15 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/a4acebed64062ad76364cbf87b38279e.pdf 98c692ab4592db6be67c9789b9c25c8d PDF Text Text Living and Trading: A Dual Approach to Studying Southeast Asian Port Cities Charlotte Papillaud Looram George Town World Heritage Incorporated charlotte@gtwhi.com.my Abstract The historical ports of Southeast Asia were highly active regional mercantile hubs located at the crossroads between the East Asian and Indian Ocean trading networks. These strategically places attracted merchants and sailors from the world over, some of whom stayed on a permanent or semi-permanent basis to carry out their business. By their very nature, Southeast Asian ports are thus both economic spaces dedicated to maritime activities, and cosmopolitan spaces where people from different social and cultural backgrounds came together. This duality is expressed in the built environment, which contains specialised structures to facilitate trade (such as wharves, warehouses, and boatyards) but also communicates people’s identity. This paper proposes studying historical port cities by combining a maritime cultural landscape approach and urban social theory to understand the economic as well as the socio-cultural fabric of Southeast Asian ports. This approach will be applied to two very different port cities: Hội An in Central Vietnam, and George Town in Malaysia. Whereas Hội An was an informal temporary market place that grew to be one of the region’s biggest entrepôt ports in the 18th century, George Town was founded as a trading outpost for the British East India Company in 1786, before becoming the seat of many mercantile firms and banks in the 19th century. Key words: ports, economies, structures, socio-cultural Introduction Ports, by their nature, are highly economic spaces dedicated to maritime activities. The ports of Southeast Asia, strategically located at the crossroads between the East Asian and Indian Ocean trading networks �(and by extension the East-West trading network), were chiefly stopovers and entrepôts through which moved traders from all corners of the world. Due to the monsoon trade, merchants would often stay in these ports for months at a time waiting for the winds change, and created settlements where the various traditions would intermingle, yet remained distinct (Li, 1998; Lockard, 2010; Reid, 1993). Southeast Asian port cities were thus — in addition to being highly economic — also highly culturally and socially diverse; in other words they were cosmopolitan. Craig Lockard (2010) described them as “places of economic exchanges as well as cosmopolitan gateways for the import and export of people, goods, and ideas.” This paper proposes to apply a maritime cultural landscape approach in conjunction with the environment-behaviour theory in order to highlight this duality and understand the fabric of historic Southeast Asian ports. This paper will address two case studies to illustrate this dual approach: Hội An in Vietnam, and George Town in Malaysia. Both are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, Hội An in 1999 and George Town in 2008, under criterion (ii): “to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, townplanning or landscape design” (UNESCO, 2016).1 Hội An is located on the Thu Bon river in Quảng Nam province in central Vietnam. It was established as a foreign port for the Nguyen Lords some time in the mid to late sixteenth century, though the exact date and circumstances are unknown (Dror and Taylor, 2006; Wheeler, 2006). Hội An was a successful entrepôt until the eighteenth century when was eclipsed by Đà Nẵng, a few kilometres north. During this time, the Japanese and the Chinese were the two largest foreign trading groups in Hội An. George �Town, Penang was established in 1786 by Sir Francis Light as an East India Company free port and naval base (though the naval base did not actually succeed) (Hussin, 2009). It was the first British port city in Southeast Asia, and had attracted over ten thousand Malay, Chinese, and Indian merchants within a decade (Hussin, 200; Lewis, 2016). Theoretical Background Both the maritime cultural landscape and environment-behaviour concepts ultimately aim to understand tangible manifestations of culture, the former from an archaeological perspective and the latter from an urban studies perspective. Underlying these concepts are discussions regarding the nature of culture. The urban theorist Amos Rapoport (1998) summarizes the scholarship on culture by presenting three complementary views of culture: “one view defines it as a way of life typical of a group; the second, as a system of meanings and schemata transmitted through symbolic codes; the third, as a set of adaptive strategies for survival related to ecology and resources.” He views culture as too abstract for his purposes (understanding culture in the built environment); it is unobservable and thus “essentially useless” in environment-behaviour studies (Rapoport, 1998). It is instead the “effects, expressions, or products” of culture, such as social variables, that are visible and useful (Rapoport, 1998). He describes increasingly specific expressions of culture in order to arrive at something actionable: lifestyles and activity systems. A lifestyle is “the outcome of choices about how to allocate resources,” in other words; it is composed of a series of activities, and is influenced by norms, standards and expectations (Rapoport, 1998). Christer Westerdahl arrived at a similar conclusion regarding maritime culture specifically, as will be described below. �Maritime archaeologists have long debated whether there is such a thing as a distinct maritime culture — that is a culture specific to communities living on or near the sea that is inherently and completely different to inland culture. Many have concluded that the separation between land and sea is not in fact absolute (Tuddenham, 2010; Westerdahl, 2007, 2011). Indeed, humans do not ever exclusively experience the sea unconnected to land (Mushynsky, 2011; Tuddenham, 2010; Westerdahl, 2007, 2011). Christer Westerdahl (2007) explains that maritime culture is “eminently a mixture, a creolization, of others. It is based on the subsistence gained from the seas and the water, and consists of all the thought patterns, cosmologies, customs, objects, phenomena and patterns of action connected with a life by the sea.” Like Rapoport, his view of culture is ultimately related to subsistence strategies, even referring to the “life mode” concept, and conceptualizing the maritime life mode as a series of subsidiary trades dictated in this case by living on the coast or related to a primary maritime trade, not unlike Rapoport’s lifestyle concept (Westerdahl, 1992, 2007). Some examples he presents are fishing, hunting, and gathering (at sea or on land), as well as boat building, shipping, ferrying, pilotage, and lighthouse attendance (Westerdahl, 2007). It is this recurring idea of culture as a “mixture” of activities that guides this paper. In order to understand the cultural fabric of Southeast Asian ports, a port should be seen as a sum of parts: a trading community, a crossroad of sea routes, and a concentration of different traditions. Ports are often described in the literature as transit points: the point of change between land and sea, of changing modes of transportation, and of exchanging goods and ideas (Lockard, 2010; Reid, 1993; Parker, 2001; Westerdahl, 1992, 1999, 2006, 2011). They are also, in Westerdahl’s (2006, 2011) words, “maritime enclaves:” semi-permanent or permanent �settlements engaged in maritime activities. As he conceptualises maritime culture as a concentration of maritime activities, these enclaves can be considered the origin of maritime culture, as well as its centre (Westerdahl, 2006, 2007). In them are thus found the “remains,” or expressions, of maritime culture such as sailing marks, beacons, loading places, anchorages, inns, and other cultural deposits (Westerdahl, 2006). Likewise, Jan Bill and Birthe Clausen (1999) argue that maritime trade directly impacts the physical development and appearance of towns, giving them a distinct “maritime town topography.” These are towns that developed around a port or harbour, and thus had to build specialised structures such as wharves, jetties, warehouses, and boatyards in order to participate in maritime trade. This perspective on ports focuses on its economic fabric, not without reason considering their role. It is predicated on Westerdahl’s (1992) innovative maritime cultural landscape concept, which represents “human utilisation (economy) of maritime space by boat: settlement, fishing, hunting, shipping and its attendant sub-cultures.” The maritime cultural landscape is thus a visualisation of people’s relationship to the sea, in particular with regard to economic exploitation. Many of Westerdahl’s definitions of the concept focus on seafaring, for example a later one in a paper about roads and sea routes describes it as the “network of sea routes, with harbours and related constructions and remains of human origin, below as well as above the water” (Westerdahl, 2006). Maritime enclaves are thus the nodes of this network, where maritime culture comes about and a concentration of “constructions and remains” are found. Much of Westerdahl’s discussions still focus on economy and transport, because “their occupations […] to a large extent define their culture” and “living in an ecological niche leads to an adaptation precisely �to that niche” (Westerdahl, 2007). Indeed maritime, riverine, and lacustrine environments tend to develop a culture of transport and communication characterised by rapid transmission of information and spatially extended networks (Westerdahl, 1999, 2006). Thus, taking a maritime cultural landscape approach— as Westerdahl defines it —helps highlight the adaptations specific to maritime environments and maritime activities. This approach however risks overemphasizing the economic role of trade in the development of ports, to the detriment of social and cultural factors. As has been reiterated throughout this paper, ports are very diverse spaces by virtue of their need and ability to attract merchants from all over the world. Along with goods to trade, these merchants bring with them their culture: their beliefs, their values, their lifestyles, their tastes in food, clothes, and architecture... The interaction of people from different social and geographical backgrounds, all of whom are trying to maintain their identity, is reflected in the built environment. Adam Rogers (2013) argues for a more social approach to port and harbour archaeology, as he believes that studies of ports have focused too often on how changing technologies (including the characteristics of ships) and commercial trends have impacted the design of harbours. Paralleling Rapoport and Westerdahl, Rogers brings up the concept of “taskscapes,” explaining that the environmental context of ports, the waterfront, dictates the type of activities people engage in, which in turn influences the shape of the port (Rogers, 2013). He however goes beyond this idea by reminding scholars that “by their nature and function, the connection [of ports] with places across water and overseas means that they could often attract a large range of different peoples with varying perspectives” (Rogers, 2013). He proposes drawing from the domestic �architecture discourse as one way of highlighting the diversity of people living in ports but points out that in a port setting, it might be difficult to separate “domestic” and “business” (Rogers, 2013). Environment- behaviour theory does not necessitate such a distinction, which is why it is well suited to the study of ports. As stated above, Rapoport’s environment-behaviour theory posits that certain aspects of culture, lifestyles and activity systems, are observable in the built environment. He states that in order to understand culture fully in built structures, it is the “latent aspect of activities,” meaning, which must be considered (Rapoport, 1998). This meaning is connected to values and social variables such kinship, gender, social roles, and status, and is transmitted through symbolic codes; it is thus reflected in the choice of things like colour, material, and spatial organisation (Rapoport, 1998). Rapoport (1998) illustrates his point with the example of the kitchen: food preparation varies greatly across cultures, it is also related to other activities and meanings (for example rituals, familial ties, gender roles), all of which affect the design of the kitchen and location within the house. In short, buildings reflect the wants and needs of its users in their structure, layout, and decorative elements. As lifestyles are expressed in the built environment, maritime culture is expressed as “a recurrent set of maritime traits and repetitive maritime behaviour,” which is visible in the archaeological record (including the built environment) (Mushynsky, 2011). David Tuddenham (2010) puts forward the concept of “maritimity” to help guide studies of maritime culture. This concept is based on the idea that material culture is rarely either maritime or terrestrial, rather somewhere on a scale between the two. In order words, determining maritimity asks “how maritime is this?” It is however “to be understood as a category of understanding, not something with empirical qualities,” the �same way that thinking of life modes, activities, and social variables helps understand (maritime) culture (Rapoport, 1998; Tuddenham, 2010; Westerdahl, 2007). The maritime cultural landscape approach in conjunction with the environment-behaviour theory provides a conceptual structure with which to understand the fabric of Southeast Asian port cities, and in particular how maritime trade influenced their development. It is clear that the economic and technological aspects of trade highly dictate the use of space. Their reason for being and their continuing success hinges on the efficiency with which merchants can participate in regional and/or global trade. On the other hand, it is important to continuously remember that around the ports grew towns built by foreign people. In order to understand a Southeast Asian port, one must consider how the Chinese, or European, or Indian trader experienced the setting and how (or if) they maintained their identity. The Development of Hội An The practical application of the above approach can take many forms by focusing on different aspects and characteristics of the port in question. For example, one could look at community-specific trade practices, the way they were adapted to function in a foreign port, and the way they may have been expressed in specialized structures. Another avenue of enquiry would be to compare the inns and hostels of different communities within a same port. Westerdahl sees inns as a major feature of the maritime cultural landscape, acting as relay stations and safe havens in an emergency (Westerdahl, 2006, 2007). The Chinese, Japanese, British, and Indian people of Hội An and George Town had similar institutions that served as accommodation and aid for visiting members of their communities. Though a cross-cultural study would more fully address the �question of cosmopolitanism, this paper will focus on a single foreign merchant community. It will analyse the public buildings and residences of the Chinese merchant communities in Hội An and George Town in order to understand the impact of trade on its lifestyle. The overseas Chinese community represents a large group of migrants in Southeast Asia, who have played important roles in the history of the region since the third century before the Christian Era (Mackie, 1996; Wu, 2010). It is composed chiefly of groups from the southern provinces of China, especially Fujian and Guangdong. Due to the mountainous geomorphology of their home, the inhabitants of this region did not establish very strong ties with Central China, instead turning to the sea and developing mercantile and fishing activities, and later being highly involved in regional and global trade. In addition, population pressures such as poverty, war, and disease, resulted in migration towards Southeast Asia, in particular after the Qing conquest of the Ming in 1644 and in the second half of the nineteenth century as a result of the two Opium Wars (1840–1842, 1858–1860) and the Taiping Rebellion (1851– 1864) (Wu, 2010). The Chinese communities living in Hội An and George Town immigrated at different times and for different reasons. The first Chinese to arrive in Hội An after its establishment were highly involved in maritime commerce, either as traders themselves or running businesses to support trade (Chen, 2002). This was a relatively small group, outnumbered by the Japanese until the mid-seventeenth century. The Togukawa policies of the 1630s prevented Japanese nationals from leaving Japan, leaving a vacuum in Hội An which was quickly filled by the Chinese (Wheeler, 2001). Furthermore, a substantial number of Ming loyalists sought refuge in Hội An in 1644; they were given a special status, Minh Hương, which �allowed them the right to own land, marry local women, and hold office (Chen, 2002). The height of Hội An’s success, the eighteenth century, coincided with what Anthony Reid (1993) and Carl Trocki (1997) refer to as the “Chinese century” when the Qing rescinded the Ming trading bans and breathed new life into the junk trade. Contemporary visitors to Hội An often describe the town as a Chinese town, and comment on the affluence of their neighbourhood (Chen, 2002; Morel, 2010; Wheeler, 2001). The exact number of Chinese living in the Nguyen port is unclear: Thomas Bowyear counts around 100 Chinese households in 1696; an anonymous source counts 6,000 Chinese in 1744, while another estimates 10,000 “married and tax-paying Chinese” in 1750 (Chen, 2002; Dalrymple, 1791– 1797). The bulk of Chinese immigration in Penang takes place over a century later, during the decline of the junk trade and the integration of Chinese merchants into the global capitalist system (Wu, 2010). The majority of Penang’s early Chinese migrants in fact were not from China but from the Malay Peninsula, mostly from Kedah (Hussin, 2009). Only the wealthiest Chinese participated in trade, as owners of shops, shop houses, and ships or members of mercantile companies; while the majority worked for wages as skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labour (Hussin, 2009). Along with the Indian community (Chulias), the Chinese community formed the bulk of George Town’s population; the number of Chinese grew steadily in the first decades of the nineteenth century, overtaking the number of Indians in 1828 (Hussin, 2009). Both communities dominated the commercial centre bounded by Light Street, Beach Street, Chulia Street, and Pitt Street (Hussin, 2009). Despite these inceptive differences, there are many similarities in the Chinese settlements in Hội An and George Town, particularly with regard �to economic and cultural institutions. The first thing to note is that the “Chinese community” in both these ports was in fact several communities, dictated by clan or hometown, each with distinct traditions and languages (Hussin, 2009). Often, they would create associations, guilds, or societies according to dialect or family name, which provided a sense of comfort and belonging to its members. This institution has purely economic origins in fifteenth century trade guilds that helped regulate business abroad (Moll-Murata, 2008; Naquin and Rawski, 1987; Purcell, 1965; Wu, 2010). The associations in Southeast Asia, named kongsi, provided lodging and a meeting space for visiting merchants, and offered assistance to new settlers, but also served as a storage facility and as the custom house (Naquin and Rawski, 1987). Oftentimes, they would take on the role of a municipal government for the local overseas Chinese population, providing fire-fighting, policing, and schooling services, as well as maintaining public infrastructure (Moll-Murata, 2008; Naquin and Rawski, 1987; Wu, 2010). At the end of the 19th century, the kongsis lost their economic and regulatory roles, instead becoming hui guan: commonorigin associations and public assembly places that promote history and traditional knowledge (Moll-Murata, 2008; Wu, 2010). The institution is made concrete in the form of assembly halls and clan houses that are considered symbols of their community, reflecting unity, loyalty, and prosperity. In Hội An there are five Assembly Halls: four common-origin guilds (Fujian, Guangdong, Teochew, and Hainan) and the Trung Hoa guild that brings together all the Chinese communities; the latter was originally established as the Dương Thương guild, the guild for Maritime Commerce (Chen, 2002). It is notable that an association intended as a professional guild for the main economic activity of Hội An later came to be a pan- �Chinese cultural space. In addition to accommodating travelling merchants and drafting an ethical code of conduct in trade, Dương Thương hall contained a shrine to the Goddess of Mercy2, the patron of fishermen and sailors, and the first deity for whom overseas Chinese would erect a shrine after sailing away from home to settle in a new place (Chen, 2002; Purcell, 1965). Today’s Trung Hoa Assembly Hall still maintains the shrine, which now also contains a model of a Chinese junk. There are some 170 Chinese associations in George Town relating to clan or dialect; some are headquartered in shop houses, such as the Ch’ng Si Soo Bee Tong (now Persatuan Zhuang & Yan Pulau Pinang), though most are housed in grand hall such as Lim Kongsi. The Lim clan had been trading in Penang since 1821 and established their clan house in 1863 on Beach Street, the busiest commercial street of George Town, located on the waterfront until the reclamation projects in the 1870s and 1880s (George Town World Heritage Incorporated, n.d.; Langdon, 2015). Like the Dương Thương in Hội An, Lim Kongsi pays tribute to the goddess of seafarers. She is a recurrent figure around George Town, including at Kuan Im Teng temple, the oldest Chinese temple in Penang built in the eighteenth century. The associations and halls are a public expression of the Chinese merchant identity. In the above examples, the sea plays a clear role in the way the community both views itself and connects with each other. As a community of seafarers, the sea represents to the Chinese merchant group a connection and a divide from home, yet it is also their livelihood. The central role of maritime trade is further illustrated in Hội An and George Town’s predominant style of housing: the shophouse. As its name suggests, the shophouse is both a commercial and residential space. The shop is located at the front of the building, opening on the street, and is �generally larger than the residential part, which is located in the back or on the top floor. In Hội An, the shop houses are built as near as possible to the water to facilitate loading and unloading from ships. Though the basic layout remains the same, the materials and ornamentations varied slightly from Hội An to George Town. The Hội An shop houses were mostly built from an incredibly strong local wood called tin (ironwood); the early George Town houses had attap roofs, while the later houses were built of burnt clay bricks (Dror and Taylor, 2006; Hussin, 2009). The houses in Hội An were also built with flooding in mind, as the river was known to overflow during the monsoon; they had removable boards and pulley systems to protect goods (Dror and Taylor, 2006; Morel, 2010). The façade of shop houses in George Town very distinctly reflected the ethnicity of its owner through ornamentation: “carved wood panels and fascia boards of the indigenous and Indo-Malay, elaborate and superstitious images of the Chinese, the arches of Mogul India, the neoclassical elements of British architecture of the Georgian and Regency periods and the modernism of art deco and modern architecture” (World Heritage Site Special Area Plan SAP §A4.11.8). Conclusion This analysis of Chinese public and private buildings in Hội An and George Town has helped understand one aspect of the fabric of Southeast Asian ports. The overseas Chinese merchant community was a significant presence throughout the region and thus highly impacted both its economy and society. However, this study has also shown that their seaward migration and activities in trading has impacted their lifestyle and culture. The built environment reflects the dual relationship of this group with the sea: there is a preoccupation with efficiently utilizing it for �trading and an understanding of it as something that both separates and connects them to the homeland. The theoretical approach outlined in the first section of this paper considers the port both as part of the maritime cultural landscape and as a maritime cultural landscape in and of itself in order to visualise how the economic and technological aspects of maritime trade impact its form and development. It also proposes focusing on the built environment in order to draw out the characteristics of a cosmopolitan port culture, based on the idea that trade forces cosmopolitanism, that is the coexistence of various cultural groups in one space. The reverse relationship has not yet been investigated. With the same approach, it may be possible to visualise how cosmopolitanism impacts trade (the same way it impacted architecture as seen in the evolution of shop houses in George Town), where the specialised trade structures (wharves, warehouses, customs…) would reflect adaptations to new environments and new people. Endnotes 1 Hội An also fits criterion (v): to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change.” George Town also fits criterion (iii): to bear a unique or at least exception testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared;” and criterion (iv): to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensembles, or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history.” 2 Known in different contexts as Mazu/Matsu, Tianhou, (Thiên Hậu in Vietnamese), or Guanyi (Kuan Im in Penang) References Bill, J., and Clausen, B. L., 1999. Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town: Papers from the 5th International Conference on Waterfront �Archaeology in Copenhagen, 14–16 May 1998. The National Museum, Copenhagen. Chen, C. H., 2002. Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo). In John E. Wills Jr. (Ed.), Eclipsed Entrepôts of the Western Pacific: Taiwan and Central Vietnam, 1500–1800, The Pacific World Series, Vol. 5. Ashgate Publishing, Hampshire: 285–361. Dalrymple, A., 1791–1797. 1791–1797 Oriental Reperatory. 2 vols. London. Dror, O., and Taylor, K., 2006. Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina & Samuel Baron on Tonkin. Southeast Asia Program Publications. Cornell University, Ithaca. George Town World Heritage Incorporated, n.d. A Guide to Selected Chinese Clan Houses in the George Town World Heritage Site. George Town World Heritage Incorporated, George Town. Hussin, N., 2009. Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka. Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780-1830. NIAS Press, Copenhagen. Langdon, M., 2015. A Guide to George Town’s Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated, George Town. Lewis, S. L., 2016. Cities in Motion Urban Life and Cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia, 1920–1940. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Li, T., 1998. Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Studies on Southeast Asia no. 23. Southeast Asia Program Publications, Ithaca, N.Y. Lockard, C. A., 2010. “The Sea Common to All”: Maritime frontiers, port cities, and Chinese traders in the Southeast Asian Age of Commerce, ca. 1400–1750. Journal of World History, Vol. 21 (2): 219–219. Mackie, J. A. A., 1996. Introduction. In Anthony Reid (Ed.), Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, University of Hawai’I Press: Honolulu:xii–xxx. �Moll-Murata, C., 2008. Chinese Guilds from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries: An Overview. International Review of Social History, Vol. 53 (S16): 213–247. Morel, J. P., 2010. Pierre Poivre en Cochinchine. Electronic document, http://www.pierre-poivre.fr/Poivre-en-Cochinchine.pdf, accessed June 22 2016. Mushynsky, J., 2011. Sea Fluidity: Recording Indigenous Seascapes and Maritime Cultural Landscapes in Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Adelaide. Naquin, S., and Rawski, E. S., 1987. Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University, New Haven. Parker, A.J., 2001. Maritime landscapes. Landscapes, Vol. 2 (1): 22–41. Purcell, V., 1965. The Chinese in Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, London. Rapoport, A., 1998. Using ‘culture’ in housing design. Housing and Society, Vol. 25 (1–2): 1–20. Reid, A., 1993. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, Volume Two: Expansion and crisis. Yale University Press, New Haven. Rogers, A., 2013. Social archaeological approaches in port and harbour studies. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, Vol. 8 (2): 181–196. Trocki, C. A., 1997. 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NUS Press, Singapore. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 9: Maritime/Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia Description An account of the resource Southeast Asia (SEA) has been rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage (UCH) over a long period, from ancient pre-history, through the age of commerce, into the World War II era. Recently, UCH research, survey, and mapping activities; preservation and management efforts; as well as human capacity building programs show the promising progress in SEA countries. However, various threats to UCH preservation and some shortcomings still can be found in many SEA countries, for instance, lack of funds, inadequate technology, limited human resources, and also lack of public and government attention to UCH legal protection and its long-term preservation. This session will highlight some topics, including current status of UCH preservation; current research or investigation on maritime heritage or UCH in SEA countries; maritime history in SEA; current legislations; recent human and natural threats to UCH in SEA countries; raising awareness and public education programs; in-situ preservation of UCH; sustainable shipwreck tourism development and balancing preservation efforts with economic benefit; community and general public engagement in UCH management plan; regional capacity building in Southeast Asia; as well as collaboration opportunities among stakeholders and SEA countries in researching, protecting, preserving, and managing UCH sites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jenny Craig, Mc Gill University Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living and Trading: A Dual Approach to Studying Southeast Asian Port Cities Description An account of the resource The historical ports of Southeast Asia were highly active regional mercantile hubs located at the crossroads between the East Asian and Indian Ocean trading networks. These strategically places attracted merchants and sailors from the world over, some of whom stayed on a permanent or semi-permanent basis to carry out their business. By their very nature, Southeast Asian ports are thus both economic spaces dedicated to maritime activities, and cosmopolitan spaces where people from different social and cultural backgrounds came together. This duality is expressed in the built environment, which contains specialised structures to facilitate trade (such as wharves, warehouses, and boatyards) but also communicates people’s identity. This paper proposes studying historical port cities by combining a maritime cultural landscape approach and urban social theory to understand the economic as well as the socio-cultural fabric of Southeast Asian ports. This approach will be applied to two very different port cities: Hội An in Central Vietnam, and George Town in Malaysia. Whereas Hội An was an informal temporary market place that grew to be one of the region’s biggest entrepôt ports in the 18th century, George Town was founded as a trading outpost for the British East India Company in 1786, before becoming the seat of many mercantile firms and banks in the 19th century. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charlotte Papillaud Looram Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Charlotte Papillaud Looram Asia-Pac Session 9 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/5ec743a26b512955507db520aa795a08.pdf 8bd5b598be6070a7c474619dc6bf37c1 PDF Text Text Understanding the Bach Dang Battlefield from recent research results Dr Lê Thị Liên , Ms Nguyễn Thị Mai Hương , Ms Charlotte Pham, Dr Mark Staniforth, Dr Jim Delgado, Mr Jun Kimura and Mr Randall Sasaki1 Abstract The Mongols created the world‟s most powerful empire in the thirteenth century, conquering China and establishing the Yuan dynasty. Their military power was in doubt, however, after failed naval invasions in Japan and Vietnam. According to historical records, the Vietnamese tactics used against the Mongolian Armada were designed to prevent them from reaching the mouth of Bach Dang River by using hidden stakes that were driven into the riverbed in secrecy. Using the large difference in tides, the Vietnamese successfully lured the enemy fleet into the trap, destroying or capturing perhaps as many as 400 vessels. Since the 1950s, approximately 700 years after this watershed event, Vietnamese archaeologists have discovered a number of large wooden stakes in the midst of reclaimed paddy fields along the Bach Dang River. Excavations and research were conducted which led to the identification of several stake-yard sites believed to be dated to the battle that took place in 1281 C.E., however, no remains of ships have been identified to date. In 2009, a group of scholars from the Institute of Archaeology at Hanoi, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University, and the Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University joined the archaeological investigations of these stake-yard sites with a focus on studying the battle strategy used by the Vietnamese and identifying ship remains from the battle. This joint paper will present an intermediate result of this international cooperative project in maritime archaeology in Vietnam at the naval battle site related to the thirteenth century Mongolian invasion of the country. The team has identified several new areas of concentrated stakes and the distribution pattern may lead to better understanding of the battle and the possible location of shipwreck sites. Introduction Since 2008 the international research team the Bach Dang Battlefield Research Group, comprises of scholars from the Institute of Archaeology in Hanoi (Vietnam), the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University (United States of America), the Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University (Australia) and others. Over the last three years, it has conducted archaeological survey and excavations at Bach Dang in Vietnam. This investigation of the maritime cultural landscape encompasses the topography, archaeological evidence and later memorials, temples and shrines associated with a historically significant naval battle that took place there in 1288 AD2. A key part of this research is to develop a better understanding of the battlefield with a focus on 1 The Bach Dang Battlefield Research Group Anno Domini - are designations used to label or number years used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars. This calendar era is based on the year of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years after the start of this epoch. 2 1 �studying the strategy used by the Vietnamese Dai Viet people. This research involves the archaeological investigation of wooden stakes that survive from the battle and remote sensing surveys, as well as conducting interviews with local fishermen and farmers, in order to locate areas with possible ship remains and related finds. The work has been designed as a comprehensive project that is expected to grow to encompass more research issues and include other researchers. Context In 1271 AD Kublai Khan, the fifth emperor of the Mongol Empire (1260-1294), became the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China (Gascoigne 2007:137-150; Ebrey 1996:172-3). On several occasions, from 1274 AD onwards, Kublai Khan dispatched armies aboard fleets of ships in attempts to expand the empire‟s hegemony and extend his rule into East Asia (Japan) and Southeast Asia (Vietnam). Two highly significant locations associated with these attempted Mongol invasions have been identified – along coast of Takashima Island and in Bach Dang River. These are places where historically important naval battles are known to have taken place, in each case resulting in the defeat of the Mongolian fleets by the local people (Delgado 2009; Ngo 1993:Vol.II, 61). In addition, archaeological and material culture remains associated with the fleets and battles have been found at both locations (Sasaki 2008; Tong, et al. 1988; Le and Ha 2005; Le, et al. 2009a; Le, et al. 2011; Sasaki 2009). One area is located off the shores of Takashima Island in the northwestern Kyushu Islands of Japan where Mongol invasion fleets are believed to have been sunk by a large typhoon during the invasion in 1281 AD (Delgado 2009; Kimura 2006; Sasaki 2008; Sasaki this volume). The other area is located on the Bach Dang River in northern Vietnam (under the control of the Dai Viet from 1054 to 1804) where a river/estuary naval battle took place in 1288 AD. History of the naval battle at Bach Dang Vietnamese historical records including Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Ngo 1993) and An Nam chi luoc (Le 1961), as well as Chinese dynasty chronicles such as Yuan Shi (Song 1976) mention the 1288 AD naval battle at Bach Dang. Later historians, poets, and others have also written accounts of the battle (Trần 1963; Hà and Phạm 1968; Nguyễn 1988; Phuong 2009:25; Lê, et al. 2010). Although many accounts mention the battle, the real story is often shrouded behind myths and legends. Detailed knowledge about the battle is limited due to the scarcity of primary historical records. Therefore, since the 1950s and 1960s, it was realized that a general study of the geology, geomorphology, inscriptions, legends and archaeology was needed to more fully reconstruct the story of this event (Đại and Diệp 1970:65). In general terms, the history of the battle entailed the story that having successfully taken the capital Thang Long (now Hanoi), the Mongol invaders found themselves trapped in an empty city without supplies. They soon decided 2 �to abandon the capital and retreat, but the Dai Viet had decided to fight a decisive naval battle with the invaders. The Vietnamese forces, under the command of Tran Hung Dao and his generals, lay in wait for the invasion fleet knowing that they would have to return to China through an estuary at the mouth of the Bach Dang River. Tran Hung Dao was victorious and many of the Mongol ships (perhaps numbering in the hundreds) were burned or lost during the battle. The majority of historical sources agree that the principal tactic used by the Vietnamese forces was to prevent the fleet from reaching the open sea and trap them by using hundreds of secretly planted large wooden stakes that had been sharpened to a point and driven into the riverbed at low tide (referred to as stake yards). These stakes were probably covered at high tide and became uncovered as the tide fell. This particular technique had also been used in the area on two previous occasions in 938, when Ngo Quyen defeated the Southern Han army, and in 981, when Le Hoan ordered stakes to be placed to block the Song army. The 1288 AD battle at Bach Dang River is widely considered to be a milestone in the history of Vietnam as an independent nation and has shaped the current culture of Vietnam. Tran Hung Dao is highly revered as the most able general in the history of Vietnam. Since the battle, a number of shrines and temples that worship Tran Hung Dao have been established, including in the Yen Giang commune on Ha Nam Island. Some of these locations are related to myths and legends associated with him. Some of these worship centers, such as the Vua Ba Temple and the Trung Coc shrine, are large or well known (Phuong 2009) while others are much smaller and less well known. The religious aspects of this research are important and the creation of the cult of Tran Hung Dao, his many shrines, and his cultural impact and importance to Vietnam provide a compelling contemporary aspect to the project. Research up to 2005 Following the discovery of a large number of wooden stakes by local people in the fields of Yen Giang commune (Quang Yen town), a group of researchers from the Department of Conservation and Museums (now Department of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism) went to Bach Dang in 1958. They conducted a brief survey and opened three excavation trenches at the Yen Giang site. Six stakes were found and it was believed that these were from the 1288 AD battle (Tống, et al. 1988). In 1969 extensive survey and excavation was conducted by the Department of History at Hanoi General University (now University of Social Sciences and Humanities) in cooperation with local cultural officers (Đào 1969). They excavated seven trenches covering an area of 520 meters squared (m2) at the Yen Giang site and discovered another 32 stakes. Researchers studied the soil profile, made a detailed examination of stratigraphy and concluded that the area was an ancient riverbed (Đại and Diệp 1970:71-72). Then in 1976, a third excavation was conducted at the Yen Giang site by staff from the Museum of Vietnamese History. In addition to relocating the same cultural layer, several 3 �segments of wood were unearthed which were interpreted to be hammering tools (Trần and Trịnh 1977). In 1984, during construction of a dike along the Chanh River, more stakes were unearthed, which were preserved in situ for future onsite exhibition by the provincial authorities. In 1987 an extensive survey and excavation was conducted by archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology (IA) based in Hanoi, in cooperation with experts from the Institute of Earth Sciences from the Department of Conservation and Museums and local cultural officers. During this fieldwork a survey of waterways and underwater rocks was conducted by canoe along the Bach Dang, Chanh and Rut Rivers, and up to the Song Khoai area, which was an ancient waterway and is now being used for aquaculture. The researchers also made a general survey of the standing monuments, conducted literature reviews and gathered oral histories of legends related to the Bach Dang battlefield, and inscriptions and local knowledge about the tide to improve understanding of the battlefield. Ten trenches were excavated in the Yen Giang stake yard site and the stratigraphy was studied in detail in order to understand the techniques used for inserting the stakes (Lê 1988; Nguyễn Công Thái 1988; Tống, et al. 1988) In 1995, during the digging of a fishpond, local people discovered several stakes at Dong Van Muoi (DVM) site, which was already known to Vietnamese researchers. The cultural officer of Yen Hung District took this chance to conduct a test excavation (No any report so far, except the information of Mr. Lê Đồng Sơn, Chief, Cultural sector, People‟s Committee of Yen Hung District, Quang Ninh province). Finally in 2005, the Institute of Archaeology (IA) in cooperation with the Department of Culture of Quang Ninh province conducted a survey and excavation at the DVM site to identify the distribution and character of the site for planning site conservation and protection (Lê and Hà 2005). The current research In May 2008 an international team of researchers from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University and the Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University visited Vietnam to undertake an investigation of two wooden anchors that had been found in the Red River near Hanoi (Sasaki and Kimura 2008). While in Vietnam the team also conducted a preliminary site inspection of stake yards in the Bach Dang area, visited museums where stakes from the battle(s) are held and met with Vietnamese researchers, including Dr. Vũ Thế Long and Dr. Lê Thị Liên (IA). Also in 2008, a well-preserved new stake-yard was discovered at Dong Ma Ngua (DMN) in Hung Hoc village, when a local resident found large clusters of stakes while digging a fishpond. In 2009, the Bach Dang Battlefield Research Group (the team) conducted an extensive survey in Quang Yen town and on Ha Nam Island. They were also asked by local cultural officials to map the stakes at DMN as well as to excavate a small area to examine the soil profile (Figure 1). 4 �Figure 1. Dong Ma Ngua 2009, Jun Kimura in the mud of the fishpond indicating the location of a stake for total station survey purposes (Photo by George Belcher courtesy of the Bach Dang Research project). The fishpond measured approximately 20 x 15 meters (m) and the team recorded the location of 22 visible stakes. The distribution pattern of these stakes appeared random at the time of the preliminary survey. In addition, a small trench (1m x 2m) was excavated down to a depth of approximately 3m from the surface of the fishpond. The majority of the stakes showed a remarkable state of preservation and their surfaces appeared almost new. The profile of the trench exhibited several layers indicating that a series of depositional events took place in the past. The soil profile was characterized with a deep deposit of clay overlaying a deposit of sand, which indicates a typical estuary or a shallow river gradually filling in. Considering the well-preserved nature of the wood, recent depositional events may have occurred at a relatively fast pace (Lê et al. 2009; Sasaki 2009). One of the principal research questions for this project has been to establish accurate dates for the stake yards, which involves a program of radiocarbon dating of samples from the stakes. Five wood samples from isolated stakes were collected for Carbon 14 (C14) analysis and species identification. The results of C14 analysis provided a date range around 700 years Before Present (BP) that was in accordance with our expectations. In 2010, fieldwork continued at the DMN site with four new trenches opened that were later integrated into one large trench (Figure 2). Two additional test trenches were opened in the rice fields around the DMN site to compare the sediments in the surrounding area and to further develop our understanding of the topographical features. As a result of the excavation, 55 stakes (plus one oar, other wood fragments, potsherds and ceramics) were identified in the fishpond. The position of these stakes and some important topographical features around 5 �the site were recorded and photo mosaics of the site were also produced (Kimura and Pham 2010; Lê 2010). Figure 2. Dong Ma Ngua 2010, overview of trench H1 (right) and trench H4 (left) where 25 stakes were identified, photographed, analyzed and from which wood samples were extracted. The stakes diagonally driven are facing each other. (Photo by Nguyen Mai Huong courtesy of the Bach Dang Battlefield Research project). The 2010 fieldwork season focused on recording the stake distribution pattern. The stakes were aligned in columns, orientated in various directions. It appears that two sets of columns were driven to face each other at the upper ends of the stakes. Some of these stakes were also driven densely to form a wall-like feature. Similar diagonally driven stakes had also been seen in the previous excavated stake yards (Le and Ha 2005). Although the original dimensions of each stake are difficult to ascertain due to their deteriorated condition, the diameters may fit to some regular range of approximately 6 centimeters (cm), 12cm, or 20cm. The bottoms of the stakes were observed and some of them had a recess or a notch. Although this feature could not be confirmed on all stakes, it appears that they might have been associated with the method used to set the stakes in place. Yet, the way the large stakes were set into the riverbed is still under debate. Wood samples from ten stakes were sent to Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute in Japan and the University of Forestry of Vietnam for species 6 �identification. They were identified as Meliaceae sp. (họ Xoan) or Rutaceae sp. (họ Cam/Chanh), and another was Leguminosae sp. (họ Đậu) The remaining samples were Shorea-Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae sp 3 samples) (họ Sao dầu),Peltophorum dasyrachis (lim xẹt or hoàng linh in Vietnamese), Parashorea chinensis (chò chỉ), Lithocarpus ducampii (dẻ đỏ), Dipterocarpus tonkinensis (chò nâu), and Engelhardtia roxburghiana sp (chẹo tía). Legend suggests that ironwood was used for these stakes and the term ironwood can be interpreted as any hard, dense wood, which seems to correspond well with the results of the species identification. Through the analysis of soil profiles, it seems that the local topography at the time exhibited a significant change in elevation with stakes driven into the slopes of channel banks. At DMN the riverbank appears to have sloped from east to west, which was deduced from the 1m difference of elevation that exists between the stakes found in east and west trenches within the same sediment layer. The sediment includes a number of thin layers, which resulted from river deposition processes. The sediment changes from top to bottom, from clay, clay with sand, sand, and finally sandy silt. Some layers were subdivided by subcontexts, such as tiny clamshells, large oyster shells, and degraded plant remains. According to Doan Dinh Lam (pers. comm.), a Vietnamese geologist, these are typical river sedimentations observed in the area; the clay in the upper layer confirms that it results from a lesser tidal influence and from slow sedimentation. In the lower layers, however, some of the sand layer and sandsilt layer exhibit much thicker deposit. The thick layers are identified as original riverbed into which the stakes were driven. A large number of artifacts were excavated, including the stakes and wooden fragments, pottery (ceramic and stoneware), bricks and tiles. A broken oar most probably associated with a small boat has been unearthed (Figure 3). Several small wooden artifacts have been interpreted as wooden tie rods. Some fragments have processing marks, such as rope holes for transportation or probably mortised holes. The flatness of some fragments suggests that they could be manufactured woodwork rather than stakes. Thus, it is possible that fragments of boats or ships have been found in this area. A large amount of degraded wood fragments and charcoal and a thick layer of blackish silt were observed in the excavated area, which indicates the use of firing. Figure 3. Fragment of oar (Photo by Hà Mạnh Thắng). 7 �The pottery fragments represent a wide range of dates (13th to 18th centuries), and includes both (earthenware?) ceramic (28 fragments) and stoneware (79 fragments). Ceramics analysis is currently ongoing but some of the ceramics are dated to the Tran Dynasty (1225-1400), including the whitish glazed and cracked brown glazed ceramics of the 13th-14th centuries and the blue-and-white ceramics of the 15th-17th centuries. Some of the ceramics were found in the same sediment layer as the stakes, and some were found in the layers above. Although their location might have been disturbed due to the flowing waterway, it was noticed that fragments of ceramics and stoneware datable to 13-14th century and 15th-16th century have been found mainly from the sandy clay layer (layer 3) and clayish sand layer (layer 4). A fragment of Chinese Song celadon was also unearthed from layer 4. Layers 3 and 4 are proposed to have been the riverbed during the 1288 AD Bach Dang battle (Le and Nguyen. 2011). Vietnamese researchers previously calculated the tide-fluctuation levels they occurred on 8th March 1288 (Nguyễn Ngọc Thụy 1964:36; Nguyễn Duy Hinh 1988). The stratigraphy at the DMN site suggests that the riverbed in this area was at a depth of about 5.2-5.5m during the highest tidal level and 3-3.2 m at the lowest one, according to modern tidal levels)3. If stakes more than 3m long were driven into the riverbed, the Mongolian ships, which have about 2.5 m of waterline4 would not have been able to cross this area. Conclusion Each of the monuments, stake yards, and the ancient topography that lies hidden beneath the modern landscape of the Bach Dang Battlefield in Yen Hung district, Quang Ninh province reveals a part of the Vietnamese strategy to defeat the Mongols. There are 3 major stake yards where the distribution, nature and dimensions of the stakes have been identified and recorded: the Yen Giang, the Dong Van Muoi (DVM) and the Dong Ma Ngua (DMN) sites. It first appeared that the stakes might have been placed between the ancient islands and navigational hazards in order to create an effective „wall‟ preventing the vessels from travel through the channels and into the open sea. This was deduced from the positions of the stake yards sandwiched between natural hazards (Figure 4). The excavations at the DVM and DMN sites, however, seem to suggest that it was not a simple wall that the Vietnamese created. When constructing such a wall around the waterways and islands, one must also consider how to prevent the 3 Nguyen Duy Hinh (1988) used the 1971 data of Do Nghi Gauging station to suggest that in the th 8 March 1288 of the Lunar calendar, the highest tidal level was 1.52m and the lowest one was 1.43m. From the datum point set up by the Bach Dang research team in DMN site, the riverbed from excavated pit H3 is about - 3.2m deep. According to Mr. Le Dong Son (Chief of Culture Bureau, Yen Hung district), without the dike system, during the height tidal level, tidal flow may be more than 2m above the datum point. 4 According to Nguyen Viet, the waterline of the Mongolian ships were about 2.5m (after Tong Trung Tin, et al. 1988) 8 �enemy from landing and taking control of the land. As a result, a more complex arrangement of stakes may be expected. Figure 4. Distribution of discovered stake yards in Ha Nam Island (Lê Thị Liên 2011:37, H.9 Drawing courtesy of Bach Dang Research Team) There was an ancient waterway in the excavated area at DMN that had a higher bank in the eastern side and was gradually silted up, as indicated by layers of sandy silt and alluvium. The land changed from an estuarine salt-marsh to brackish swampy area as indicated by the presence of several types of teredo (worm) of various species and sizes. The result of pollen analysis for the DMN site provides evidence of flora in this area, including arboreal, shrub and nonarboreal plants, fern spores and especially a diversity of mangrove plants. Generally, although this area was always affected by sea tides, the influence was not the same throughout history of its sediment formation, as indicated by the presence of an abundance of mangrove pollen. Based on the ecological characteristics of various types of mollusks, we can also see the change from directly affected by the sea - to tidal mangrove estuary environment (Nguyễn, et al. 2011). Further survey work is planned for late November 2011. A remote sensing survey, core sampling and limited test excavations will be conducted to find more stake yards as well as possible shipwrecks. Stake yards are expected to be buried below several meters of silt and to be in excellent condition, preserving the original configuration of the stakes. 9 �Acknowledgements Funding for this project has been provided by the RPM Nautical Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Institute for Nautical Archaeology (INA), the Australian Academy of the Humanities, Flinders University and the Management Board of Major Cultural sites, Quang Ninh province. Bibliography Delgado, J.P., 2009 Doan 2010 Dinh Lam Đào, Duy Anh., Đào 1969 Ebrey, P. B., 1996 Hà, Văn Tấn and Hà Phạm, C., Thị Tâm., 1968 Kimura, J., 2006 Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada, University of California Press, Vancouver/Toronto Personal comment on the sedimentation of the Bach Dang river as observed from the stratigraphy of the Dong Ma Ngua site. 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Sasaki, R., and Northern Vietnam anchor documentation and assessment, Institute of Nautical Archaeology Annual, Kimura , J., 2008 pp.31-36. The Origin of the Lost Fleet of The Mongol Empire, MA Sasaki, R. J., 2008 Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station. The Mongol Invasion of Vietnam: Revealing the Secret of Sasaki, R. J., the Battle of Bach Dang, Post-Survey Report for Project 2009 W45-09. Yuan Shi (History of Yuan), Zhonghua shuju Press, Song, Lian., 1976 Nanjing, (originally published 1370). Lưu, Trần Tiêu Cọc Bạch Đằng trong đợt khai quật năm 1976 [The and Trịnh, Căn., stakes found from Bach Dang site in the excavation season of 1976], Nghiên cứu lịch sử, số 1 năm 1977, 1977 Library of Anthropology Museum, Hanoi National University of Social Sciences, Hanoi. Trần, Hà., Xun Xung quanh trận Bạch Đằng năm 1288 [discussion on the Bach Dang battle in 1288], Nghiên cứu lịch sử, số 46, 11963 1963, tr., pp. 60-66, Library of Anthropology Museum, Hanoi National University of Social Sciences, Hanoi. Xun Nghiên cứu bãi cọc Yên Giang (Quảng Ninh) lần thứ 5 Tống, Trung Tín, Phạm Như Hổ, [the 5th research season in the Yen Giang stake yard Phan Tiến Ba and (Quang Ninh province)], paper presented at the Lê Thị Liên., Conference “Anniversary of 700 years of historical Bach 1988 Dang Victory (1288-1988)”, Hạ Long, Vietnam. 1988 12 � https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/bafeffacfac686a7bfe8d969b403585e.jpg 04952788e3bc70ff809b9d08d30ddbf8 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 962 Height 603 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/a2a34146a5dddda6253ac7e4791aaa77.jpg 731a2fe73992b998345c46870db8ee17 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 402 Height 382 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/392b14db31073e76bbd96eba404c531a.jpg d6d42703f7630eed1a9a62440d1c3411 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 809 Height 504 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Understanding the Bach Dang Battlefield from recent research results Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 Contexts of War and Conflict in Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Research and Management Description An account of the resource The Mongols created the world’s most powerful empire in the thirteenth century, conquering China and establishing the Yuan dynasty. Their military power was in doubt, however, after failed naval invasions in Japan and Vietnam. According to historical records, the Vietnamese tactics used against the Mongolian Armada were designed to prevent them from reaching the mouth of Bach Dang River by using hidden stakes that were driven into the riverbed in secrecy. Using the large difference in tides, the Vietnamese successfully lured the enemy fleet into the trap, destroying or capturing perhaps as many as 400 vessels. Since the 1950s, approximately 700 years after this watershed event, Vietnamese archaeologists have discovered a number of large wooden stakes in the midst of reclaimed paddy fields along the Bach Dang River. Excavations and research were conducted which led to the identification of several stake-yard sites believed to be dated to the battle that took place in 1281 C.E., however, no remains of ships have been identified to date. In 2009, a group of scholars from the Institute of Archaeology at Hanoi, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University, and the Maritime Archaeology Program at Flinders University joined the archaeological investigations of these stake-yard sites with a focus on studying the battle strategy used by the Vietnamese and identifying ship remains from the battle. This joint paper will present an intermediate result of this international cooperative project in maritime archaeology in Vietnam at the naval battle site related to the thirteenth century Mongolian invasion of the country. The team has identified several new areas of concentrated stakes and the distribution pattern may lead to better understanding of the battle and the possible location of shipwreck sites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lê Thị Liên Nguyá»…n Thị Mai HÆ°Æ¡ng Charlotte Pham Mark Staniforth Jim Delgado Jun Kimura Randall Sasaki Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Across the Perilous Sea: Japanese Trade with China and Korea from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charlotte von Verschuer Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available East Asia Program, Cornell University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Charlotte von Verschuer Item Type Book ISBN 9781933947037 Call Number HF3824 .V4713 2006 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Library Catalog 128.125.253.52 Library Catalog Num Pages 226 Place Ithaca, NY Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available East Asia Program, Cornell University Series Cornell East Asia series Short Title Across the Perilous Sea Title A name given to the resource Across the Perilous Sea: Japanese Trade with China and Korea from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries China Japan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Japan's Foreign Relations 1200 to 1392 A.D.: A Translation from "Zenrin Kokuhōki" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zuikei Shuho Charlotte von Verschuer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Winter, 2002 Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Zotero Author Zuikei Shuho Charlotte von Verschuer Item Type Journal Article ISSN 00270741 Access Date 2009-10-26 07:30:42 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Winter, 2002 Extra ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Winter, 2002 / Copyright © 2002 Sophia University Issue 4 Library Catalog JSTOR Pages 413-445 Publication Title Monumenta Nipponica Short Title Japan's Foreign Relations 1200 to 1392 A.D. Title A name given to the resource Japan's Foreign Relations 1200 to 1392 A.D.: A Translation from "Zenrin Kokuhōki" URL http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.usc.edu/stable/3096734 Volume 57 Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/09ac67266fac09766d2c26c224cfb08e.pdf 3b109969f7676a9e4620421fe9446940 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 2: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 2 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 2 of the 2021 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. 2023 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on In-Situ Preservation and Training Courses for Diving Community in Taiwan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pin-Wen Chenn Tzu-Chia Huang Chen-Fen Huang Jin-Yuan Liu Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Chenn, Pin-Wen, Tzu-Chia Huang, Chen-Fen Huang, and Jin-Yuan Liu. 2021. “Underwater Cultural Heritage Management on In-Situ Preservation and Training Courses for Diving Community in Taiwan.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/667 Description An account of the resource The awareness of protecting the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) has grown over the past decades around the world as well as in Taiwan. In-Situ preservation is the international principle of management and protecting the site. Following the UNESCO 2001 UCH Convention, Taiwan passed the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act in 2015. Since then, there have been 6 listed shipwrecks and over 90 potential targets were found by the underwater archaeology team of Academia Sinica. Different approaches in each sites’ management depend on the environment and material such as wood, metal or even bones, and as the result, a practice of setting up an environmental database, implementation of a regime of regular underwater observation by divers or unmanned underwater vehicles, and oceanic dynamic monitoring should be adopted. In 2020, despite many difficulties, a research project focused on these related issues for scuba diving instructors took place in Taiwan. This included a 4-day workshop, during which time the instructors had access to Professor David Gregory via webinar. This article aims to present the result of the research and the result of the training workshop. Asia-Pac Session 2 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c7c53130df44ceef03108ca1eb8ad050.pdf 5922aa5c957c77a993fc89a5c34753b2 PDF Text Text Joint airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys to inspect the submerged archaeological sites: The Taijiang Waters in Taiwan Liwen Chen1, Sheng-Chong Lo2, Lun-Tao Tong3, Gwo-Shyh Song4, Yi-Wei Lu2, Cheng-Wei Tseng3, Jheng-Kai Huang5, Wai-lam Wong1, Wei-Chung Han6 1. 2. National Academy of Marine Research, Ocean Affairs Council, Taiwan Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute,Taiwan 3. Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 4. 5. 6. MMA Global Aqua Co., Ltd., Taiwan Chinese Ocean & Underwater Technology Association, Taiwan Exploration and Development Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Taiwan ABSTRACT To better identify submerged archaeological targets, multiple state-of-art survey techniques were carried out in underwater geoarchaeological studies at the exploration stage. Previous underwater surveys identified ten Dutch colonial vessels dating from the first half of the seventeenth century. Four of them were found on the banks of the Yanshui River, and most of them were situated at the historical waters of Dayun Port. Underwater archeology research at this inland sea of Tainan, the base for the Dutch route, was the key era in the development of maritime trade in Southeast Asia. Therefore, inspecting the potential archaeology in Taijiang Waters is under our consideration, which is situated in a historical city, Tainan, leads us to link the ancient shipwreck event to consider the sustainable preservation solution. However, it is challenging to inspect the submerged archaeological targets since the geomorphology rapidly changed due to the long- and short-term geological processes. The resources available to conduct the work include accurate frequency control on magnetic data acquisition and comprehensive geophysical integration for data interpretation. Therefore, we combine the acoustic and magnetic techniques and joint airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys to inspect the submerged assessment. After integrating with previous survey results, seven underwater cultural heritages were linked to shipwrecks, which allows us to embark on follow-up verification plans for archaeological research, preserving the potential historical footprints of Taiwanese and the treasure wetlands environments of the Taijiang National Park for endangered ecosystems. Keywords: geophysical survey, Taijiang Waters, underwater cultural heritage INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper fits best within this Session 24 ‘” Database, monitoring, non-intrusive documentation techniques and new technologies applied to underwater cultural heritage” because we jointly apply multiple the-state-of-art survey techniques including airborne- and shipborne-based geophysical methods to inspect the submerged archaeological sites in the Taijiang Waters of Taiwan. Overall, this study is based on non-intrusive geophysical methods and it involves database building and future underwater cultural heritage (UCH) monitoring/preservation. The Taijiang Waters are archaeologically significant since it was a crucial ship channel during the seventeenth century and therefore many ships sank in its surrounding waters during the period. Previous studies have found at least ten Dutch vessels in the study area dating from the first half of the seventeenth century (Chiang, 1999; Li, 2018; Wang, 2012). However, it is challenging to inspect the submerged archaeological targets by using traditional surveying methods due to the poor visibility in the water, strong tidal currents, and rapidly changing morphology. For instance, the strong tidal currents can be dangerous to divers and the low water visibility makes it difficult to operate underwater cameras. Moreover, the 1 �rapid erosion and deposition processes cause major challenges in monitoring, or even locating the archaeological targets. Please note that many land or wetland areas were oceans back in the seventeenth century due to the massive sediment deposition carried by the Yanshui River. This results in limited water areas nowadays capable of ships or boats passing through. With all the restrictions and challenges, this study also applies airborne-based geophysical survey methodology to acquire the overall information within the study area, including the land areas or fish farms where shipborne-based methods cannot be operated. A more detailed description of the geophysical instruments used is outlined in the “Resource” section. By integrated analysis of various geophysical data, we have built a database and developed a workflow for locating and monitoring the potential archaeological targets, which may give insights into the surveying strategies in other shallow water areas worldwide that are challenging for applying traditional archaeological surveying methods. CASE STUDY The case studies under consideration mainly are the previous geophysical surveys used for shallow water UCH identification. According to the previous experience, we realized that a new and integrated approach must be introduced to overcome the environmental challenges in Taijiang Waters. Geophysical prospecting methods have been extensively used to locate buried antiquities in terrestrial sites for decades. This approach involves interdisciplinary studies which is also applicable and efficient to document the underwater environment in detail. Besides mapping the subsurface images, geophysical prospecting methods also provides critical physical properties of buried structures to complement archaeological research in a timely and costly efficient manner. The technological and methodological innovations upgraded it from an “amateur” activity to scientific research with a substantial contribution in the domains of past commerce and coast exploitations (Dobson 2005). However, the coastal and shallow underwater areas are still considered a “gray zone” or “white zone”, where different factors create a unique, constantly evolving, and challenging environment, sharing elements from both deep- water investigations and dry land surveys, which neither the equipment for deep-water exploration nor those used for dry land surveys can be directly employed in coastal areas (Galanidou, et al. 2020). Generally, most of the efforts to reconstruct the hidden cultural heritage are mainly focused on deep-water environment explorations by acoustic geophysical methods that have been used to map ancient shipwrecks (Sakellariou, et al. 2007). The accessibility of shallow water archaeological sites rise a dilemma for the government, as it must decide whether to prioritize openness to the public or protect cultural assets. On the other hand, the water presence in submerged lands makes this area susceptible to various post-depositional or abandonment effects, as evidenced by the Taijiang Waters in Taiwan (Li 2018; Wang 2012). Perhaps that’s the reason why there is no coherent and efficient approach or technique so far for shallow-water heritage documentation, study, and protection, despite the availability of methods to investigate the cultural heritage in dry land or deep water (Papadopoulos 2021). Since October 1966, several archaeological targets including a wreck site were discovered in the marine environment of Akko Harbour using a proton magnetometer, the technique has been widely used for underwater cultural heritage (Arnold and Clausen 1975). Today marine proton magnetometers have largely been replaced by optically pumped cesium vapor magnetometers and Overhauser effect magnetometers, both of which provide greater sensitivity and much faster cycle rates (Green 2014). Nevertheless, magnetic surveys may effectively detect shipwrecks but require a proper design operating in good weather conditions. And the beauty of a magnetic survey is that we don’t need to submerge the magnetometer before it can detect a shipwreck, most accessible wrecks that lie in shallow waters (<30m) are detectable from the surface (Steenkamp 2017). Generally, shipborne surveys are used for searching for wrecks in shallow waters and may be complemented by cheaply available side-scan sonar equipment. In Taijiang Waters in Taiwan, where some areas are difficult for the boat to access, we intend to take the advantage of a small drone equipped with a fluxgate magnetometer to offer good values to inspect the 2 �submerged archaeological sites. The sediment deposition in the Taijiang Water has greatly impacted human activities (Chen and Chang 2010). In the 17th century, the Taijiang Water was a natural port and was the administrative, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. However, due to the sediment infill process of the Taijiang Water, it became more difficult to navigate ships in the nineteen century, and eventually impossible for the ships to pass today. Figure 1 shows an example of the Taijing coast in the seventeen and twenty-first centuries. Due to the severe sediment deposition processes, numerous coastal communities that depended on shipping for their livelihood have declined. To investigate the UCH in the Taijiang Waters, the Taiwanese government has conducted a shipboard general geophysical survey, including a multibeam echo sounder (MES), side scan sonar (SSS), subbottom profiler (SBP), and magnetic surveying (MG) (Lai 2018). Based on these datasets, several potential UCH targets were identified. After that, they conducted a detailed survey including underwater photography and resistivity image profiling, in addition to the four methods used in the general survey, to examine potential UCH targets. However, during the detailed survey, they observed a significant topographic change caused by rapid sedimentary processes. Either moving by the currents or buried by sediments, numerous previously identified potential UCH sites showed no obvious geophysical anomalies from the data collected from the detailed survey. Therefore, this study aims to introduce a joint data analysis technology to better detect and monitor potential UCH targets in this challenging site. Figure 1. An ancient nautical chart by Dutch navigators (1652) overlaid with modern satellite images (Lai 2018) revealing the changing coastlines. RESOURCES To better identify the submerged archaeological targets (potential UCH) in Taijiang Waters, we integrated multiple the-state-of-art survey techniques to improve the certainty of potential target recognization. Our survey strategies and techniques in Taijian underwater geoarchaeological research not only increased the 3 �density of the ship tracks to better image the seafloor topography, and profile the subsurface strata and magnetic features to recognize the potential targets; but also, we take the advantage of magnetic anomalies derived from airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys, to inspect the assessments which might be buried in the subsurface. Furthermore, we directly sample the channel sediments to investigate the sedimentological and environmental records to study the potential geological events in hundreds of years. The instruments and survey strategies we used are introduced as follows. Shipborne-based geophysical survey Based on the existing water depth and nautical chart data, the investigative scope of the Taijiang Waters includes intertidal zones with water depths ranging from 0 to 10 meters. Due to the shallow water depth and numerous obstacles such as oyster rafts near the coast, the operation uses a small boat, the Wan Bao Long 58, to reduce operational risks. The vessel has a total length of 14.60 meters, a width of 2.90 meters, a maximum draft of 0.74 meters, and a total tonnage of 11.75 tons. (1) Side-scan sonar (SSS) We use an EdgeTech 4125 side-scan sonar to collect dual-frequency seafloor images for the entire area while the survey line spacing and instrument's slant range were set at 25 meters, simultaneously. (2) Multi-beam bathymetry (MB) We predominantly use the RESON SeaBat 9001 multi-beam sounder with a survey line spacing of 10 meters to collect the bathymetry data. For the areas with water depth shallower than 1 meter, the Odom Echotrac CV100 single-beam sounder was used to fill the gap. Besides the relevant position, the angle deviation was obtained by superposition testing. All data were recorded in the collection software to obtain the relative position parameters of the instruments in 3D. For the sound velocity information, the vertical sound profile was measured at least 2 times a day. More measurements were conducted with significant changes in water temperature or salinity. (3) Sub-bottom profiler (SBP) We utilize the EdgeTech SB-216S tow-fish with a digital variable-frequency sonar sounder in 10 meters line spacing survey to image the subsurface strata. (4) Magnetic Survey (MG) Considering of the interference of the vessel, the SeaSPY used for shipborne magnetic survey was tied to a float and towed about 30 meters behind the vessel. And principally we set up the line space as 12.5 meters to derive better coverage of the data. Airborne magnetic survey With the airborne magnetic survey, we undertook a general survey around the Taijian area with 100% coverage and a detailed survey focussed along the river to better detect anomalies in those waters. (1) General Survey The general survey aims to mark the distribution of buried magnetic bodies. The operation height should be adjusted according to the environmental conditions. Therefore, a 25-meter design line spacing is used for this phase of the survey. The measurement height is set between 15-20 meters above ground level and adjusted according to the height of buildings, power poles, or windbreak trees in the survey area. 4 �(2) Detailed Survey Ideally, the survey line spacing is about 4 meters with a flying height of 4-8 meters above the ground/water level. The actual survey area was selected based on the results of the general airborne magnetic survey and the shipborne geophysical surveys. FRAMEWORK This study aims to identify potential UCH targets by applying geophysical methods for future monitoring and preservation. Considering the challenging survey environment, we applied an integrated analysis of different geophysical datasets including the MB, SSS, SBP, and magnetic methods. In terms of geophysical data interpretation, the exposed targets were mainly identified through the interpretation of the SSS images. All the exposed targets show magnetic anomalies. However, due to the poorer resolution of the multibeam terrain data, the comparison results between exposed target objects and multibeam data target objects were inconsistent, and their shapes could not be identified through the multibeam depth data in this area. As fishing activities are prosperous in the Taijiang Waters, there are many oyster rafts or abandoned fishing gear in the river channel. Therefore, anomalous responses observed only from one single geophysical data were not used as the basis for identifying potential UCH target objects. Regarding the buried target objects, anomalous responses observed from SBP and magnetometer are the main criteria for interpretation. After the integrated geophysical data analysis, we compared the potential UCH target locations with historical literature to have a preliminary idea from an archaeology perspective. RESULTS Besides collecting shipborne geophysical data including the SSS, MB, and MG, we further check the subsurface feature by SBP to define the suspicious targets (Figure 2). Then we combined the magnetic anomaly derived from airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys simultaneously to inspect the submerged assessment (Figure 3), the resources available to conduct the work include accurate frequency control on magnetic data acquisition and comprehensive geophysical integration for data interpretation. After integrating and interpreting various survey data in the Taijiang Waters, a total of 13 potential UCH targets were obtained (Figure 4), including 12 targets on the riverbed and 1 buried target. With these results, we are confident that our strategy of jointly analysing multiple geophysical data can increase the chance of identifying potential UCH sites and therefore benefit geoarchaeological research. After integrating with previous survey results, seven underwater anomalies were correlated to the ancient Dutch shipwreck (Figure 4). This allows us to now embark on planning follow-up verification of each anomaly through archaeological research, for the purposes of confirming, or not, discovery and identifying each site. Through these activities we hope to preserve the historical underwater cultural heritage of the Taiwanese, and the endangered ecosystems of the treasured wetlands environments of the Taijiang National Park. 5 �Figure 2. The four shipborne geophysical surveys we applied in the Yanshui River to investigate the suspicious targets. Figure 3. Magnetic anomaly derived from airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys to help inspect the submerged assessments. 6 �Figure 4. Map showing the locations of the potential UCH targets proposed by this study and previous studies with the planned drilling locations. 7 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Arnold III, J.B. and Clausen, C.J. A magnetometer survey with electronic positioning control and calculator-plotter system. Historical Archaeology 9, no. 1 (1975.), 26-40. Chen, H. L., Chang, J. C. Terrestrialization process of the TaiJiang Water and its relations to human activities. Geology of Taiwan 29, no.4 (2010), 34-38. Chiang, S. S. De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia. Tainan City Government Publications. (In Chinese) Dobson, N.C., 2005, September. Developmental deep-water archaeology: a preliminary report on the investigation and excavation of the 19th-century side-wheel steamer SS Republic, lost in a storm off Savannah in 1865. In Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE (1999): 1761-1769. IEEE. Galanidou, N., Dellaporta, K., Sakellariou, D. Greece: Unstable landscapes and underwater archaeology. In Lakes of the World with Google Earth; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, (2020): 371–392. Green, J. The Application of Aerial Magnetometers in Maritime Archaeology. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 43, no.2 (2014): 436-443. Lai, C. P. Remote Sensing Exploration Project for underwater cultural heritage in the Dayun Port Waters. The Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Taiwan. (In Chinese). 2018. Li, C. L. The shipwrecks' historical documents collecting and analyzing of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. The Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Taiwan. (In Chinese) 2018. Papadopoulos, N. Shallow offshore geophysical prospection of archaeological sites in eastern Mediterranean. Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (2021): 1237. Sakellariou, D., Georgiou, P., Mallios, A., Kapsimalis, V., Kourkoumelis, D., Micha, P., Theodoulou, T., Dellaporta, K. Searching for Ancient Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea: The Discovery of Chios and Kythnos Hellenistic Wrecks with the Use of Marine Geological-Geophysical Methods. Int. J. Naut. Archaeol. 2007. Steenkamp, B. Application of the Magnetic Method to Explore for Shipwrecks on the South African Coast. Extended Abstracts - 15th SAGA Biennial Conference & Exhibition. 2017. Wang, Y. The research of the 17th century Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie shipwrecks types and distribution in the Taiwan Strait. Studies of Underwater Archaeology, Beijing: Science Press. Vol. 1 (2012): 163-188. (In Chinese) 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Joint airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys to inspect the submerged archaeological sites: The Taijiang Waters in Taiwan Description An account of the resource To better identify submerged archaeological targets, multiple state-of-art survey techniques were carried out in underwater geoarchaeological studies at the exploration stage. Previous underwater surveys identified ten Dutch colonial vessels dating from the first half of the seventeenth century. Four of them were found on the banks of the Yanshui River, and most of them were situated at the historical waters of Dayun Port. Underwater archeology research at this inland sea of Tainan, the base for the Dutch route, was the key era in the development of maritime trade in Southeast Asia. Therefore, inspecting the potential archaeology in Taijiang Waters is under our consideration, which is situated in a historical city, Tainan, leads us to link the ancient shipwreck event to consider the sustainable preservation solution. However, it is challenging to inspect the submerged archaeological targets since the geomorphology rapidly changed due to the long- and short-term geological processes. The resources available to conduct the work include accurate frequency control on magnetic data acquisition and comprehensive geophysical integration for data interpretation. Therefore, we combine the acoustic and magnetic techniques and joint airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys to inspect the submerged assessment. After integrating with previous survey results, seven underwater cultural heritages were linked to shipwrecks, which allows us to embark on follow-up verification plans for archaeological research, preserving the potential historical footprints of Taiwanese and the treasure wetlands environments of the Taijiang National Park for endangered ecosystems. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Liwen Chen Sheng-Chong Lo Lun-Tao Tong Gwo-Shyh Song Yi-Wei Lu Cheng-Wei Tseng Jheng-Kai Huang Wai-lam Wong Wei-Chung Han Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Chen, Liwen , Sheng-Chong Lo, Lun-Tao Tong, Gwo-Shyh Song, Yi-Wei Lu, Cheng-Wei Tseng, Jheng-Kai Huang, Wai-lam Wong, Wei-Chung Han. 2023. “Joint airborne and shipborne geophysical surveys to inspect the submerged archaeological sites: The Taijiang Waters in Taiwan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2018 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/ca88233c6996ee19eb64ba5411c8101b.pdf 43826b11056e75b5836f820f000cf64f PDF Text Text Poket Xinwu App game for promotion of the Stone Tidal Weirs cultural heritage and collaboration with local communities in Taiwan Lai, Chen-Min（Professional Teachers from the Industries of National Central University＆Chief Operating Officer of Dream Maker） Tai, Yu-Hsin (Teacher of Dream Maker & Founder of Astro Stream Technologies Studio ) Lee, Jen-Fu（Graduate student of College of Hakka Studies, National Central University ） Cheng, Tsung-Han（Chief executive officer of Tempest Digital Co., Ltd.） ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract fits best within this Session 12 because the study aims to investigate the potential of digital technologies in promoting the cultural heritage of Stone Tidal Weirs, also known as "Stone Tidal Weirs" in Taiwan. The Stone Tidal Weirs are an integral part of Taiwan's history and culture, yet their significance is often overlooked. This study aims to address this by utilizing digital technologies to raise awareness about Stone Tidal Weirs and their cultural significance, as well as the ecological significance of the Stone Tidal Weirs in near-shore ecosystems. A mobile application, Poket Xinwu, was developed in collaboration with local communities and university groups to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the information provided. The app features interactive content that allows users to learn about the Stone Tidal Weirs and their surroundings in an engaging and intuitive way. Additionally, the app aims to raise awareness about the environmental issues surrounding Stone Tidal Weirs and the importance of preserving the local ecosystems. The app also serves as a tourism promotion tool, encouraging visitors to explore the Stone Tidal Weirs and learn more about marine culture. The study found that the app game was successful in promoting the cultural heritage of Stone Tidal Weirs and raising awareness about their significance. The app's interactive content and the collaboration with local communities were identified as key factors in its success. The study concludes that digital technologies can be effectively utilized to promote and preserve cultural heritage and can foster collaboration and understanding between local communities and visitors. List of Figures Figure 1 Distribution of Stone Tidal Weirs in the World (Tawa, 2007) Figure 2 Schematic map of the location of the No. 1 Stone Weir in Shenzhen Figure 3 Poket Xinwu app Figure (4): Collection of fish ecology around stone weirs. INTRODUCTION The topic of this abstract fits best within this Session 12 because the study aims to investigate the potential of digital technologies in promoting the cultural heritage of Stone Tidal Weirs, also known as "Stone Tidal Weirs" in Taiwan. Dr. Asahitaro Nishimura, a maritime anthropologist and a leading authority on the study of Stone Tidal Weirs, referred to this traditional fishing equipment as a "living fossil of the oldest fishing gear," believed to be the world's oldest. (Nishimura 1969; Nishimura 1979). Fish traps are one of the most widespread and enduring features of the maritime landscape. And research also in Ireland has identified a great number of traps, most of which date from the early to late medieval periods (Montgomery, Forsythe & Breen 2015). Stone Tidal Weirs were once widely distributed in coastal areas with remarkable tidal action and coral reef areas with developed lagoons throughout the world. Figure 1 shows the areas in which Stone Tidal Weirs were distributed (Tawa 2007). 1 �Figure 1 Distribution of Stone Tidal Weirs in the World (Tawa 2007) In the latter part of the 1980s, geographers in Taiwan conducted a survey of Stone Tidal Weirs, including the author's study of those located along the northwestern coast of the main island. In the 1990s, extensive research was undertaken on Stone Tidal Weir fishing in the Penghu Archipelago, with active involvement from researchers, local school teachers, and their students (Chen 1992;1996). More recently, research has focused on a complete census of Stone Tidal Weirs, providing valuable insights into the cultural heritage of Taiwan and clarifying the use of fishing villages and grounds in the Penghu Archipelago (Hong 1999). The Stone Tidal Weir is constructed on seaward slopes or fringing reefs, and comprises a semicircular or horseshoe-shaped wall built from stones or coral lime stones. Its design is closely linked to tidal changes, with fish swimming or being swept into the weir during high tide but unable to escape during low tide. The fish are then caught in the shallow water within the weir using small push nets or dip nets. The Penghu Archipelago in the Strait of Taiwan is home to over 500 Stone Tidal Weirs, the highest concentration in the world, while the western coastal region of the main island also has a significant number of weirs, with some still in use today. In Taiwan, the Penghu Archipelago in the Strait of Taiwan is the region with the world’s largest concentration of Stone Tidal Weirs, with over 500 weirs in total. The western coastal region of the main island is another area where a large number of weirs were once distributed, with some remaining today (Tawa 2010). The Stone Tidal Weirs are an integral part of Taiwan's history and culture, yet their significance is often overlooked. This study aims to address this by utilizing digital technologies to raise awareness about Stone Tidal Weirs and their cultural significance, as well as the ecological significance of the Stone Tidal Weirs in near-shore ecosystems. The Stone Tidal Weirs form art and game exploration narratives which virtually experienced many of these traditions in indigenous community of the region. CASE STUDIES The case studies under consideration are the following. The research background of this study originates from the team's discovery of the Xinwu's Stone Tidal Weirs in 2017. The structure of the Stone Tidal Weirs and its significant role in the lives of coastal residents fascinated the team, and led to the conception of a 'coastal library'. 2 �After conducting multiple visits and interviews with local residents, the team learned that the local community has made several attempts to preserve and promote the culture of Stone Tidal Weirs. These efforts include developing environmental tours, organizing community events, and promoting extended local specialties. However, the irregular frequency of events, the need to consider tidal conditions for activities, and the natural seasonal limitations along the coast have proven to be major obstacles. Therefore, this study aims to address these limitations by focusing on Xinwu’s Stone Tidal Weirs, the largest and most well-preserved area on Taiwan's mainland, with 9 Stone Tidal Weirs completely according to the Taoyuan City Government Marine Engineering Bureau (Office of Coast Administration Construction, Taoyuan 2023). The study's objective is to promote the culture of the Stone Tidal Weirs through a digital app platform, eliminating human, environmental, and seasonal factors. Moreover, by collaborating with the local community during the production process, this study seeks to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the Stone Tidal Weir’s culture. 1. Project planning and team recruitment: Xinwu People's Association collaborated with the local enterprise Tempest Digital Co., Ltd. to plan the development of the Poket Xinwu app. A student development team was formed by recruiting interested members from National Central University's Game Creator Club. 2. Research and data collection: The main interactive teaching tool used in the Poket Xinwu app was the No. 1 stone weir (Figure 2). To better present the actual characteristics of the stone weir in the app, multiple visits and data collections were conducted with the community. The community also took the team to repair the stone weir and explained the architectural structure of the heart-shaped six-stone weir. The stone weir was built in the 13th year of the Qing Dynasty and was an arc-shaped weir with many oysters and shells attached to the stones that form a fishdragon shape. It was not listed as a national cultural heritage site until 2013 (Taoyuan City Government Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2019). Currently, the stone weir is continuously repaired and patrolled, and the local area is mainly engaged in agricultural production with fishing as a supplementary activity. 3 �Figure (2). Schematic map of the location of the No. 1 Stone Weir in Shenzhen, with a total length of 250 meters (top). (Source: 2011 Shenzhen Stone Weir Landscape Maintenance Plan). Repair work is in progress on the No. 1 Stone Weir, with association members providing guidance to a game maker on the repair process (bottom). 3. Feature extraction: To develop the Poket Xinwu app (Figure 3), the cultural features of the stone weir were extracted. After understanding the basic architecture and history, the app mainly focused on two directions as the main features: ecological features and surrounding attractions. The unique fish and ecological environment of the New House Stone Weir were locked as the ecological feature. Common fish names and photos found in the stone weir were collected through several visits to the local community and on-site inspections (Figure 4). The fishing scenes of the stone weir were restored as much as possible. Surrounding attractions were identified as another key feature. As the New House Stone Weir is a connecting point for the whole community, surrounding attractions were identified along the coastal and inland areas. Members of the New House Love Township Association were interviewed, and field visits were conducted to identify unique local attractions. 4 �Figure 3. Poket Xinwu app (Source: https://apps.apple.com/tw/app/%E6%8E%8C%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E5%B1%8B/id1555679247) Figure 4. Collection of fish ecology around stone weirs. (Source: Marine species identification manual for horizontal longline fishermen 2006. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2304667786405092&set=a.1116075205264362&type=3) 4. Game mechanics: The Poket Xinwu app's gameplay is based on the story of sister Jiang Mina returning to New House to assist her father's business. By managing attractions, new surrounding attractions are unlocked. Each attraction unlocks various rewards, and players progress through the game by collecting rewards and managing the business successfully. In this study, we developed an app to promote the ecology and history of stone water. Before the app's development, we did not have a complete compilation of information on the fish 5 �ecology in Stone Tidal Weirs. However, after the app's development, we successfully created a fish map of Stone Tidal Weirs. We put it into the Stone Tidal Weirs Storytelling Museum to introduce the ecology, which is an important function of the app that allows users to understand more about the ecology and history of Stone Tidal Weirs. Before the app was created, the local association used tours and excursions to protect and promote Stone Tidal Weirs. However, in the course of the app, we found that more and more people joined the app and began to describe their impressions of Stone Shanghai and their memories of the past, such as the aunt who collected sea melon seeds and vegetables and the uncle who collected driftwood for carving, which reflected the important role of the Poket Xinwu app in promoting the culture of Stone Tidal Weirs. In addition, we found that the ecocircle1 of the Stone Tidal Weirs-community is known and promoted after the production of the Poket Xinwu app. This shows that the app we developed has successfully contributed to transmitting and promoting Stone Tidal Weirs culture. The number of visitors to the experience of high school students in using the app show that the app has good experience and promotion benefits. For example, a student pointed out that the app cooperated with local merchants to launch coupons to promote tourism. In addition, the UI of the app is quite simple and easy to use, and there is no problem with cards or unpleasant operations. In addition, we noticed that some students, generally rated the app highly, saying that it was good and had an important role in promoting Stone Tidal Weirs culture. On the other hand, some students suggested that the game would be more enjoyable if it could be presented in a non-idle format to increase interactivity. In conclusion, the Stone Tidal Weirs app developed in this study has achieved positive results in promoting Stone Tidal Weirs culture and promoting Stone Tidal Weirs ecological protection and has promotional benefits and good usage experience. RESOURCES The resources available to conduct this research project include the participation of the community in the development of an interactive mobile application, the process of collaboration between the research team and the local community, Xinwu People’s Association, the marine ecology, field surveys of nearby attractions, and a wealth of community data and relevant documentary sources. The development of the interactive mobile application involved the use of Unity software, the collection of artistic materials, and the creation of a script for the storyline. In addition, a large number of interviews were conducted to align the storyline of the mobile application with the cultural significance of Xinwu People’s Association. The application called Poket Xinwu app was published on Google Play, which allowed for analysis of downloads and market feedback, giving us insights into user backgrounds and qualitative evaluations. Since its release on March 27, 2021, the Poket Xinwu app has received a total rating of 4.4 stars on Google Play as of April 5, 2023. The app has had an average distribution of downloads over time, with a total of 207 installations and 151 uninstalls. The current user retention rate is 27%. The app also features a mechanism for providing discount coupons to local shops, which some users have already redeemed. These insights into user behavior and feedback from the Google Play platform can help inform future updates and improvements to the app. The collaboration between the research team and the local community proved to be an indispensable resource in achieving a co-creation of knowledge and a deep understanding of the cultural significance of Xinwu People’s Association. Through this fruitful partnership, we 1 eco-circle: eco-circle promotes and protects traditional fish weirs through an app-based marketing approach, community engagement, and environmental conservation efforts. This creates a cycle of promotion and protection for fish weirs, resulting in positive impacts on local ecosystems and communities while achieving both environmental and economic benefits. 6 �were able to identify and prioritize research questions, and to develop a comprehensive research plan that effectively met the needs and aspirations of the local community. Direct access to the local marine management agency through government-sponsored activities provided us with crucial information on the Stone Tidal Weir’s culture and surrounding scenic spots. Additionally, we gained valuable insights into the government and local community's perspectives, goals, and plans regarding Stone Tidal Weir culture and the site's management. The local association has adopted a cautious approach that prioritizes the preservation of the local ecology, which allows for limited tourism to avoid coastal waste and damage to the stone weir. In contrast, the government supports sustainable commercial applications that aim to efficiently manage and promote the site while catering to the needs of a large number of tourists interested in understanding Stone Tidal Weir's cultural ecology. During our research process, we observed that developing an application that promotes and protects the culture of Stone Tidal Weir is in line with the positions and needs of both parties. The consensus framework2 for this proposal proved to be highly conducive to the successful promotion and preservation of Stone Tidal Weir. Our findings highlight the importance of effective collaboration between research teams and local communities, especially in preserving culture and promoting sustainable development. Xinwu People’s Association and the nearby marine ecology were important resources that provided us with a unique research opportunity. Xinwu People's Association is a local organization in Xinwu that is dedicated to the protection and promotion of Stone Tidal Weir culture, and the marine ecology in the area is diverse and complex. These resources allowed us to study the historical and ecological significance of the area and gain a deeper understanding of the cultural and natural heritage of the community. Field surveys of nearby attractions provided us with additional resources for our research. We conducted surveys of nearby tourist sites to understand their impact on Xinwu People’s Association and local communities. This allowed us to identify potential threats to the site and the community and develop recommendations for sustainable tourism practices. Finally, a wealth of community data and relevant documentary sources allowed us to stay upto-date with the latest research developments and incorporate this knowledge into our work. We collected and analyzed global articles related to Stone Tidal Weirs and integrated this information into our research, providing a broader perspective and deeper understanding of the significance of Stone Tidal Weirs. FRAMEWORK The research problem is the marketing and promotion of the stone tidal weirs is insufficient. In the past, the promotion of stone weirs was mainly through academic research and event organization. As a result, the general public's understanding of stone weirs is insufficient, and with the changing times, the number of users of stone weirs has also decreased. Therefore, to address the problem of insufficient promotion of stone weirs, this study employs game base marketing to develop an APP game to help the public learn about and virtually experience the culture of stone tidal weirs. RESULTS (expected) In the past, the promotion of stone fish weirs was mainly through academic research and physical activities. By creating an app game-based marketing, the cultural significance of stone 2 Consensus framework: A structured approach to establish agreement among individuals with different opinions, promoting collaboration and guiding decision-making. 7 �fish weirs can be easily promoted. In the future, this can be combined with LINE application for digital marketing and the establishment of a virtual world Stone Fish Weir Museum. The United Nations Environment Programmed released a report titled "War and Environment: Destruction, Pollution and Recovery" in November 2021. The report states that the destruction and damage caused by war and armed conflict to the environment and ecosystems has reached unprecedented levels, and that these damages will have long-term effects on local and global environments and human health. The report proposes solutions such as strengthening international legal frameworks, protecting cultural heritage, and supporting sustainable development. By promoting and preserving the data of stone fish weirs through an app game, we can prevent the loss of cultural information caused by destruction during war and armed conflict. CONCLUSION To conclude, the study found that the app game was successful in promoting the cultural heritage of Stone Tidal Weirs and raising awareness about their significance. The app's interactive content and the collaboration with local communities were identified as key factors in its success. The study also reveals that digital technologies can be effectively utilized to promote and preserve cultural heritage and can foster collaboration and understanding between local communities and visitors. Therefore, In the future research and development phase, further data accumulation and indepth analysis of its effectiveness can be conducted. Subsequently, it can be extended to more mature regions or countries for research and organization, such as Penghu County in Taiwan and Japan. In the future educational promotion phase, it can continue to serve as a teaching tool for communities, schools, and tourism, educating people about stone weirs and their significance to the local area. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chen, H. M. . An ecological approach to the fishing community of a coral island: Study of Niao Yu, the Penghu Islands. Geographical Research 18 (1992): 109−158. Chen, H. M. Investigation into the Stone Tidal Weirs in the Penghu Islands. Geographical Research 25 (1996): 117−140. Hong, G. H. The Stone Tidal Weirs in the Penghu islands. Penghu Hsien Culture Center, Taiwan, (1999): 257. Montgomery, P., Forsythe, W., & Breen, C. Intertidal fish traps from Ireland: some recent discoveries in Lough Swilly, Co. Donegal. Journal of Maritime Archaeology 10, (2015): 117-139. Nishimura, A.西村朝日太郎「漁具の生ける化石，石 い し ひ び干見の法的諸関係」(Legal Conditions of Ishihibi , Living Fossil of the Oldest Fishing Gear)『比較法学』5（1・2合併）(1969): 73-116。 Nishimura, A.西村朝日太郎「生きている漁具の化石―沖縄宮古群島におけるkakiの研究」(Living Fossils of Fixed Fishing Gear: Investigation into the Relics of Stone Tidal Weirs Constructed along the Coast of the Miyako Archipelago in Okinawa)『民族学研究』44 , no. 3 (1979):223-259。 Office of Coast Administration Construction, Taoyuan 新屋石滬故事館. Retrieved from https://www.tyoca.gov.tw/海洋教育/環境教育設施場所/新屋石滬故事館/(2023). Taoyuan City Government Cultural Affairs Bureau. Feasibility Evaluation of Tangible Cultural Assets Designated or Registered in Grass Lotion Sand Dunes and New House Stone Weir, Taoyuan City. Taoyuan City Government Cultural Affairs Bureau.(2019). Tawa, M. 「伝統漁石干見の過去と現在」 (A Phase of Traditional Fishing Gear Ishihibi) ，小長谷有紀・中 里亜夫・藤田佳久編『林野・草原・水域』 (In Konagaya, Y., Nakazato, T., and Fujita, Y., eds., Forests, Grasslands, and Waters), 朝倉書店 (Asakura Shoten) (2007): 194−207. Tawa, M. Stone Tidal Weirs of East Asia in Transition. 人文論究, 59, no. 4 (2010): 95-107. 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Poket Xinwu App game for promotion of the Stone Tidal Weirs cultural heritage and collaboration with local communities in Taiwan Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract fits best within this Session 12 because the study aims to investigate the potential of digital technologies in promoting the cultural heritage of Stone Tidal Weirs, also known as "Stone Tidal Weirs" in Taiwan. The Stone Tidal Weirs are an integral part of Taiwan's history and culture, yet their significance is often overlooked. This study aims to address this by utilizing digital technologies to raise awareness about Stone Tidal Weirs and their cultural significance, as well as the ecological significance of the Stone Tidal Weirs in near-shore ecosystems. A mobile application, Poket Xinwu, was developed in collaboration with local communities and university groups to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the information provided. The app features interactive content that allows users to learn about the Stone Tidal Weirs and their surroundings in an engaging and intuitive way. Additionally, the app aims to raise awareness about the environmental issues surrounding Stone Tidal Weirs and the importance of preserving the local ecosystems. The app also serves as a tourism promotion tool, encouraging visitors to explore the Stone Tidal Weirs and learn more about marine culture. The study found that the app game was successful in promoting the cultural heritage of Stone Tidal Weirs and raising awareness about their significance. The app's interactive content and the collaboration with local communities were identified as key factors in its success. The study concludes that digital technologies can be effectively utilized to promote and preserve cultural heritage and can foster collaboration and understanding between local communities and visitors. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lai, Chen-Min Tai, Yu-Hsin Lee, Jen-Fu Cheng, Tsung-Han Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Lai, Chen-Min, Tai, Yu-Hsin, Lee, Jen-Fu, and Cheng, Tsung-Han. 2023. “Poket Xinwu App game for promotion of the stone tidal weirs cultural heritage and collaboration with local communities in Taiwan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Paul Montgomery, and Bill Jeffrey. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2010 Asia-Pac Session 11 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/12e3a1ee750c8a8856daeaeda6e4b100.pdf 3a863f2e1ae306b284f71e073e193783 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 9: Museums, Public Outreach and Conservation Subject The topic of the resource Session 9 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract Trade along the Maritime Silk Road has been going on for many centuries. Museum collections show a visible record of objects that were traded and historical sources provide important information of how this developed over time. Since the 1970’s many shipwrecks have been discovered that give an even better understanding of this intricate network. While more and more of these shipwreck are now being excavated in an archaeological manner, in the past most of them were salvaged for mainly commercial purposes. Many of these pieces have end up in museum collections. In this session several museums and institutions will give their approach on how they present this material, whether from an archaeological excavation, a commercial salvage or both. Which issues are addressed and what message do they convey to a wider public? The Princessehof will present about their current exhibition Sunken Treasures showing ceramic cargo from various shipwrecks. Featured will be a selection of 7 shipwrecks – from the 9th to 19th century – that show the long and rich history of the Maritime Silk Road. To highlight the vital role of underwater archaeology to preserve this history the museum cooperates with the Dutch Cultural Agency (RCE). The RCE will provide their view in this session on presenting this kind of material and the issues that come at play, including the controversy involved. The National Museum of Korea will present about the Sinan shipwreck. In 2016 the museum had a major exhibition on the Sinan shipwreck, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the excavation in 1976. It marked the beginning of underwater archaeology in Korea. The museum now still has a permanent display to tell the story of this remarkable find that contained crucial information on trade between China and Japan in the 14th century. Session Organizers: Eline van den Berg Youngmi Kim Martijn Manders Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Date Copyrighted Date of copyright. November 2021 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Museum Project: Case Study of the National Museum of Prehistory, Taiwan of the ‘The Voyage 30,000 Years Ago” Project and Oceanic Environmental Education Program Description An account of the resource The National Museum of Prehistory (NMP) in Taiwan is the only national museum in eastern Taiwan and an important anthropology museum. The NMP has been working together with the National Museum of Nature and Science in Japan during three years to develop the program “Holistic Reenactment Project of the Voyage 30,000 Years Ago”. The aim of this project was to look into the origin of the Japanese people by testing whether it is possible to travel to the Japanese archipelago from Taiwan by using a raft. The project team inferred that ancient humans were most likely to use the Kuroshio Current to travel from Taiwan to the Okinawa Islands. In recent years, a succession of human skeletons from more than 20,000 years ago have been unearthed in Okinawa. As such, based on the distribution of animals, ocean Currents, Paleolithic human remains, DNA from unearthed skeletons, and social behaviors, it has been estimated that humans have occupied the islands of Okinawa for some 30,000 years. There is a strong possibility that these prehistoric settlers found their way to Okinawa by sea from Taiwan. Two bamboo rafts were built by a Taiwanese indigenous raft-maker to test this hypothesis. The knowledge and techniques of building bamboo rafts as practiced by Taiwan’s indigenous people are listed as intangible cultural heritage. The techniques and knowledge of making rafts are disappearing. We have tried to record how the rafts were made. In this study, we can see how museums can use intangible cultural heritage not only by collecting, protecting, researching and exhibiting this material, but also interpreting and representing it. In addition the NMP will present their results from the oceanic environmental education program developed over two years. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pi-Ling Wen Chi-Shan Chang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Wen, Pi-Ling, and Chi-Shan Chang. 2021. “A Museum Project: Case Study of the National Museum of Prehistory, Taiwan of the ‘The Voyage 30,000 Years Ago.” Project and Oceanic Environmental Education Program.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/690 Asia-Pac Session 9 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/231744352e9eb7e78476d7891b3fa1e9.pdf 4c85726b986801e0aa27851018bd6a3b PDF Text Text Distributional Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage and its Experimental Presentation in the Ryukyu Archipelago Chiaki Katagiri Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Naha, Japan, 900-0006 Email: katgiric@pref.okinawa.lg.jp Yuji Yamamoto Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Fukuoka, Japan, 812-0041 Email: yamamoto@f-creer.com Yumiko Nakanishi, Osaka Prefectural Government, Osaka, Japan, 559-0034 Email: NakanishiYum@mbox.pref.osaka.lg.jp Abstract The Ryukyu Archipelago is located at the northwestern Pacific, between the islands of Formosa and Kyushu of southern Japan. It consists of 199 islands of all dimensions and the total range of its accurate distribution lengthen is approximately 1,200 km. Since the first human beings settled down on the archipelago during the Pleistocene, they have been living close by the sea there. The local populations have recognized maritime resources as a main and important nutritious food since the prehistoric era, while the Ryukyu kingdom used to be prosperous unprecedentedly in terms of seaborne oversea trade among Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. In the Ryukyu archipelago, the distributional survey of underwater cultural heritage has lately been conducted by the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group, the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, and Kagoshima University, in order to assess its numbers, typologies, actual conditions, and so on. According to the research, 235 sites of underwater or maritime cultural heritage have already been confirmed: 9 shipwrecks, 33 submerged ports, 15 places where boat cargos are scattered on the seabed, 72 places where old boat cargos and other remains are found along the coasts, 30 stone anchors and cargos on land, 28 quarries, 45 stone tidal weirs, and 3 salt works. In 2011, as a result of the survey, an underwater cultural heritage presentation or guidance tour was carried out in Kume Island. Presumably, this experimental trial will lead the public to having the sense to acknowledge and protect underwater cultural heritage in the future. Key words: Ryukyu Archipelago, Ryukyu Kingdom, Transit trade, Distributional Survey, Open day Introduction The Ryukyu Archipelago consists of 199 islands of various sizes ranging about 1,200 km between Kyushu Island, the southernmost island of the Japanese Archipelago, and 1 �Taiwan in the northwestern coastal Pacific. The first humans reached there in the late Pleistocene and have long been living a life highly connected to the sea since then. Marine resources had been their major food source in prehistory, and the islands have prospered because of overseas exchanges using ships and the sea from the Gusuku Period to the Sanzan Period (from the latter half of 11thcentury to 1429 AD). The tidal zone was actively utilized for production activities until 1879, when the Ryukyu Kingdom became an independent state. Recent research accumulation revealed the numbers and types of underwater cultural heritage in this region by the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group, the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, the Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Kagoshima University, Tokai University and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, and so on. It is notable that such researches include a whole series of different kinds of methods, such as collection of oral histories, interviews, archival researches, walking survey of the coastal area and the seabed, and the like. Based on the results of such researches, we have an underwater site open day in Kumejima Island in Okinawa for its experimental presentation on 11th September 2011 and 28th September 2013. On those days, we invited the willing public to visit and see underwater sites under the supervision and Fig. 1 Location of Archipelago. (C. Katagiri) guidance by the experts. The Ohajima Underwater Ryukyu Site was selected for the subject of this experimental presentation as it was the most suitable site on many reasons. We have collected the data regarding the interest of the visitors, trying to justify the validity of the method we have adopted. The research aims to lead to the protection and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. Types and numbers of the sites holding Underwater Cultural Heritage As shown in the Table 1, the area of sea around the Ryukyu Archipelago holds a wide variety of underwater cultural heritage. 9 shipwreck sites, 15 seabed artifact scattering sites (loads only, no hull found), 33 submerged ports, 72 coastal artifact scattering sites, 2 �76 production sites (28 quarries, 45 stone tidal weirs, an 3 salt pans), and 30 sites with findings on land, such as stone and iron anchors are so far found and categorized. type number contents a Shipwreck sites 9 Shipwreck b Sseabed artefact scattering sites 13 Only cargo, Almost ceramics c Ports 33 artefacts of various periods d Coastal artefact scattering sites 71 artefacts of various periods e Quarries 28 Sites to cut out stone f 45 Stationary fishing gear g Soltworks 3 Sites to produced the salt h Related underwater cultural heritage 30 Aimost Anchor of the ship Ⅰ Sites due to the marine accidents Ⅱ　Site formed by the frequent use of the sae and coasal areas Ⅲ　Sites due to production activities Ⅳ　Others Stone tidal weirs 合計 232 Table 1.Aggregation of Underwater Cultural Heritage of the Ryukyu Island. (C. Katagiri) Sites due to the Marine Accidents Shipwreck sites (a): Often only the wreckage and pieces of ships found. They are disturbed by natural phenomena like a typhoon or human disturbance like recovery after having been stranded or sunk. Seabed artifact scattering sites (b): Generally formed by loads thrown away from the ships, but sometimes caused by the wreck. Hard to distinguish either unless wrecked hull pieces are found. Sites formed by the Frequent Use of the Sea and Coastal Areas Ports(c): Proving that the area had been used as a port, with anchors and artifacts of various periods are found. Occasionally formed by the ship anchored there which accidentally sunk? Coastal artifact scattering sites (d): Formed as a result of utilization of the coastal area those who were living in the settlements there, such as cooking and discarding which are distinguished from the ports. Sites due to Production Activities Found in the tidal zone. Quarries (e) are well-recognized and well-preserved while salt pans(g) and stone tidal weirs(f) formed with the small pebbles piled are not preserved in a good state. Such structures are meant to be constantly used and repaired, and will be naturally destroyed once stopped being used. Many sites of this kind had been existed 3 �in the past, but the numbers dramatically decreased and hardly seen now. It is exigency to record those sites. Others Artifacts that used to be on the seabed are often recovered on land and conserved as cultural properties (h). Stone and iron anchors often apply to this case providing the clue to the identification of the ships sailing in the area at that time. Major characteristics of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Region Table 2 shows an overview of typical underwater cultural heritage in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Fig. 2, Representative underwater cultural heritage of the Ryukyu archipelago. Underwater Cultural Heritage Related to Overseas Trades during the Gusuku Period (between the 12th and 13th Centuries AD) The Amamioshima-kurazaki underwater site (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No. 2, Ukenson Board of Education, 1999) and the Kumejima- nakanohama underwater site (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.13, Miyagi et al., 2004; Tezuka et al., 2005; Katagiri, 2007) are known to be holding underwater cultural heritage formed by the shipwreck or the load discarded from the ship, dated back to the latter half of the 12th century to the 13th century. In both cases, Chinese ceramics are densely found on the seabed, which provide a great deal of information related to the trading in the early Gusuku Period. Fig. 2Representative Underwater Cultural Heritage of the Ryukyu Archipelago. (C. Katagiri) 4 �Underwater Cultural Heritage Related to Overseas Trade from the Sanzan Period (the 14th Century AD) to the Ryukyu Kingdom Period (from 1429 AD to 1879) From the latter half of the 14th century to the beginning of the 15th century, a crucial turning point in the history of the region occurred regarding the transition of political power when the sovereign was centered during the establishment of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Ohajima Underwater site in Kumejima Island is one of the major sites during this period (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.12, Miyagi et al., 2004; Tezuka et al., 2008; Katagiri, 2007). Large amount of celadon of the early Ming Dynasty China is found. Moreover, 2 Chinese stone anchors have been identified in Kumejima Island. Kumejima Island and the surrounding sea area must have played a significant role in oversea trades during the early Gusuku Period and Sanzan Period, proved by the density of underwater sites and stone anchors dated back then.The Ryukyu Kingdom was in its heyday from the 15th century to the mid 16th century. The king resided in Shuri-jo Castle served as the sovereign ruler and the centralized nation was formed then. Nagura-shitadaru site (Underwater site) dated back to the mid to late 15th century is located in Ishigakijima Island and large amount of Chinese celadon discovered from the site (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No. 22, Sakishima Culture Research Institute, 2009). Miyakojima Island holds Kurimajima Underwater site dated back to the first half of the 16th century. Chinese ceramics found from sites has been changing then, from the predominantly celadon before to the gorgeous flowery blue and white porcelain (Fig. 2, Table2, Site No.19, Katagiri, 2009).After the invasion of the Satsuma clan in 1609, Tokara-retto Islands became a territory of Satsuma. An underwater sites indicating the maritime accident at that time is identified in Tairajima Island of Tokara-retto Islands. Clusters of Chinese porcelains of the Qing Dynasty dated to the 18th century found in the area, which would have been formed by the ship sunken or the ship loads discarded (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No. 1, Kagoshima University, The Faculty of Law, Economic and Humanities et al., 2010). Sunken Shipwrecks Revealing Ikoku-sen (the Western Ships) during the Last Years of the Ryukyu Kingdom In the last years of Ryukyu Kingdom, many West European ships called Ikoku-sen has constantly been around the sea area of the Ryukyu Archipelago.It is obvious that Asian 5 �intrusion and interference by the great powers of the West Europe came to influence so far as the Ryukyu Kingdom. Many shipwrecks found in the area can provide us the great deal of information on Western ships at that time. An English ship, Providence, sunken in Yaebishi in Miyakojima Island in 1776 was discovered (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.16, Katagiri, 2009). On top of the Providence, another English ship, Indian Oak, owned by East India Company sunken in 1776 was found in Chatan-cho in Chatan Oki (Fig. 2, Table2, Site No.9, Nakamura, 1994). In 1853, the same year with when Mathew Calbraith Perry arrived at Uraga Port, an English ship sank off Yoshino Kaigan in Miyakojima (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.20, Katagiri, 2009) and a Dutch Ship, Van Bosse off Takada Kaigan in Taramason Village in 1857 (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.21, Katagiri, 2009). In 1872, when the Ryukyu Kingdom was inclining on verge of collapse, an English ship, Benares sank off Ginama in Kunigamison Village (Fig. 2, Table2, Site No.4, Katagiri, 2013), as well as a foreign ship of unknown nationality sank off Minamiukibarujima in Uruma City (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.8, Katagiri, 2010). Wrecks and loads left by those foreign ships still remain on the seabed of those areas. Underwater Cultural Heritage Related to the Domestic Commodity Circulation within the Ryukyu Kingdom. In 1879, the Meiji Government abolished the Ryukyu Kingdom. The Kingdom became extinct on the map and came to be called “Okinawa Prefecture”. The ships called “Maran-sen” were playing significant role of carrying the supplies to many remote islands in Okinawa at that time. Agonoura Underwater site located in Zamamijima Island (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.11, Miyagi et al., 2004), Yaebisi Underwater site Cluster in Miyakoshoto Islands (Fig. 2, Table2, Site No.2-3, Katagiri, 2009), Yarabu Underwater Site in Ishigakijima Island (Fig. 2, Table2, Site No.23, Katagiri, 2010, Ono et al., 2013), Sekiseishoko Underwater site Cluster in Yaeyamashoto Islands (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.24-26, Katagiri, 2009, Ono et al.,2013) are so far identified underwater sites dated to this period. A wide variety of Tsuboya-yaki pottery produced in Naha City in Okinawajima Island are found in those sites, accompanied with some Chinese Qing Dynasty Porcelain in some cases. Those sites and artifact scatterings were formed due to the accident of the ships which were transporting pottery produced at Tsuboya in Naha City of Okinawajima Island to the smaller islands around Okinawajima Island, 6 �such as Miyako and Yaeyama Shoto Islands, either by the hull being submerged or the loads abandoned on their way. In case of Sekiseishoko Underwater site Cluster, Point No. 3 (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No. 26), the submerged hull is identified. Moreover, fourarmed anchors that had never seen on land in Okinawa are discovered at Yarabu Underwater site (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No. 23) in Ishigakijima Island, which provides us significant information to reveal the appearance and characteristics of the ships at that time (Katagiri, 2010; Ono et al., 2013). Submerged Port Sites Underwater sites showing evidence of having been the ports with frequent use are Shirasegawakako (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.14, Toma and Sakuda, 1999) and Majako (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.15, Katagiri, 2007; 2010) in Kumejima Island, Agonoura in Zamamijima Island (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No. 11, Katagiri, 2007), Sesokojima Underwater site in Motobucho of Okinawajima Island (Fig. 2, Table Fig. 3 Landscape of Ohajima Underwater 2, Site No. 7, Katagiri, 2005). Majako Port had Site (A Large Amount of China Ceramics of the Late 14th on the Seabed) and Sea been a famous port known to be used for Area that Held a Tour. (C. Katagiri) tributary trades. There is a warehouse overseer near the site and stone anchors are found from the nearby settlement. A wide variety of artifacts dated back to from the medical to pre-modern and modern period are scattered on the coast and seabed in this area, which support that the area had long been used as a port (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.15). Combined investigations of such a site and previously mentioned Nakanohama underwater site and Ohajima underwater site that show the traces of maritime accidents will provide us with large amount of information to evaluate the site. Agonoura of Zamamijima Island is also known as a port related to the tributary trade.Many kinds of artifacts, such as the 15th century celadon, as well as the pre-modern and modern pottery produced in Okinawa, have been discovered on the seabed of the area (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.11). Sesokojima Sea area had also long been used as port on the trade route, which resulted in many artifacts findings especially on the east coast of Sesokojima Island. A 7 �stone anchor was found at Anchi-hama Beach, probing the existence of the ships anchored there (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.7, Katagiri et al., 2005). This stone anchor is relatively small, but mocking Chinese stone anchor having produced during the time of the Ryukyu Kingdom. The small stone anchors of this kind have recently been found at several places all over Okinawajima Island, which would be significant information source to reveal the structure of Maran-sen ships. Several stone anchors of this kind holding similar form were also found from the seabed off Sanko Port of Tokunoshima Island (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.3, Kagoshima University, The Faculty of Law, Economic and Humanities et al., 2010). The area was tactically significant sea area for the port, and geographical as well as historical significance of the area are to be revealed. Production Site Production sites are generally recognized in the tidal zones. Quarries, stone tidal weirs and salt pans are the representative sites of this kind. A huge quarry in Kumejima Island of Kumejimacho (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.28, Katagiri, 2006), stone tidal weir cluster in Kohamajima Island of Taketomicho (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site Fig. 4 Tour scene of the Snorkel in Ohajima No.29, Katagiri, 2009), a salt pan in Underwater Site. (C. Katagiri) Nakijinson Village of Okinawajima Island and the like are so far identified (Fig.2, Table 2, Site No.31). Quarries are often well preserved due to its structural characteristic, while stone tidal weirs and salt pans made with small pebbles pile up are generally in disastrous preservation state. These types of sites have to be constantly used and repaired. The site, once stopped being used, would start to be reverted back to the original natural state and collapse due to the natural force of waves and tide. There had been many salt pans and stone tidal weirs in the past, which are hardly seen now. Recording of those sites is our urgent mission. 8 �No. Underwater Site Location Classification Contents Age 1 Tairashima Tokara, Tairashima Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics 18th 2 Kurakizaki Amami, Amami Oshima Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics 12-13th 3 Sankou Amami, Tokunoshima Ⅱc Port. Stone anchor Middle Ages 4 Ginama Okinawa, Okinawajima Ⅰa Wreck. UK, Benares 1873 5 Emons Okinawa, Okinawajima Ⅰa Wreck. USA, Emons 1945 6 Wajikaigan Okinawa, Iejima Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics 15th Middle Ages -Modern 7 Sesokojima Okinawa, Sesokojima Ⅱc Port. Okinawa stone anchor, China Cermaics, Okinawa Pottery 8 Minamiukibarujima Okinawa, Minamiukibarujima Ⅰa Ｗｒｅｃｋ 1876 9 Indian Oak Okinawa, Okinawajima Ⅰa Wreck. UK, Indian Oak 1840 10 Nahakou Okinawa, Okinawajima Ⅱc Port. China Cermaics Middle Ages-modern 11 Agonoura Okinawa, Kerama, Zamamijima Ⅱc Port. China Cermaics, Okinawa Pottery Middle Ages-modern 12 Oha Okinawa, Kumejima,Ohajima Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics Late14th 13 Nakanohama Okinawa, Kumejima, Hatenohama Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics 12-13th 14 Sirasegawakakou Okinawa, Kumejima Ⅱc Port. China Cermaics, Okinawa Pottery Middle Ages-modern 15 Majakou Okinawa, Kumejima Ⅱc Port. China Cermaics, Okinawa Pottery Middle Ages-modern 16 Yabiji,No.1 Sakishima, Miyako, Yabiji Ⅰa Wreck. UK, Providence 1776 17 Yabiji,No.2 Sakishima, Miyako, Yabiji Ⅰb Boat cargos, Okinawa pottery Early modern period 18 Yabiji,No.3 Sakishima, Miyako, Yabiji Ⅰb Boat cargos, Okinawa pottery Early modern period 19 Kurimajima Sakishima, Miyakojima, Kurimajima Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics Early16th 20 Yoshinokaigan Sakishima, Miyakojima Ⅰa Wreck. UK 1853 21 Takadakaigan Sakishima, Taramajima Ⅰa Wreck. Netherlands, Van Bosse 1857 22 Nagurashitadaru Sakishima, Ishigakijima Ⅰb Boat cargos, China Ceramics 15th Early modern period 23 Yarabu Sakishima, Ishigakijima Ⅰb Boat cargos, Okinawa pottery. Four claw iron anchor 24 Sekiseisyouko,No1 Sakishima, Sekiseisyouko Ⅰb Boat cargos, Okinawa pottery, China Ceramics Early modern period 25 Sekiseisyouko,No2 Sakishima, Sekiseisyouko Ⅰb Boat cargos, Okinawa pottery Early modern period 26 Sekiseisyouko,No3 Sakishima, Sekiseisyouko Ⅰa Wreck. Okinawa pottery Early modern period-modern 27 Yomitanson,quarries Okinawa, OKinawajima Ⅲe Production sites. Quarries Early modern period-modern 28 Kumejima,kitahara,quarries Okinawa, Kumejima Ⅲe Production sites. Quarries Early modern period-modern 29 Kohamajima,stone tidal weirs Sakishima, Kohamajima Ⅲf Production sites. Stone tidal weirs Early modern period-modern 30 Iriomotejima,stone tidal weirs Sakishima, Iriomotejima Ⅲf Production sites. Stone tidal weirs Early modern period-modern 31 Wakugawa,soltworks Okinawa, Okinawajima Ⅲg Production sites. Soltworks Early modern period-modern 32 Amami Oshima,stone anchors Amami, Amami Oshima Ⅳh 8China stone anchors Middle Ages 33 Uegusuku,stone anchor Okinawa, Kumejima Ⅳh China stone anchor Middle Ages 34 Yamadagusuku,stone anchor Okinawa, Okinawajima Ⅳh China stone anchor Middle Ages 35 Taramajima,stock anchor Sakishima, Taramajima Ⅳh Western Europe Stock anchor Early modern period 36 Yoshino,stone material Sakishima, Miyakojima Ⅳh Stone material Early modern period 37 Ikema,Iron products Sakishima, Miyako, Ikemajima Ⅳh Iron products Early modern period Table 2.Overview of Typical Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Ryukyu Archipelago. (C. Katagiri) 9 �Underwater Cultural Heritage Raised on Land There are some artifacts and parts of ship structure, which had been found on the seabed, raised on land, and then preserved and reverted to the cultural properties. Their information and use would be enhanced and its value increased by being connected with underwater cultural heritage in the area that still remains to be underwater. A stone anchor reused for the well of a Yamada Gusuku (Castle) in Onnason Village (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.34, Katagiri, 2007), iron anchors in Taramajima Island (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.35, Katagiri, 2009), stone materials found in Yoshino Settlement in Miyakojima Island (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.36, Katagiri, 2009), iron products of Miyako-Ikemajima Island and the like are so far recognized of this kind (Fig. 2, Table 2, Site No.37). They provide us the clue to figure out the ships sailing in this sea area. Experimental Site Open Day After the 10 years of distributional survey in sea area of the Ryukyu Archipelago, as a result, we now have a rough idea about the types and quantity of underwater cultural heritage in the area. The next step forward is to search for a method for protection and utilization of such cultural heritage bore in the beautiful sea in this region with high degree of transparency formed by coral leaf. For this purpose, we have experimentally undertaken a public site open day for underwater cultural heritage around Kumejima Island in Kumejimacho (Katagiri et al., 2012). Fig. 3 shows Landscape of Ohajima underwater site and sea area that held a tour.The major attraction of the day was Ohajima Underwater Site with dense distribution of Chinese pottery dated back to between the latter half of the 14th century and beginning of the 15th century. For the better understanding of the nature and characteristics of underwater cultural heritage, we had delivered a preliminary lecture for 30 minutes before the site visit, as well as observation tour of the artifacts already raised on land, such as pottery pieces collected from the seabed at Ohajima and a stone anchor found at UeGusuku (castle) for 30 minutes. Furthermore, we organized a tour visiting related cultural heritage sites on land, such as Tenkogu Site, Kuramoto-ato Site, Majako Port Site, quarries, and the like, for an hour, which aimed at explaining why the underwater site had been formed on seabed of Ohajima. We prepared 2 ways to visit for the actual 10 �visit of Ohajima Underwater site on seabed, both of which last for about an hour. We organized 2 groups of people with 20 people each, one for visiting the site by snorkeling and the other by a glass-bottom boat for those who are not willing to go into the water. Fig. 4 shows the tour scene of snorkel in Ohajima Underwater Site. This attempt was able to establish a model case for the site open day for the public visiting underwater cultural heritage, which could be followed by the other sites in the Ryukyu Archipelago although we still have to scrutinize this case to evaluate how far the case can be applied to the other cases as well as to the wider public. Conclusion History and culture of the Ryukyu Archipelago have long been together with the sea. Due to its few resources and small areas, it is often claimed that island areas provide harsh environment for the life and survival of human-being. Nevertheless, there is a distinctive maritime culture which have overcome and formed till now. The distinctive characteristics and history of such culture has not yet been fully revealed and evaluated even now. It needs further investigations. We believe that study of underwater cultural heritage would be essential field of research for the future of this area around the Ryukyu Archipelago. The researches so far done helped us to identify a wide variety of underwater cultural heritage ranging from the medial to the pre-modern and modern period. It is also found out that most sites tend to be related to the trade, port and production activity. Now, after the distributional survey, further intensive investigation on a particular area needs to be carried out. Even though we are still facing many problems for conservation and utilization of the site, utilization of underwater cultural heritage in the Ryukyu Archipelago has a bright future, we believe. Many people from all over the world visit Okinawa to enjoy the observation of the seabed of the area by marine sports and glass-bottom boats. As it has been undertaken in Kumejima Island, the concept of establishing Seabed Site Museums is ideal way of utilization for such environment with beautiful sea in the Ryukyu Archipelago. We further intend to promote this attempt to the other sea area. Acknowledgements We are most grateful to Prof. Akifumi Iwabuchi of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology for giving us such a great opportunity to present this paper at APCONF 11 �as a session organizer, as well as to Dr. Tatsuya Nakata of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology for very useful advice. Also wish to thank Director Kenzo Hayashida of the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Mr. Hiroki Miyagi of Nago City Board of Education who worked on the research project at the Ryukyu Archipelago with us, Prof. Yoshiro Watanabe of Kagoshima University, and all other friends who worked together. References Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology (Ed.), 2012. The Database of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Promotion of Underwater Archaeology: Nansei Islands. The Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, Fukuoka (in Japanese). Kagoshima University and Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group, 2010. The Report on Underwater Cultural Heritage around the Nansei Islands in Fiscal 2009. The Journal of Underwater Archaeological Studies, Vol. 3:5-31 (in Japanese). Kagoshima University and Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group, 2011.The Report on Underwater Cultural Heritage around the Nansei Islands in Fiscal 2010. The Journal of Underwater Archaeological Studies, Vol. 4: 36-59 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Higa, N., and Sakihara, T., 2005. A Stone anchor found underwater near the Anchi Beach in Sesoko Island, Motobu-cho. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Vol.3: 61-70 (in Japanese）. Katagiri, C., (Ed.), 2007. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (I) – Volume on Okinawa-honto and Surrounding Islands. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., (Ed.), 2009. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (II) – Volume on Miyako of Yaeyama. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., (Ed.), 2010. Distribution Survey Report of the Coastal Sites (III) – Site Map Volume. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., 2011. Attempt of Discovering Underwater, In Miyakojima City Board of Education (Ed.) Report on Management Plan of Nationally Designated Place of Scenic Beauty “Higashihennazaki”: 163 -168, (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Miyagi, H., Arakaki, T., Yamamoto, Y., and Watanabe, M., 2013. Research Studies of Ginama Foreign Shipwreck sites in Kunigamison, Okinawa, Japan. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Vol.6: 31-53 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Yamada, H., Sakihara, T., Nakajima, T., Miyagi, H., and Watanabe, Y., 2012.The Report of an Underwater Cultural Heritage tour in Kumejima- The Project of ‘The Museum of Underwater Cultural Heritage’. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, Vol.5: 19-36(in Japanese). 12 �Miyagi, H., Katagiri, C., Arakaki, T., and Higa, N., 2004. Preliminary investigation into discovering sunken ships in the Southwest Islands: Underwater artifacts and marine transportation. Bulletin of the Archaeological Study of Okinawa, Vol. 2: 43-60 (in Japanese). Miyagi, H., Katagiri, C., Higa, N., and Sakihara, T., 2005. Preliminary investigation into discovering sunken ships in the Southwest Islands (II): Underwater artifacts and marine transportation. Bulletin of the Archaeological Study of Okinawa, Vol. 2: 81-108 (in Japanese). Nakamura, S., 1994. Stranded site of Indian-Oak. In Chatancho Board of Education (Ed.), Chatancho no Iseki, p. 22 (in Japanese). Ono, R., Katagiri, C., Sakagami, N., Kan, H., Miyagi, H. and Yamamoto, Y., 2013 Present and future of the Underwater Cultural Heritages in the Yaeyama Islands: Perspective from the recent research of Yarabuoki, Proceedings of Yaeyama Museum, Vol. 22: 20-43 (in Japanese). Sakishima Culture Research Institute (Ed.), 2009.Report of the Joint Research Project on Nagura Shitadaru Underwater Site. Sakishima Culture Research Institute, Ishigaki (in Japanese). Tezuka, N., (Ed.), 2005.Structural Analysis of Traded Ceramic Production and Demand in Medieval Japan, Nakano-hama Beach in Kumejima Island, Okinawa, Fiscal 2003. Research Report. Aoyama Gakuin University College of Literature Department of History, Tokyo (in Japanese). Tezuka, N., (Ed.), 2008.Structural Analysis of Traded Ceramic Production and Demand in Medieval Japan, Nakano-hama Beach in Kumejima Island, Okinawa, Fiscal 20062007 Research Report. Aoyama Gakuin University College of Literature Department of History, Tokyo (in Japanese). Toma, S., and Sakuda, I., 1999. The remains Collected at the Mouth of the Shirase River in Kume Islands. Bulletin of Culture Division Education Department Okinawa Prefectural Government, No.15: 25-32(in Japanese). Ukenson Board of Education (Ed.), 1999.KurakizakiKaitei Underwater Site.(in Japanese). Watanabe, M., 2009. Report 1, Research Report on Underwater Heritage in Nansei Islands Vol. 6, document research Fiscal 2009. The Journal of Underwater Archaeological Studies, No.3: 28-29 (in Japanese). Biography Chiaki Katagiri is the chief curator of the Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum. He was born in Nagano, Japan in 1976, graduated from Okinawa International University in 1999 majoring in archeology. From 2000 to 2011, he worked as a Specialist in Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center and appointed to current post in 2011. He is specializing in anthropology of the islands, carrying out anthropological and archaeological fieldwork throughout Asia. He has been actively 13 �engaged in investigation and research of underwater cultural heritage in Ryukyu Archipelago. His papers include Research Studies of Ginama Foreign Ship Wreck Sites in Kunigamison, Okinawa (2012). Yuji Yamamoto is an underwater photographer participating in several projects by Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, as well as many other underwater heritage projects. Having graduated from Fukuoka University, he was taking pictures of Paris-Dakar Rally and F-1 races. He has participated in the investigation of Takashima Underwater Remains since 1998 and successfully photographed parts of the ship hull, tetsuhau, a helmet, the bundle of arrows of Mongolian Invasion discovered in muddled water. His pictures are published serially in the diver’s monthly magazine “Gekkan Diver” since 2014. Yumiko Nakanishi is an archaeologist working at Osaka Prefectural Government. She obtained M.Phill in Archaeology at Cambridge University in 2001 and is currently a PhD candidate, specializing on heritage management and public archaeology, as well as the final phase of Kofun Period in Kinki region of Japan. She is an Expert Member of ICOMOS Committee for Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM). Her publication includes, Theory and praxis of Cultural Heritage Studies in England, Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 1: 47-5; The Great East Japan Earthquake and cultural heritage: towards an archaeology of disaster, Antiquity, Vol. 87: 258-269. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 9: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Interview with Session 9 chair Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource East Asia is rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage. Not only conventional shipwrecks or submerged archaeological sites but also stone tidal weirs or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones have extensively been identified by many researchers. Most countries have just started in directing the heritage management in order to preserve them well, but the process of trial and error is still going on. In addition, no Asian nation, except for Cambodia and Iran, has ratified the UNESCO’s 2001 convention yet, partly because of territorial disputes over the sea among several East and Southeast Asian governments. It would be foolish to rule out political considerations when we study maritime or underwater archaeology in Asia. This session showcases papers about the history and current trends of maritime or underwater archaeology around East Asia. It may includes papers focusing upon historical backgrounds or wakeup calls of underwater cultural studies, ongoing excavations, grass roots movements, legislation efforts, contemporary political matters, and so forth. In 1890 an Ottoman frigate sunk within Japanese territorial waters; her wreck has lately been salvaged by foreign hunters who disregard its domestic law for the protection of cultural properties, while Japanese academic institutions or underwater archaeological organizations have been kept away from the excavation activities. Papers on points raised from such case studies will also be welcomed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akifumi Iwabuchi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Distributional Survey of Underwater Cultural Heritage and its Experimental Presentation in the Ryukyu Archipelago Description An account of the resource The Ryukyu Archipelago is located at the northwestern Pacific, between the islands of Formosa and Kyushu of southern Japan. It consists of 199 islands of all dimensions and the total range of its accurate distribution lengthen is approximately 1,200 km. Since the first human beings settled down on the archipelago during the Pleistocene, they have been living close by the sea there. The local populations have recognized maritime resources as a main and important nutritious food since the prehistoric era, while the Ryukyu kingdom used to be prosperous unprecedentedly in terms of seaborne oversea trade among Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. In the Ryukyu archipelago, the distributional survey of underwater cultural heritage has lately been conducted by the Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group, the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center, the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology, and Kagoshima University, in order to assess its numbers, typologies, actual conditions, and so on. According to the research, 235 sites of underwater or maritime cultural heritage have already been confirmed: 9 shipwrecks, 33 submerged ports, 15 places where boat cargos are scattered on the seabed, 72 places where old boat cargos and other remains are found along the coasts, 30 stone anchors and cargos on land, 28 quarries, 45 stone tidal weirs, and 3 salt works. In 2011, as a result of the survey, an underwater cultural heritage presentation or guidance tour was carried out in Kume Island. Presumably, this experimental trial will lead the public to having the sense to acknowledge and protect underwater cultural heritage in the future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chiaki Katagiri Yuji Yamamoto Yumiko Nakanishi, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 9 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/dcb41f496743025a89eacccf6aecbf20.pdf b6b7b4174f8876a58adad4a57603ad0a PDF Text Text Basic Studies on the Western Shipwrecks Discovered in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Their Influence on Modern Society Chiaki Katagiri Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center chiakik0407@gmail.com Yumiko Nakanishi Osaka Prefectural Board of Education NakanishiYum@mbox.pref.osaka.lg.jp Rintaro Ono Tokai University or109423@tsc.u-tokai.ac.jp Hiroki Miyagi Okinawa International University h.miyagi@okiu.ac.jp Abstract Extensive distributional survey of the underwater cultural heritage revealed the disposition of 230 underwater cultural heritage sites in the Ryukyu Archipelago, and 23 sites out of 230 are identified as the wreck sites. Dates of these wrecks vary from the 12th to 20th centuries; nevertheless, all the Western shipwrecks found at six sites are dated to within about 100 years between the latter half of the 18th century to the 19th century. This presentation is about the Western shipwrecks left in the sea area of the Ryukyu Kingdom. From the late 18th century, the ships from the Western powers stared to appear frequently. Historical documents describes that those ships had not intended to come to the kingdom, but were wrecked due to maritime accidents. Such incidents brought opportunities for local population to come into contact with the Westerners though rescuing the wrecks and their crews. Historical documents and local lore, confirmed by the material evidence retrieved from the seabed, show that those contacts in some cases developed to the cultural interaction between local governments, or even nation-tonation. Moreover, the stories of the accidents and rescue efforts by the local have long been handed down from generation to generation as moving tales. In fact, there are some cases that those tales were materialised, for instance in forms of a reconstructed Western ship �facilitated as play equipment in a local park near the wreck site, as well as an amusement park themed under the country of the wreck’s nationality. This research aims to present how the archaeological evidence confirm historical records related to the Western shipwrecks though the result of investigation of underwater cultural heritage, as well as to analyse how those initial contacts with the Westerners though the wreck accidents developed into the cultural interaction which can be influential even now. Key words: Ryukyu Archipelago,shipwrecks, survey Introduction The Ryukyu Archipelago consists of 199 islands, in a stunning vast sea area over 1200km between Kyushu Island, located at southern end of the Japanese Archipelago, and Taiwan. The largest island among the Ryukyu Archipelago is Okinawa Island, where the present prefectural government is seated. It is located almost at the centre of the archipelago (Fig. 1). Being different from the Japanese Archipelago, the islands of Ryukyu are under subtropical climate, warm throughout the year. Surrounded by the amazingly beautiful ocean and coral reefs, the area is also known for scuba diving and other marine sports. �Fig. 1: Ryukyu Archipelago. Various kinds of underwater cultural heritage have been discovered so far and the authors have been continuously undertaking investigations and researches (Katagiri, et al., 2014a and Ono et al., 2016). Results of our distributional survey on underwater cultural heritage and its experimental presentation in the Ryukyu Archipelago were presented at APCONF, Hawaii in 2014 (Katagiri et al., 2014b). Researches on the wreck sites and sea routes of the ships in the Ryukyu Archipelago were presented at IKUWA, Australia in 2016 (Katagiri et al., 2016). This presentation focuses on the Western shipwreck sites among the shipwreck sites discovered in the Ryukyu Archipelago. �Historical Background There once was an independent kingdom in the Ryukyu Archipelago, called the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1429AD to 1879AD. There was the capital palace, Shurijo, in Okinawa Island, the largest among the archipelago. The palace was the hub of the kingdom where the Ryukyu King who rules the islands lived. The Ryukyu Kingdom was a maritime state having thrived during the medieval, the 15th centuries, owing much to the special relationship with the Ming Dynasty China regarding the trades. It greatly flourished on transit trade connecting Japan, Korea, China and Southeast Asia. The international Naha Port was the centre of the international trades (Fig. 1). In the following early modern times from the 17th to 19th centuries, while subordinating to both Qing Dynasty China and Japan, the kingdom prospered many original aspects in their complex culture. On one hand, the kingdom had established domestic trade networks among the islands. On the other hand, the Tokugawa Shogunate prohibited international trades with other countries than China under the policy of national isolation (‘Sakoku’) and the kingdom was becoming isolated from international community. Nevertheless, since the latter half of the 18th century, the ships of the Western great powers started to appear in the sea areas of the kingdom. People in the kingdom started to have contacts with Western ships and the Westerners through rescue of the Western ships stranded in the neighbouring sea areas. In a historical drawing on the folding screen, ‘Suirinahakozubyobu’ (owned by Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum) painted in the 19th century, depicting the prosperity of Naha Port, Western ships are also depicted (Fig. 2). Contrary to the national isolation foreign policy, it is proven that the Western ships frequently appeared in the sea area of the Ryukyu Archipelago and was regularly in contact with the Ryukyu Kingdom. �Fig. 2: Western Ships at Naha Port in the 19th Century Nationalities and Proportions of the Western Ships Discovered in the Ryukyu Archipelago Figure 3 shows the percentage of the shipwreck sites to the entire underwater cultural heritage discovered in the Ryukyu Archipelago, percentage of the Western shipwreck site to the entire shipwreck sites, and percentage of their nationalities. Underwater cultural heritage discovered in the Ryukyu Archipelago includes shipwreck sites, ports, production sites (like quarries, stone tidal weirs and salt pans) and submerged sites due to environmental change. The shipwreck sites total 23 sites, which accounts for ten percent of the whole. �Fig. 3: Percentage of the Shipwreck Sites in the Ryukyu Archipelago. The shipwreck sites according to its nature can be categorized into three groups; those related to the trading, those not related to the trade, and the World War II related sites. The first group of the shipwreck sites relate to trading; this includes those of Chinese trade ships and domestic trade ships. Among the sites of Chinese trade ships, seven sites are dated to the medieval and one to the early modern period, both in total account for 35 percent of the whole shipwreck sites. All eight domestic trade ships sites are dated to the early modern period, which accounts for 35 percent of the whole showing the same proportion as Chinese trade ships. Chinese and domestic trades ships together count 16 sites, which accounts for 70 percent of the entire shipwreck sites in the Ryukyu Archipelago. In contrast, the Western ships appeared in the sea area of the Ryukyu �Kingdom not for trades, but for other purposes. According to the historical documents, they were destined to travel toe different places, but were stranded and sunk in Ryukyu due to typhoons or the like. Six sites with Western shipwrecks were identified so far, which accounts for 26 percent. The date of all six sites are concentrated within c. 100 years between the latter half of the 18th century and the latter half of the 19th century, which does not conflict with the historical background of the kingdom. Nationalities of the most Western shipwrecks were identified through the historical records. Four sites out of six are British ships, one Dutch, and one unidentified. Even though the evidence if limited, the British overwhelm the others. Location of the Western Shipwreck Sites Figure 4 shows location of the Western shipwreck sites found in the Ryukyu Archipelago (No. 1 to 6), as well as the location of the iron stock anchors of the Western ships (A to C) discovered both underwater and on land. Figure 5 is the respective pictures. �Fig. 4: Location of the Western Shipwreck Sites in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Fig. 5: Pictures of the Western Shipwreck Sites. �Three Western shipwreck sites are identified in Okinawa Island (No. 1 to 3) where the capital Shurijo used to be located, two in Miyako Island (No. 4 and 5) and one in Tarama Island (No. 6). In Yaeyama Islands located at the southern border of the Ryukyu Kingdom, no site with Western shipwreck has been discovered so far. Moreover, regarding the iron stock anchors of the Western ships, two are found on land, one in Okinawa Island (A) and one in Tarama Island (B), as well as one underwater in the sea area around Yonaguni Island (C). The Outline of the Respective Western Shipwreck Sites. Ginama Underwater Site (No. 1; A): The site is located off the coast of Kunigami Village in Okinawa Island, on the seabed of about seven meter deep. Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Research Group discovered the site in 2002 (Miyagi et al., 2004). Fragments of the hull, such as copper nails, European ceramics, wine bottles and Chinese pottery pieces were found on the seabed. Historical documents revealed that the ship is a British ship called the Benares, departed from Hong Kong destined to San Francisco (Watanabe and Nii, 2013). Building stones of granite and an iron stock anchor reportedly retrieved from the British ships were left in the neighboring areas on land. Minamiukibarujima Underwater Site (No. 2): The site is located off the Coast of Minamiukibaru Island in Uruma City, Okinawa Island on the seabed of about 17 metre deep. It has been known for long by the local fishermen. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological �Centre identified it as the Western shipwreck sites (Katagiri, 2009). Fragments of the hull, ballast, European ceramics, glass products, bullets and Chinese pottery pieces were found on the seabed. Historical documents descrees that a Western ship was stranded and sunk in the sea off the island in 1876, but its nationality is unidentified (Heshikiya Azashi Henshu Iinkai, 2009). Indian Oak Wreck Site (No. 3): The site is located off the coast of Chatancho in Okinawa Island and found at a depth of about three metres. The Board of Education in Chatancho undertook the underwater investigation in 1984 and retrieved fragments of the hull like copper nails and pieces of copper sheathing, ballast stones, European ceramics, glass products, Chinese pottery pieces and the like were found. Historical documents revealed that the ship was the Indian Oak who had been fighting in the Opium War in 1840. The ship was drifted to the sea area while she had been transporting supplies (Nakamura, 1994). Yabiji Underwater Site No.3 (No. 4): The site is found at a depth of about 13 metres around the coral reef called Yabiji located in the sea area north of Miyako Island. The site was identified by the survey of Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center (Katagiri, 2009). Metal parts of the hull, European ceramics, glass products and iron ingot like products were discovered from the seabed. Historical documents indicate that the ship could be assumed as HMS Providence stranded in 1797 during her exploratory voyage in the North Pacific (Nagamine, 1997). Yoshinokaiganoki Underwater Site (No. 5): �The site is located off Yoshino Coast of Miyako Island, found on the seabed at about five metres deep. The Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre discovered the site in 2008 (Katagiri, 2009). Many pieces of granite stone blocks processed into cuboid shape are scattered on the seabed. Fragments of the hull, for instance copper sheathing, as well as Thai pottery pieces were also found (Arakaki, 2017). Historical documents indicates that the ship could have been a British ship stranded and sunk in 1853 on the way from Guangzhou in China to San Francisco. The document shows that only 6 crew out of 30 and 24 Coolies out of 243 survived, and thus 243 people died of this accident (Taira, 2001). Takadakaigainoki Underwater Site (No. 6): The site is located off Takada Coast of Tarama Island. Many pieces of pottery are scattered on the seabed at about 25 metre deep. The place was reportedly known among the islanders as the site where a Dutch ship had been stranded and sunk. The Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center undertook the first underwater survey in 2008 and identified that the site covers large area (Katagiri, 2010). Fragments of the hull, including copper nails, metal products, and Chinese ceramic pieces were found on the seabed (Arakaki, 2017). Historical documents reveal that the ship was a Dutch ship called Van Bosse, stranded and sunk in 1857 on the way from Shanghai to Singapore (Kaneda, 2001). There is an iron stock anchor reported to be retrieved from this ship (B) left on land, as well as a ceramic piece incised as ‘AMSTERDAM’ and Chinese pottery assumed to be the cargo (Miyagi et al., 2004). Education and Kyushu National The Tarama Village Board of Museum recently undertook comprehensive investigation and the use of metal detector revealed that the fragments of the hull were still buried in the sandy seabed (Sasaki, 2017). �Iron Stock Anchor off the Coast of Irizaki, Yonaguni Island (C): It is not identified as a Western shipwreck site, but an iron stock anchor of Western design was discovered off the coast of Irizaki at Yonaguni Island, on the seabed about 26 metre deep (Katagiri and Yamamoto, 2014). Its nationality and other details are unknown. Influence on the Contemporary Society It is generally said that Captain Basil Hall was the first Westerner visited Ryukyu and introduced to Europe geography, customs, political and economic states and the like of Ryukyu based on his careful observation. On his way going back to Britain, he interviewed to Napoleon Buonaparte at St. Helena Island. It is a famous story that he told Buonaparte that people of Loo Choo (Ryukyu) had no arms, used no money and knew nothing of Europe and His Majesty Napoleon Buonaparte (Hall, 1851 and 1986). Interestingly, Hall was convinced that the people in Ryukyu did not use money as they did not receive payment of any kind from Hall’s company for gratitude to all good things sent on board (Hall, 1851). This description coincides with descriptions often seen in the historic document of the western sides that shows surprise on Ryukyu people’s hospitality with no expectation in return. Since then, Western ships coming to Ryukyu dramatically increased. The phenomenon was not only reported by oral histories and historical records, but also proved by the material evidence at many underwater wreck sites of the Western ships by their discoveries around the Ryukyu Archipelago. The influence of those Western shipwrecks is seen even now. There is a park near the wreck site of Indian Oak (No.3), a British ship joined the �Opium War in 1840, and the play equipment set there in the design of the reconstructed Indian Oak (Fig. 6). Moreover, there is a theme park caller ‘German Village’ in Miyako Island near the reportedly wreck site of a German ship, the R. J. Robertson (even though the site not mentioned above in this presentation as was not identified in the sea). The theme park is run by the municipality of Miyako City and people of the island are proud of the history of the rescue. Triggered by those rescue stories, the UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and the German Prime Minister Gerhard Schröder visited Chatancho and Miyako City respectively to strength cultural exchanges when a summit conference had been held at Okinawa in 2000. In case of HMS Providence, although no park nor theme park, the local volunteers organised a group to commemorate HMS Providence (HMS Providence wo Kataru Kai). The group promotes cultural exchanges with England as the country of her origin and Hokkaido where she called at. Fig. 5 (left): Picture of the Western Shipwreck Sites. �Curiously, it is often said in gossip that many beautiful women with fair skin were born in the villages near the sites where the Western ships had stranded and the Westerner crews were rescued. Those incidents prove that history of shipwrecks and their rescue stories dated back to more than a hundred years ago still has great influences on current society as bridging cultural exchanges between the Western world and Okinawa. Shipwreck sites in Okinawa are the valuable heritage as the material evidence of those incidents. In the future, further investigation and research on the Western shipwreck sites could promote cultural exchanges of the related countries and local places through exchanging and sharing information. The result of such activities could even be a trigger to develop large-scale international cultural interactions which could be a leading model-case project representing current globalised society. References Arakaki, T., (Ed.), 2017. Okinawaken no Suichu Iseki, Engan Iseki, Ennganchiiki Iseki Bunnpu Chousa Houkokusho. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre, Naha (in Japanese). Hall, B., 1818. A Voyage of Discovery, West Coast of Corea: The Great Loo-Choo Island. London; John Murray. Hall, B., 1986. A Voyage of Discovery, West coast of Corea: The Great Loo-Choo Island by Basil Hall, Trans. T. Haruna. Iwanamibunko, Tokyo (in Japanese). Hall, B., 1851. Narrative of a Voyage to Java, China and the Great LooChoo Island, with Accounts of Sir Murray Maxwell’s Attack on the Chinese Batteries, and of an Interview with Napoleon Buonaparte at St. Helena. William Teggs &Co., London. Hall, B., 1986. A Voyage of Discovery, West coast of Corea: The Great �Loo-Choo Island by Basil Hall, Trans. T. Haruna. Iwanamibunko, Tokyo (in Japanese). Heshikiya Azashi Henshu Iinkai (Ed.), 2009. Heshikiya Azashi. Heshikiyaku Jichikai, Uruma (in Japanese). Katagiri, C. (Ed.), 2009. Engan Chiiki Iseki Bunpu Chousa Gaihou, Vol. II: Miyako Yaeyama. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C. (Ed.), 2010. Engan Chiiki Iseki Bunpu Chousa Gaihou, Vol. III: Gaiyo Iseki Chizu. Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre, Naha (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Miyagi, H., Arakaki, T., Yamamoto, Y. and Watanabe, M., 2013. Research studies of Ginama foreign shipwreck sites in Kunigamison, Okinawa, Japan. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, No. 6: 31-53 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Miyagi, H. and Watanabe, M., 2014a. Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa: Pieces of History in the Blue (Okinawa No SuichuBunka-Isan: Aoi Umi ni Sizunda Rekishi no Kakera), Borderink, Naha (in Japanese).. Katagiri, C., Yamamoto, Y. and Nakanishi, Y., 2014b. Distributional survey of underwater cultural heritage and its experimental presentation in the Ryukyu archipelago, Okinawa, Japan. In H. van Tilburg et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Vol. 2, APCONF 2014, Honolulu: 655-668. Katagiri, C. and Yamamoto, Y., 2014. An iron stock anchor of the Western style discovered off the south coast of Kubura, Yonaguji Island, Okinawa, Japan. Bulletin of the Museum, Okinawa Prefectural Museum and Art Museum, No.7: 43-50 (in Japanese). Katagiri, C., Ono, R., Yamamoto, Y. and Miyagi, H. 2016. Researches on the wreck sites and sea routes of the ships in the Ryukyu archipelago. �Oral Presentation at IKUWA VI, Freemantle, Australia. Kaneda, A., 2001. Taramajimaoki de nanpa shita oranda shosen Van Bosse go no rekishiteki kosho. Nichiran Gakkai Kaishi,Vol. 26(1):79-98 (in Japanese). Miyagi, H., Katagiri, C., Arakaki, T. and Higa, N., 2004. Preliminary investigation into discovering sunken ships in the southwest islands: underwater artifacts and marine transportation. Bulletin of the Archaeological Study of Okinawa, No.2: 43-60 (in Japanese). Nagamine, T. 1997. Tankyu. HMS Providence wo Kataru Kai, Miyako (in Japanese). Nakahara, G., 1994. Indian-Oak go no zashochi. In Chatancho Board of Education (Ed.), Chatancho no Iseki, No.14, Chatancho Board of Education, Chatan: 22 (in Japanese). Nakamura, S., 1994. Indian-Oak go no zashochi. In Chatancho Board of Education (Ed.), Chatancho no Iseki, No.14, Chatancho Board of Education, Chatan: 20 (in Japanese). Ono, R., Katagiri, C., Kan, H., Nagano, N., Nakanishi, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Takemura, F. and Sakagami, N., 2016. Discovery of iron grapnel anchors in early modern Ryukyu and management of underwater cultural heritages in Okinawa, Japan. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 45(1):75-91. Sasaki, R., 2017. Field research. In Taramason Board of Education (Ed.), Takadakaigan Site, Taramason Board of Education, Miyako: 9-17 (in Japanese). Taira, K., 2001. Chugoku coolie sen to Ryukyu shoto. Amami Kyodo Kennkyu Kaiho, No. 37:6-12 (in Japanese). Watanabe, M. and Nii, Y., 2013. Ginama hyochaku no igirisusen Benares nitsuite no chosaseika. In Asian Research Institute of Underwater �Archaeology, Association for Nansei Islands Underwater Cultural Heritage Study Group and Kagoshima University The Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, (Eds.), The Database of Underwater Cultural Heritage and Promotion of Underwater Archaeology: Nansei Shoto, ARIUA, Fukuoka: 174-197 (in Japanese). Biographies Chiaki Katagiri is a senior archaeologist at Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center. He was born in Nagano Prefecture, Japan in 1976, graduated from Okinawa International University in 1999 majoring in archeology. He is specializing in the anthropology of the islands, carrying out anthropological and archaeological fieldwork throughout Asia. He has been actively engaged in investigation and many research projects of underwater cultural heritage in the Ryukyu Archipelago. He is a co-author of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa: Pieces of History in the Blue or Okinawa No Suichu-Bunka-Isan: Aoi Umi ni Sizunda Rekishi no Kakera (Borderink, Naha, 2014). Yumiko Nakanishi is a senior archaeologist working at Cultural Properties Protection Division, Osaka Prefectural Board of Education. She obtained MPhill in Archaeology at Cambridge University in 2001 and is currently a PhD candidate, specializing on heritage management and public archaeology, as well as the final phase of Kofun Period in Kinki region of Japan. She has been involved in projects on underwater cultural heritage in Okinawa area. Her publication includes ‘The Great East Japan Earthquake and Cultural Heritage: Towards an Archaeology of Disaster’, Antiquity, Vol. 87: 258-269, ‘Archaeological Administration and Japanese Archaeology’, Japanese Journal of Archaeology, No. 4 (2017): 171-184, and so on. �Dr. Rintaro Ono is an Associate Professor of School of Marine Science and Technology at Tokai University, Japan. His research is focused on Maritime Archaeology and Anthropology, and specifically: human maritime adaptation process, human migration into Island Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands, human maritime exploitation history, and maritime trade history. He has been involved in many research projects in Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Palau, and Vanuatu. He has been visiting researcher or collaborator with some national and international laboratories and universities. He is author of more than 50 academic papers, two books, and editor of Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions. (ANU E Press, 2013). Hiroki Miyagi is a lecturer at Osaka International University. He has worked at Board of Education in Nakijinson and Nago City from 1999 until 2015. He was born in 1975 and obtained graduated from Okinawa International University in 1999, majoring in archaeology, as well as obtained MA in 2009. He is a co-author of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Okinawa: Pieces of History in the Blue or Okinawa No SuichuBunka-Isan: Aoi Umi ni Sizunda Rekishi no Kakera (Borderink, Naha, 2014) and an author of ‘Gusukujidai ni Otozureta Daikibona Shima no Keikanhenka’ in H. Takamiya, H. and S. Ito, S. (Eds.), Senshi, Genshi Jidai no Ryukyu Retto: Hito to Keikan (Rokuichishobo, Tokyo, 2011). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 6: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Description An account of the resource East Asia is extremely rich in underwater cultural heritage, such as conventional shipwrecks under the sea, submerged settlement sites on the bottoms of inland lakes and rivers, or prehistoric shell mounds along coastal zones. For instance, the medieval or post-medieval aged wrecks and their cargos have recently been discovered one after another in the waters, or the underwater cultural heritage or seascape of stone tidal weir is a common cultural trait to the Ryukyu archipelago, western Japan, southern Korea, mainland China, and Formosa, which surround the East China Sea or a northern part of the Asian Mediterranean. No East Asian nation has ratified the UNESCO 2001 Convention, partly because it does not exactly correspond with oriental philosophy, it does not properly resolve the controversial issues upon sovereign immunity of warship wrecks, and so forth. Occasionally, the principle of preservation in situ in the convention has not been the first choice as Asian waters have poor water clarity generally. Nevertheless, each country has already moved forward with its own underwater archaeological policies and projects both on governmental and grassroots levels. Some activities are in close cooperation with foreign institutions or universities. In East Asia, document-based historical study or terrestrial archaeology has a long tradition, which has had a noteworthy impact upon underwater archaeology and its methodology. Even in this region as well as in other Pacific areas, contrariwise, the technological advancement in underwater survey has remarkably been made recently; using remote-sensing with satellites, robotics for ROVs or AUVs, or 3D photogrammetry by computer software mitigates or cancels the limitations regarding accessibility and working time caused by underwater environment. The tie between such modern technologies and archaeology has minted new applications and perspectives of underwater cultural heritage study. The multi-disciplinary or holistic approaches are increasingly more and more necessary among Asian researchers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Akifumi Iwabuchi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Kotaro Yamafune APPARATUS, LLC, Japan Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Basic Studies on the Western Shipwrecks Discovered in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Their Influence on Modern Society Description An account of the resource Extensive distributional survey of the underwater cultural heritage revealed the disposition of 230 underwater cultural heritage sites in the Ryukyu Archipelago, and 23 sites out of 230 are identified as the wreck sites. Dates of these wrecks vary from the 12th to 20th centuries; nevertheless, all the Western shipwrecks found at six sites are dated to within about 100 years between the latter half of the 18th century to the 19th century. This presentation is about the Western shipwrecks left in the sea area of the Ryukyu Kingdom. From the late 18th century, the ships from the Western powers stared to appear frequently. Historical documents describes that those ships had not intended to come to the kingdom, but were wrecked due to maritime accidents. Such incidents brought opportunities for local population to come into contact with the Westerners though rescuing the wrecks and their crews. Historical documents and local lore, confirmed by the material evidence retrieved from the seabed, show that those contacts in some cases developed to the cultural interaction between local governments, or even nation-tonation. Moreover, the stories of the accidents and rescue efforts by the local have long been handed down from generation to generation as moving tales. In fact, there are some cases that those tales were materialised, for instance in forms of a reconstructed Western ship facilitated as play equipment in a local park near the wreck site, as well as an amusement park themed under the country of the wreck’s nationality. This research aims to present how the archaeological evidence confirm historical records related to the Western shipwrecks though the result of investigation of underwater cultural heritage, as well as to analyse how those initial contacts with the Westerners though the wreck accidents developed into the cultural interaction which can be influential even now. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chiaki Katagiri Yumiko Nakanishi Rintaro Ono Hiroki Miyagi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Chiaki Katagiri Yumiko Nakanishi Rintaro Ono Hiroki Miyagi Asia-Pac Session 6 2017