords: intertidal zone, drone, survey List of Tables and Figures Table 1 Current status of intertidal survey Figure 1 Flow chart of orthoimage production Figure 2 Metashape program INTRODUCTION In Korea, mainly the southwest coast and especially the west sea, the intertidal zones have large tidal differences and the coastline is complicated.1 In the intertidal zone, there is a natural environment that is blocked from the outside and oxygen, as clay sediments are distributed and have high cohesiveness. Unexposed/buried cultural resources are well preserved, but exposed ancient ships and artifacts are found damaged. Twenty-seven reported sites are located in intertidal zone. Seven of these have undergone archaeological excavation. Table 1. Current status of intertidal archaeological excavations No. Year Site Recovered artifacts 1 1991-1992 Jindo Byeokpa-ri dugout One Chinese dugout from the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries 2 1995 Dalido shipwreck in Mokpo One Goryeo ship from the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries 3 2004-2005 Wonsan Island in Boryeong 179 items : early thirteenth century celadon incense burner 4 2005 Sinan Anjwa shipwreck One Goryeo shipwreck from the fourteenth century, four items including Goryeo inlaid celadon 5 2006 Daebudo no. 1 shipwreck in Ansan Pieces of a hull of Goryeo from the twelfth to thirteenth Century 6 2015 Daebudo no. 2 shipwerck in Ansan One Goryeo shipwreck from the twelfth to thirteenth centuries, 48 items including Goryeo celadon 7 2020-2022 intertidal zone in Yangjam-ri, Taean Six items including antefix and decoration of the part of a sword from Joseon era The area of tidal flats in Korea is 2,482 km², accounting for about 2.5 percent of the total land area. Among them, more than 80 percent of the total intertidal zone is distributed in the west coast, about 42.5 percent in Jeollanam-do, about 36.1 percent in Incheon and Gyeonggi-do, and about 36.1 percent in Chungcheongnam-do. About 13.7 per cent in Korea, and about 4.4 per cent in Jeollabuk-do (Marine Environment Information Portal 2003 http://meis.go.kr/portal/main.do). 1 -1- �The survey conducted in the intertidal zone has established a system to some extent. However, the research method for identifying the presence or absence of cultural properties before the investigation has not progressed significantly. The method was to directly enter the tidal flat and observe with the naked eye. However, since there are tidal channels in the tidal flats and the quality of the sediment is soft, the method can be inefficient as it is dangerous and it consumes a lot of time and manpower. For an efficient investigation in an exposed state, a method using drones will be studied. A drone, also called an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is an aircraft without a human on board. Drones are used in various areas because they are cheaper and more efficient than satellites or aircraft. In the marine sector, it is used for monitoring marine national parks and tidal flat farms. In the field of cultural properties, it has already been used to take aerial photographs of inaccessible places or survey sites at terrestrial archaeological sites. The use of drones in underwater archeology was not great because the drones could not identify invisible abnormalities at sea and were only used to take photos of the panoramic view of the investigation site. However, it is possible to use drones to investigate terrain at low tide, such as the intertidal zone. I will review the suitability of the intertidal zone investigation using drones, and present a new survey method through the investigation contents and results. Aircraft and camera The NRIMCH has three Splash drones 3+, a waterproof drone and two Mavic Air2s, which can take off and land with human hands without a landing field. However, it has been used only to confirm the foreground or field conditions of the investigation site. The drones possessed by the institute are not suitable as aircraft for producing orthographic images of intertidal zone investigation2. This is because there are various natural and physical conditions to be considered for aerial photography. First of all, drones need to be able to withstand weather conditions. Most drones have an excellent hovering function 3 , but an aircraft that can withstand strong winds is needed, because it is unknown what variables will occur in the weather on the coast. When taking photographs, it is important to have a camera capable of distinguishing artifacts among features such as stones and shells exposed in the intertidal zone4. When combining photos, there is a need to figure out where they were taken. The drone must be equipped with an RTK sensor that can identify the location. As a result of examining these necessary factors, DJI's Matrice300 RTK was selected as the aircraft to be used for the intertidal zone investigation, and Zenmuse P1 was used as the camera. Table 2. Aircraft and camera specifications Maximum flight time Matrice300 RTK 810 x 670 x 430 6.3 Horizontal 1cm + 1ppm Vertical 1.5cm + 1ppm 55 minutes Maximum speed 17 ㎧ Size (mm) Weight (kg) RTK Accuracy ZENMUSE P1 Size (mm) 198 x 166 x 129 Weight (kg) 0.8 Absolute accuracy Horizontal 3 cm Orthophotograph: An image obtained by correcting geometrical distortion due to topographical relief such as height difference or inclination for image information such as aerial photographs or artificial satellites, and transforming the appearance of all objects when looking down vertically. 3 Hovering: A state in which an aircraft remains stationary while maintaining a constant altitude. 4 Images taken by UAV are largely subject to image distortion due to two influences. First, when operating an unmanned aerial vehicle at a constant altitude, external facial expression distortion occurs due to shaking and tilting of the aircraft due to the influence of wind. Second, image internal facial expression distortion occurs due to the characteristics of the camera and lens mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle (Kim et al 2015, 461-471). 2 -2- �Sensor (still image, mm) Pixel Vertical 5 cm 35.9 x 24 45,000,000 pixel Photo Interval (sec) 0.7s Investigation plan and contents In the following year, 2022, three intertidal zones were selected for orthographic imaging. This is the intertidal zone located in Sinsi-do in Gunsan, Naesan-ri and Byeokpa Port in Jin-do. Since the intertidal zone in Shinsi-do, Gunsan is large of 520,000 km² and the shape is irregular rather than square, the shooting area was divided into three areas. Figure 1. Flow chart of orthoimage production It is a large reef exposed even at high tide, which could interfere with drone flight. Therefore, aerial photography was conducted in advance regardless of altitude. Afterwards, after uploading the photos to the drone control program (UgCS), the flight plan was entered so that the drone could automatically take photos. This program plays the role of a mission planner and was used because there were variables that were confirmed during the intertidal filming of Sinsi-do. As there is a reef more than 15 m in the intertidal zone of Shinsi-do, when the existing flight program is used, the drone detected the reef as an obstacle and stopped filming without proceeding. Through the UgCS program, a digital elevation model (DEM) was made to recognize precise altitude changes, and the flight was planned after applying it to the program. The flight time considered the ebb tide, and all the investigated areas were photographed for three consecutive days to prevent errors in the results due to changes in the topography. The intertidal -3- �zone in Naesan-ri, Jindo (73,000 km²) and the intertidal zone in Byeokpahang, Jindo (260,000 km²) were not large, and there was no need to consider special flight conditions since the flight area was set in a rectangular shape. Investigation results After aerial photography of the intertidal zones of Shinsi-do of Gunsan, Naesan-ri of Jindo, and Byeokpahang of Jindo were taken, orthophotographs were made. First, the intertidal zone of Gunsan Sinsi-do was divided into three parts to produce orthographic images, and then the orthophotograph of the three districts were merged into one. In the case of the intertidal zone of Shinsi-do, experiences were earned with regard to how to photograph a large area, how to merge photos, and how to prepare for objects that can become obstacles such as reefs in the intertidal zone. In the meantime, there was a problem in preparing the storage capacity and file management plan for the orthophotograph result. Figure 2. Metashape Program In the orthographic image of Naesan-ri of Jindo, visible objects were checked by scale. As a result of checking by enlarging to 1:7, 1:1, and 5:1, it was possible to distinguish the color of the sample and the color of the surface layer, but the picture was broken at the scale of 5:1. Various objects appeared in the intertidal orthographic image of Byeokpahang of Jindo. A row of wooden fences and two pieces of pottery, which seem to be traces of past maritime defense facilities, have been newly identified. An object that looked like a pottery hoof was also identified, but it was identified as marine garbage, not an artifact. In addition, information on various objects that can be identified in the intertidal zone, such as buoys, anchors, and anchor lines, was acquired. Another feature that could be identified in the orthographic images of Byeokpa Port in Jindo is that the results may vary depending on the flow of water in the tidal channel when the photos are merged. Photo merging is basically a process of merging photos taken of objects in a still state. However, since the wave has an irregular shape, a more finished result requires the process of using the correction function of the photo merger program. CONCLUSIONS The intertidal zone drone survey can access places not easily accessible to humans. A drone equipped with an RTK sensor accurately records the location of the photographed picture. There is no need to use -4- �GCP (Ground Control Point) because it is merged based on coordinates when producing orthophotographs.5 The automatic flight using a program with a mission planner function was conducted, and the results of the orthophotograph was checked. We collected the following results from our drone survey: 1) we can identify exposed artifacts with orthophotograph at 15 m. 2) artifact coordinates are possible; 3) minimize manpower and fieldwork hours; and 4) intertidal data can also be collected with orthophotography. However, there are also evident challenges and limitations to be addressed. First of all, the orthoimage merging time is proportional to the intertidal zone investigation area. There is a need to think about how to store the data, as the size of the file increases in proportion to the time. And if there is a terrain feature caught in the middle of a flight at a certain altitude, there must be the process of creating a digital elevation model after aerial photography at a high altitude. Results are still early, with a lot of trial and error because the method option is new. In future, various data will be accumulated through more intertidal investigations which will produce more systematic and accurate research. Acknowledgements The investigation of the intertidal zone was carried out as the beginning of the underwater excavation. The investigation of buried cultural properties identified in the intertidal zone can be said to have been systematic with a lot of research experience. However, as for the investigation method before the buried cultural properties are identified, no new method other than the direct investigation by a person was suggested. The investigation method using drones was first proposed in 2021, and the research contents and results are still insufficient. There is a need to organize the direction of the intertidal zone investigation through drones, detailed survey methods, and limitations in the future. Bibliography Heo, Ui-Haeng. Lee, Wal-Yeong. A Study on the utilization of drones and aerial photographs for searching ruins with a focus on topographic analysis, Korean Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies 51, no. 2 (2018): 22-37 (In Korean). Kim, Bum-Jun. Lee, Yoon-Hyunh. Choi, Jong-Kuk. “Investigating Applicability of Unmaned Aerial Vehicle to the Tidal Flat Zone” Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 31, no. 5 (2015): 461-471 (In Korean). Lee, Jae-Bin. “Current status and future direction of marine surveying and GIS using drones” The Korean Institute of Broadcast and Media Engineers 22, no. 2 (2017): 53-66 (In Korean). Oh, Jae-hong. Kim, Duk-Jin Lee, Hyo-Seong. “Use of Drone for Mapping and Time Series Image Acquisition of Tidal Zones” Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 27, no. 2 (2017): 119-125 (In Korean) Shim, Jae-Yeon. Chung, Jae-Young. “RTK-GPS Systems for Autonomous Drone”, The Proceedings of Autum Conference of Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers on Fusion IT, 2018: 128-129 (In Korean) NRIMCH. Underwater Archaeology in Korea, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2016 (In Korean). GCP (Ground Control Point) refers to a triangular point that marks the location by surveying. As a photo merging factor, it helps to make the merge work well. In some situations the ground control point appears in the photo result. 5 -5- � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Research on the Intertidal Zone Using Drone Description An account of the resource Surrounded by the sea on three sides, Korea is in a location of active maritime exchanges throughout history. Before the development of shipbuilding and navigation, people sometimes chose to navigate while visually observing surrounding land. However, the natural environment of the Southwest Sea, where tidal flats are exposed, is likely to have occurred. It may be wrecked by a reef, or the old ship may have been abandoned. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) has conducted seven surveys in the intertidal zone, which helped to establish a systematic investigation method. Our previous investigations involved manpower surveys. We sought a method for systematic and efficient investigation. Drones identify anomalies exposed in natural environments such as intertidal zones. However, we questioned the usefulness of drones in underwater archeology. Drones produced orthophotos. Our results present a new method of intertidal zone survey. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Choi Dongwon Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Dongwon, Choi. 2023. “Research Methodology for Intertidal Zone: Utilization of Drone.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1922 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023