14 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/072a5e0b00325c6e4e9b54b795e2905d.pdf d7e89693e1ac7883c5cf34d5fea83127 PDF Text Text Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: A Case Study in Developing a Program of Protecting Underwater Cultural Heritage Jennifer F. McKinnon East Carolina University, Program in Maritime Studies, Greenville, 27858, USA Email: mckinnonje@ecu.edu Abstract This paper outlines a specific example, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and its effort to create and maintain a program for identifying, protecting and interpreting underwater cultural heritage (UCH). This paper suggests the process of developing such a program is most successful when it occurs in cooperation with all branches of the government that deal with marine/water resources and the local community who are stakeholders in the protection of their heritage. Key words: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Underwater Cultural Heritage, Shipwrecks, Saipan, Sustainable Introduction The Mariana archipelago is located east of the Philippines and south-southeast of Japan. Saipan, the capital of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and the largest and most populated island, is 19 km long by 9 km wide and is fringed by a barrier reef on its western side which creates a large, shallow lagoon (Fig. 1). On the eastern side of the island the water is much deeper, although Lau Lau Bay offers some shallower water. The clarity and consistently warm temperatures of the water make SCUBA diving in the waters of Saipan possible year-round. Historic shipwrecks and submerged underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in the CNMI are protected by both Commonwealth and US federal laws. Several UCH surveys and assessments have been conducted in the waters surrounding Saipan from 1979 to the present which provide invaluable baseline data for identifying and conducting further research on UCH sites in the Marianas. More recently in 2008, remote sensing and diver identification surveys in Saipan were conducted by Southeastern Archaeological Research (SEARCH) (SEARCH, 2008a; SEARCH, 2008b). The remote sensing surveys, including magnetometry and side scan sonar, were broad in nature; however the focus of the 1 �historical research and diver identification was on WWII heritage. The surveys were intended to be a baseline inventory for future investigations to build upon and were funded through a historic preservation grant provided to the Historic Preservation Office (HPO) and administered by the National Park Service (NPS). A total of 1,543 anomalies were located and, “The majority of identified anomalies represents material culture from WWII and offers a unique opportunity for Saipan to interpret its history through maritime heritage and dive trails” (SEARCH, Inc. 2008b: i). In 2009, a comprehensive overview of the maritime history and Fig. 1 The Mariana Islands. (Perry-Castañeda was Library) completed by Ships of Discovery archaeology of the CNMI (SHIPS) (Carrell, 2009). The project was undertaken as part of the CNMI’s on-going efforts to meet its historic preservation and inventory mandates and also was funded through a historic preservation grant administered by the NPS. The maritime context document provided an in-depth discussion of the history of the CNMI from the prehistoric period to the present, and pulled together currently available information on UCH sites in the islands. Together these two projects provided the background information and emphasis for the development of a more intensive archaeological investigation and a public interpretation program for UCH in Saipan. In fact, at the same time that SEARCH, Inc. was conducting survey in 2008, staff and students from Flinders University were on the island working with the HPO to create a plan for developing a “maritime unit” within their existing program. In an earlier trip to Saipan in 2007, the 2 �HPO voiced concerns about their lack of ability to manage UCH (due to a lack of training in underwater archaeological techniques), and the pressing need due to the amount of tourist divers visiting the WWII sites. They also were interested in developing a maritime heritage trail which would provide two favorable outcomes: 1) developing a presence on the water as the agency charged with managing the resources and 2) developing a heritage tourism product that could promote sustainable use of the already heavily visited sites. Thus the idea was formulated to develop a plan to accomplish a number of objectives that would assist HPO in better managing their UCH. These objectives included:  Training staff in underwater archaeological methods in order to create a team of diving archaeologists  Conducting more intensive archaeological research and recording known and heavily visited sites  Developing a maritime heritage trail for the purposes of creating sustainable heritage tourism All of the objectives have been achieved and even more developments have taken place. Below are some of the projects and initiatives that were instigated and a discussion on some of the obstacles encountered and ways forward. Training staff in underwater archaeological methods The first objective of developing a training opportunity was accomplished in January 2009 when Flinders University and HPO supported archaeological technician John Castro to travel to Australia and participate in the Flinders University Maritime Archaeological Field School in South Australia. Castro’s extensive diving and archaeological background allowed him to participate as a supervisor in the two-week field school where he gained additional underwater archaeology experience. A new training was developed by Flinders University specifically for the Mariana Islands context and was held in July 2009 on Saipan for staff from several government agencies, including HPO, Coastal Resources Management (CRM), the NMI Museum of Culture and History, and Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), as well as local interested divers. A total of 20 diving and non-diving participants took part in the twoday course. Based on the Flinders University’s Underwater Archaeology Methods topic, 3 �it included classroom lectures, practical terrestrial exercises, a diving exercise and an intertidal exercise for those not SCUBA certified (Fig. 2). The training was a great success and provided participants with information about the importance of preserving UCH. Fig. 2 Herman Tudela and John Starmer drafting during UCH training. (J. McKinnon) Another type of training was offered later when two Heritage Awareness Diving Seminars (HADS) were run in April 2011. HADS is a specialty course run through the three largest diver certification agencies in the world, NAUI, PADI and SSI, and is training intended for course directors, instructor trainers, instructors, dive masters, boat captains and dive shop owners. It was developed to provide diving industry professionals with a greater knowledge of how to proactively protect shipwrecks and other UCH sites (Scott-Ireton, 2008). The goal of HADS is to increase awareness of the fragility of UCH, teach proper anchoring, mooring and diving behaviour on such sites, as well as demonstrate the need for preservation of such resources for future generations and the economic benefits of heritage diving tourism. A total of 16 participants took part in the HADS training, including dive shop owners, the president of a local dive professional organization, boat captains, dive instructors and dive masters, U.S. Coast Guard staff, and a staff member from the NMI Humanities Council. This training was 4 �funded through a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Region Grants Cooperative grant awarded to Pacific Marine Resources, a local non-profit organisation concerned with environmental and historical research and sustainability. HPO and CRM staff presented lectures during this training. The training was seen as a crucial element to the development of the heritage trail and its sustainability. It aimed at educating the end users to protect the sites and educate their students and clients about using the sites appropriately. Conducting more intensive archaeological research and recording known and heavily visited sites In January 2009 SHIPS applied for an American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) grant for the archaeological and historical investigation of submerged WWII heritage and the collection of data for the development of a proposed maritime heritage trail. Funding was announced for $ 49,900 in August 2009 and the project quickly took shape. HPO, CRM, and DEQ provided an invaluable amount of in-kind assistance during the project including: staff support both on and off the water, boats and vehicles, equipment and fuel. Their support was instrumental to the success and completion of the project. To date, nearly 50 UCH sites have been recorded or investigated and several of these sites are included in the heritage trail that was developed. Developing a maritime heritage trail for the purposes of creating sustainable heritage tourism The planning for a maritime heritage trail began in 2007-2008 and included a great deal of local consultation. Public lectures were given to gauge local interest, and meetings were held with several stakeholders including local divers and dive clubs, HPO, CRM, DEQ, NMI Humanities Council, and the Marianas Visitors Authority (MVA). This consultation centred on the needs and wants of the community and government in terms of their heritage and a heritage tourism product. As a result, three agencies (HPO, CRM, and DEQ) pledged their assistance to the project. The demographics of diving tourists were also sought from the MVA. Several leading experts in the field of heritage trail development were sought to provide input. More discussions were had with the agencies charged with managing environmental and biological resources; particularly useful were relationships with CRM and DEQ. These agencies provided research 5 �permits and worked alongside the project staff to develop a program for placing moorings on all the sites for use by boaters and tour operators – a necessity for reducing anchor impacts to sites. This trail was conceptualized as part of a plan to aid in the preservation and protection of UCH sites that were already being impacted through tourist visitation. By providing interpretive literature which outlined each site’s history and importance, legal protection and proper etiquette for visiting such heritage sites, it was hoped that divers, snorkelers, and swimmers would be better educated and develop a greater appreciation for the heritage, thus avoiding impacting or harming the sites further. In total nine sites were chosen for the trail including aircraft, landing vehicles, amphibious assault vehicles and shipwrecks of both Japanese and US forces. Printed waterproof dive guides were produced as well as four color posters, a website and an eighteen-minute interpretive video to be shown at the NPS American Memorial Park (Fig. 3). Management plan and in situ conservation survey The need to develop a management plan for submerged WWII maritime heritage in Saipan’s waters was identified during the implementation of the trail. Throughout the archaeological survey and subsequent development of the trail, it was noted by archaeologists that certain UCH sites were being negatively impacted by both natural and cultural factors (for a full review see Fig. 3 Japanese aircraft poster for heritage McKinnon and Carrell, 2011). trail. (SHIPS) These impacts were identified as contributing to an overall loss of archaeological and historical context and affecting the structural integrity of the sites and their long-term survival. While some of these impacts were recorded during the archaeological survey for the development of the trail in 2010, they 6 �were not the primary focus of the project and were treated cursorily. Upon completion of the trail it was deemed important to revisit selected sites and record baseline data to develop a plan to monitor, mitigate and manage the sites into the future. A plan to conduct further archaeological survey and initiate in situ conservation surveys was developed and supported by a follow up ABPP grant for $ 72,000 in 2011. In situ conservation surveys are different from standard archaeological surveys because they include the collection of data related to the natural environment (chemical and physical), which can allow for a better understanding of the destructive forces affecting sites and artifacts (MacLeod and Richards, 2011). They also record modern cultural impacts that can be used in the management of sites, including allowing or restricting access to sites and controls for altering behaviors of visitors. Finally, they often collect specific cultural information including data on material composition of objects. This data is vital to understanding the construction of these sites from an archaeological or cultural perspective, but also contributes to understanding the longevity of sites with relation to the material composition of metals and organics, how they react to and survive within the environment, and their overall structural integrity. In situ surveys and studies are critical to regions such as the Pacific because there are limited resources (i.e. funding, staff, and facilities) to conduct recovery and conservation of submerged objects and sites. While the CNMI does benefit from grant funds distributed by the NPS, this funding is limited and often only covers a small portion of the compliance needs of the HPO (Ronnie Rodgers personal communication, 2010). This means that the conservation and management of the resources must be done in situ. Further, understanding the condition of the resources through in situ and archaeological surveys is an important step in the management process. An agency cannot manage a site if they have no knowledge of its condition. The HPO needs information about the condition of the sites in order to make informed decisions about their management. Additional archaeological survey was conducted alongside the conservation survey in order to locate, record and identify new “control” sites not on the trail that could be monitored long-term for comparison purposes. Baseline data collected on new sites is useful because they can help managers understand the differential impacts of site visitation on those included in the trail. Currently the in situ conservation 7 �survey report and management plan is under review by the granting agency and cannot be discussed until approval is sought. Indigenous seascapes and intangible heritage The idea for a project to record Indigenous maritime sites began during discussions in 2008 about the development of the WWII maritime heritage trail, when community members expressed their desire to further investigate their own “maritime-related” heritage. Thus, a conversation began with local historian Genevieve Cabrera (Chamorro and Carolinian descent) and Herman Tudela (a traditional fisher and archaeological technician of Chamorro and Carolinian descent), who is, about the possibility of recording sites that are significant to their maritime past and present. Flinders University graduate student Julie Mushynsky used the idea and project as part of her thesis research and worked directly with Cabrera, Tudela and others to record selected sites. The result was a community archaeology project to record the tangible and intangible “seascape” of the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands (McKinnon et al., In Press). The project recorded archaeological sites, oral histories, lived experiences and contemporary understandings of maritime-related heritage and life ways in community Rock art, conjunction members (Fig. potential with 4). fish procurement sites, access points, oral histories and other heritage, both tangible and intangible, were recorded and investigated as a result of this project. This type of Fig. 4 Colleague Genevieve Cabrera (center) leading project is critical to ensuring that site visit. (John Carpenter) colonial maritime history is not privileged over Indigenous maritime heritage and provides a balance to previous research conducted on the island. 8 �Obstacles and moving forward While the CNMI has the ability to utilize and enact any and all of the legislation outlined above and they do so effectively on terrestrial sites, the island is in need of a review of the possible ways that this legislation can be made most effective for UCH. This is not a call for harsher restrictions but a reference to applying the legislation most effectively. It is also important to investigate complementary forms of protection. This means recognizing the location of the sites within, for example, a Conservation Area or National Landmark, both of which exist. Further, it would be ideal if the Rules contained in the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 were used as a model in formulating this process. An obstacle in the effectiveness of the laws listed above is that at present there are no effective means by which the sites can be protected due to a lack of trained staff and equipment. Unfortunately, while there were three staff members at HPO who had the dive qualifications and training to conduct underwater archaeological survey (took training in 2009), today there is only one, and that person is no longer physically able to dive. Further the HPO does not own a boat or diving equipment for accessing the sites. This situation is contradictory to Part II, Guideline 5 of the Abandoned Shipwreck Act 1987 which states “The agencies responsible for the management of State-Owned waters should have (or have access to) adequate professional staff, office and laboratory facilities, vessels, diving and underwater survey equipment to carry out assigned responsibilities.” As a result, the community currently relies on off-island resources and expertise to assist them with the management of their submerged archaeological heritage through monies and projects such as those described in this paper, which is not an ideal situation. More archaeologists and archaeological technicians (a minimum of three) need to be hired, or existing staff needs to be trained in SCUBA and the ability to conduct archaeological assessments underwater. Further the HPO would be better equipped if they hired or purchased SCUBA gear and a boat for the purpose of conducting monitoring and assessment of underwater sites and investigating infractions. An alternative approach through interagency cooperation may provide a quicker solution as outlined below. 9 �Interagency Cooperation The involvement of other government bodies in the management of UCH is critical in the Pacific where resources and funding can be limited. In Saipan many UCH sites are located within the Mañagaha Marine Conservation Area. The management plan for this conservation area could include provisions for the protection and management of UCH. To accomplish the legislative purpose of the Mañagaha Marine Conservation Act, the CNMI Department of Lands and Natural Resources (DLNR) was delegated the exclusive authority to manage the Mañagaha Marine Conservation Area, as well as other marine conservation areas in the CNMI (Section 6 of PL 12-12). The role of the DLNR in regard to the management of UCH is to promote public access to the sites while protecting the physical remains. The 2005 management plan for the conservation area outlines DLNR has a role in providing logistic and financial support for placing moorings on sites to reduce impacts by anchoring. CRM was established on 11 February 1983, with the implementation of Public Law 3-47 within the Office of the Governor. The CRM program was established in order to promote the conservation and sustainable development of coastal resources. CRM is responsible for general permitting activities which impact coastal resources in Saipan and in particular permits for dive boats and dive tour operations. As a result the agency should develop language for permits that supports the protection of UCH. An effective way to increase enforcement of heritage laws is to train and enlist other agency staff whose job description includes enforcement of natural or environmental legislation. Agencies such as CRM, DLNR, DFW, and DEQ, which already operate boats and conduct regular inspections on water-related activities, could be trained in identifying infractions of cultural heritage law. Alternatively intra-agency agreements in which HPO staff accompany other agency enforcement officers during inspections would allow for increased regulation. Section 6 of Public Law 12-12 states that “...the Department [of Lands and Natural Resources] may coordinate and assist other Commonwealth or Federal agencies in performing their emergency or other agency functions within marine conservation areas, if the exercise of such functions is deemed prudent or necessary by the Department, or the performance of such functions is clearly permitted by law within marine conservation areas”. Thus there is a precedent set in law 10 �that allows for collaborative efforts in management of marine resources. The local natural environment in which a wreck is located and the assemblages that make a wreck have direct impact on the marine environment. A wreck can create a unique local environment for fauna and flora to thrive, and this has a bearing on defining the site's significance and issues of research and interpretation. Therefore there is a need for further understanding of UCH sites’ local marine environment and the habitat they create for marine life. Recent biological researcher was conducted in conjunction with the development of the heritage trail by a research from Sydney University. Fowler conducted two years of fish assemblage studies on the sites included within the trail. His research determined that “well- established vessel-reefs are capable of approximating fish abundances and assemblage parameters on natural coral reefs” (Fowler and Booth, 2012). This research indicates that UCH sites are of natural and environmental significance and should be protected as such. There are no provisions within Public Law 12-12, which regulates the Mañagaha Marine Conservation Area, to identify UCH as aquatic reserves or equivalent. However access to the sites, if they are environmentally sensitive, maybe be controlled under provisions of the Mañagaha Marine Conservation Area management plan. Community Traditionally there has been little communication between local divers and CNMI HPO. Local divers report being frustrated when trying to report new sites to HPO and receive information about their history or significance. This disconnect is a result of HPO’s inability through training, equipment and funding to be involved in the management of submerged sites. However, the HPO could benefit from partnering or working with local divers, dive groups and dives shops in the location and identification of new sites. Those who know the waters best are those who use it regularly. It would be beneficial if HPO developed a public profile and engaged with divers, dives shops and dive groups. Education programs, meetings, information sessions and the development of a sitereporting program are all options for increasing communication. Conclusion In concluding this paper, it is pertinent to re‐state that the CNMI, and the Pacific region in general, has its own unique set of challenges and issues that are quite different from 11 �other parts of the world. Therefore, it is important when developing a UCH management program that other “models” or “programs” are not applied wholesale to this region. An approach that considers the challenges and difficulties CNMI is facing and a program that is suited to deal with these challenges and resolve them into the future is the most likely successful long-term management approach. This paper was written with the intention of outlining some of the successes of CNMI’s HPO and exploring ways in which they may move forward. The option of involving other interested agencies in managing UCH is likely the best immediate solution, but a long-term approach of hiring staff, increase funding and additional training will need to be undertaken. The information in this paper is meant to empower and encourage the local community to continue the positive steps they have made in protecting their UCH and to move forward. While much of the work on UCH has been on WWII UCH, it is important to remember that there are many more sites from previous and later periods that are significant to the history of the island. It is hoped that the HPO can continue to develop a program for managing those sites as well. Inclusive and collaborative efforts should be made with all regulatory agencies that deal with the marine environment, as well as other stakeholders such as tourism companies and divers. Further, it is important to understand that not only the interests of the U.S. and Japanese government are at the core of this heritage, but a local perspective that incorporates Chamorro, Carolinian, Filipino and Korean values should be considered (McKinnon 2013). Acknowledgments Thank you to the CNMI community for their interest and support in protecting your underwater cultural heritage. Thank you also to the colleagues and students who have been a huge part of the projects described within, particularly Toni Carrell and Jason Raupp. References Carrell, T. L., 2009. Maritime History and Archaeology of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, submitted to the CNMI Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation, SHIPS, Corpus Christi, Texas. 12 �Fowler, A. M., and Booth, D. J., 2012. How well do sunken vessels approximate fish assemblages on coral reefs? Conservation implications of vessel-reef deployments. Marine Biology, Vol. 159: 2787-2796. MacLeod, I. D., and Richards, V., 2011. In-situ conservation surveys of iron shipwrecks in Chuuk Lagoon and the impact of human intervention. Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material Bulletin, Vol. 32: 106-122. McKinnon, J. F., and Carrell, T., 2011. Saipan WWII Invasion Beaches Underwater Heritage Trail. SHIPS, Corpus Christi, Texas. McKinnon, J. F., 2013. Difficult Heritage: Interpreting Underwater Battlefield Sites. In D. Scott-Ireton (Ed.), Meeting Challenges in the Public Interpretation of Maritime Cultural Heritage - Between the Devil and the Deep. Springer Press, New York. McKinnon, J. F., Mushynsky, J., and Cabrera, G., In Press. A Fluid Sea in the Mariana Islands: Mapping the Seascape of Saipan. Journal of Maritime Archaeology. Scott-Ireton, D., 2008. Teaching “Heritage” Awareness” Rather than “Skills” to Sport Diving Community. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, Vol. 3 (2): 119-120. SEARCH, 2008a. Archaeological Survey of Lagoons of on the West Coast of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, submitted to the CNMI Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation, SEARCH, Pensacola, FL. SEARCH, 2008b. Archaeological Survey of Tanapag Lagoon Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, submitted to the CNMI Department of Community and Cultural Affairs, Division of Historic Preservation, SEARCH, Pensacola, FL. Thompson, E. N., 1984. National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form. Landing Beaches, Aslito/Isley Field, and Marpi Point, Saipan Island. National Park Service Denver Service Center, Lakewood, CO. Biography Jennifer McKinnon is an Assistant Professor at East Carolina University in the Program in Maritime Studies. Prior to teaching at ECU, she was a Senior Lecturer at Flinders University, South Australia for seven years. Jennifer is a Research Associate of the non-profit organization SHIPS, Corpus Christi. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 4: Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 4 chair Akatsuki Takahashi and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource The Pacific Ocean contains a wealth of underwater cultural heritage. Underwater sites in Oceania span human history from the Stone Age to the Atomic Age. Due to the cultural richness of underwater heritage in the region and its complex history, the protection of these sites is of high importance for the region. Moreover, the potential for sustainable tourism in partnership with diving industry has been attracting a growing attention. The first UNESCO regional workshop on the Pacific underwater cultural heritage took place in December 2009 in Honiara, Solomon Islands. As possible steps towards building a capacity for managing UCH, participants at the workshop identified the following needs; systematic recording and maintenance of a database of submerged and underwater sites; exploring licensing activities directed at underwater sites; and developing a training and education programme for managers. The papers presented by experts at the workshop were compiled, edited and published as "Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania" in 2010. Based on the recommendations made at the Honiara workshop, a Feasibility Study on Pacific Capacity Building Programme was prepared by Flinders University with UNESCO support. The Study recommends a possible capacity building programme to be hosted by the University of the South Pacific (USP) in Fiji. The launching of the Pacific Heritage Hub (PHH), a regional facility for knowledge management, capacity building and partnership building, at USP in 2013 presents an opportunity for the actual implementation of the capacity building programme. UNESCO is also exploring the possibility of organising regional and national consultations in the Pacific focusing on cultural policy development. The objectives of the session are to: • Enhance understanding of characteristics of UCH in the Pacific. • Identify priority actions. • Foster partnership for regional and international cooperation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dr. Akatsuki Takahashi Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: A Case Study in Developing a Program of Protecting Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource This paper outlines a specific example, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and its effort to create and maintain a program for identifying, protecting and interpreting underwater cultural heritage (UCH). This paper suggests the process of developing such a program is most successful when it occurs in cooperation with all branches of the government that deal with marine/water resources and the local community who are stakeholders in the protection of their heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jennifer F. McKinnon, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/13/2014 Asia-Pac Session 4 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b7b1391419a70bac218a8f9ba8b4f8e9.pdf a42b10714fe4e0a56cb571ac9d8d868d PDF Text Text Community Driven Marine Archaeology: NOAA Ocean Exploration Operations in the Pacific Basin 2024-2026 Philip A. Hartmeyer*1, Jeremy Weirich2, Hans Van Tilburg3, Adrienne Copeland4, Mashkoor Malik5, Frank Cantelas6, Sam Cuellar7, Kelley Suhre8, Kasey Cantwell9 1 Marine Archaeologist, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Director, NOAA Ocean Exploration 3 Maritime Heritage Coordinator, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries 4 Grants Program Manager and Synergistic Team Lead, NOAA Ocean Exploration 5 Science and Technology Division Chief, NOAA Ocean Exploration 6 Science and Technology Division Advisor, NOAA Ocean Exploration 7 Expedition Coordinator, NOAA Ocean Exploration 8 Expeditions and Exploration Division Deputy Chief, NOAA Ocean Exploration 9 Expeditions and Exploration Division Operations Chief, NOAA Ocean Exploration 2 *Contact: phil.hartmeyer@noaa.gov ABSTRACT With priority placed on the exploration of deep waters, NOAA Ocean Exploration applies the latest tools and technologies to explore previously unknown areas of the ocean, making discoveries of scientific, economic, and cultural value. As both a valuable cultural resource and habitat for marine organisms, NOAA Ocean Exploration’s priorities include maritime archaeology and the discovery of our underwater cultural heritage (UCH). Between 2024 and 2026, NOAA Ocean Exploration and partners will conduct exploratory seafloor mapping and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) explorations in the Pacific basin. This article details the tools, technologies, and typical datasets collected by our program and opportunities for the Asia-Pacific community of archaeologists, historians, and resource managers to contribute to our UCH research prioritization and participate in our live, publicly accessible telepresence-enabled operations. Using this community-driven archaeology model, we ensure this exploratory work will have the greatest impact and provide a publicly accessible platform for sharing our common cultural heritage. List of Figures and Tables Table 1: File formats typically collected during seafloor mapping and remotely operated vehicle operations Figure 1: Remotely Operated Vehicle Deep Discoverer at the bow of Amakasu Maru No. 1 Figure 2: Telepresence-enabled exploration. Source: NOAA Ocean Exploration Figure 3: Foundations of the Explorer Model 1 �INTRODUCTION NOAA Ocean Exploration10 is dedicated to exploring the unknown ocean, unlocking its potential through scientific discovery, technological advancements, and data delivery. By working closely with partners across the public, private, and academic sectors, we are filling gaps in our basic understanding of the marine environment. This allows us, collectively, to protect ocean health, sustainably manage our marine resources, accelerate our national economy, better understand our changing environment, and enhance our appreciation of the importance of the ocean in our everyday lives. With priority placed on the exploration of deep waters, NOAA Ocean Exploration applies the latest tools and technologies to explore previously unknown areas of the ocean, making discoveries of scientific, economic, and cultural value. And, through live exploration video, online resources, training and educational opportunities, and public events, we share the excitement of ocean exploration with people around the world and inspire and engage the next generation of ocean scientists, archaeologists, engineers, and leaders. Since the program’s inception in 2001, NOAA Ocean Exploration has been a substantial source of U.S. public funding for the prioritization, discovery, and protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) that opens windows into the past to improve understanding of the history of human interaction with the ocean. These activities are executed through a host of mechanisms, including NOAA Ocean Exploration-led operations as well as partner operations supported through a competitive grant program, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, and the NOAA Ocean Exploration Cooperative Institute, which includes Ocean Exploration Trust and its Exploration Vessel Nautilus, a partner vessel in exploration. Discoveries and technological advancements made through these mechanisms improve and enhance our understanding of the oceans. Through its support to and involvement of partners, NOAA Ocean Exploration makes it possible for them to discover and explore significant UCH sites (e.g., World War II maritime cultural landscapes11, outer continental shelf paleolandscapes12, historic shipwrecks13); improve UCH survey techniques (e.g., synthetic aperture sonars14, laser line scanners15, autonomous underwater vehicles16, photogrammetry for archaeological documentation17); and enhance community engagement, data sharing, and relationships with Indigenous communities (e.g., Deepwater Wonders of Wake Island18, Maritime Maya19) (Figure 1). 10 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ 11 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/23guam/welcome.html 12 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/22sunfish/welcome.html 13 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/19microbial-stowaways/welcome.html 14 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/development-partnerships/ex1904/welcome.html 15 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/development-partnerships/ex1904/logs/july31/july31.html 16 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/22shipwreck-detection/welcome.html 17 https://www.boem.gov/environment/virtual-archaeology-museum 18 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1606/logs/jul30/welcome.html 19 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/11maya/welcome.html 2 �Figure 1: Remotely operated vehicle Deep Discoverer approaches the bow of the Japanese cargo ship Amakasu Maru No. 1. (Source: NOAA Ocean Exploration) Input from the archaeological community is pivotal to the success of NOAA Ocean Exploration-led UCH operations, in particular. This input includes suggestions for UCH areas to explore, as well as guidance on best practices for archaeological documentation and data collection. Over the years, NOAA Ocean Exploration has successfully incorporated input from academic, public, private, local, and Indigenous partners in their exploration of UCH resources as well as the improvement of the technologies used for UCH surveys. This paper focuses on NOAA Ocean Exploration-led operations. It describes how members of the AsiaPacific archaeology community can engage with upcoming operations and contribute to a prioritization matrix for site selection in the region. NOAA Ocean Exploration Operations NOAA Ocean Exploration follows a nested approach to expedition planning that entails packaging individual weeks-long expeditions into a series of expeditions — and sometimes multiyear campaigns — forecasting operations three to five years out. This lead time ensures staff have enough time to plan expeditions and consider ocean science community priorities in the development of mission objectives and identification of areas of operation. Presently, NOAA Ocean Exploration is scoping priorities for a Pacific basin campaign between 2024 and 2026. Though subject to change as mission planning evolves, areas of operation under discussion include: Line Islands, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument (Johnston Atoll, Wake Atoll, Howland Island, Baker Island), Marshall Islands, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Cook Islands, Palau, and Guam. As part of this upcoming campaign, NOAA Ocean Exploration will conduct operations in the Pacific basin including aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer20 using four types of sonars to collect high-resolution seafloor and water column data (Table 1), a dual-body remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system capable of 20 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html 3 �diving to depths up to 6,000 meters, and a suite of other instruments to help characterize the ocean, including a dynamic positioning system. Unlike many other ocean expeditions supported by NOAA, most of the scientists participating in NOAA Ocean Exploration’s expeditions do so from shore, thanks to telepresence technology21. Table 1. Data, and the respective file formats, typically collected during seafloor and water column mapping and remotely operated vehicle operations (adapted from Cuellar, 2023). File Type File Format Multibeam Echosounder (EM304) .kmall, .raw, .idx, .bot, .asc, .sd, .xyz Split-Beam Echosounder (EK60/80) .raw, .idx, .bot Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP; Teledyne Workhorse Mariner 300kHz and Teledyne RDI Ocean Surveyor 38kHz) .raw Sub-Bottom Profiler (Knudsen Chirp 3260) .xtf, .keb, .txt, .segy Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD; SeaBird SBE9-11 .asvp, .hrd, .hex, .xmlcon Plus and SBE32 Carousel With 12 10-liter Niskin Bottles) ROV High-Definition Video .mov ROV High-Definition Still Images .tiff, .jpeg, .jpg Geospatial Data .kmz, .shp, .tif, .kml, .txt Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) .xbt Event Logs and Dive Summaries .txt, .pdf NOAA Ocean Exploration uses a high-bandwidth satellite communications system capable of transmitting mapping and oceanographic data and real-time, high-definition video feeds from the ROVs through network connections to scientists on shore. Thus, a theoretically unlimited number of scientists can add their expertise to expeditions. At the same time, members of the public can also join in the excitement of ocean exploration and discoveries from their classroom, newsrooms, or home (Figure 2). 21 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/telepresence/telepresence.html 4 �Figure 2: With telepresence-enabled exploration, scientists and the public can participate in NOAA Ocean Exploration expeditions from anywhere in the world. (Source: NOAA Ocean Exploration) Sensitive Data Protection Many of the UCH sites explored by NOAA Ocean Exploration require sensitive data stewardship and protection measures. The United States has several laws and regulations in place to protect UCH sites and safeguard sensitive information and data from improper release. To meet federal preservation mandates applicable to sensitive data management, including the National Historic Preservation Act 22 (NHPA) and the Sunken Military Craft Act23 (SMCA), NOAA Ocean Exploration follows strict internal planning, acquisition, post-processing, and archiving protocols for all seafloor mapping, ROV, and location-bearing data collected on UCH sites. In addition, NOAA Ocean Exploration determines the eligibility for listing on the National Register of Historic Places of every UCH site where data is collected. Should a site be determined eligible for listing, NOAA Ocean Exploration initiates a National Historic Preservation Act Section 304 consultation with the Keeper’s Office of the National Register of Historic Places and relevant UCH site partners with research, management, or jurisdictional interest, including partners who suggested exploration of the site.24 If the site is a sunken U.S. military craft, NOAA Ocean Exploration and NOAA General Counsel work with Defense Secretaries to protect sensitive data under the SMCA. Community-Driven Archaeology NOAA Ocean Exploration has adopted a unique model of community-driven exploration that serves broad community interests and addresses data gaps while being responsive to specific community, agency, administration, and global priorities and drivers. This “Explorer Model” brings together the ocean science and resource management communities to collaboratively plan expeditions and explore areas of the deep 22 achp.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/nhpa.pdf 23 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/underwater-archaeology/policy-and-resource-management/sunken-military-craft-act/smca.html 24 Section 304 of the National Historic Preservation Act requires federal agencies to withhold from public disclosure information about the location, character, or ownership of a historic property if disclosure of such information may cause a significant invasion of privacy, risk harm to the historic property, or impede the use of a traditional religious site by practitioners. Section 304 is only applicable to UCH sites eligible for, or listed on, the National Register of Historic Places. 5 �ocean where data are scarce (Cantwell et al. 2020) (Figure 3). NOAA Ocean Exploration is employing the Explorer Model in the 2024-2026 campaign in the Pacific basin. The Explorer Model also applies to UCH exploration planning. Input regarding archaeological priorities from all interested parties, including state, local, and tribal governments and Indigenous communities, is fundamental to ensuring that NOAA Ocean Exploration activities in the Pacific address priorities of the archaeology community and help meet the heritage management and research needs of partners. Figure 3: Foundations of the Explorer Model (adapted from Cantwell et. al. 2020). Archaeologists, historians, resource managers, and others who engage in and research UCH from all sectors are invited to submit UCH priorities directly to NOAA Ocean Exploration. These submissions usually contain sensitive information that may include geographic coordinates of known or potential archaeology material, literature reviews of after-action reports, eyewitness accounts, and other primary source material. Dataset sensitivity is prioritized by NOAA Ocean Exploration and exchanges of sensitive information are brokered through a non-disclosure agreement, with data access limited to NOAA Ocean Exploration and submitting partner(s). By signing this agreement, all parties agree not to share these sensitive data without explicit permission from the partner(s). Once data sharing agreements are in place, NOAA Ocean Exploration creates an internal document containing contextual maps, site summaries, and links to relevant remote sensing data to inform operations planning. 6 �UCH recommendations are then added to an ArcGIS Pro 3.1.0 database and prioritized by historical and traditional significance, amount of community interest, environmental factors (estimated depth, existing data, substrate, confidence in existing coordinates), and potential hazards that affect probability of mission success. Expedition planners then correlate the recommendations with the planned operating areas of the ship and decide which UCH sites to consider for exploration. This process is exemplified by the following two case studies that showcase the Explorer Model and the importance of partner contributions to marine archaeology investigations. B-29 CASE STUDY The Explorer Model is best exemplified by the 2016 discovery and characterization of a B-29 Superfortress aircraft lost in the Saipan Channel (Cantwell et. al. 2020a). This site and the potentially 10 other aircraft lost in this area include 53 service personnel missing in action. As such, the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency25 (DPAA), which is responsible for the repatriation of unaccounted for Americans, became intrinsically involved and was able to support the mission by providing subject-matter expertise and information on open aircraft case files for the area. Additional historical and archaeological data were provided by the B-29 Restoration Team, the Seattle Museum of Flight, aviation historians, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) University’s Nautical Archaeology Program, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, East Carolina University’s Maritime Studies Program, the United States Air Force, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the Cavanaugh Flight Museum, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Historic Preservation, and NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (Lickliter-Mundon et. al. 2018). The discovery of this resource furthered public appreciation for, and academic understanding of, the B-29s lost near the Tinian North Field and served as a case study for deepwater ROV characterization of aircraft wreckage. The investigation also resulted in a successful National Historic Preservation Act Section 304 consultation with the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places. The Keeper concurred with NOAA Ocean Exploration’s determination that the B-29 was eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A: Military through its participation in Pacific theatre World War II (WWII) combat operations off Tinian Island and C: Design/Construction as a rare, submerged example of a significant design advancement in aviation history (NPS 1990). Public release of B-29 location data was determined to introduce risk of harm by increasing the likelihood of looting or other disturbance. Partner collaboration on the B-29 was pivotal at every step, from submitting it as a priority target to site discovery, characterization, peer-reviewed publication of research, and sensitive data protection and stewardship. Only with the collaborative and collective research of the partners listed above was the eligibility determination possible. AMAKASU MARU NO.1 CASE STUDY The WWII Battle of Wake Island claimed an estimated 900 to 1,000 Japanese soldiers and 100 American soldiers during the 16-day siege. The bravery and memory of these Japanese soldiers are entombed in 21 aircraft, one submarine, and two destroyers lost during their attempted taking of Wake Island. The Americans also lost several aircraft during the island’s defense. On August 11, 2016, NOAA Ocean Exploration and partners from the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory, University of Hawaii, the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration, and multibeam echosounder expert Gary Fabian investigated an anomaly thought to be the potential remains of the Imperial Japanese Navy Kamikaze-class destroyer Hayate. ROVs Deep Discoverer and Seirios provided the first glimpse of the hull, whose side markings, 25 https://www.dpaa.mil/ 7 �armament, and cabin structure revealed it was not Hayate, but the Japanese water tanker Amakasu Maru No. 1 (Figure 1). Amakasu Maru No.1 was sunk by the USS Triton on December 24, 1942, after sustaining heavy torpedo damage on the port side off Wake Atoll, now located in the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. The ship now sits upright and serves as a habitat for anemones, glass sponges, anglerfish, squat lobsters, and other animals. Its remains were fully documented by the exploration team, and the entire ROV dive was broadcast live to engage participating scientists ashore and to share this important UCH site with the public (Cantelas and Wagner 2016). Data from this dive became the subject matter for a master’s thesis that further characterized the site and its place in history (Yoxsimer 2022). Yoxsimer’s thesis exemplifies student-led products supported by NOAA Ocean Exploration-collected data and potential student engagement opportunities for upcoming missions in the Pacific basin. From beginning to end, UCH partnerships allowed NOAA Ocean Exploration to discover Amakasu Maru No. 1 and memorialize the sacrifices made by the sailors aboard. Now, Amakasu Maru No. 1 is known in the archaeological record and its story can be shared with the world. CONCLUSION Between 2024 and 2026, NOAA Ocean Exploration will continue its community-driven exploration in the Pacific basin. This presents an opportunity for the Asia-Pacific UCH community to participate in the planning, execution, and post-expedition data workup. While there are no guarantees on the amount, location, and frequency of UCH operations, NOAA Ocean Exploration is looking to the Asia-Pacific UCH community to help guide the Pacific campaign. This will lean heavily on partnerships, both familiar and new, including international collaborative efforts. Together, we can prioritize, explore, discover, and protect the important deep water UCH resources of the Pacific Basin and broaden understanding of our collective past. Information about how to participate in the Pacific basin campaign is available on NOAA Ocean Exploration website’s NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer: Get Involved26 web page and through the authors of this paper, who can facilitate participation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The processes and capacities discussed have been steadily built across the NOAA Ocean Exploration program and its partners over the past 23 years. This includes contributions and leadership from the program’s Outreach and Education, Expeditions and Exploration, Administration and Finance, and Science and Technology divisions. Special thanks to the Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration27 and NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aircraft Operations28 for helping execute our mission. 26 https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/getinvolved.html 27 https://www.engineeringfordiscovery.org/ 28 https://www.omao.noaa.gov/ 8 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Cantelas, Frank and Katie Wagner. 2016. “NOAA Discovers and Explorers Japanese Cargo Ship, Amakasu Maru.” NOAA Ocean Exploration Website. Published August 14, 2016. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1606/logs/aug14/welcome.html. Cantwell, Kasey, Shirley Pomponi, Patty Fryer, Derek Sowers, Frank Cantelas, Amanda Netburn, Michael Ford, and Amy Bowman. “EX-16-05 Leg 3 Expedition Report: 2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas (ROV/Mapping).” NOAA Ocean Exploration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. United States, 2020a. https://doi.org/10.25923/xy0q-0f35. Cantwell, Kasey, Brian R.C. Kennedy, Mashkoor, Malik, Kelley P. Suhre, Rachel Medley, Elizabeth Lobecker, Shannon Hoy, Caitlin Adams, Matt Dornback, and Megan Cromwell. “The Explorer Model: Lessons from 10 Years of Community-Led Ocean Exploration and Open Data.” Journal of Ocean Technology 15:3 (2020b): 67-76. Cuellar, Sam. “NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer FY23 Field Season Instructions.” NOAA Ocean Exploration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. United States, 2023. https://doi.org/10.25923/f06c-5x38. Lickliter-Mundon, Megan, Frank Cantelas, Wendy Coble, Jeremy Kinney, Jennifer McKinnon, Jeffrey Meyer, Andrew Pietruszka, Brad Pilgrim, James R. Pruitt, and Hans Van Tilburg. “Identification of a Deep-Water B-29 WWII Aircraft via ROV Telepresence Survey.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 13 (2018):167-189. (NHPA) National Historic Preservation Act. 54 U.S.C. §300101 et. seq., 2021. https://www.achp.gov/sites/default/files/201806/nhpa.pdf. NPS (National Park Service). “How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation.” United States, 1990. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB-15_web508.pdf. (SMCA) Sunken Military Craft Act of 2004. 10 U.S.C. §113 note., 2021. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/underwaterarchaeology/policy-and-resource-management/sunken-military-craft-act/smca.html. Yoxsimer, Andrea. 2022. “Amakasu Maru No.1: An Analysis of a Remotely Operated Vehicle Survey on a WWII Japanese Requisitioned Shipwreck in the Pacific.” Master’s thesis, East Carolina University, 2022. 9 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Driven Marine Archaeology: NOAA Ocean Exploration Operations in the Pacific Basin 2024-2026 Description An account of the resource With priority placed on the exploration of deep waters, NOAA Ocean Exploration applies the latest tools and technologies to explore previously unknown areas of the ocean, making discoveries of scientific, economic, and cultural value. As both a valuable cultural resource and habitat for marine organisms, NOAA Ocean Exploration’s priorities include maritime archaeology and the discovery of our underwater cultural heritage (UCH). Between 2024 and 2026, NOAA Ocean Exploration and partners will conduct exploratory seafloor mapping and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) explorations in the Pacific basin. This article details the tools, technologies, and typical datasets collected by our program and opportunities for the Asia-Pacific community of archaeologists, historians, and resource managers to contribute to our UCH research prioritization and participate in our live, publicly accessible telepresence-enabled operations. Using this community-driven archaeology model, we ensure this exploratory work will have the greatest impact and provide a publicly accessible platform for sharing our common cultural heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philip A. Hartmeyer Jeremy Weirich Hans Van Tilburg Adrienne Copeland Mashkoor Malik Frank Cantelas Sam Cuellar Kelley Suhre Kasey Cantwell Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hartmeyer, Philip A., Jeremy Weirich, Hans Van Tilburg, Adrienne Copeland, Mashkoor Malik, Frank Cantelas, Sam Cuellar, Kelley Suhre, Kasey Cantwell. 2023. “Community Driven Marine Archaeology: NOAA Ocean Exploration Operations in the Pacific Basin 2024-2026.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Veronica Walker-Vadillo. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1999 Asia-Pac Session 19 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community, Trade and Networks: Southern Fujian from the 3rd to the 13th Centuries Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Clark, Hugh R. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Clark, Hugh R. Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Place Cambridge Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Title A name given to the resource Community, Trade and Networks: Southern Fujian from the 3rd to the 13th Centuries China Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hugh R Clark Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Hugh R Clark Item Type Book ISBN 052139029X Call Number HC428.F84C58 1991 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Extra Series: (Cambridge studies in Chinese history, literature, and institutions) Physical description: xii, 266 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm Series: (Cambridge studies in Chinese history, literature, and institutions) Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-258) and index LCCN: 90022182 Control Number: ocm22734966 Library Catalog lib-app3.usc.edu Library Catalog Place Cambridge [England] ; New York Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Cambridge University Press Short Title Community, Trade, and Networks Title A name given to the resource Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century China https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/1c44b0ca6de5fdb8cb951f06ac4c6fea.pdf cc9b96c77b0637ebe39bd9331bc4f38c PDF Text Text Conservation in Archaeology – an awareness training programme Jon Carpenter1 and Vicki Richards Abstract Since the inception of tertiary maritime archaeological courses in Australia in the early 1980s, the Materials Conservation Department (MCD) of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) has presented a conservation awareness and training component to archaeology students. Creating awareness and an appropriate understanding of principals was the aim, because the intention was not to teach archaeologists how to apply conservation techniques or to conserve artefacts, but for them to appreciate the need for conservation, to encourage consultation with conservators and to stress the importance for conservator participation in archaeological projects. As integral participants in expeditions on-site conservators provide the archaeologist with a degree of assurance that recently exposed and subsequently recovered artefacts will be effectively managed i.e. have optimal prospects for their stabilization and be afforded the best postexcavation care. Appropriately trained conservators may also be engaged to determine the environmental conditions prevailing at, and within, an archaeological site in order to ascertain the condition of anticipated artefact materials and identify any potential problems prior to excavation. This information, including any risk factors determined, can guide the archaeologist when the investigation of sites is being prioritized and importantly indicate if urgent action is required. Conservators qualified to use Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving equipment are an additional asset to the investigation of underwater sites as they are able to directly apply the above procedures to this aspect of archaeology. Considering their knowledge of waterlogged and corroded materials the archaeologist may also prefer the diving conservator to recover badly deteriorated artefacts. The Conservation in Archaeology training programme can be tailored to suit particular aspects of the subject and target different levels of education. It provides straightforward explanation and demonstration to school children, provides a chemistry emphasis for exceptional science students, presents Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) courses for the public and avocational practitioners and most recently a Conservation Field School incorporating higher level tutorials and practicals for post- graduate maritime and terrestrial archaeology university students. The WAM Conservation in Archaeology courses are presented intra-state, nationally and internationally. Awareness of the conservation considerations and requirements during archaeological investigations of cultural heritage sites is now more widely accepted by archaeologists and through school education programmes appreciated by young students who are the potential conservators and archaeologists of the future. Introduction Over the past 30 years the MCD has developed a well-established international reputation in archaeological conservation education and more recently, in the area of in situ monitoring and on-site preservation of shipwreck sites in particular. The Department is regarded as Australia’s primary source of expertise in this field. The 1 Department of Materials Conservation, Western Australian Museum, Shipwreck Galleries, 4547 Cliff St, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; TEL: +61 8 9431 8431: FAX: +61 8 9431 8489: email: jon.carpenter@museum.wa.gov.au �greater interest in and promotion of in situ management rather than more intensive excavation has meant this aspect of the training programme is timely. Early Learning and the Wider Community Educating people about maritime archaeology and materials conservation begins at an early age at the WAM. At the Shipwreck Galleries, in Fremantle, more than 10,500 students ranging in age from primary to tertiary level visited the museum in the 2010/11 financial year. Education programs are focussed on the historical aspects, the story of the exploration and charting of the WA coast, the story of shipwrecks and what archaeology tells us about them. The legislation concerning protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites is also introduced as the students become older. Primary and secondary students are also introduced to the simpler concepts of materials conservation. In these Maritime Archaeology and Shipwreck Scientists programmes the teachers and education staff explain that the objects and artefacts require conservation intervention to ensure their survival and future stability and they are not simply recovered from the sea and put into display cases. In consultation with conservators, and referring to specific artefacts as examples, they also explain what happens to the artefact materials during long-term immersion in the sea and the steps that need to be taken to treat metals or impregnate organic materials with consolidants. Older students, year 12 (aged 17-18) studying Maritime Heritage and Archaeology units as part of their school curriculum, have the opportunity to engage with conservators who can explain more complex processes and demonstrate procedures utilising artefacts at various stages of treatment. Schools can also enrol Marine and Maritime Technology Studies students in the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology/Nautical Archaeological Society (AIMA/NAS) Level 1 course which includes an introduction to maritime archaeological conservation practices. Conservation research scientists, as well as conservators, annually engage with groups of exceptionally bright science students (at a level equivalent to 2nd year university) as part of the National Youth Science Forum (NYSF). These students come from all parts of Australia to visit our conservation laboratories for a more extensive introduction to conservation and the associated chemistry (Figure 1). On request our conservation staff will also visit schools, often during specific weeks, such as National Science Week and National Archaeology Week to present illustrated talks and in some instances, facilitate teachers to establish conservation treatments (using expendable objects) that make the demonstration of chemical principles and processes to young science students more interesting and show that they are actually applicable outside the classroom. Lectures are also presented at Summer Vacation Schools and are aimed at interested persons in the general community. Specific NAS courses are also run for the wider community usually attracting scuba divers, persons interested in maritime heritage and those working for maritime service organisations, etc. Education in materials conservation is presented on many levels and is �considered one of the MCD’s primary roles. This is also reflected in the number of national and international conservation interns the department attracts every year. Figure 1. Conservator Jon Carpenter with school students in the MCD, WAM. Image M. Brevenholt. Teaching and Training Conducted by the MCD, WAM Another main teaching and training role for the MCD is its contribution to the Post Graduate Maritime Archaeology courses. The programme was originally conceived in conjunction with Curtin University, then in collaboration with Flinders University and James Cook University and more recently undertaken with the University of Western Australia. Many of these post-graduates have subsequently guided the establishment of, and head the maritime archaeological units established in the other states and territories of Australia. The most intensive and long-term programme of teaching and training was undertaken in Sri Lanka when the WAM was approached to provide its expertise to guide the formal establishment of maritime archaeology and conservation in the island republic. Importantly the MCD was involved from the outset, not only to support initial archaeological investigations of sites and shipwrecks in Galle Harbour (Carpenter and Richards 1993; Richards and Carpenter 1998) but to train new and practicing Sri Lankan maritime archaeologists and conservators (Figure 2). Sri Lanka has a long history of terrestrial archaeology and conservators dealing with land finds had to become more versatile by extending their work practices to waterlogged and corroded artefacts recovered principally from marine sites (Carpenter and Godfrey 2005). Conservation lectures, tutorials �and practicals were presented and importantly, guidelines provided to establish a conservation laboratory (Carpenter 1997). In 2006 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sponsored a "Train the Trainers’’ Maritime Archaeological Field School in Galle incorporating a conservation awareness component provided by the WAM. The workshop involved local conservators and archaeologists as well as inviting archaeological students from countries in the extended region to participate. Figure 2. Training Sri Lankan conservators (early 1990s). Image P.E. Baker. The MCD, WAM has also supported the capacity building programmes, in Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage (MUCH) established by Robert Parthesius and Bill Jeffery in developing countries. Jeffery strongly endorsed the involvement of conservators and conservation scientists in a project he initiated in Micronesia and this led to the WAM working in Chuuk. Including a group of Earthwatch volunteers, the aim was to compile an archaeological record of the World War Two (WWII) wreck sites and assess their condition and corrosion status which has a direct bearing on the tourism livelihood of the Chuukese people (Richards et al 2007). NAS based courses in maritime archaeology and conservation have been the subsequent focus, conducted both at the University of Guam (University of Guam 2010) and most recently in South Africa (Richards and Carpenter 2011a; 2011b). The latter course was run with the support of the Centre for International Heritage Activities (CIE - Centrum Internationale Erfgoeda) and the organization’s Director Parthesius. In 2008 Jennifer McKinnon, Lecturer in Maritime Archaeology at Flinders University, in South Australia, instigated a conservation awareness training programme for maritime and terrestrial archaeology post-graduate students. The �Conservation Field School is a one week intensive course including lectures, tutorials and practical sessions presented by WAM conservation staff (Figure 3). As is stated in the Flinders University Conservation Field School handbook (McKinnon 2011: 2) the topic aims, "to expose students to the range and variety of field projects, methodologies and practical skills necessary for implementing conservation strategies and give further meaning and relevance to their classroom learning experiences". Figure 3. Conservation Scientist Vicki Richards at Flinders University demonstrating the use of meters etc for recording environmental data and corrosion activity. Image J. Carpenter. The first three days of the programme introduce the archaeology students to the basic principles of deterioration, identification, recovery, initial storage, stabilization and transportation of the major artefact material types (typically found on archaeological sites), conservation surveys (principles, techniques and data interpretation) and in situ preservation and monitoring techniques for archaeological sites. The lectures and tutorials presented are listed below. • Marine Environment • • • • • • Shipwreck Artefacts, Conservation In situ to Display Deterioration and Conservation of Ceramics, Glass and Stone Organic Materials – Deterioration and First Aid for Finds Corrosion and Conservation of Ferrous Metals Corrosion and First Aid for Non-Ferrous Metals On-Site Conservation Surveys – Principles and Techniques �• • • • On-site Conservation for Terrestrial Archaeological Sites Techniques for In situ Preservation – Reburial Techniques for In situ Preservation – Cathodic Protection Tutorial - Preparation and Calibration of On-Site Conservation Survey Equipment Fieldwork is conducted on the fourth day. The lectures and tutorials provide students with the necessary background information and skills to perform a basic conservation survey (Richards and Carpenter 2008) on an easily accessible, historic jetty located on a local beach. For training purposes actual field practicals are best conducted above water depending on availability and access to suitable sites. The land-based situation allows the trainers to easily demonstrate procedures, it facilitates normal communication and the general ability to perform the tasks involved. It also reduces the preparation required with respect to equipment, minimizes risk and some potential safety concerns. If however, data and information from an actual wreck site(s) is to be a specific outcome from the training programme then appropriately qualified diving students can be supervised underwater. On day five, the students are assisted in the interpretation of the data collected during the practical fieldwork session with the primary aim to produce an individual preliminary conservation survey report including brief recommendations for a conservation management programme for the jetty site. The students are assessed based on their level of participation both in the classroom and in the field (50%) and the final conservation survey report (50%). Depending on the specific requirements of a conservation awareness and training programme, existing lectures may be deleted if they are not considered applicable and additional lectures can be incorporated into the course. The programme is specifically designed to be flexible and can thereby be custommade for any prerequisite requirement or situation. NAS Courses NAS courses usually form the basis of the conservation awareness training programme. As stated the level and extent of materials and in situ conservation taught is dependant on the specific requirement for a particular course. Generally, in the NAS I Course, a one hour lecture is presented and provides an overview of the marine environment and the factors that have implications for UCH sites, the emphasis generally being on shipwreck sites and the artefact materials commonly encountered. The NAS II (2-3 days) and NAS III courses (5 days) expand on this theme and also include lectures on conservation surveys and insitu preservation and monitoring techniques. These courses also include a practical component. The level at which the information is presented is tailored to suit the level of maturity and considers prior knowledge of the student audience. One of the introductory lectures presented in both the NAS II and NAS III courses concerns shipwreck artefacts and the conservation procedures involved from the time of their in situ discovery through to their storage or display. This �presentation illustrates what maritime archaeological conservators do, why, and how the procedures are carried out. The presentation includes a reasonable amount of text so that foreign students with perhaps a better understanding of written English will also be appropriately informed. An interpreter can also be employed as was the case in Taiwan (Carpenter 2007). It provides general information about subject matter that is dealt with in more detail in the presentations and practical sessions that follow. Lectures concerning actual treatment of the different types of artefact materials, both organic and inorganic, are usually not presented in great detail but only briefly introduced in order to inform archaeologists of the general conservation processes involved and what is the usual outcome for the artefacts they recover. However, the lectures do emphasise that at the first available opportunity, after artefacts arrive at the conservation laboratory, the conservator and archaeologist responsible for artefacts need to determine treatment priorities and these are usually based on a compromise between the conservator’s advice on the urgency of treatment for specific artefact materials and the archaeologist’s research requirements. Importantly the main emphasis and focus of the practical aspects of these NAS II and III courses is the pre-disturbance conservation assessment of sites, usually shipwrecks, and their in situ management (Figure 4). Figure 4. Recording data after demonstrating the use of corrosion meters. Image R. Chan. The courses are usually conducted over a period of two to five days and permits the tutorials and practicals to be incorporated as well as illustrated �lectures. If diving is involved, with the intention of acquiring specific information from a number of underwater sites then depending on the primary focus of the course a longer time frame may be required. As an example, a recent 5 day NAS III course, conducted in South Africa for university students and maritime services personnel in conjunction with staff from the MUCH unit of the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), provided an introduction to the deterioration processes of the main types of materials found on shipwreck sites in the marine environment, on-site conservation survey methodology including corrosion data acquisition and the information that can be gained through the scientific process. The in situ methods used for site stabilisation in order to ameliorate further degradation of terrestrial and UCH sites was also explained. For the practical component, the diving participants performed an on-site conservation survey on a local shipwreck and the non-diving participants assessed the condition of a number of vessel remains wrecked on the shoreline of Robben Island. One collaborative report for each team (diving and non-diving) had to be produced including an assessment on the stability of the sites using the acquired survey data and based on these conclusions, suggest recommendations for their future management. The NAS III course emphasises the need for accurate interpretation of conservation survey results and the information this can provide regarding the stability or otherwise of a site with respect to different physico-chemical, geological, biological and archaeological variables. It also demonstrates how to evaluate the potential effectiveness of various in situ preservation techniques based on the interpretation of the conservation survey results and the necessity for continued on-site monitoring of sites, especially those to be preserved in situ. Importantly it also instils awareness that conservators and conservation scientists, with their specific training, knowledge, skills and experience need to be consulted and engaged for the effective management of cultural heritage sites. The course is suitable for individuals undertaking the NAS Training syllabus and professional archaeologists and conservators wanting to increase their knowledge and skills in on-site conservation survey and in situ preservation management techniques. Most importantly, SCUBA diving qualifications are not necessary for participation. It has been found that a number of marine services organisations, such as the Water Police and Fisheries are keen for their personnel to have an awareness of maritime archaeology and conservation practices, especially since they may encounter these activities during the course of their duties. In countries with legislation protecting UCH sites Water Police can enforce the laws and Fisheries personnel report inappropriate activities. Conclusion The presentation of conservation awareness workshops and courses to national and international participants will ensure the dissemination of this knowledge to a wide range of people, especially post graduate archaeologists, the future practitioners, and other cultural resource managers who may be involved in or be �confronted with heritage conservation issues. By consulting and involving conservators, the archaeologists and heritage managers will have a degree of assurance that recently exposed, and subsequently recovered artefacts will be effectively managed i.e. have optimal prospects for stabilization and be afforded the best post-excavation care. Appropriately trained conservators may also be engaged to determine the environmental conditions prevailing at, and within, an archaeological site in order to ascertain the condition of anticipated artefact materials and identify any potential problems prior to excavation. This information, including any risk factors determined, can guide the archaeologist when the investigation of sites is being prioritized and importantly indicate if urgent action is required. In the past this action may have meant urgent recovery but with the establishment of in situ stabilization methods and the development of improved environmental monitoring techniques, the in situ management of UCH is a viable option. Bibliography Carpenter, J., 1997 Carpenter, J., 2007 Carpenter, J., Godfrey, I.M., 2005 Carpenter, J., Richards, V.L., 1993 McKinnon, J., 2011 Richards, V.L., Carpenter, J., 1998 Richards, V., A Maritime Archaeological Conservation Laboratory in Galle, Sri Lanka - A guide to establishing the laboratory, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. Shipwreck Artefacts – Conservation Procedures In situ to Display, Procedural Guide for Conservators Working with Maritime Archaeologists, prepared for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Underwater Archaeology Training Program, 26 February - 10 March 2007, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. Galle Maritime Archaeological Unit – Conservation, Procedures for the Treatment of Marine Archaeological Materials, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. Conservation in Galle, Sri Lanka, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 1-86. Department of Archaeology, Flinders University. ARCH 8802, Conservation Field School (4.5 Units) Semester 2, 2011 Handbook, Flinders University, Adelaide. “Conservation Management. Report. Site L”, in Sri Lanka Department of Archaeology Report on the Joint Sri-LankaAustralia-Netherlands Galle Harbour Project 1996-1997. Archaeology, History, Conservation and Training, eds, Jeremy Green, Somasiri Devendra and Robert Parthesius, Special Publication No. 4, The Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Fremantle, pp. 50-60. On-Site Conservation Survey Data Sheet, unpublished �Carpenter, J., 2008 Richards, V., Carpenter, J., 2011a Richards, V., Carpenter, J., 2011b Richards, V.L., MacLeod, I.D., Carpenter, J., 2007 University of Guam, 2010 internal information sheet, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle. In situ Preservation Programme – Barrel Wreck, prepared for the Marine Underwater Cultural Heritage Unit, South African Heritage Resources Agency, Cape Town, South Africa, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 1-15. Report on the Nautical Archaeology Society (NASIII) In situ Conservation Course held at Robben Island, Cape Town, South Africa, 7-11 February 2011, unpublished report, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 1-3. Practical Guidelines in Documenting and Monitoring the Natural and Cultural Attributes of Submerged Historic Sites in the Federated States of Micronesia, prepared for the Historic Preservation Office, Chuuk, FSM, Materials Conservation Department, Western Australian Museum, Fremantle, pp. 116. AN393 Maritime Archaeology Course AIMA/NAS Training Program Summer Session. College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Mangilao, Guam. � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation in Archaeology - an awareness training programme Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 Empowerment and relevance in maritime and underwater cultural heritage programs in developing countries Description An account of the resource Since the inception of tertiary maritime archaeological courses in Australia in the early 1980s, the Materials Conservation Department (MCD) of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) has presented a conservation awareness and training component to archaeology students. Creating awareness and an appropriate understanding of principals was the aim, because the intention was not to teach archaeologists how to apply conservation techniques or to conserve artefacts, but for them to appreciate the need for conservation, to encourage consultation with conservators and to stress the importance for conservator participation in archaeological projects. As integral participants in expeditions on-site conservators provide the archaeologist with a degree of assurance that recently exposed and subsequently recovered artefacts will be effectively managed i.e. have optimal prospects for their stabilization and be afforded the best post-excavation care. Appropriately trained conservators may also be engaged to determine the environmental conditions prevailing at, and within, an archaeological site in order to ascertain the condition of anticipated artefact materials and identify any potential problems prior to excavation. This information, including any risk factors determined, can guide the archaeologist when the investigation of sites is being prioritized and importantly indicate if urgent action is required. Conservators qualified to use Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving equipment are an additional asset to the investigation of underwater sites as they are able to directly apply the above procedures to this aspect of archaeology. Considering their knowledge of waterlogged and corroded materials the archaeologist may also prefer the diving conservator to recover badly deteriorated artefacts. The Conservation in Archaeology training programme can be tailored to suit particular aspects of the subject and target different levels of education. It provides straightforward explanation and demonstration to school children, provides a chemistry emphasis for exceptional science students, presents Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) courses for the public and avocational practitioners and most recently a Conservation Field School incorporating higher level tutorials and practicals for post- graduate maritime and terrestrial archaeology university students. The WAM Conservation in Archaeology courses are presented intra-state, nationally and internationally. Awareness of the conservation considerations and requirements during archaeological investigations of cultural heritage sites is now more widely accepted by archaeologists and through school education programmes appreciated by young students who are the potential conservators and archaeologists of the future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jon Carpenter Vicki Richards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 8: Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites and Conservation of Wet Archaeological Materials Description An account of the resource This session will focus on in-situ preservation and conservation management issues, conservation analyses and treatments, and applied conservation research of archaeological materials from underwater cultural heritage sites. The main purpose of this session is to encourage the exchange of ideas and practices as well as to encourage the development of conservation networks throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Presentations, posters and workshops are invited that address any of the following areas: <br /><br /> <ul> <li>In situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage sites, including reburial practices</li> <li>Conservation management of underwater cultural heritage sites, including on-site monitoring</li> <li>Conservation treatment case studies</li> <li>Research into the analysis and treatment of wet archaeological materials</li> <li>Review of the status of wet archaeological conservation programs in the Asia Pacific region</li> <li>Development of collaborative conservation research and treatment programs</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vicki Richards PhD candidate, University of WA Jon Carpenter Western Australian Museum, Australia Mi Young Cha National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage Republic of Korea Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation of Artefacts from the Pearl Shell Fleet Mothership - Sanyo Maru 1937 Description An account of the resource During November 2016 an expedition to the Arafura Sea, led by Maritime Archaeologist David Steinberg (Heritage Branch, Department of Tourism and Culture, Northern Territory, Australia) recovered a number of artefacts from the wreck of the Sanyo Maru a mothership for the Japanese pearl shell fleet. After 78 years underwater the steel-built vessel, resting upright, still retained substantial structural integrity. The dive team investigated the stern-half of the ship penetrating the main deck house via original accessways. The steel-framed structure still enclosed the space but the intervening plating was mostly absent due to corrosion. Cabin walls were also missing. Despite the relatively open environment a surprising number and type of artefacts remained in a good state of preservation, particularly ceramic items and glass bottles (two sealed with original contents). In terms of organic materials two perfectly intact lacquerware bowls and a quantity of chopsticks were recovered. Metal objects recovered vary in condition the extent of corrosion mainly a consequence of galvanic reactions. This paper explains the preparations to manage the artefact materials from the conservation perspective, photographic recording, cleaning and packing in the field situation and laboratory conservation treatments. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jon Carpenter Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/24/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Jon Carpenter Asia-Pac Session 8 2017 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c1911ffb22873facef72e97fe653babf.pdf 0e15027a469c16a698f7b1dff1d6db27 PDF Text Text Conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of balochistan Mr. Tajammal Abbas Rai (PhD Scholar, Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Pakistan) ABSTRACT This paper will focus on conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of coastal villages of Balochistan from Goth Haji Alano near Sindh border to Jiwani near Iranian Border. To take environmental implications of underwater heritage important sites will be mapped through recent regional surveys and new approaches will be suggested to save it. On the other hand this coastal area has been populated from prehistoric times to till now. Indus valley civilization Alexander’s expeditions in the region up to now and the whole historical period is full of accounts of these ports and fishermen. The current research project comprises wide-ranging survey and mapping of cultural heritage around these coastal villages and coastline at some selected using ArcGIS. A field survey was conducted in September and October 2022 in order to collect archaeological, botanical zoological material and also GPS-generated tracks and locations were produced. The results show at some sites from two to four overlapping periods in different regions. Primarily, sites identified near associated villages and also coastal areas date back to circa 2700 BCE. This paper will highlight the forms evolving from the research and field data and propose interpretation of both environmental and archaeological heritage. Keywords: Mangroves, Climate, Environmental heritage, Balochistan, Pakistan LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Base map of pakistan and its neighbouring countries including arabian and study area Figure 2 Base map of coast of balochistan showing study area sites Figure 3 Chib village north of gwadar town Figure 4 Shell middens near cape gaddani Figure 5 Damb village very close to famous of dolphins view INTRODUCTION AND RELEVANCE TO THE SESSION The project aim is to understand the important role of traditional knowledge systems of marine conservation and management found in coastal tribal communities. The coastal tribes believe that marine conservation is like saving their own children from danger, because they consider it the only source of their survival in the region. They try to save the ecosystem as it is the key to protect fish, shrimp, shellfish, mangroves and migratory and resident birds which used to catch and sell for their livelihood. The project position is that it is important to understand and then develop from their knowledge new approaches for sustainable ecosystem management that will control underwater and coastal degradation and protect cultural heritage. The approach and methodology for the project has been designed to reveal this traditional knowledge base and propose how it can aid maritime conservation and management in the future. CASE STUDY AREA Geographically, the coastal region of Balochistan can be distributed into two subdivisions for better understanding of the region. The first section is the coastal area of Lasbela districts, starting from the mouth of Hub River near Sindh to the western side of Ormara beach close to the Basol River. The second section has a very beautiful landscape of mountainous Makran coast, extending from Basol River to the west of Dasht River near the Iranian border. The coastline is characterized by long beaches, small bays and large lagoons and lakes such as Khor Kalmat lagoon, Miani Hor and Siranda Lake. The Makran Mountains come down close to the coastline in parts of the study area near Jiwani, Pasni and Gwadar with a series of rivers and many streams run down to the sea. 1 �Figure 1 Base Map of Pakistan and its neighbouring countries including Arabian and Study area The coast stretches across 770 km, and provides a shallow water habitat which is rich in marine resources, particularly fish stocks and shrimp (IUCN 2000). Figure 2 Base Map of Coast of Balochistan showing study area Sites The beaches have great biodiversity value because they serve as nesting grounds for endangered red green turtles. The coast is also home to mangrove ecosystems supporting a diverse array of fish, shrimps, birds, and marine mammals such as humpback dolphins found at Miani Hor. Also, the mangrove ecosystems serve as a source of fuelwood for local communities and offer fodder for camels and buffaloes. (MFF Pakistan 2014). PAST OCCUPATION OF THE COASTAL AREA Previous surveys of the coastal region of the district lasbela, Balochistan unveil a long sequence of occupation. Biagi (Biagi 2014) surveyed the eastern part of the coastline and found two important archaeological sites where he collected Shell middens and stone tools. First site is Lake Siranda near Damb and Sonmiani. This is a shallow water lake dependent on seasonal water and sometimes monsoon rain. 2 �Figure 3 Chib village north of gwadar town It remained populated during different periods from the eighth millennium BP to the fifth millennium BP. The sites of cape Gadani and cape Phuari are dated from the fifth millennium BP to the second millennium BP on the basis of cultural material which are stone tools and potsherds. Figure 4 Shell middens near cape gaddani In the district of Gwadar and Kech In 1928, Sir Aurel Stein conducted an archaeological survey and explored archaeological sites including Sutkagan Dor near Jiwani of Makran coast which was later called Sea Port of Harappan period. After the discovery of Sutkagan Dor, George F. Dales started a survey in October and November 1960 and discovered another important Harappan period site called Sokhta Koh. He did excavation and Sutkagan Dor and declared both Sutkagan Dor and Sokhta Koh Harappan period ports, which were used to trade goods with Mesopotamia (Dales 1962). The area remained populated throughout the history as the Achaemenid Empire captured the area and included it as its satrapy and then again during Alexander’s expeditions one of his admiral Nearchus crossed the Makran coast and called these people fish eaters. Ottomans also ruled here indirectly. In the fifteenth century Portuguese attacked the locals and looted them. The eighteenth century Arabs of present Oman, captured the area and ruled until 1958. There are some interesting tangible heritage of Omani rule still existing in Gwadar. Shahi Bazar is in old Gwadar city and needs conservation as it has many important historical buildings such as Om Mandir and Old Fort of Gwadar. Gwadar is still the heart of coastal people. 3 �TRADITIONAL COASTAL FISHING COMMUNITIES There are 35 fishing communities residing along the Balochistan coast, taking advantage of the natural harbors formed by bays and headlands and the population of the area is around 400,000. The most famous and largest fishermen tribe is Meds. They are living all around the coast, there are many clans in this tribe. The Med are among the earliest settlers of the Makran coast; they speak Balochi, and they identify themselves as Baloch but generally, they are considered as a distinct tribe in both Makran and Las Bela areas of the coast. They, like other tribes, still use both traditional methods like nets and fishing rods along with other generally used methods. The second famous fishermen tribe are Siddis. They are not indigenous they came with the arrival of Islam, it is believed they were soldiers of Muslim attackers in this area but most of them decided to settle here and adopted this occupation for living. After these tribes there, many other tribes living along the coast of Balochistan are associated with fishing. These tribes do fishing but some of them usually do fishing some do it occasionally and the last of them have a very low percentage of fishermen. Tribes are fishermen but do fishing in different villages Raeis, Zangi, Kalmati, Birdi, Baloch (a small clan in coastal area also called them Baloch, these are separate from Baloch nation), Sangur tribes who 20 percent to 25 percent do fishing. Gourgej, Hoot, Shahzada, and Sabra tribes who have less than 15 per cent fishing. Above mentioned all tribes are living in different villages and towns along the coast of Balochistan. Figure 5 Damb village very close to famous of dolphins view Famous Towns and Associated Villages These towns and villages were visited by researchers in a 2022 survey of coastal areas from Dasht River to Hub River on the border of Sindh. Jiwani Town Jiwani town is the last town on the makran coast near Dasht river and the Iranian border in the west. The villages like Bandri Okaar, Panwan, Ganz, Passo and a larger village Pishukan are associated with this town of Jiwani. Gwadar Town There are many villages associated with Gwadar town but the researchers visited only four famous and very close to the coastal region villages. These are four villages Sur Bnadan, Dour, Kappar and Chur. 4 �Pasni Town Pasni town also has some important villages around with a good number of fishermen. These are Shadi Kaur, Kalmat, Makola and Basol. Ormara Town There are few important villages here; one of the most important is Kund Malir. Gaddani Town and World’s third Largest Shipwreck Yard This town is famous because it remained the world's largest shipwreck yard until the 1980s having thirty thousand employees and 132 ship-breaking plots. Now it is the third largest, after Alang in India and Chittagong in Bangladesh. There are few very important villages around it. These are Damb, Winder, Sonmiani, Adam pir, Goth sumar khan and Ghulam wadera. Migration from Villages to Coastal Towns There are many reasons for this migration from coastal villages to coastal towns particularly in Gwadar. These people came from different villages because most of the villages do not have basic facilities like schools, rural health centers, roads, and water. Fishermen from different tribes are at top in the list of migrated people because they are deprived of better fishing facilities in villages along with the above mentioned necessities. Culturally religiously important places along the coast There are many famous places that people used to visit, some of them are very important for Hindus but Muslims also visit them and maintain the decorum of the religious places. Hingol Mud Volcanoes There are around ten mud volcanoes in Hingol National Park but the most important of all of them is Chandergup 1. It is an active volcano and people from different communities used to visit it particularly from Balochistan and Sindh. The Hindus considered it an important religious place and call it Baba Chandragup. They throw coconut fruit into the active volcano and focus on their wishes and their wishes come true. They believe that it is the first place to visit before entering into Hinglaj Mata Mandir. Hinglaj Mata Mandir It is also in the Hingol National Park and is the most visited Mandir in Pakistan. During every spring more than 25,000 Hindus take part in a pilgrimage of it, called Hinglaj Yatra. Ibn e Qasim Martyrs Monument This monument is also in Hingol national park and people believe these graves are of Muhmmad bin Qasim’s soldiers. MARITIME HERITAGE ON THE COAST OF BALOCHISTAN Along the coast tangible maritime heritage of the past consists of the archaeological sites discussed above which exploited the coastal resources as can be seen from the finds and, in particular, the frequent shell midden deposits. Built heritage of the present consists only of the typical houses and structures of fishermen in coastal villages. These have not been documented or studied to better understand the social and economic structure of these communities. 5 �The spatial distribution of fishing communities and the patterns of their villages in the coastal landscape will be investigated as well as their adaptation to seasonal use of off-shore waters and marine resources. Research will focus on several aspects of the traditional knowledge and skills of these coastal tribes: 1. Boat building methods and materials and styles of boats 2. Traditional fishing techniques such as Chatt bait fishing 3. Traditional ecosystem management for sustainability RESEARCH QUESTIONS A group of research questions are guiding this project: 1. How have maritime oriented groups adapted to and exploited the marine ecosystem through time? 2. Are present groups continuing this adaptation and is it endangered by modern large-scale fishing fleets, tourism development along the coast and construction of a major port at Gwadar at the eastern edge of the study area? 3. What can modern nature and heritage conservation learn from their accumulated knowledge of how to sustainably manage maritime resources and associated intangible and tangible heritage? Can their traditional knowledge contribute to solutions to issues of climate change and coasts? METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT The approach of this project is multidisciplinary and employs a combination of tools including: 1. Desk based research – previous archaeological survey and excavation; anthropology studies; map and satellite remote imagery analysis; creating an historical timeline 2. GIS Mapping and documentation of traditional coastal fishing communities and their adaptation to maritime environment to highlight known sites of existing fishing communities and of past archaeological sites. 3. Mapping of identified traditional coastal villages and documentation of traditional skills and lifeways 4. Carrying out Cultural Mapping at villages in the study area to record intangible traditional knowledge and skills and material culture related to their maritime adaptation 5. Oral histories with community elders to record changes in environment and their lifestyle. EXPECTED RESULTS OF THE PROJECT The project will propose measures for the future conservation and management of the tribal maritime heritage of the Balochistan Arabian Sea coast. These recommendations will be presented under an umbrella proposal for a Coastal Marine Park for this area like the UNESCO Surin Islands Project in coastal south Thailand where the Moken “Sea Gypsies”, maritime adapted peoples, have been made the managers of a large coastal marine park that has been their home for centuries; which they manage using their traditional approaches and methods (UNESCO 2001). Our project will result in a clearer understanding of how maritime oriented groups have used the coastal resources of southern Balochistan, how people have distributed themselves within this environment and adapted to the coastal landscape and seascape through millennia. Looking to the past, this knowledge can help interpret how traditional skills and material culture relate to past adaptations as we see in the archaeological remains. Looking forward, their adaptation and the tools they have used for centuries can help us find more effective ways to safeguard the living, archaeological and natural marine heritage of the coastal area. 6 �BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ahmed, Manzoor, and Gulawar Khan. "The History of Baloch and Balochistan: A Critical Appraisal." A Research Journal of South Asian Studies January-June (2017): 40-43. 2. Baloch, Ghulam Farooq, Waheed Razzaq, Shakir Naseer, and & Saeeda Mengal. 2015. "A Brief Survey of the Archaeological Sites of District Lasbela, Balochistan: A Descriptive Approach." UoB, Quetta (Pakistan) XXXII,no.1 (2015): 40-46. 3. Biagi, Paolo."Shell Middens of the Coast of Balochistan." Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2014): 3-5. 4. Biagi, Paolo, and Reneto Nisbet. "The Archaeological Sites of Gadani and Phuari Headlands (Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan)." (2014): 4-7. 5. Dales, George F. "Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast ." Antquity, XXXVI (1962):86-91. 6. Didier, Aurore, and Benjamin Mutin. "The Kech-Makran Region in Protohistoric Times ." In Lost and Found: Prehistoric Pottery Treasures from Baluchistan, by Ute Franke and Elisa Cortesi. Berlin: Museum of Islamic Art Pergamon Museum.(2015): 297-318. 7. Paolo, Biagi, and Renato Nisbet. "The Archaeological Sites of Gadani and Phuari." n.d. 8. Rasool, Fayyaz, Shahzadi Tunio, and Syed Ali Hasnain. "Mangrove conservation along the coast of Sonmiani, Balochistan, Pakistan ." Springer-Verlag (2002): 214-216. 9. Shahrukh, Naufil, Shahzad Hussain, Tuba Azeem, and Samand Khan. "Coastal Communities of Balochistan vis-à-vis CPEC: Mapping Perceptions and Socioeconomic Issues." Policy Perspectives (2020): 53-56. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 25: Environmental implications of underwater cultural heritage degradation and the conservation of marine ecosystems Subject The topic of the resource Session 25 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 25 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of balochistan Description An account of the resource This paper will focus on conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of coastal villages of Balochistan from Goth Haji Alano near Sindh border to Jiwani near Iranian Border. To take environmental implications of underwater heritage important sites will be mapped through recent regional surveys and new approaches will be suggested to save it. On the other hand this coastal area has been populated from prehistoric times to till now. Indus valley civilization Alexander’s expeditions in the region up to now and the whole historical period is full of accounts of these ports and fishermen. The current research project comprises wide-ranging survey and mapping of cultural heritage around these coastal villages and coastline at some selected using ArcGIS. A field survey was conducted in September and October 2022 in order to collect archaeological, botanical zoological material and also GPS-generated tracks and locations were produced. The results show at some sites from two to four overlapping periods in different regions. Primarily, sites identified near associated villages and also coastal areas date back to circa 2700 BCE. This paper will highlight the forms evolving from the research and field data and propose interpretation of both environmental and archaeological heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tajammal Abbas Rai Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Rai,Tajammal Abbas . 2023. “Conservation of marine cultural heritage and associated tribes of balochistan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Bishnu Pada Bose. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1974 Asia-Pac Session 25 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/9e2cb4a553923b243985815059804f28.pdf 1fd38083f59f409dde4228e958732091 PDF Text Text Conservation of Maritime Cultural Heritage: View from the Angle of Quang Ngai Province (Vietnam) Ngo The Bach, M.A., Ph.D. Candidate Thang Long - Hanoi Heritage Conservation Centre 09, Hoang Dieu St., Hanoi, Vietnam Email: bach.ngothe@gmail.com Nguyen Thi Thu Ha M.A., Ph.D. Candidate Thang Long - Hanoi Heritage Conservation Centre 09, Hoang Dieu St., Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract Quang Ngai is a province located in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam, on the coast of the East Sea. It borders Quang Nam Province which is home to the famous Cu Lao Cham shipwreck in the north and the Binh Dinh Province in the south. It has a long coastline of 129km and wide territorial waters of 11.000km2. Quang Ngai has 6 seaports which are favorable for maritime transport and trade. The Ly Son Island of Quang Ngai province is located on the north-south waterway transport of our country, which is also the East-West international trade route in ancient times. The continuous discovery of shipwreck relics in the seas of Vung Tau, Binh Chau commune, Binh Son district, and Ly Son Island in recent years has demonstrated that the potential of maritime cultural heritage in the sea of Quang Ngai is enormous and rich. However, such precious heritage now is in danger of being undermined by the illegal exploitation of some local fisherman. In the context of our current status of underwater archaeology, the necessity of carrying out the studies, protection, conservation and promotion of the value of this important heritage resource is a major issue being faced by professionals and heritage managers. This article refers to the issues of preserving and promoting the value of maritime cultural heritage in Quang Ngai province, in order to serve for the exhibition in place and development of tourism as a new approach. Key words: conservation, underwater cultural heritage, shipwreck, promotion of the value, tourism. �Introduction Vietnam is located on a peninsula, one side adjacent to the East Sea, having a long coastline of 3,260 kilometers with many islands and islets spreading along the country, making this S-shaped piece of land become the great crossroads of civilizations from ancient times. Here, on this land, we realized the formation and development of the cultures, the integration and acculturation, interference, convergence and the spread of Vietnam to the world and the world to Vietnam by the sea route, although many people supposed it simply as a cultural convergence. From East Asia to Southeast Asia, from the Middle East to India, even Early modern Europe, the age-old history of the Vietnam sea and island culture has demonstrated that interference. Therefore, the study on the value of maritime cultural heritage of Vietnam is extremely necessary for peeling the depths of cultural values, reaching the awareness and deeper assessment. Such jobs are supposed to consume so much effort and time. In 2000, after the Vietnam Salvage Company (VISAL) finished the first phase excavation of the ancient shipwreck at Cham island, while many protection measures have been applied to this ancient shipwreck relic, many people have still carried out illegal tapping.1 In 2003, the Government of Vietnam allocated to the Doan Anh Duong Salvage Company participating in the surveys and excavations of ancient shipwrecks in many sea areas of Vietnam. In 2012, a 700-year-old ancient shipwreck was discovered in the sea area of Vung Tau, Binh Chau commune, Binh Son district, Quang Ngai province. The excavation of this ancient shipwreck, in association with the continuous discoveries of other shipwrecks in this sea area led to the need to study methods of �preservation, conservation and the promotion of underwater cultural heritagehere. Vietnam Sea and Islands Cultural Heritage Regarding the sea and island culture of Vietnam, it is impossible not to mention the material and the intangible culture of Vietnam's coastal areas. Right from the Neolithic, the scallop culture in the coastal areas of Vietnam appeared, bearing many special characteristics as well as general features to East Asia and Southeast Asia. Bau Du culture, Da But culture, Thach Lam - Thach Lac cultures ... have provided valuable material on the mode of living, economic life, culture and spirituality of prehistoric manthrough the landscaping tools and their habitats.2 By the Bronze Age, a variety of cultures and places belonging to the great cultures such as Dong Son, Sa Huynh, Oc Eo was found and studied through out from the North to the South, including Dau Ram (Quang Ninh province), Hoa Loc (Thanh Hoa province), Bai Coi (Ha Tinh province), Binh Chau, Long Thanh (Quang Ngai province), Can Gio (Ho Chi Minh City). Despite these examples being modest in comparison with the material provided from archaeology, these findings also help to realize the tremendous value and clarify the genealogy of Dong Son culture in the Delta and the northern plains and Sa Huynh..3 All cultures and locations mentioned above have characteristics from the culture of sea area, containing many elements of sea and islands culture, but also bearing many elements of the delta, even in the narrow region at the center of Vietnam. Coastal heritage also includes the system of ports and subports, existing at least from the ages of Dong Son - Sa Huynh - Oc Eo (from the 7th BC to 1st-2nd AD) until the 18-19th centuries with relics such as Lach Truong, Bai Coi, Hoa Diem, Go Que and etc to Van Don, Hoi Thong, Thanh Ha, Hoi An, and Nuoc Man...4 �Studying the seaport system in the historical process of Vietnam for identifying the proper role and position on the international maritime route is a confirmation on the location of S-curved coast of Vietnam on the map. Those ports and sub-ports were extremely important in commercial activities. They are not only the place to import goods, but also a haven for international sailing through the East Sea to take on fresh water and food, and avoiding storms, and pirates.5 Heritage on the coastal, island and archipelago areas of Vietnam include temples, pagodas and shrines where the Ly - Tran dynasties are from. Buddhism, which was considered as the state religion at that time to carry out a part of the People's Defense strategy, along with the army defending the borderland, including islands. Right from the feudal era, it is reported by the ancient people that O Cap (Vung Tau province today) earned their living from finding sites underwater. Over twenty years, Vietnam has unearthed six ancient shipwrecks. They are the merchant ships which passed through the Vietnamese’s seashore from overseas, but had sunk because of currents, storms, or fires. However, these are very small numbers compared with the information we learned from the field through material culture and from the retrospective information of the fisherman6. After Hon Cau, X coordinates, the Ba Ria - Vung Tau sea has also detected another two shipwrecks. Chau Thuan Bien village (Binh Son, Quang Ngai province) has a lot of shipwrecks with varied dating which were realized via analyzing the pottery artifacts. It is very clear that the Vietnamese Sea lies on the important route of international trade; therefore any and all findings in these seas have demonstrated for the role, position and value of the East Sea of Vietnam on the East - West silk and ceramic route. �The Vietnam Maritime Cultural Heritage preserved the remnants of many great naval battles in history during the dynasties of Ngo Quyen, Tran Quoc Tuan’ with the battle on Bach Dang river cited as a typical example. In addition to the battles, there wer military regimes to protect the sea. The important findings about the seal called "Phụng mệnh bình hải tướng quân chi ấn" of Le Thanh Tong (1490) found at sea Van Don (Quang Ninh province), can confirm on the existence of an army for protection of the Vietnamese seas from that period. All cases such as the Tran Khanh Du’s army carried out the business of coal wholesale; Tran Nhan Tong King moved to Yen Tu mountain for practicing Buddhism; Tran Hung Dao set up the manor at Van Kiep - Luc Đau river door and the seal called Binh Hai, the oracles of the East Sea of Nguyen Binh Khiem and etc,7 are the maritime strategies for sea protection from the fathers, suggesting to us a direction for more investment on the studies of military heritage and patriotic wars in the East Sea. Conservation of Maritime Cultural Heritage in Quang Ngai province Status of Maritime Cultural Heritage in Quang Ngai Province Quang Ngai province is located in the south central coast region of Vietnam. It borders Quang Nam province in the North and Binh Dinh province in the South and Truong Son High Mountain and majestic Tay Nguyen in the West and the East Sea in the East. Apart from the business of domestic trade, foreign trade activities here through the Hoi An port were also quite developed. In the late 16th century, early 17th century, Minh Huong (village of the Ming people) merchant ships also docked in Co Luy - Thu Xa for trading and exchanging goods and etc. The early 20th century, the Japanese, Chinese and French merchants had their ships docked in �Co Luy - Thu Xa to sell clothing, kerosene, household items, and then buy sugar, cinnamon, salt, dried areca, and honey.8 Quang Ngai has a long coastline of 129km and wide territorial waters of 11.000km2. Quang Ngai has 6 seaports which are favorable for maritime transport and trade. The Ly Son Island of Quang Ngai province is located on the north-south waterway transport of our country, which is also the East-West international trade route in ancient times. Thanks to such an important position, Quang Ngai province was evaluated to be the place having great potentialities for maritime cultural heritage. The discovery and excavation of ancient shipwreck dated the 15th century in 1999 in the place of Song Tau, Vung Tau Sea, Binh Chau commune, Binh Son district, can be said as the starting point for the process of research and discovery of maritime cultural heritages in Quang Ngai province. In addition, that was popular time of hunting antiques underwater carried out by the parts of the habitants living in this area (Fig. 1).9 Fig. 1: Local fishermen are diving to find antiques. (Quang Ngai Province Museum, The Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory) In recent years, Quang Ngai emerged as a hot spot for marine cultural heritage. The first discovery is the Binh Chau 2 ancient shipwreck in 2012. From 4th June to 23th June 2013, Binh Chau ancient shipwreck was excavated, this Binh Chau ancient shipwreck was located about 200 �meters far from Binh Chau coast and at the depth of 3.5-4m compared with sea level. We detected the remaining traces of the ship with the length of 20.5 m, the width of 5.6m and the hull of ship divided into 13 compartments with 12 partitions (Fig. 2). Artifacts collected here from include 274 ceramics barrels which are goods on board with ceramic lines such as brown glaze, celadon, blue and white porcelain, blue and white porcelain glaze, dating from the 13th century (Figs. 3-5). In addition, some metals like bronze mirror, bronze weights, boat tacks and bronze money were also discovered on this shipwreck. Archaeological excavation of Binh Chau ancient shipwreck is the 6th ancient ship excavated in the Vietnamese seas. In order to protect this national heritage, excavation experts have wrapped these shipwrecks by steel sheet piles (Larsen), pumping out the water to expose the hull and artifacts aboard, the excavations then were carried out conveniently (Fig. 6).10 Fig. 2(left): Detailed drawings of the part of Binh Chau ship’s rudder. (Quang Ngai Province Museum, The Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory) �Fig. 3(left): Hundreds of artifacts burnt and sticking overlap. (Quang Ngai Province Museum, The Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory) and Fig. 4 (right): Artifacts found in ancient shipwreck in Binh Chau - Binh Son.(Quang Ngai Province Museum, The Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory) Fig. 5: Celadon-glazed dishes and eel-skin-glazed dishes and apple skin glazed dishies, dating Nguyen Dynasty, the 13thcentury. (Quang Ngai Province Museum, The Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory) �Fig. 6: The first time of excavation of ancient shipwreck as on land. (Quang Ngai Province Museum, The Center for Southeast Asian Prehistory) Considering a whole, the maritime cultural heritages of Quang Ngai province are much more than other regions. Until now, they have discovered 10 shipwrecks, in which 08 shipwrecks discovered in the sea areas of Vung Tau - Binh Chau and 02 shipwrecks found in Ly Son Island.11 Most of the shipwrecks lie about 400m far from the coast, in water depths of between 2m to 5m. It can be seen that the distribution scope of shipwreck traces is quite concentrated, near shore and at quite shallow depth. The discovery of shipwrecks in the seas of Vung Tau province with many different dating, stretching from the 8th-9th centuries to the 18th century, shown that during 10 centuries, this place was an important destination on the route of international trade in ancient times. In Vietnam, currently, we have not yet found any other area where the relics of shipwrecks distributed densely as the area of Vung Tau, Binh Chau province and also no other province where having rich maritime �cultural heritage as Quang Ngai province. It can be said that the sea area of Vung Tau is an "ancient graveyard" with dozens of shipwrecks have been identified. But these valuable heritage resources are faced with the risk of being destroyed because of the illegal exploitation of a part of local fishermen and the expansion of the project of Dung Quat 2 port. This is really a big challenge for managers and professionals. Generally, when shipwreck relics discovered, the excavation experts often pay attention to the value of goods transported by ships, but not really fully understood the value of that underwater heritages. Therefore, since the 90s of the last century to now, there have been 6 shipwreck relics excavated officially, and dozens of illegal salvage were conducted only for economic purposes. Hundreds of thousands of artefacts were taken up and carried away for auction at domestic and abroad. By carrying out such exploitation forms, the State may earn some certain amounts for immediate benefits, but they gave up long-term benefits with more value. If we know how to combine with the shipwreck relics with the archaeological sites for creating an over of maritime cultural heritage, we will create favorable conditions for development of tourism here. Direction of Conservation of Maritime Cultural Heritages in Quang Ngai Province History has left for Quang Ngai province an extremely valuable heritage resource is maritime cultural heritage. These are assets, enormous resources for studying the values of culture, economy, politic and contemporary society and promoting the value serving for the tourism. To protect the marine heritage of Quang Ngai, we should have a new behavior more positive and proactive with this type of heritage. The question raised here is how to preserve the shipwreck relics and other �forms of marine heritage in order to promote the value for serving the public and contribute to improvement of the people's life in the region through the forms of community tourism and ecotourism.12 Based on analyzing the characteristics of the cultural heritage of Quang Ngai province and comparison with marine cultural heritage in other places, the experts came up with a new approach for the maritime cultural heritage resources of Quang Ngai province. That is the on-site conservation of shipwreck relics serving for exhibition to promote the values of heritage, as well as catering for diving tourism to sightseeing heritage - a favourite tourism type currently being interested by both domestic and foreign tourists. Moreover, the purpose of heritage conservation is to promote the values, particularly here is to build the museum for on-site exhibition and develop forms of diving tourism to sightseeing the heritages. The conservation and promotion of heritage values on the site will obtain the long term and sustainable benefits, creating more jobs and stability for local people. These values will inevitably create positive effects, which make the life of people in the region be improved; people will be more involved in the conservation of heritage. Accordingly, the serious problems such as illegal mining acts and destruction of heritage will be minimized and replaced by an attitude of respect and the actions of conservation and promotion of positive values of the heritages.13 As we know, the cultural heritage is fundamental for economic development, especially for the tourism industry. Marine cultural heritages in the sea areas of Quang Ngai and Vung Tau provinces differ with the others in term of quantity, density distribution, geographical distribution, the depth, etc. With these characteristics, currently, these sea areas are filing the application dossier to the competent authority for obtaining the �approval and recognition as National Maritime Heritage and World Heritage. Issues of Replicating the Models for Conservation of Maritime Cultural Heritage in Vietnam Conservation of marine cultural heritage is a relatively new field of study in Vietnam at present and is the top concerns of the archaeologists, the museology and researchers. Since the early 90s of the 20th century to the present, the Vietnamese archaeologists have conducted many excavations of shipwrecks from Quang Nam to Kien Giang provinces. Especially, similar to the sea areas of Vung Tau - Binh Chau and Ly Son (Quang Ngai province), Kien Giang province has also become an interesting place with a lot of shipwreck relics. Kien Giang province in general and Phu Quoc Island in particular has become the hot spots for the conservation of marine cultural heritage. Although, the distribution of heritages is not dense as the one in the sea region of Vung Tau - Binh Chau in Quang Ngai province, the sea region of Kien Giang province is potential for various types of heritage. Since 2005, in this sea area, we have discovered 3 shipwreck relics and simultaneously collected the information and artefacts from two other shipwrecks kept by local fishermen.14 Similar to the sea areas of Vung Tau - Binh Chau (Quang Ngai province), the issues of conservation and promotion of values sustainably with respect to the relics of shipwreck in Phu Quoc (Kien Giang province) is very being interested. At the same time, they also carry out the protection of the relics discovered, implementing the investigations and overall surveys of the sea areas of Phu Quoc, Kien Giang province, aim at further discovering the relics hidden, mapping the marine cultural heritage for conservation planning. The next action is to deploy the on-site conservation of marine heritages in Quang Ngai province, drawing �learned lessons and replicating this model for Phu Quoc province. The conservation and promotion of the marine cultural heritage value in Phu Quoc sea, Kien Giang province will contribute not only for serving the political aims of the State in relation to the issues of maritime sovereignty, but also for the purposes of scientist research and especially supporting for Phu Quoc in accomplishment of the national strategic by 2020 is to become the centres for tourism and marine eco-tourism developed at high level; the center for exchange of commercial, high-quality services of the country, the region and the world. Regarding the Duties for Protection and Promotion of Underwater Cultural Heritage Value in Vietnam The Government of Vietnam promulgated a Decree on the management and protection of underwater cultural heritage.15 This Decree provides for the management and protection of underwater cultural heritage, including cultural heritage in the inland water areas, internal waters, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. I would like to contribute a few thoughts after 10 years this Decree was issued: The protection and promotion of the values of Vietnam’s underwater cultural heritage must firstly carry out the comprehensive studies and evaluation of the values of heritage. However, the tasks for research, evaluation of underwater heritage is still very limited. The comprehensive, systematic and connective studies are not interested. Accordingly, there still remain a lot of topics and stages which has not been focused and many studying fields have been left vacant. Each organization, each group, each individual researcher, owns privately a block of studying materials and publishes them disjointedly, making our perception incomplete. That is the limit for the work of protection and promotion. �However, the results of research on underwater cultural heritage in Vietnam, based on the foregoing, are only as dotted markings on the panorama. In fact, the studying material son these issues were much richer. If the systematization of studying material can be implemented, it will create many valuable research works. However, those works should go deeply into each topic, each historical period, each region, each field... and then, summarize to help managers get the suitable policies and strategies in terms of not only the protection and promotion of heritage value, but also the political, economic, cultural, and social aspects. Regarding documents, artefacts, collections and exhibits of underwater cultural heritage in Vietnam, though many stages and studying fields thereof are still vacant, but based on the obtained results from the studies and the collections from the researchers and museums, it should be better to have a museum of the underwater cultural heritage. Quang Ngai province has a museum project in Ly Son on Truong Sa - Hoang Sa and a museum project on vessels and maritime cultural heritage in Phu Quoc Island. The above activities have just only exploited in the extreme small extent of this field in comparison with the large scope of underwater cultural heritage in Vietnam. Therefore, it is necessary to build a more comprehensive and broader museum with the investment from the State to promote underwater cultural heritage in Vietnam. Accordingly, we will have the orientation and a more in-depth vision in the work of study and exhibition on this field. Regarding festival of coastal areas and islands of Vietnam, since there are many similarities in term of the content, rituals and feature between them, we suggest expanding the influence of some festivals with the significance as the festival of ethnic communities, but not just the festival �at the level of village community, regional or local communities. For last several years, Ly Son has elevated to the festivals but still not satisfying as expected. To achieve this, the work for research, evaluation, rehabilitation and supplementation should be made. Accordingly, we would promote the influence in terms of politic, society, economy and culture of the festivals with the local and international communities. The protection, restoration and embellishment of the cultural heritages in general and the underwater cultural heritage in particular have been reached many remarkable achievements during recent ten years. However, with a huge volume of such heritages, it is impossible for the state budget to cover all expenses for implementing such jobs. Although, the socialization of this job in many provinces is very significant for many years, however it should be applied and replicated in this case. However, the protection of cultural heritages is still much neglected and loose. These relics in Cai Beo (Cat Ba - Hai Phong city), how much area is left while the urbanization rate is going strongly today? The archaeological sites in Truong Sa discovered by the colleagues from Vietnam Archaeology Institute in the 90s of last century, but recently, were concreted. Apart from Truong Sa, in Phu Quoc, with the rate of rapid growth at present, many construction works were springing up, but archeology has not reached out to them. Heritage sector should actively propose in advance the major construction projects in Phu Quoc, Co To... serving for the investigation, research and excavation. Conclusion Since this article presents about cultural properties in the coastal and sea and island areas of Vietnam only from the perspective of Quang Ngai province, there are many other findings, important researches and many valuable scientific insights have not been mentioned here; therefore, the �author expected that this article will get the reader's sympathy. Apart from Quang Ngai province, there are currently many other hot spots of marine cultural heritage in Vietnam. Therefore, there must be a consistent and long-term strategic and plan for the issues of conservation and protection of this important heritage for the country and the future generations. To conclude, there are two main issues we want to affirm: 1. The sea and islands cultural heritage of Vietnam is extremely rich with the various types, characteristics, and different historical periods. However, the studies in this regard have not been carried out regularly, continuously and systematically. The reason for this situation is that there is no State authorities to be assigned for taking in charge this issue to manage with the long-term orientation and for each specific stage. 2. With the abundance of sea and island heritages, the conservation and promotion of their values should have a strategy, with the longer and wider vision. However, for each particular case, it should have the situational reaction to timely protect and preserve the precious heritages for serving the long-term strategy. With that spirit, it is necessary for Vietnam to have a research agency specializing in the underwater cultural heritage, existing besides a separate museum or sectoral museum under this research agency to perform research centralised, professional projects. This research agency also needs a center of underwater archaeology, instead of an underwater archaeology division under the Vietnam Institute of Archaeology as present, which was invested by the limited and slow human resource and facilities. This is the model that the Koreans applied and they also have cooperated with Vietnam during last years for implementing many �research programs effectively. In order to make the premise for this model, all materials, documents, artefacts... should be centrally gathered with an authoritiy having the same objectives and functions for research on maritime heritages, announcing the depth issues in each study areas, each historical period, then to review and evaluate for providing the next studying direction. Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam or Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, under the National University of... are the appropriate authorities to perform this task. As the preparatory step, the specific research programs on maritime cultural heritage should also be planned, with the detailed assignment for each competent authority with the objectives and functions for research in each field, implementing each program or project. One of three ministries and ministerial-level agencies should gather the above experts, formulating programs, plans, schemes and projects prior to the assignment. This is a great and long-term program which needs the investment/funds from the government budget. Endnotes 1 Excavation team 2001. Excavation of the Cu Lao Cham ancient shipwreck (1997 to 1999). New discoveries in Archaeology in 2000. Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, 2001, p. 548-552 2 Ha Van Tan (eds) 1998. Vietnam Archaeology, Volume 1, Vietnam Stone Age. Hanoi Social Science Publisher. 3 Ha Van Tan (eds) 1998. Vietnam Archaeology, Volume 2, Vietnam Metal Age. Hanoi Social Science Publisher. 4 Trinh Cao Tuong 1991. Opening and studying the ancient trading port of Vietnam. Archaeology, 4/1991, p. 66-69. �5 Hoang Anh Tuan, 2008. The position of Vietnam in the system of East Sea trade ancient medieval. History research journal, 9 + 10/2008, p. 316 6 The Shipwreck Relics Discovered in Vietnam's Waters and Cu Lao Cham Shipwreck. International Conference: Shipwrecks and Cultural History in Goryeo Dynasty. Mopko, South Korea, 10/2011, pp.265-294. 7 Tran Quoc Vuong 2010. The site of Van Don. The cultural history of Van Don trading port. Hanoi, pp.65-75. Quang Ngai People's Committee, 2010. Địa chí Quảng Ngãi. The Bach Khoa Publisher., 2010. 8 9 Nguyen Dinh Chien, Pham Quoc Quan 2013. Initial information about the shipwreck in Quang Ngai. New discoveries in Archaeology in 2012. Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, 2013, pp. 714-716. 10 Nguyen Dinh Chien, Pham Quoc Quan 2014. Excavation of the Binh Chau ancient shipwreck, the 6th ancient ship in Vietnam's waters. New discoveries in Archaeology in 2013. Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, 2014, pp. 637-642. 11 Nguyen Quoc Hung 1992. Excavation of the antique treasure at the sea bottom Hon Cau (Ba Ria - Vung Tau). Archaeology, 3/1992, pp. 6273 12 Nguyen Viet & Nguyen Son Ca 2014. The 13/14 CE Wreck Excavated at the Coast of Binh Chau (Quang Ngai). The Center For Southeast Asian Prehistory. 13 Nguyen Giang Hai 2014. Vietnam Marine Archaeology: Potential and Challenges. Conference Proceedings Underwater Archaeology in Vietnam and Southeast Asia: Cooperation for development. Quang Ngai, 10/2014, pp. 1-14. 14 Pham Chi Than 2013. Discovery the X3 ancient vessels in the waters of Vung Tau. New discoveries in Archaeology in 2012. Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, 2013, pp. 625-626. 15 Government Decree No 86/2005/ND-CP, dated 08.07.2005, On the management and protection of underwater cultural heritage. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Session 9: Maritime/Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia Description An account of the resource Southeast Asia (SEA) has been rich in maritime and underwater cultural heritage (UCH) over a long period, from ancient pre-history, through the age of commerce, into the World War II era. Recently, UCH research, survey, and mapping activities; preservation and management efforts; as well as human capacity building programs show the promising progress in SEA countries. However, various threats to UCH preservation and some shortcomings still can be found in many SEA countries, for instance, lack of funds, inadequate technology, limited human resources, and also lack of public and government attention to UCH legal protection and its long-term preservation. This session will highlight some topics, including current status of UCH preservation; current research or investigation on maritime heritage or UCH in SEA countries; maritime history in SEA; current legislations; recent human and natural threats to UCH in SEA countries; raising awareness and public education programs; in-situ preservation of UCH; sustainable shipwreck tourism development and balancing preservation efforts with economic benefit; community and general public engagement in UCH management plan; regional capacity building in Southeast Asia; as well as collaboration opportunities among stakeholders and SEA countries in researching, protecting, preserving, and managing UCH sites. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jenny Craig, Mc Gill University Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation of Maritime Cultural Heritage: View from the Angle of Quang Ngai Province (Vietnam) Description An account of the resource Quang Ngai is a province located in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam, on the coast of the East Sea. It borders Quang Nam Province which is home to the famous Cu Lao Cham shipwreck in the north and the Binh Dinh Province in the south. It has a long coastline of 129km and wide territorial waters of 11.000km2. Quang Ngai has 6 seaports which are favorable for maritime transport and trade. The Ly Son Island of Quang Ngai province is located on the north-south waterway transport of our country, which is also the East-West international trade route in ancient times. The continuous discovery of shipwreck relics in the seas of Vung Tau, Binh Chau commune, Binh Son district, and Ly Son Island in recent years has demonstrated that the potential of maritime cultural heritage in the sea of Quang Ngai is enormous and rich. However, such precious heritage now is in danger of being undermined by the illegal exploitation of some local fisherman. In the context of our current status of underwater archaeology, the necessity of carrying out the studies, protection, conservation and promotion of the value of this important heritage resource is a major issue being faced by professionals and heritage managers. This article refers to the issues of preserving and promoting the value of maritime cultural heritage in Quang Ngai province, in order to serve for the exhibition in place and development of tourism as a new approach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ngo The Bach Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Ngo The Bach Language A language of the resource English https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/d03b1430702bee611b268707b868c420.pdf c07b2b3455c1fe1782e96bee932e3831 PDF Text Text 1 Conservation Research and Treatment Programs: Case Study of Ancient Boat Site in Rembang Regency Waluyo Agus Priyanto1 Abstract th The ancient boat was made around the 7 century A.D. It was found on July 26, 2008 at 07.30 p.m. at Punjulharjo Village, Rembang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The boat site is covered by soil as deep as two metres and is located at the southern of coastline with a distance of 0,5 to 1 km. When the ancient boat was found, the shape of the boat was still intact. Size of the boat is 15 metres length and 5 metres width. Not only the shape is relatively intact but also the disclosure of data of the archipelago's unique technology could be held within this boat that was almost complete. Tambuku is the type of palm fibre rope, pegs was used in the boat and other components that have never been encountered before is really a remarkable data essential for the development of maritime archaeology, especially in Indonesia. The ancient boat has important value for history, science, technology, and culture. As an important cultural asset and potential, its existence must be well managed and sustainable by optimizing in situ conservation. Conservation research should be conducted to identify the ancient boat such as the kind of materials for making a boat, condition of boat materials, the site condition of the boat, and environmental condition. Conservation method should be based on the results of diagnosis in the laboratory as well as in the field. In situ conservation is another important approach to preserve the ancient boat, which simultaneously give positive impacts to tourism aspects and development to the region. 1. Introduction The finding of an ancient boat found on July 26, 2008, in the Punjulharjo Village, Rembang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia has significant value for the history, science, technology and maritime State of Indonesia. The condition of the boat is that it is still relatively intact and shows characteristics of the archipelago boat in terms of materials, shapes, sizes, and technology. Radiocarbon dating tests were conducted in 2009 at the University of California on the sample of fibers used as a binder of boat parts and indicate the boat is aged to approximately 660780 AD (Siswanto, et al. 2010). Rembang Regency is located in the north eastern part of Central Java Province, latitude is 111 °, 00 '- 111 °, 30' E and 6 °, 30 '- 7 °, 00' S. It is a very complete topography of coastal areas, lowlands, highlands and mountains, the soil type consists of Mediterial, Grumosal, Alluvial, Andosal 1 Directorate of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Directorate General of History and Archaeology, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Indonesia �2 and Regasal. Rembang Regency has an area of 1014.08 km2, and flanked on the north Java Sea and the North Kendeng Mountains in the south (Kusumastuti, et al. 2010). Location of the ancient boat is about 0,5 to 1 km at the southern coastline. The main ingredient of the ancient boat components are the hardwood materials. The nature of the properties of the wooden materials are derived from living things. It has a fibrous and cellular structure composed of cellulose, lignin, resins, sugar and some other hydrocarbons, that can be categorized as organic materials. As a solid matter, it has many pores and channels in its body, which, in its green state, are mostly filled with water. When freshly cut, wood has plenty of water, it starts drying out it when left in the open air. This loss of water continues until it reaches the stage where the moisture retained is in the equilibrium with the atmosphere. Wood is hygroscopic and as a result its cell walls have the capacity to absorb moisture when atmospheric conditions are wet, and to release it out when conditions are dry. When wood has lost all its free water, which is the water held by its pores and channels, its water content is in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Wood is also anisotropic, which means that the capacity for elongation and shrinking is not the same in the three directions of its cut: longitudinal, radial, and tangential. The unequal gain and loss in these three sides of the wood also result in distortion. Wood stabilizes in moist conditions (Agrawal 1977:9, 72-73). As an organic material, wood normally decays under combined biological and chemical degradation when buried in earth; it may, however, survive prolonged exposure to extreme dryness or wetness. In shipwreck sites, the wooden components of the hull and small artifacts of wood often survive in good condition, albeit thoroughly waterlogged. Successful conservation of wooden artifacts is dependent upon one’s knowledge of wood structure and types. Trees are divided into two broad categories: hardwoods and softwoods. Hardwoods are classified as angiosperms, which refers to broadleaf trees which are usually deciduous. Angiosperms are referred to as 'porous' woods because they have vessel pores. In many instances it is equally important that a wooden object’s species type is identified in order to successfully conserve the waterlogged wood. Through the loss of moisture, freshly cut, sound wood will generally experience a radial shrinkage of 3-6 percent, a tangential shrinkage of 510 percent, and a longitudinal shrinkage of about 0.5 percent. Proper conservation treatments can control the amount of shrinkage experienced by waterlogged wood during drying. In practice, a particular conservation technique is often selected because it is known that the treated wood will shrink a desired amount. The manner in which a plank of wood was originally sawn from a log will have an effect on how the plank, or an object manufactured from the plank will shrink (Hamilton 1999 :1,22-24) after undergoing any conservation treatment. In most environments the �3 primary factors for the degradation of wood include: (1) physical action (changes in temperature, fluctuations in relative humidity), (2) insect attack, and (3) fungal decay. Fungal decay can be eliminated as long as the wood is kept in an environment with a relative humidity of less than 65 percent. In anaerobic waterlogged environments, however, wood undergoes profound chemical changes and alterations that result in a significant loss of strength while retaining overall shape. Research activities and conservation planning of the ancient boat is based on national and international regulations as follows: a. According to The Law of The Republic of Indonesia number 11 of 2010 concerning items of Cultural Property especially in the article 76. Article 76 has been mandated in paragraph 1 -3. In the paragraph first it mentions that maintenance is done by conserving of cultural heritage to prevent and overcome the damage caused by natural influences and- /- or human actions. In the second paragraph it also mentions that the maintenance of cultural heritage referred to in paragraph 1 may be performed at the original location or elsewhere, after first being fully documented. In the third paragraph it mentions that the treatment is referred to in paragraph 1 is carried out with the cleaning, preservation, and repairing the damage with respect to the authenticity of the form, layout, style, material, or workmanship of the cultural heritage. b. The In UNESCO 2001Convention on The Protection of The Underwater Cultural Heritage, Paris, France comprises of: - Acknowledging the importance of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations, and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage. - Realizing the importance of protecting and preserving the UCH and that responsibility therefore rests with all States. - Convinced of the importance of research, information, and education to the protection and preservation of UCH. - Convinced of the public’s right to enjoy the educational and recreational benefits of responsible non-intrusive access to in situ UCH, and of the value of public education to contribute to awareness, appreciation and protection of that heritage. c. According to the first article concerning the fundamental principles in the ICOMOS Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage (1996), Sofia, Bulgaria it mentions: - The preservation of UCH in situ should be considered as a first option. - Public access should be encouraged. - Non-destructive techniques, non-intrusive survey and sampling should be encouraged in preference to excavation. - Investigation must avoid unnecessary disturbance of human remains or venerated sites. - Investigation must be accompanied by adequate documentation. �4 2. Materials and Methods The artifact of the ancient boat at Punjulharjo village is a very important cultural heritage and it is the object of cultural heritage that must be protected. Therefore, the ancient boat Punjulharjo Site should be developed into a maritime cultural landscape area to be conserved and used for fertilization of national pride and character development of the nation, as well as the public welfare. In order to get a better understanding of degradation and deterioration problems of the ancient boat, a thorough intensive investigation has been conducted, both in the field as well as in the laboratory. In situ observations were made to study the types of deterioration agents that could be visually observed. To determine the type of material making of the ancient boat should be conducted laboratory research. The materials and equipments required to research are: Chemicals: PEG 400 and 4000, aquadest, Ethanol, Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA). Tools in the field: Thermohygrometer, pH meters, salinity meters, scalpel. Tools for conservation experiment in the laboratory: Scales, tray, soaking tub, shaker, pH sticks, hot plate with stirrer, glassware and so on. In the conservation research of the ancient boat in Rembang Regency, the following procedures of work will be done: 1. Field observations a. Observation of the environment Observations carried out on soil environment, and water. b. Climate measurements. c. Observation of the damage level and deterioration boat. Direct observation should be done on the object and recorded the damage that occurs and the factors that influence it. d. Sampling Soil and wood materials should be taken for further analysis. 2. Laboratory experiments a. Cleaning wood samples Wood samples have been taken are grouped according to estimates by type of wood. Each timber is cleaned with caution because the condition is very soft. Cleaning is done with plain water assisted by hand and brush. b. Desalination sample Clean samples that have been soaked in fresh water to remove salt dissolved. In order to the end result does not change the color of the wood, then the samples were stored in EDTA solution. c. Chemical test for wood dimension stabilization The chemical used is a Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). The reason of using the PEG in the experiments, because it is the most effective result over other materials. Variations in the concentration of PEG 400 �5 usage was 20%, 30%, 40% (Cahyandaru, et al. 2010), and continued by PEG 4000 on the outer layer of the wood. Research on the effectiveness of the use of PEG 4000 is still ongoing at Borobudur Conservation Research Laboratory, Magelang. 3. Results and Discussion The results of microscopic tests conducted by the archaeological office in Yogyakarta and the Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University on the structure of ancient boats have identified three types of wood Scorodocarpus borneensis, Palaquium javense, Eucalyptus alba, and the rope fibers. The field test results indicate waterlogged wood in visually fragile condition. Fragile condition can be observed directly as the hardness of the wood components are relatively low. This was tested by the pressure of our thumb nails showed deep imprints; as well as the bond between a loose wood fiber. It is indicated by wooden damage that are cracked, broken, and split (Suranto 2010). There are two main factors of degradation and deterioration processes on the components of the ancient wooden boat that it was due to the influence of internal and external factors: a. Internal Factors Natural properties of waterlogged wood include the material quality and structure of the wood. This will determine the resistance of the object's interactions with environmental factors. b. External Factors External factors are environmental conditions where underwater archeological remains are located, both for still being in sea water and having been excavated (Cahyandaru, et al. 2010) Based on the process, the degradation that occurs on the waterlogged wood can be grouped into four: the process of mechanical damage, physical damage, chemical deterioration and biotic deterioration. Fluctuations in humidity and temperature can cause both chemical and biological damage. Fluctuations of humidity can cause the dissolution of salts, and high temperatures can cause rapid chemical reactions. Moisture can accelerate chemical reactions that cause the decomposition of organic material, especially an ancient boat. The ancient wooden boat has long been submerged in salt water, soaking of the boat has been going since the seventh century. As a result of soaking the wood moisture content increased even reaching the watersaturated conditions. Water saturated conditions lead to the development dimension and the timber having the water volume at maximum levels, even reaching the level of swelling of the wood. Swelling of the wood until it reaches maximum volume indicates a disintegration of the wood components. Disintegration of wood �6 components take place at various levels, both at the tissue level, cellular, and in the level fibrils, even at the chemical level. Disintegration of wood components will carry consequences for the form of wood that has been missing all the basic properties of wood. Its chemical properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, and natural durability properties have been degraded so that the trait has been detached from the timber, unless the nature of the structure still exists (Suranto 2010). Disintegration at the tissue level can be seen from the presence of cracks, breaks, and even splits on various timber for boat preparation. For example, a part of the timber separated from the ancient boat. Disintegration at the cellular level can be seen from the fragility of wood in the longitudinal direction on a variety of wood making up the boat. Disintegration at the level of the chemical can be proven through further research activity of organisms to analyze the chemical properties of wood using the equipment in the laboratory. More generally, the disintegration of the chemical components of wood can be seen from the texture of wood. Wood that has disintegrating components can be seen in acute texture, namely that the wood does not have the ability to reflect light again, the wood is not shiny. In other words, the timber as part of the components of the boat looked bleak (Suranto 2010). Based on the above data, the right technology for the handling of an ancient boat in Rembang Regency is the technology of preservation and dimensional stabilization of wood technology. The growth of fungus appeared in the field observations. Fungus is microorganism that have no chlorophyll and so can not make their own food. Therefore to survive it rides on other living things, in this case a boat whose condition is already fragile as a medium for the growth of fungi. Hyphae into the wood fiber so that the wood becomes softer. Marine worms is a marine borer organism that can degrade the quality of wood to be softer. Based on the results of laboratory tests conducted by the Centre for Conservation of Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia in 2010 are as follows. Based on field measurements showed the following results i.e: outside temperature. 24,8ºC (at 6 a,m) -31,4(at 11.30 a.m), outside humidity: 59 -85%, wind speed 1,6 -27,4 km/h, in temperature 24,8 ºC 34,5 ºC. While based on the results of laboratory studies on the water content of wood before treatment is equal to 326%, after immersion in PEG 20% moisture content to 106%, after immersion of PEG was increased to 30% moisture content to 54%, and levels of immersion in PEG 40% moisture content to 18% as an equilibrium moisture content. Its experiment of immersion duration is four weeks. �7 Table 1. The observation of the condition of the wood components of an ancient boat.(Kusumastuti, et al. 2010) No. Parameter Results 1. Fungi 80% 2. Crack > 30% 3. Humidity 100% 4. Hardness Very soft No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Table 2. The results of chemical analysis of soil samples (Kusumastuti, et al. 2010) Parameters are Samples analyzed (%) S1 S2 SiO2 89,30 77,63 Ca 1,60 1,60 Mg 1,46 1,95 Al 2,58 2,49 Fe 1,79 1,34 SO4 3,07 3,07 Cl 0,79 0,99 Remarks: S1: grayed soil samples S2: yellowish soil samples Results of measurements of soil permeability indicate that the soil around the boat has a -3 -5 low permeability with rate speeds of between 10 - 10 is in the form of fine sand. Table 3. Salt content of wooden components on an ancient boat (Kusumastuti, et al. 2010) No. Phase Salinity pH Temperature Remarks Sea water >1,641 ppt Chemical analysis 1 1th Desalination Process 1,641 ppt 7,67 20 ºC 2 3 4 5 6 7 2nd 3th 4th 5th 6th Tap water 1,517 ppt 1,045 ppt 427,3 ppm 326,8 ppm 276,1 ppm 239,6 ppm 6,18 6,90 6,59 6,90 6,65 6,51 Salinity meter 24,2 ºC 22,7 ºC 24,4 ºC 24 ºC 24,9 ºC 24,8 ºC Therefore, treatment programs of ancient boat should be done by the following method: �8 a.Desalination Desalination should be done, because the wood in the sea water contains very high levels of salt. Salinity can disrupt the process of conservation, if not removed. Desalination process is carried out by immersing the waterlogged wood in plain water or mineral-free water. Soaking is done in stages with running water, so that the soluble salts can be removed from the soaking tub. Desalination is done until the soaking water is not saline. Salinity can be monitored with a measurement tool or with the analysis of levels of chloride Cl ). The most damaging salt is sodium sulfite. b.Cleaning Cleaning is done simultaneously with desalination. During the cleaning, water continues to flow so it carries away salt impurities. Common impurities in the waterlogged wood is soil / mud, sand and other impurities. Impurities in the form of soil or sand are relatively easy to clean manually. The surface is very soft wood and because of this during cleaning one should use a soft tool like a paintbrush. Careful cleaning by hand can also be done because the surface of the skin of the hands can touch and feel the part that is still dirty, and the required pressure level can be set with professionally attuned touch. Wood is often found under the sea overgrown with corals and marine animals (sea crabs, marine worms). Corals are extremely hard, harder than artifact. Therefore, in situ cleaning of the wood must be done manually with caution. The use of chemicals can harm the object if not careful. Manual cleaning is assisted by means of a scalpel, needle, taper pliers, small hammer and others in a very careful manner so as to not damage the object. c.Impregnation and Stabilization The process of impregnation and stabilization is needed in the conservation of waterlogged wood in situ. Impregnation is the process of inserting chemicals into the cell structure of wood so that it is filled by the chemical and free water pushed out from the cell, so the wood becomes more stable. The chemical used is Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400 as well as 4000 with the formula H2OCH (CH2OH2) CH2OH. Before implementation of soaking one must first prepare a watertight soaking tub. Due to high cost for ancient boat conservation at this moment their is limited state budget in Indonesia to make and appropriate shell or soaking tub for the boat. So the chosen alternative is in situ conservation, because to transfer the object to another place to make the shell is very expensive. Besides explanation above, in 2011 will be made the preparation of Master plan of Ancient boat sites and Area Preservation and Development Punjulharjo surroundings. Master plan preparation purposes is an ancient boat handling, and preparing the Grand Design Museum Ancient Boat Punjulharjo. This activity will be conducted by Regional Government of �9 Central Java Province, Indonesia in the three terms level i.e. short term, medium term, and long term. 4. Conclusions Based on experiments that have been done in order to conserve the ancient boat in Rembang regency can be summarized as follows: a. Water affects the condition of the boat where it is located on sandy soil with low permeability rates and high salinity. b. The existence of both temperature and humidity fluctuations. Outside temperature is 24.8 °C in the morning and temperature reached until maximum is 31.4 °C at noon. The air humidity showed inverse ratio with the air temperature. If the air temperature increases, then the humidity goes down. c. Results of observations indicate that the condition of the boat is very serious level of damage. The wooden components of the boat is very soft, and it is very suitable as a medium for the growth of fungi. In addition there are also other organisms of fungi namely marine worms (Marine borer). Marine worms is that the longer an animal borer will decrease the strength of the wood itself. Condition of the wood has cracks more than 30%. Wood cracking was evident on the first layer. d. Conservation methods used are desalination, cleaning, impregnation and stabilization. e. Development and utilization of sites Punjulharjo boat is done in three terms: short term, medium term, long term Figure 1. Condition of the ancient boat on November 2008, by Waluyo Agus P. �10 Figure 2. The boat was covered by wet cotton flannel. This photo was taken by Waluyo Agus P. on the last September 2011. Figure 3. Environment of Punjulharjo ancient boat site on the last September 2011. It was taken by Waluyo Agus P. 5. Bibliography Agrawal, O.P., 1977 Cahyandaru, N., Swastikawati, A., Brahmantara, Kusumawati, H., Atmaja, Y., 2010 Conservation and Preservation of Museum Objects, National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property, New Delhi, pp.72-76 Laporan Hasil Kajian Konservasi dan Konsep Pengembangan Perahu Kuno Rembang, Balai Konservasi Borobudur, Magelang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia �11 Methods of Conserving Archaeological Material from Underwater Sites, Conservation Research Laboratory, Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation, Texas A & M University. Charter on The Protection and Management of ICOMOS, Underwater Cultural Heritage. 1996 The Law of The Republic of Indonesia number 11 Kemenbudpar, of 2010 concerning items of Cultural Property, p.58. 2010 Kusumastuti, H., Hasil Sementara Studi Konservasi Terhadap Wahyuni, S., Perahu Kuno Rembang, Varuna Jurnal Arkeologi Atmaja, Y., Bawah Air, Direktorat Peninggalan Bawah Air, 2010 Direktorat Jenderal Sejarah Dan Purbakala, Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Indonesia. Siswanto, Abbas, Ringkasan Hasil Penelitian Situs Perahu N., Punjulharjo, Kabupaten Rembang, Varuna Jurnal 2010 Arkeologi Bawah Air, Direktorat Peninggalan Bawah Air, Direktorat Jenderal Sejarah Dan Purbakala, Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Indonesia. Suranto, Y., Sumbangan Pemikiran Bagi Penanganan Perahu 2010 Kuna Punjulharjo Rembang, Varuna Jurnal Arkeologi Bawah Air, Direktorat Peninggalan Bawah Air, Direktorat Jenderal Sejarah Dan Purbakala, Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Indonesia. Covention on The Protection of The Underwater UNESCO, Cultural Heritage. 2001 Hamilton, D.L., 1999 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conservation Research and Treatment Programs: Case Study of Ancient Boat Site in Rembang Regency Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 Preservation and conservation of wet archaeological materials and site management Description An account of the resource The ancient boat was made around the 7th century A.D. It was found on July 26, 2008 at 07.30 p.m. at Punjulharjo Village, Rembang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The boat site is covered by soil as deep as two metres and is located at the southern of coastline with a distance of 0,5 to 1 km. When the ancient boat was found, the shape of the boat was still intact. Size of the boat is 15 metres length and 5 metres width. Not only the shape is relatively intact but also the disclosure of data of the archipelago's unique technology could be held within this boat that was almost complete. Tambuku is the type of palm fibre rope, pegs was used in the boat and other components that have never been encountered before is really a remarkable data essential for the development of maritime archaeology, especially in Indonesia. The ancient boat has important value for history, science, technology, and culture. As an important cultural asset and potential, its existence must be well managed and sustainable by optimizing in situ conservation. Conservation research should be conducted to identify the ancient boat such as the kind of materials for making a boat, condition of boat materials, the site condition of the boat, and environmental condition. Conservation method should be based on the results of diagnosis in the laboratory as well as in the field. In situ conservation is another important approach to preserve the ancient boat, which simultaneously give positive impacts to tourism aspects and development to the region. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Waluyo Agus Priyanto Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2011 Asia-Pac Session 7 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/eed1593b3e75fedc02c5fbd4b3478c8c.pdf 0d57e324a1194ea90d132c64c15915b2 PDF Text Text Conserving Ropes from the Phanom-Surin Shipwreck in Thailand: Case Study on Storage and Exhibition at the National Museum of Thailand Natchaya Pattanasuttirata , Kunthida Chimmab , Puangporn Srisomboon, and Monchalus Pitisinchoochai Conservation Science Division, Office of National Museum, The Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Culture, Thailand a Natchaya.peary@gmail.com, bChimma.kun@hotmail.com ABSTRACT There are several important factors to consider when studying appropriate conservation methods for fibers in museum exhibitions or storage. This research focused on investigating the potential of using Trehalose and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) as treatments for shipwreck rope fibers in Thailand's museums. The efficacy of these treatments was evaluated by using a twisted fiber thread to tie the torpedo jar. The initial desalinated fibers were subjected to three groups: untreated rope was dried at room temperature, ropes conserved with Trehalose, and ropes conserved with PEG4000. Identical concentrations of both the Trehalose and PEG4000 solutions started at a concentration of 25 percent brix then increased progressively to 40 percent and 60 percent brix. We employed four different analyses. We used scanning electron microscopy to study morphological properties. Prior to treatment and after treatment we compared numerical evaluation of the colour change using ΔE* values (CIE L*a*b* system). We recorded reflectance using wavelengths of white light ranges (380-780 nm). We used differential scanning calorimetry technique for thermal properties. The results indicate the Trehalose fibers had a melting temperature of 192.8°C and exhibited less change in colour and reflectance compared to the others. The PEG4000 fibers had a melting temperature at 59.3°C. Trehalose had higher thermal properties compared to PEG4000. Thus, Trehalose is an appropriate conservation material for ropes and other fiber-based materials that are stored or displayed in environments with high humidity and temperature, such as the case in Thailand. Keywords Phanom-Surin Shipwreck, conservation of rope (fiber), Trehalose, PEG4000 List of Figure Figure 1 The twisted fiber used for tie Torpedo jars Figure 2. Untreated fiber. a) Cross-sectional, b) Cross-sectional lumen, c) Longitudinal Figure 3. PEG4000 fiber. (a) Cross-sectional, (b) Cross-sectional lumen, (c) Longitudinal Figure 4. Trehalose fiber. (a) Cross-sectional, (b) Cross-sectional lumen, (c) Longitudinal Figure 5. Fresh sugar palm fiber. (a) Cross-sectional, (b) Cross-sectional lumen, (c) Longitudinal Figure 6. Twisted rope. (a) Untreated rope, (b) Trehalose-treated rope, (c) PEG4000-treated rope Figure 7. Graph of reflectance comparison results between untreated fiber, Trehalose fiber, and PEG4000 fiber. Figure 8. DSC thermogram of untreated fibers (a), pure Trehalose (b), pure PEG4000 (c), Trehalose fibers (d), and PEG4000 fibers (e): 1st Heating. 3 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 List of Table Table 1 shows the results of the L*a*b* colour space data for untreated rope, rope treated with Trehalose, and rope treated with PEG4000 7 1 �1. INTRODUCTION The Phanom-Surin shipwreck was discovered at Samut Sakhon, Thailand in September 2013. The shipwreck is dated to the 9th century CE (1stROFAD 2016). We narrow our discussion to the excavated rope fibers. Our literature review on rope fiber or “Tao” fibers identified them as Arenga pinnata, commonly known as the sugar palm or Arenga palm (Mahaphol 2013). For centuries sugar palm fibers were used as ropes for ships due to their exceptional strength, durability, and resistance to saltwater (Ishak et al. 2012, 700). Our study expands from this literature review to focus on the conservation of twisted rope/fiber, used to tie Torpedo jars (Figure 2), with a specific emphasis on museum exhibition and storage purposes. In this study, we compared conservation of fresh sugar palm fibers in PEG4000 and Trehalose, which demonstrated superior properties compared to the non-treated fibers. We examined moisture absorption, which the fibers treated with Trehalose (henceforth Trehalose fiber) showed lower moisture absorption than the fibers treated with PEG4000 (henceforth PEG4000 fiber). We compare the physical characteristics of the fibers that underwent conservation treatment (in either PEG4000 or Trehalose) by the changes in reflectance, colour and heat resistance. Our results are intended for use to design a conservation plan for the appropriate environment for museum display, storage, and conservation. Figure 1 The twisted fiber used to tie Torpedo jars 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials On the Phanom-Surin shipwreck ropes were used to tie Torpedo jars. PEG4000 (M w ≈ 3500 - 4000) was purchased from Loba ChemieTM, India. Trehalose (TREHA®) was purchased from Hayashibara Co.Ltd., Japan. 2.2 Samples preparation We prepared the fiber samples by flushing with deionized water until the electrical conductivity (EC) of the solution was below 100 μS. The fibers were divided into three groups, dry at room temperature, soaked with Trehalose or PEG4000. We tightly covered the fibers while soaking to prevent water evaporation. i. ii. Untreated - The untreated fibers were dried at room temperature. Soaked with Trehalose - The fibers were immersed in Trehalose starting with 20 percent brix at room temperature (34°C). The solution was heated, while the Trehalose concentration increased from 40 percent to 60 percent brix. The controlled temperature did not exceed 80°C, and the fibers were immersed for 24 hours. Once the fibers reached the (20, 40, 60) percent brix constants the fibers were dried with an electric-fan until completely dried. The fibers were cleaned with warm water to remove any residual Trehalose and dried until a constant weight is obtained. 2 �iii. 2.3 Soaked with PEG4000 - The immersion process in PEG4000 follows the same procedure as immersion in the Trehalose solution, but the fibers were left to dry at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) After sample preparation (see above for details) all fibers were immersed in liquid nitrogen, broken up and stored in a desiccator to absorb moisture for one day. Each were coated with gold (Au-Coating) through an auto fine coater (Smart Coater, DII-29030SCTR) for 4 minutes. Analysis was conducted with a benchtop scanning electron microscope (JCM-7000, JEOL) at 5 kilovolts (kV). 2.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) After sample preparation and SEM all fibers underwent thermal analysis with the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique (Mettler Toledo brand). Five milligrams (mg) of sample were sealed hermetically in the aluminium crucible. Nitrogen gas was purged at a flow rate of 20 millilitres per minute (mL/min). At a heating rate of 10 °C/min across a range from -20 to 200°C to 50 to 230°C. 2.5 Spectroradiometer After sample preparation, SEM and DSC all fibers underwent spectroradiometer (Konica Minolta CS2000), with wavelengths from 380 to 780 nanometers (nm) range. The samples were prepared by twining and thickening the ropes, three random points were selected for spectroradiometer at a 0.2 aperture in the (CIELAB) (Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage, L*, a* and b* represent each of the three values the CIELAB color space uses to measure objective color and calculate color differences. L* represents lightness from black to white on a scale of zero to 100, while a* and b* represent chromaticity with no specific numeric limits. Negative a* corresponds with green, positive a* corresponds with red, negative b* corresponds with blue and positive b* corresponds with yellow). Under the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) commonly used D65 - D series of illuminants portray standard illumination conditions at open-air in different parts of the world measurements were taken and the reflectance values were averaged. The data was then analyzed for colour variability. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our study focuses on the conservation of waterlogged fiber in Trehalose and PEG4000 that was used to tie Torpedo jars in the Phanom-Surin shipwreck (Figure 2), for the purpose of museum exhibition and storage. 3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy Microscopic examinations of fibers treated with Trehalose and PEG4000 show structural differences compared to untreated rope samples. Untreated rope displayed severe degradation, collapse of cells, and the longitudinal section had a hole where the silica had come off (Figure 4-c). Fresh sugar palm fibers retain silica (Figure 7-c). Cross-sections of PEG4000-treated and Trehalose-treated ropes appeared similar to each other. PEG4000-treated rope had a smoother longitudinal surface (Figure 5c), while Trehalose-treated rope exhibited an orthorhombic crystal form (Figure 6-c). These differences indicate distinct effects of the different immersive treatments of conserved fibers. Trehalose and PEG4000 conserved fibers of twisted rope show surface cracks due to SEM sample preparation. The micrograph of these twisted fibers (Figure 8) show reduced bend and twist resistance. Specifically, Trehalose exhibits lower twist resistance than PEG4000. In previous research the conserved fibers improved tensile strength (Mahaphol 2013). Trehalose, with its rigid crystalline structure, demonstrates higher tensile strength than PEG4000 and untreated rope. 3 �Silica Body (a) (b) Hole of Silica Body (c) Figure 2. Untreated fiber. a) Cross-sectional, b) Cross-sectional lumen, c) Longitudinal (a) (b) (c) Figure 3. PEG4000 fiber. (a) Cross-sectional, (b) Cross-sectional lumen, (c) Longitudinal (a) (b) (c) Figure 4. Trehalose fiber. (a) Cross-sectional, (b) Cross-sectional lumen, (c) Longitudinal Silica Body (a) (b) (c) Figure 5. Fresh sugar palm fiber. (a) Cross-sectional, (b) Cross-sectional lumen, (c) Longitudinal (a) (b) (c) Figure 6. Twisted rope. (a) Untreated rope, (b) Trehalose-treated rope, (c) PEG4000-treated rope 4 �3.2 Reflectance (percent) Figure 7. Graph of reflectance comparison results between untreated fiber, Trehalose fiber, and PEG4000 fiber. The results of the reflectance (percent) measurements indicate that both PEG4000 and Trehalose conserved fibers increased reflectance compared to the non-treated fiber. Pointedly, the PEG4000 fiber exhibited higher reflectance percentage than the Trehalose fiber. This suggests that PEG4000 treatment may have more significant impact on enhancing the fiber's reflective properties. PEG4000 fiber (Figure 5-c) surfaces were coated with a layer of silica so the longitudinal surface reflection was smoother and more uniform, which resulted in regular reflection of incident light. In contrast, the Trehalose fiber (Figure 6-c) have rough surfaces with irregularly shaped rectangular features and thickness varies, which leads to scattered reflection of incident light. The diffused light in multiple directions is disordered and does not exhibit regular reflection. This causes a decrease in the detected signal. 3.3 Colour measurement ΔE* Table 1 shows the results of the L*a*b* colour space data for untreated fiber, Trehalose fiber, and PEG4000 fiber. L* ± SD a* ± SD b* ± SD ΔE* No-treatment (PSF ) 14.17±2.20 0.66±0.21 2.20±0.23 - PSF/PEG4000 15.85±3.05 0.56±0.77 1.03±0.44 2.05 PSF/Trehalose 14.12±4.49 0.98±0.53 2.03±0.98 0.37 No-treatment (Currently) 23.53±4.59 1.89±0.60 7.33±0.45 10.74 Treatment a Note: a PSF refers to Phanom-Surin fiber The untreated fiber has a low L* value of 14.17, indicating a relatively dark colour. The positive a* value of 0.66 and positive b* value of 2.20 suggests the colour of the untreated fiber has a slightly reddish-yellow hue. The PEG4000 fiber increased the L* value to 15.85, indicating a brighter colour. The a* value decreased slightly to 0.56, indicating a slightly greener hue, while the b* value decreased significantly to 1.03, indicating a more blueish hue. The Trehalose fiber resulted in a similar L* value as the untreated fiber at 14.12, but a higher positive a* value of 0.98 and a higher positive b* value of 2.03. This suggests that the Trehalose fiber colour has a more reddish-yellow hue than the untreated fiber. The CIE L*a*b* colour system allowed us to evaluate the colour change of the fiber. The colour difference (ΔE*) was calculated by comparing the colour values of the treated and non-treated fibers. ΔE* value greater than one was considered visually detectable. 5 �The results of the colour measurement ΔE* for PEG4000 fiber (2.05) and Trehalose fiber (0.37) (non-treated fiber so there is no ΔE* value) indicate that the addition of PEG4000 to the fiber caused a significant colour change, while Trehalose fiber minimally changed. These findings suggest that the Trehalose treatment more effectively preserves the colour stability of the sugar palm fiber than PEG4000. The cause of colour change requires further investigation. 3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Figure 8. DSC thermogram of untreated fibers (a), pure Trehalose (b), pure PEG4000 (c), Trehalose fibers (d), and PEG4000 fibers (e): 1st Heating. We investigated the thermal properties of fibers following preservation with Trehalose and PEG4000 treatment, which resulted in changes in the thermogram characteristics of the fibers. Figure 10 (a) and (d) show the relationship between Fiber and Fiber/Trehalose. DSC thermogram: peaks at 96.11°C and 139.73°C for Fiber, and 92.27°C and 149.44°C for Fiber/Trehalose. The first peak corresponds to water evaporation. Fiber/Trehalose has more easily evaporated water due to the attributed hydroxyl groups in the cellulose structure, which make it difficult to bond with water. The presence of a hydroxyl group of Trehalose in Fiber/Trehalose also binds to the cellulose of the fiber, causing a decrease in the amount of bonding between water and cellulose. At 149.44°C, the melting temperature (Tm) of Fiber or Fiber/Trehalose occurs. In fact, Trehalose's melting temperature is at 192.80°C, which causes the crystals of the Trehalose chain to fold into lamellae this absorbs heat energy from surroundings and causes vibrations until the intermolecular attraction is overcome. As a result, the crystals dissociate into randomly spaced Trehalose chain molecules. The second peak of Fiber/Trehalose (Figure 10 (b)) covers Trehalose's melting peak and has a wide range. The temperature transition from glassy state to rubbery state (T g) occurs at 106.50 °C, where Trehalose chains in the amorphous region absorb heat energy, which increase distance between chains and free up space for volume. Comparison of the DSC of Fiber and Fiber/Trehalose, Trehalose treatment raised the second peak temperature, this indicates higher melting temperature and improved high-temperature resistance. Figure 10 (a) and (c) show the relationship between Fiber and Fiber/ PEG4000. From and (c), the first peak observed at 54.36°C (Figure 10e) corresponds to the melting temperature (T m) of PEG4000. A lower melting point than Trehalose. PEG4000 is composed of repeated units of ethylene glycol, which 6 �enable it to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. In comparison, Trehalose is composed of a cyclic glucose disaccharide that forms strong hydrogen bonds due to the two glucose molecules being linked by an α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond. These structures when compared result in Trehalose’s higher melting temperature than PEG4000. Based on the thermal investigation, Trehalose-treated rope showed superior thermal stability and less moisture absorption than PEG4000. 4. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the use of Trehalose and PEG4000 in the conservation of twisted fiber used to tie the torpedo jars on the Phanom-Surin shipwreck. The results showed the Trehalose fibers had less change in colour, reflectance and higher thermal properties compared to the PEG4000 fibers. We conclude Trehalose is an effective conservation material for fibers in high humidity and temperature environments. The use of Trehalose as a conservation treatment for sugar palm fibers created a barrier between the cellulose structure and water, which reduced the amount of water that can evaporate from the fibers. The experiments in this study are informative and favour Trehalose as the preferred fiber treatment for museum display and storage in high humidity and heat environments, such as Thailand. Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank Mr.Sanae Mahaphol and Ms.Sopit Panyakhan, Scientists from conservation science division, and The Fine Arts Department of Thailand for their help and constant encouragement. Thanks Ms.Sirin Yuanyaidee, Director of Kanchanaphisek National Museum and staff. Thank you Assoc.Prof.Dr.Mantana Opaprakasit and Dr.Intatch Hongrattanavichit from Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University for their support with the analysis instruments and their advice. Moreover, we’re grateful to the Sumitomo Foundation, Japan and Ms.Umaporn Kruekamwang, Director of Office of National Science Museum Thailand for the support. Bibliography Ishak, M.R., S.M. Sapuan, Z. Leman, M.Z.A. Rahman, U.M.K Anwar, and J.P. Siregar. "Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata): Its fibres, polymers and composites." ELSEVIER (2012): 700. Mahaphol, Saneh. "The conservation of ropes from the Phanom-Surin Shipwreck Site, Thailand." Academia (2013): 1-16. The 1st Regional Office of Fine Arts Department, Ratchaburi Fine Arts Department (1stROFRD). Study of Phanom-Surin Shipwreck, Phanthai Norasing Sub-district, Meuang District, Samut Sakhon Province (2013-2015). Bangkok: Bangkok in House, co., 2016. 7 �8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 14: Conservation Treatment of Underwater Cultural Heritage Subject The topic of the resource Session 14 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 14 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Conserving Ropes from the Phanom-Surin Shipwreck in Thailand: Case Study on Storage and Exhibition at the National Museum of Thailand Description An account of the resource There are several important factors to consider when studying appropriate conservation methods for fibers in museum exhibitions or storage. This research focused on investigating the potential of using Trehalose and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) as treatments for shipwreck rope fibers in Thailand's museums. The efficacy of these treatments was evaluated by using a twisted fiber thread to tie the torpedo jar. The initial desalinated fibers were subjected to three groups: untreated rope was dried at room temperature, ropes conserved with Trehalose, and ropes conserved with PEG4000. Identical concentrations of both the Trehalose and PEG4000 solutions started at a concentration of 25 percent brix then increased progressively to 40 percent and 60 percent brix. We employed four different analyses. We used scanning electron microscopy to study morphological properties. Prior to treatment and after treatment we compared numerical evaluation of the colour change using ΔE* values (CIE L*a*b* system). We recorded reflectance using wavelengths of white light ranges (380-780 nm). We used differential scanning calorimetry technique for thermal properties. The results indicate the Trehalose fibers had a melting temperature of 192.8°C and exhibited less change in colour and reflectance compared to the others. The PEG4000 fibers had a melting temperature at 59.3°C. Trehalose had higher thermal properties compared to PEG4000. Thus, Trehalose is an appropriate conservation material for ropes and other fiber-based materials that are stored or displayed in environments with high humidity and temperature, such as the case in Thailand. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Natchaya Pattanasuttirat Kunthida Chimma Puangporn Srisomboon Monchalus Pitisinchoochai Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Pattanasuttirata, Natchaya, Kunthida Chimmab, Puangporn Srisomboon, and Monchalus Pitisinchoochai. 2023. “Conserving Ropes from the Phanom-Surin Shipwreck in Thailand: Case Study on Storage and Exhibition at the National Museum of Thailand.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok and T. Kurt Knoerl. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1908 Asia-Pac Session 14 2023