1 10 700 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 'Hyogo Kitaseki Irifune Nocho’ ni miru edabune Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Kobayashi Yasuo. “‘Hyogo Kitaseki Irifune Nocho’ ni miru edabune.” Ritsumeikan bungaku 605 (March 2008): 795–807. https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/ae3810f6972afc8ac536d558be719f2b.pdf 5119b606c0d74d1323dfbed52950d436 PDF Text Text ‘Stapled’ boatbuilding tradition of Bengal: a case study on chhot boat Mr. Swarup Bhattacharyya (Visiting Fellow, Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India) swarup.bhattacharyya@gmail.com Prof (Dr) John P Cooper (Associate Professor, Institute of Arab & Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK) J.P.Cooper@exeter.ac.uk Dr. Zeeshan A Shaikh (Independent Scholar, UK) zee40103@gmail.com ABSTRACT We have documented a boat-building procedure that is unique in Bengal (India). The typological name of the boat is chhot. A smooth-skinned, rabbeted, and stapled boat of Bengal with a 'v'-shaped cross section and prominent keel. The project took place in Dihimondalghat of Haora district on the bank of river Rupnarayan. Digitization of the entire process of boat building was undertaken on this EMKP, UK project. Panchanan Mandal and his four sons created a full-scale boat measuring 35 feet in length and 9.5 feet in the cross beam. Documentation of chhot is important as the boat type is no longer used on the river. The crafting skill of chhot boat building will disappear shortly. It is the first project on the digitization of a boat in India. The presentation is through still photography and videography along with narratives. Keywords: stapled, chhot, Namasudra, jolui, shell built UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE AND MARITIME MUSEUMS This part of the world (Bengal, India) is not landlocked but rather riverine. Though we have a rich maritime culture, underwater cultural heritage was not documented. Riverine culture has been documented through various ethnographic studies but maritime and riverine culture has not been studied in depth. Maritime ethnography has been a key tool to document Underwater Cultural Heritage through the study of present boats. Hence this study is an exemplary study on the documentation of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Documentation of a boat and the way of making that boat is the prime focus of the present study. The technology, which it follows, is meticulously documented. A boat has been commissioned for the entire research work. Traditional boat builders built that boat using their traditional tools. Minute-to-minute documentation through photography, videography, and interview of the entire process of boat building has been recorded for posterity. It was felt that immediate documentation of the watercraft is highly important because all traditional boats as well as skills of boat building are in grave danger. The reasons of course are simple. It is one of the many cumulative effects of the development of the world we live in. Heavy siltation on the riverbed is caused by many anthropogenic as well as geographical conditions, of which obstacle in the natural flow of water is the most important. It is high time to document the watercraft and the process of the building because already some are lost and some are at stake and thus one of the oldest technologies is going to be lost altogether, shortly. The most important source of information other than major finds of the ancient boat is that provided by the boats of the ancient building traditions, which still exist today. In this context, an important aspect put forward by McKim Marriott (1955) in the form of the concept of 'Over Developed Technology' is highly acceptable. According to him, a particular technology forms a cobweb with the various aspects of the social-cultural domain like belief, ritual, custom, etc., of that particular society both in time and space. This integral interactional pattern of society carries in it, the traditional concept of civilization. Therefore, following McKim Marriott's arguments, it can be stated that the 1 �study of a particular traditional technology enfolds the historical background of the community that practises it and also the ecological conditions and economic requirements of that area at a particular time. It will, thus, enable the researcher to understand the complex interactional pattern of traditional material culture and social customs as well as the patterns of belief in a single study. CASE STUDY The chhot-builders of West Bengal Project: Documenting the vanishing craft knowledge of a unique boat-building tradition' is the title of the initiative of a team, in a collaborative project between the University of Exeter, UK, and Central University of Haryana, India. Material knowledge— understanding of the resources, skills, technologies, and social values necessary to create and maintain the material world around us- is endangered. In this precarious world, the diversity of material knowledge is being lost at an unprecedented rate as mass-produced goods and industrial technologies subsume or replace local practices. Changes to the environment and habitat loss—through industrialisation, deforestation, green grabbing, and other factors—jeopardize local ecologies and raw material sustainability. Meanwhile, shifting socio-political dynamics, such as large-scale urbanisation and rural depopulation, imperil long-practiced forms of learning, apprenticeship, and knowledge transfer. The Endangered Material Knowledge Programme (EMKP) supports knowledge holders, practitioners, and scholars to conduct new research on critically threatened material knowledge globally, especially in understudied areas and where local funding opportunities are limited. About the boat The chhot, a typological variety of lower Bengal boats, is unique as it can venture into the open sea. Probably this is the only boat of Bengal (presently State of West Bengal in India) which was used for maritime activity in the Bay of Bengal. The chhot is a rarity in that its planking is joined using metal staples, a technique unknown elsewhere in India that echoes sewn-boat construction, while its keel-less construction echoes traditional watercraft in southeast Asia. About the boat builders Panchanan Mondal, a 70 years old boat maker who was a master boat builder at his young age is the resource person and advisor to his team. The guild of boatmakers comprises his four sons Amol Mondal, Monimohan Mondal, Dilip Mondal, and Deepak Mondal. Except for Mohimohan all other sons reside in the same hamlet but they all maintain separate kilns for food. Panchanan Mondal received his knowledge of boat building from his father at the early age of 14. All four sons of Panchanan also received training in boat building from their father Panchanan. It has been noticed that the last five generations are with boat building activity. And they are experts on chhot boats. Panchanan belongs to the Namasudra community, a caste under the Hindu caste system. As per Risley, Nama Sudra, a non-Aryan caste of Eastern Bengal termed as Chandal, “engaged for the most part in boating and cultivation… They are the only Hindus employed in the boats (bajra) hired by Europeans; they form a large portion of the peasantry." In lower Bengal Namasudra is a predominant caste group engaged with cultivation as well as fishing. Area of the project Dihimondalghat is a village situated on the left bank of River Rupnarayan in the district of Haora, West Bengal, India. Rupnarayan is the name of a river that confluence with river Ganga a few 2 �kilometres downstream of Dihimondalghat. The origin of the river is in the Chhotonagpur plateau. Damodar, Silabati, Dwarakeswar, and Mundeswari are the sources of river Rupnarayan. Boat building technology Chhot boat, a shell-built boat with a keel, followed a tradition of Bengal to fasten two planks with a kind of metal pin (staple-like) called jolui. This process of fastening is termed as stapled technique here which is unique and perhaps only visible in some parts of Odisha, some parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and the entire West Bengal, Assam, and Bangladesh. The process of boatbuilding is described herewith in sequence: 1. Shaping of wood: Selected timbers are sawed under the supervision of the chief boat builder. The quality of wood and its length is one of the important criteria for this selection procedure. Planks of different dimensions are sawed in sawmills but hand saws are also occasionally used. The wood used in the boat construction are Krirish (Samanea saman), Sai Bilati (Pithecellobium dulce), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Babla (Vachellia nilotica). In earlier days boats were used to build with Sal (Shorea robusta) and Segun (Tectona grandis) timbers. 2. Firing and Bending: A trench of requisite length is used to heat specific planks. Saw dust is used as fuel. After requisite heat treatment planks are placed on a raised device to bend planks as per requirement. For twisting certain planks generally, planks are placed on the ground and paved with pegs. 3. Erection of keel (Figure 1): With the help of support structures keel is laid on the ground with a proper contour. A string is tied in between two terminal ends of the keel. The string is used to test the perfection of the alignment of the keel in the same plane. Figure 1. Entire keel after erection. Various support systems are used to hold the keel in its position. 4. The support structure: A series of coconut logs two feet in length is placed on the ground at regular intervals and fixed with wooden pegs to act as the support structure of the bottom of the hull and specially the keel plank. Curved keel planks are joined with the central keel plank with a complex scarf and wooden pieces are used to support the structure. At the two terminal ends of the keel plank tripod or diagonal supports are used. Galvanized wires are used to hold the central plank with the ground. 3 �5. Planking (Figure 2): Planking starts from the mid-ship portion of the boat on either side. Planks if needed to be bent are heated first and bent accordingly and then placed on the position and temporarily clamped. Finer adjustments are marked with a traditional device called karan (fixed divider) and boa karan (expandable divider). Clamps are removed and marked portions are chiseled out. Again planks are placed in their actual position and with the help of karan a scratch line was marked along the seam line on the central keel plank and also on the outer surface of the garboard plank that will be fitted later. Now the garboard plank is removed again. A medial line is marked with kursud, a marking device, along the thickness of the garboard plank as well as on the keel. Based on the marked scratch on the central keel plank half lap portion of both connecting surfaces is removed. That is termed as ban kata the rabbet. After doing rabbet on both connecting surfaces planks are now ready to fit in the marked portion. Various types of clamps are used to keep the plank in position. Then a slot is made at regular intervals with the help of a chisel. This slot is generally done at a distance of char angul (four-finger width) (roughly 3 inches). Figure 2. Hull planking. Planks used in the hull planking are run parallel to the keel. Smaller planks are used in the stem and stern region. 6. Rabbeting: Rabbet is the half lap. On the thickness of the plank, half of each side is removed to fit it with the other side. All planks of the hull are attached to this type of joint. 7. Stapling (Figure 3): When the planks are aligned, shallow slots, about one-eighth of an inch in width, are cut across the seams on the inner side of the boat at intervals of 4 inches. These intervals depend upon specific positioning in different sections of the boat as also on the expense to be incurred on the boat. The length of these slots on either side of the seam is of varying ratios. The jolui are never equally positioned across two planks. Three-quarters of the length of the slot lies in the plank that has the tongue of the rabbet on the inside. This is usually the newly added upper plank. The remaining quarter length of the slot lies in the plank that is already fitted. Jolui, a flat double-pointed staple of galvanized iron, is first driven at an acute angle into the plank, which is already in position. The pointed end of the jolui is then driven into the newly added plank in an angular fashion. 4 �Figure 3. Entire hull structure. Hull planks are run parallel to the keel but the sheer strake connects stem head to stern head. 8. Clamping: Various types of clamps are used to hold planks in a fixed place. The use of ropes and bamboo poles is the most important device for clamping called jat bari. 9. Joining: Garboard strake at the mid-ship portion is fitted first then to lengthen the garboard strake vertical scarf joints are used. All hull planks use scarf joints whereas the topmost planks and next to sheer strake use a complex scarf like that of the central keel plank. 10. Framing: Before putting sheer strake cross beams are added. The number of crossbeams depends on the length of the boat. Generally, the distance between two cross beams is three feet. For fishing boats, cross beams are aligned with the outer surface of the boat but for cargo, those are protruded out. Cross Beams are joined with the strake with a kind of groove that is complex. After putting crossbeams, futtocks are added at a regular interval. These futtocks are curved pieces of logs holding each side planks with the help of specially made iron nails. After placing all futtocks (baras), floor timbers are also added corresponding to each pair of futtocks. 11. Hull planking and accessories: After completion of framing now boat builders used to put some additional support structure like outer stringer, temporary deck, steering oar and paddle. After doing all those activities the outer surface of the boat needs to be made smooth on all joints of the plank. 12. Caulking: After completion of all carpentry work caulking takes place on every horizontal as well as vertical joint of planks. A type of cotton is used to plug on the entire outer surface of the boat. After that, extract sap from the Gaub fruit (Diospyros malabarica) is painted on the outer hull as well as on the plugged cotton. 13. Sail: Rectangular sail made of cotton cloth is used on a single mast placed centrally. Sail is hung on the yard not medially rather than in a 60:40 ratio. 14. Trial run (Figure 4): After completion of the entire boat chhot boat was launched on the river Rupnarayan after a brief ritual performance and then sailed. 5 �Figure 4. Trial run with square sail on river Rupnarayan TEAM Boat Builders: Panchanan Mondal, Amol Mondal, Manimohan Mondal, Dilip Mondal and Deepak Mondal. Prof (Dr) John P Cooper and Dr Zeeshan A Shaikh are the collaborators of the project and were involved in the field investigation along with Mr. Swarup Bhattacharyya, as Research Associate. OUTCOME The commissioned boat has been kept on the bank to handover to the authority of the National Maritime Museum, Gujarat, India. The entire digitised document will be kept in the archives of the British Museum. Acknowledgments Villagers of Dihimondalghat, Panchanan Mondal and his wife, Amol Mondal and his family, Monimohan Mondal, and his family, Dilip Mondal and his family, Deepak Mondal, and his family for providing all possible support to commission the chhot boat at Dihimondalghat. All administrations like SDO, BDO, Police Stations, Electricity Authority University of Exeter, UK, and Central University of Haryana, India. And lastly, EMKP for their financial support to conduct the research work. 6 �BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhattacharyya, S. & Abhijit Das. A Contemporary Survey of 'Country' River Boats in West Bengal in Shipbuilding Navigation and the South-West Silk Road: North Odisha Bengal and Arakan, edited by Samuel Berthet 201-221. Delhi: Primus Books, 2021 Bolstad Trygve and Eirik G Jansen. Sailing Against the Wind: Boats and Boatmen of Bangladesh. Dhaka Bangladesh: University Press, 1992 Greenhill B. Boats and Boatmen of Pakistan. David and Charles, 1971 Hornell J. Water Transport: Origins and Early Evolution. University Press, 1946 Marriott McKim and Alan R Beals. Village India: Studies in the Little Community. Chicago Ill: University of Chicago Press, 1955 McGrail S. Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval times. Oxford University Press, 2001 Risley Herbert Hope. The Tribes and Castes of Bengal. Calcutta: Bengal secretariat Press. 1892 Varadarajan, L. Bhattacharyya S. & National Institute of Ocean Technology (Madras India). Bengal WaterCraft: Boat-building and Fishing Communities. National Institute of Ocean Technology; Manohar. 2016 7 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ‘Stapled’ boatbuilding tradition of Bengal: a case study on chhot boat Description An account of the resource We have documented a boat-building procedure that is unique in Bengal (India). The typological name of the boat is chhot. A smooth-skinned, rabbeted, and stapled boat of Bengal with a 'v'-shaped cross section and prominent keel. The project took place in Dihimondalghat of Haora district on the bank of river Rupnarayan. Digitization of the entire process of boat building was undertaken on this EMKP, UK project. Panchanan Mandal and his four sons created a full-scale boat measuring 35 feet in length and 9.5 feet in the cross beam. Documentation of chhot is important as the boat type is no longer used on the river. The crafting skill of chhot boat building will disappear shortly. It is the first project on the digitization of a boat in India. The presentation is through still photography and videography along with narratives. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Swarup Bhattacharyya John P Cooper Zeeshan A Shaikh Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bhattacharyya, Swarup , John P Cooper and Zeeshan A Shaikh. 2023. “ ‘Stapled’ boatbuilding tradition of Bengal: a case study on chhot boat.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Arjun Rao. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/2023 Asia-Pac Session 22 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Chintosen (19seiki no igirisu bune) jito jiten no iseki" hakkutsu chosa hokoku - suitei irohamaru- Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Suichu Kokogaku Kenkyujo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Suichu Kokogaku Kenkyujo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Suichu Kokogaku Kenkyujo Item Type Book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Suichu Kokogaku Kenkyujo Title A name given to the resource "Chintosen (19seiki no igirisu bune) jito jiten no iseki" hakkutsu chosa hokoku - suitei irohamaru- Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b132e608ddeb4621ef677cee49bc72a3.pdf a38313bd835f0d572e9e4bcccec4e521 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 6: The Maritime Archaeology of Trade and Exchange in East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 papers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Gang(綱)" of letters on ceramics written in ink found in maritime archaeological excavations Description An account of the resource Ceramics are one of the major artefact types that are found in maritime archaeological excavations. Some of these ceramics have letters written in ink on them. Tthese letters are categorized as “Gang (綱)”. “Gang” is an important historical material to "Gangshou (綱首)", which is the name of a group of leading trade merchants operating during the Song dynasty in the literature records. Gang written on ceramics have several types, such as “gang”, “family name + gang”, “gangsi (綱司)”, and “family name + gangsi”. These “Gang” ceramics have been found in ruins on Hakata (博多) and in northern Kyushu in Japan, Mado (馬島) underwater ruins in Korea, and Penghu Island (澎湖島) ruins in Taiwan. It was also collected from under the sea near Hong Kong. In mainland China, these are also excavated from the Nanhai I Shipwreck (南海), Shipwreck of Quanzhou(泉州) Bay, Strata of Song Dynasty in the Nanyue (南越) Palace ruin, and in Guangzhou(広州). This study examines merchant excavation locations of "Gang" identified ceramics within the maritime archeological context. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hisako Ishiguro Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ishiguro, Hisako. 2021. “"Gang(綱)" of letters on ceramics written in ink found in maritime archaeological excavations.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/681 Asia-Pac Session 6 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Uma" No Bunka to "fune" No Bunka: Kodai Nihon to Chugoku Bunka Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mitsuji Fukunaga Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Jinbun Shoin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Type The nature or genre of the resource Book Zotero Author Mitsuji Fukunaga Item Type Book ISBN 4409540505 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996 Library Catalog OCLC WorldCat FirstSearch Num Pages 343 Place Kyoto-shi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Jinbun Shoin Short Title "Uma" No Bunka to "fune" No Bunka Title A name given to the resource "Uma" No Bunka to "fune" No Bunka: Kodai Nihon to Chugoku Bunka Japan https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c01b5a5b578214036c7f1565e002f2fe.pdf 827bea5e6819d8acc079c1313324a457 PDF Text Text “Winged” stem and stern in Southeast Asian lashed-lug vessels: from ethnography to archaeology Pierre-Yves Manguin (EFEO/French School of Asian Studies, Emeritus Professor) ABSTRACT So-called “winged” bows were among the first boat characteristics that were used to identify the expansion of shipping technologies of the Austronesian speaking people across both the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Pioneers Haddon and Hornell were the first to recognize that small outrigger dugouts observed in East Africa shared a “winged” stem (and stern) construction with comparable boats from Insular Southeast Asia. Starting with the Butuan archaeological excavations in the 1980s, a number of much larger plank-built vessels of the first and second millennia CE have been brought to light in Southeast Asian waters that clearly belong to this “winged” technical tradition. They all belong to the lashed-lug shipbuilding tradition which is specific to Southeast Asia. This presentation will bring together the presently available evidence on such matters, with detailed observations, and a first attempt at building up a typology of such vessels. Keywords: lashed-lug, Southeast Asian archaeology, Southeast Asian ethnography, winged stem List of figures Figure 1. Butuan 2 “winged” stem (from Clark et al. 1993). Figure 2. The Punjulharjo ship Figure 3. Rope fastenings of stem and/or stern. Lamalera; biduk of the Upper Batang Hari, Jambi Figure 4. “Winged” Paya Pasir; Stepped keel piece, to which “winged” stem or stern blocks fastened INTRODUCTION Pioneers Alfred C. Haddon and James Hornell were the first to recognize that small outrigger dugouts observed in East Africa and Madagascar shared structural characteristics with comparable boats from Insular Southeast Asia. They thus brought material evidence of early maritime contacts between the two shores of the Indian Ocean (linguistic and anthropological affinities with Madagascar had by then be recognised). They first examined the design of outriggers (Haddon 1918; 1920; Hornell 1919). Hornell, however, soon shifted his attention to what he termed the “winged” stem and stern pieces of these small boats, a possibly more stable common characteristic of crafts, built thousands of miles apart (Hornell 1920; 1928; 1934; 1944). On such small dugouts with only one or two raised side-planks, both dugout extremities are raised by attaching to them one or more blocks of wood carved out in the shape of a “winged“ stem or stern pieces. In such boats, there is no need for a stem post, the extremities of the planks being fastened to these “winged” blocks of wood —at some distance from the acute-angled ends Figure 1. Butuan 2 “winged” stem (from Clark et al. 1993). 1 �of the hull, and therefore without the need to impose a strong curvature, difficult to achieve, on the planks. We know by now that such a design is not limited to small dugout craft but may also be found in larger plank-built boats in which the dugout has evolved into a true keel piece. Solid ethnographic work by Nick Burningham (1990) recognised and discussed such features in what he calls the “stemless craft” of Ende or the “seven- part craft” of the Bajau of Tawi-Tawi (Burningham 1990; 1992; on the Bajau lepa, see also Nimmo 1990). A close observation of the boats built by the Moken sea nomads living along the upper northwest coast of the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on the other side of Southeast Asia, show distinct similarities with those of the Sama Bajau of the Philippines (Ivanoff 1999). It is clear from these superficial remarks that, on ethnographic evidence alone, a considerable amount of comparative work remains to be done on such matters. WINGED STEMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Starting with the Butuan archaeological excavations in the 1980s, several large plank-built vessels of the first and second millennia CE were brought to light in Southeast Asian waters, which also clearly belong to this “winged stem and stern” technical tradition. This point was raised in one of the first systematic descriptions of one of the Butuan boats (Clark, Green, Santiago et al. 1993; see Figure 1), and discussed in much detail, after additional data was brought to light during further excavations of the Butuan boats by Ligaya Lacsina (2016). This raises the possibility of connecting this particular boatbuilding technology with one other design that has now been firmly associated by nautical archaeologists to Southeast Asian shipbuilding, i.e. the “lashed-lug” technology. One essential task that nautical archaeologists working in Southeast Asia had assigned themselves was to identify technical characteristics that defined a local shipbuilding tradition different from those of neighbouring areas. In the early phases of nautical archaeology in the region, this was essential as most recoveries of ship timbers were brought to light as broken and dissociated fragments, after looting or during rescue operations of damaged sites (and this still happens too often). The “lashed-lug” technique is not exclusive to Southeast Asia, as already noted by Hornell (1935), but it is unique within Asia, and it has been one key identifier of the Southeast Asian origin of archaeological finds. If it is proved to be usually associated with winged stem and stern pieces, such identifications of archaeological finds (or of ambiguous textual sources) of Southeast Asian craft will be more secure, and a more reliable typology will be built up. This brief presentation only purports to bring together new evidence presently available on such matters, mostly from Indonesia, as one assembled and many fragmented ship remains have been found in the past years, many of which could be studied at leisure. They all clearly belong to the lashed-lug tradition, and all can be associated with winged designs for stem and/or stern. One major discovery by Indonesian archaeologists was that in Rembang (north coast of Central Java), on the beach ridge site of Punjulharjo, of a 16 m long, remarkably well preserved lashed-lug and stitchedplank boat dated to the 7th to 8th century CE (Abbas 2010; Mochtar 2018; Manguin 2019) (Figure 2). The fastenings with ijok ropes of the planks together and that of lugs to frames, stringers and vertical stanchions are particularly well preserved, as are the stem and the stern pieces, up to the third strake, as depicted in the following drawings. The stern and the less well- preserved stem are not symmetrical, but are clearly built following the same design. The “winged” blocks of wood are fastened not only by treenails inserted into theirs seams, but also by two kinds of ijok lashings: one passes outside of the hull, and fastens the extremity of the keel piece and the first block; the other is inside the hull, and must have been made taught by hammering in a rounded, bevelled wedge. 2 �Figure 2. The Punjulharjo ship: 3D image (by Ipso Facto and P.-Y. Manguin) Stern (left) and stem of the Punjulharjo ship (drawing by P.-Y. Manguin). Such rope fastenings of stemless stem and stern pieces have survived to this day under different guises in a few small boats (in Lamalera, Lembata, or in Jambi, Sumatra (Figure 3) (Barnes 1985; Dwyer and Ackerman 1998). Daniel G. Dwyer recently remarked that some boat depictions of Dong Son drums and of archaeological remains in Vietnam may have also used a comparable fastening (Dwyer 2015a, 2015b). Such lashings are no longer used in the Butuan boats, in line with the fact that, being younger by a few centuries, their planks are no longer stitched together with ijok as are those of Punjulharjo. Only treenails and tenons and mortises have by then remained in use to assemble the hull (Manguin 2022). One rescue operation carried out in 1989-1990 by Indonesian archaeologists and the present author at Paya Pasir, which turned up to be the heavily disturbed harbour site of the 11th to 14th century CE neighbouring site of Kota Cina (North Sumatra). Only broken timbers belonging to a variety of small to large boats and ships were recovered, all of them of the lashed-lug tradition, and all dated to the period of activity of the Kota Cina site (Manguin 1989; in press). One major find belonging to a middle-sized vessel (some 15 to 25 m) was that of a well-preserved stepped stem or stern (Figure 4, left). Contrary to what we have seen so far, it was elaborately carved out from one single block of wood that was fastened, as usual, to the extremity of a keel (now broken off). The end parts of the planks would have been fastened to the stepped wing sides by way of dowels (one or two dowel holes are still preserved on each step). Other damaged pieces from different craft may be identified as the tapering extremities of now broken off keels, to which separate “winged” stem or stern pieces would have been attached. The twin bevelled surfaces starting after the stem or stern end are bored with dowel holes that would have maintained the garboard strakes in place (Figure 4, right). It appears that, as in the Butuan boats, no rope lashings were used to fasten the stem/stern piece to the keel (here again, in line with the late dating of these boats, none of which were of the earlier “stitched-plank” type). 3 �Figure 3. Rope fastenings of stem and/or stern. (top): model of a whaling boat of Lamalera (ph. Nick Burningham) / (bottom): a biduk of the Upper Batang Hari, Jambi (as drawn by van Hasselt 1882, pl. XCIV). Other sites of Sumatra have in the past years delivered comparable remains of broken off keel pieces, all unfortunately from disturbed sites, along the shore of the Kota Kapur site (Bangka-Belitung), or at Margomulyo (Air Sugihan site complex, South Sumatra). All appear to have been fastened to similar stem/stern pieces. They have not been dated by C14, but both sites were in activity during the 1st millenium CE. DISCUSSION Scholars of the early 20th century, with the limited evidence they had at hand regarding the ancient shipbuilding traditions of Southeast Asian people, only considered the small boats they could then observe (dugouts with only a few raised planks). We know by now that large ocean sailing ships were built by Southeast Asians as early as the first few centuries CE, and that the boat builders of the Maldives —roughly half way on one possible route between Indonesia and Madagascar— kept building their midsized plank-built fishing craft in ways that clearly derive from former Southeast Asian lashed-lug technologies (Manguin 2011). It is therefore logical to conclude that those Austronesian speaking people who settled in Madagascar during the 1st millennium CE has sailed there in large plank- built vessels (Manguin 2012; 2016). This will have to remain in the realm of informed speculation, pending a systematic study of textual sources that would tell us if some of the Malagasy larger ships would show Figure 4. “Winged” stem or stern of a medium sized boat from Paya Pasir (photograph and drawing by P.- Y. Manguin; from Manguin, in press) / (right) Stepped design of the extremity of a keel piece, to which “winged” stem or stern blocks would have been fastened. 4 �traces of Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions, or the discovery of a relevant shipwreck in the Indian Ocean. On more secure, if limited grounds, it now appears that the shape and the mode of assemblage stem and stern pieces following the ubiquitous “winged” design can vary considerably from craft to craft, and in different periods. It may well also have differed from region to region within Southeast Asian waters, but boats and ships being essentially mobile, it is rarely possible to ascertain from archaeological finds if the craft are locally produced of came from overseas). BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbas, Novida. "Perahu Kuna Punjulharjo: Sebuah Hasil Penelitian." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi, 6 (2010): 42–56. Akerman, Kim and Dan Dwyer. "The Senabi: External stern-lashings on Austronesian water-craft", Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 24 (2000): 85–88. Barnes, Robert H. “Whaling vessels of Indonesia.” In Sewn Plank Boats, edited by Sean McGrail and Eric Kentley, 345–366. Greenwich: British Archaeological Reports International Series 276, National Maritime Museum, 1985. Burningham, Nick. "Stemless boats of Ende Bay." The Beagle, records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 7, no. 1 (1990): 105–119. Burningham, Nick. "Bajau lepa and sope: A 'seven-part canoe' building tradition in Indonesia", The Beagle (Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences), 10, no. 1 (1992): 193–222. Clark, Paul, Jeremy Green, Rey Santiago, et al. 1993, "The Butuan Two boat known as balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines", International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 22, no. 2 (1993): 143–159. Dwyer, Daniel. "Value Adding to Maritime Archaeology with Two Case Studies from Vietnam: Possible External Stern-Lashing on 9th Century Hoi an Watercraft and a Re-Examination of Some Maritime Technologies Recorded on Dong Son Drums", in Mark Staniforth and Lê Thi Liên (Eds.), Underwater Archaeology in Vietnam and Southeast Asia: Co-operation for development, Quang Ngai 2014. Quang Ngai: Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, pp. 117–124, 2015a Dwyer, Daniel. "External stern-lashings on Southeast Asian Watercraft: New evidence for Early Technological Regionality in Boat Construction.", in Aldemar Ossowski (ed.), Book of Abstracts, ISBSA 14. International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology: Baltic and beyond Change and continuity in shipbuilding National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk, 43. Gdansk: The National Maritime Museum, 2015b. Dwyer, Daniel and Kim Akerman. 1998, "The pelédang. The lashed-lug whaling craft of Lamalera, Lomblen (Lembata), Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia ", The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 14 (1998): 123– 147. Gibson-Hill, Carl Alexander. “Further notes on the old boat from Pontian”, Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society 25, no. 1 (1952): 111–133. Haddon, Alfred Court. "The Outrigger Canoe of East Africa", Man, 18, no. 29 (1918): 49–54. Haddon, Alfred Court. 1920, "The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 50 (1920): 63-134. van Hasselt, A. L. Ethnographische atlas van Midden-Sumatra, met verklarenden tekst, in Pieter J. Veth (ed.), Midden-Sumatra 1877-1879: Reizen en onderzoekingen der Sumatra-expeditie. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 3, no. 1 (1882): 2. Hornell, James. "The Affinities of East African Canoes", Man 55 (1919): 97–100. Hornell, James. "The Common Origin of the Outrigger Canoes of Madagascar and East Africa", Man 20, no. 67 (1920), pp. 134– 139. Hornell, James. "Indonesian Cultures in East Africa", Man 28 (1928): 1–4. Hornell, James. "Indonesian Influence on East African Culture", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 54 (1934): 305– 332. 5 �Hornell, James. "Constructional Parallels in Scandinavian and Oceanic Boat Construction", Mariner's Mirror, 21 (1935): 411– 427. Hornell, James. "The Outrigger Canoes of Madagascar, East Africa and the Comoro Islands", Mariner's Mirror 30 (1944): 3–18, 170–185. Ivanoff, Jacques. The Moken Boat. Symbolic Technology. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1999. Lacsina, Ligaya. “Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques.” PhD thesis, Flinders University, 2016. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Sewn-plank craft of South-East Asia.” In Sewn Plank Boats, edited by Sean McGrail and Eric Kentley, 319-343. BAR International Series 276, Greenwich: National Maritime Museum, 1985. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. "The trading ships of Insular Southeast Asia : New evidence from Indonesian archaeological sites", in Proceedings, Pertemuan Ilmiah Arkeologi V, Yogyakarta 1989. [Jakarta]: Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Indonesia 1 (1989): 200–220. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. "Les techniques de construction navale aux Maldives originaires d’Asie du Sud-Est", Techniques & Culture 35-36 (2001): 21–47. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. "The Maldives connection: pre-modern Malay World shipping across the Indian Ocean", in Chantal Radimilahy and Narivelo Rajaonarimanana (eds.), Civilisations des mondes insulaires. Mélanges en l'honneur du Professeur Claude Allibert, 261–284. Paris: Éditions Karthala, 2011. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Late Mediaeval Asian Shipbuilding in the Indian Ocean: A Reappraisal”, in Om Prakash (ed.), The Trading World of the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800, 597–629. Calcutta: Centre for Studies in Civilisations, 2012. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships”, in Gwyn Campbell (ed.), Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World, 51–76. Basingstoke, Hampshire: PalgraveMacmillan, 2016. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. "Sewn Boats of Southeast Asia: the stitched-plank and lashed-lug tradition", International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 48, no. 2 (2019): 400–415. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. 2021, “The assembly of hulls in Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions: from lashings to treenails”, in Giulia Boetto, Patrice Pomey & Pierre Poveda (Eds), Open Sea / Closed Sea: Local and Inter-Regional Traditions in Shipbuilding (Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Marseille 2018, ISBSA 15), Archaeonautica, 21 (2021): 135–138. Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Ship timbers at Paya Pasir: the 1988-89 rescue excavation”, in Daniel Perret and Henny Surachman (eds.), The archaeology of Kota Cina, Paris- Jakarta: EFEO, BRIN. In press. Mochtar, Agni Sesaria, “The Seventh-Century Punjulharjo Boat from Indonesia: A study of the early Southeast Asian lashed-lug boatbuilding tradition.” Master’s thesis, Flinders University, Adelaide, (2018). Nimmo, H. Arlo. "The boats of the Tawi-Tawi Bajau, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines", Asian Perspectives, 29, no. 1 (1990): pp. 51–88. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 6: Lashed-lug boats: Emerging research from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Subject The topic of the resource Session 6 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 6 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource “Winged” stem and stern in Southeast Asian lashed-lug vessels: from ethnography to archaeology Description An account of the resource So-called “winged” bows were among the first boat characteristics that were used to identify the expansion of shipping technologies of the Austronesian speaking people across both the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Pioneers Haddon and Hornell were the first to recognize that small outrigger dugouts observed in East Africa shared a “winged” stem (and stern) construction with comparable boats from Insular Southeast Asia. Starting with the Butuan archaeological excavations in the 1980s, a number of much larger plank-built vessels of the first and second millennia CE have been brought to light in Southeast Asian waters that clearly belong to this “winged” technical tradition. They all belong to the lashed-lug shipbuilding tradition which is specific to Southeast Asia. This presentation will bring together the presently available evidence on such matters, with detailed observations, and a first attempt at building up a typology of such vessels. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pierre-Yves Manguin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Mangiun, Pierre-Yves. 2023. “‘Winged’ stem and stern in Southeast Asian lashed-lug vessels: from ethnography to archaeology.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Ligaya Lacsina, Agni Mochtar, and Pierre-Yves Manguin. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology.URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1940 Asia-Pac Session 6 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/783e11a20265edc73c816f763522b079.pdf a9cd0317c6c8144dd4d4a131e22ef128 PDF Text Text 15th century carnelian bead cargo of the Indian Ocean World: a conversation starter on collections-based research in the Asia-Pacific Jennifer Craig (APConf5 Committee Member, Publication Lead Coordinator) ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract fits best within the Collections-based Research Session because existing museum collections of carnelian beads from two archaeological shipwreck sites were analyzed. The sites include different ship constructions located at the far ends, to the north and south, of the Philippines; and they carried comparable artefacts. Both the Pandanan (1460-1487 CE) and Santa Cruz (1488-1505 CE) shipwrecks carried cargoes of similar ceramics (i.e. Chinese Jingdezhen and Thai Maenam Noi) and black glass beads (i.e. west India soda alumina); yet these sites also carried dissimilar cargo in both the ceramics and glass beads. Both sites also carried disproportionate carnelian beads. The resources to conduct the work to study carnelian are the morphological analysis of measurement and descriptors, technological analysis of SEM and compositional analysis of LA-ICPMS. My research questions ask what geographic patterns these analyses indicate of the carnelian beads: What is the source of the carnelian? Where were the bead workshops? What sailing routes did the carnelian move over to ultimately shipwreck off the Philippines? The expected results are that riverine systems that connected interior Indian carnelian were used to move raw material to west India bead workshops, via the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal into the Straits of Malacca to Southeast Asian entrepôt. Keywords: Collections-based research, rigor, connectivities, shipwreck List of Tables and Figures: Table 1 lists the Santa Cruz and Pandanan carnelian cargo average concentrations and standard deviations for the elements used in the statistical analysis with samples in parts per million converted to log10 values. Table 2 Agate/Carnelian artefacts analyzed in this study and their primary predicted group memberships from Canonical Discriminant Analysis. Figure 1 A Principal Component Analysis scatterplot of the agate/carnelian geologic sources and the agate/carnelian artifacts plotted by their first and second components. Figure 2 A biplot of the agate/carnelian geologic sources with the agate/carnelian artifacts plotted by their first two discriminant functions. INTRODUCTION In January 2023 I attended the Society for Historical Archaeology conference. This North American focused conference included a luncheon on Collections and Curation that invited practitioners of Collections-based Research. Wondering if I might be an oblivious participant, as someone who had recently completed a PhD dissertation on shipwreck beads collections stored in the National Museum of the Philippines, in the luncheon I found that there was a very clear definition of what collection-based research entailed for the North American Archaeologist/Curator, “using existing collections to pose and answer scholarly questions/it is a form of archaeological excavation in its own right. Searching through the contents of boxes and old catalogs found deep in repositories is a process full of discoveries/collections that can be generated over a period of decades by academic institutions, museums, volunteer organizations, and cultural resource management firms” (King 2014). This led me to think that if I was unaware of this definition then perhaps it is because it is not a concept in the Asia Pacific Region. I was curious to discuss with colleagues in the APConf 2023 of our ideas of collectionsbased research, including how might we like to define our own regional version, and I also wanted to 1 �share what remained to published of my work on the NMPL collection of carnelian beads from two shipwrecks. The topic of this paper fits best within this Session 23 on Collections-based Research because my case studies are museum collections of carnelian beads from two archaeological shipwreck sites in the Philippines. My research questions and methodologies are grounded in maritime archaeology, linguistics and museology. I wanted a space to explore what epistemologies I bring to collections-based research within a session of peers doing work on “collections''. My archaeology epistemology intersects with maritime-historical –indigenous-material science archaeology. Maritime archaeology in that my theoretical framework is the maritime cultural landscape, connecting artefacts and places across land and water. Historical archaeology in that I mostly work with objects made within the second millennia, with a slant of Art History in that I work across decades. Finally, built out of my exploration of linguistic methodologies to study cultural concepts and a human worldview, I am guided professionally by Indigenous-feminist archaeology. I use heart-centered practices: (1) show care for the living and the dead; (2) recognize we are all emotional and social as well as intellectual beings; (3) act upon our needs for responsible relationships with each other, with a range of communities, and with archaeological records, and; (4) emphasize rigor (Supernant, Baxter, Lyons, & Atalay 2020). Archaeometry contributes to the rigor of my answers to research questions on connectivities across large areas in short periods of time. CASE STUDIES The case studies under consideration are the shipwrecks Pandanan (1460-1487 CE) and Santa Cruz (1488-1505 CE). The first was a Vietnamese-Chinese barge located in south-west Philippines and the second a South China Sea Tradition open-ocean vessel located in north-west Philippines. Aside from the hull design and location, several differences exist between the cargoes. The Pandanan cargo included Chinese Longquan celadon, Jingdezhen and Guangdong with Burmese Twante, Vietnamese Chu Dau and Thai Si Satchanalai; High magnesium black glass beads morphologically identical to black west India soda alumina (in similarities); Small and long red west India soda alumina glass beads; three agates (one pendant, two rough cornerless cube/pentagon). The Santa Cruz cargo included Minyao Chinese, blue and white Cham and Go Sanh Cham wares, Sukhothai fish plates; Waxy yellow east India glass beads; Potash high potassium blue wound glass beads; 54-106 hexagonal prism carnelians/agates; 2684 small lozenge carnelian/agates; one cornerless hexagon quartzite. Despite these differences the shipwrecks also carried three similar types of cargo: Chinese Jingdezhen and Thai Maenam Noi ceramics; black glass beads (i.e. west India soda alumina) (Craig 2021; Craig & Dussubieux 2022). I return to these details later as I consider context and connectivities across vast water bodies of the Indian Ocean and the seas in the Southeast Asia Region. This paper narrows into the discussion on the carnelian beads. Carnelian beads The range of carnelian/agate quantity comes from the inventory notes at the time of excavation and my morphology analysis results. The Pandanan excavation report included three agates. My morphological analysis recorded one pendant, and two rough cornerless cube/pentagon. The Santa Cruz inventory included 190 carnelians/agates beads. My morphological analysis recorded 54 hexagonal prisms and 26 small lozenge carnelian/agates. 2 �RESOURCES The resources available to conduct the work include the National Museum of the Philippines directors Jeremy Barns and Angel Baptiste, staff in the Archaeology Division Mary Jane Bolunia and Eusebio Dizon, staff in the Underwater Archaeology Division Clyde Jago-on and Bobby Orillaneda, and staff from the Records Section Nida Curvas. During fieldwork I appreciated the research assistance by Emil Bersamira and Bobby Orillaneda. The fieldwork was supported by the Social Science and Research Council of Canada MCRI, Society for Nautical Research, Brasenose College and Oxford University Meyerstein. The stone beads were exported for compositional analysis with Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), this details the elemental “recipe” (periodic table) of the stone to compare with known geological sources, by Laure Dussubieux (Chicago Field Museum, Elementary Analysis Laboratory) with funds from the National Science Foundation (BCS 1321731) and the Bruce and Barbara Trigger Award of the Anthropology Department McGill University; and statistical analysis and training supported by MITACS Research Training Award (2020). En route a fortuitous encounter with Dennys Frenez (Università di Bologna, Department of History and Cultures, Prehistory and Protohistory of Asia), Mark Kenoyer and Randall Law (University of Wisconsin– Madison, Department of Anthropology) with permission from NMPL colleagues, led to technical analysis of the bead bore putty impression samples at different magnifications (300X, 100X, 50X, 20X) with SEM- Hitachi 570 (University of Wisconsin–Madison, Laboratory of Experimental Archaeology). The technological analysis unanimously pointed to Indian craftsmanship where long faceted hexagonal beads are generally drilled with larger diameter diamond drills, and the smaller tabular lozenge shaped faceted beads are generally drilled with thinner diamond drills (Kenoyer pers. comm. 25 April 2017). Randall used statistical analysis with program SPSS [Table 1] using canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) to compare the Pandanan and Santa Cruz carnelian compositions to known agate sources (Carter & Dussubieux, 2016; Law et al., 2013). Table 1 lists the Santa Cruz and Pandanan carnelian cargo average concentrations and standard deviations for the elements used in the statistical analysis with samples in parts per million (PPM) converted to log10 values. These are compared to the four geologic sources Ratanpur, Mardak, Shahr-i-Sokhta and Ban Khao Mogul (reproduced/adapted from Carter and Dussubieux 2016:327, Table 3). When comparing these tables it is possible to see the difference between the elements and their ranges to notice how some line up but most are out of range. This indicates possible shared geography of source material but currently outside these locations. For example, with select elements the bead 1170E fits within the PPM range for Scandium (Sc) and Uranium (U) but not otherwise. 8829 A 8829 B 8829 C 8829 D 8829 E 1170 A 1170 B 1170 C 1170 D 1170 E B 23.31 23.15 41.12 6.61 24.42 B 10.51 33.41 15.45 24.89 16.08 Ni 3.39 1.95 2.66 2.94 1.78 Ni 2.66 1.55 1.44 1.56 1.15 Sb 1.16 0.48 1.16 0.66 1.19 Sb 1.00 3.78 0.28 2.11 0.88 Sc 2.86 2.19 2.28 2.85 2.00 Sc 2.21 2.12 1.96 1.88 1.81 U 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 U 0.35 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.01 1389 Ei 1389 Fi 1389 Gi 1389 Hi 1389 Mi 1389 Ni 1389 Oi 1389 Pi 1389 H 1389 I 1389 J 1389 K 1389 L 1389 M 1389 N B 9.28 9.48 12.97 3.52 15.02 4.05 32.18 6.21 20.23 58.89 12.41 37.05 18.21 26.78 12.98 Ni 0.76 3.54 0.69 0.2 1.97 1.98 1.96 1.90 4.86 2.50 1.91 2.61 1.74 0.96 0.92 Sb 1.51 1.32 1.14 1.21 1.66 1.50 1.62 0.64 4.52 2.97 0.73 1.72 1.55 2.32 1.38 Sc 1.58 1.40 1.22 1.32 2.12 1.96 1.42 1.34 2.59 2.84 2.29 1.97 1.95 1.58 1.62 U 0.55 0.95 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.18 0.10 1.02 0.08 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.03 3 �FRAMEWORK My research questions ask what geographic patterns these compositional, morphological, technological analyses indicate of the carnelian beads: What is the source of the carnelian? Where were the bead workshops? What sailing routes did the carnelian move over to ultimately shipwreck off the Philippines? The results indicate the first two questions are well researched and relatively clear routes can be drawn, while the third question points to gaps in the literature. RESULTS The expected results are that riverine systems that connected interior Indian carnelian were used to move raw material to west India bead workshops, via the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal into the Straits of Malacca to Southeast Asian entrepôt. My compositional results are that the Santa Cruz carnelian was sourced from an unknown location (Figure 1/TABLE 2), likely along the Deccan Traps of India (Carter & Dussubieux 2016). Perhaps there was some overlap with Ratanpur and Shahr-i-Sokhra but that's largely speculative (Figure 2). Technological analysis results of Indian craftsmanship adds details on the workshop location likelihood. The bead workshops near Ratanpur were in Limodara during the sixteenth century. The initial process of drying the stone and changing its colour by heating continued in Limodara (Dames 1918, 143; Lunde & Craig 2015, 22). Kenoyer, Vidale & Bhanet (1991, 45) show the location of agate bead production exclusively in Gujarat with raw materials from Ratanpur and Limodra, both situated along the Narmada River, flowing into the sea downstream of Broach (Lunde & Craig 2015, 27). 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 Shahr-i-Sokhra 0.05 Ratanpur (I) 0 Mardak Bet (I) Santa Cruz -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Figure 1 A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scatterplot of the agate/carnelian geologic sources and the agate/carnelian artifacts plotted by their first and second components (created 23/6/2016). This graph shows Santa Cruz carnelian of largely unknown source. Perhaps some overlap with Ratanpur andd Shahr-i-Sokhra but that's largely speculative. 4 �Table 2 Agate/Carnelian artefacts analyzed in this study and their primary predicted group memberships (PGM) from Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA). CDA assumes that all groups (sources) are present in the dataset when generating PGMs. That is, it will provide an assignment even if the true source is not present because data is expected to anchor to centroids. Site name and dates Santa Cruz 1488-1505 CE Pandanan 1460-1487 CE Database ID Agate/Carnelian Predicted Group Membership 8829_D Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 8829_B Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 1170_C Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 8829_A Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 8829_C Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 8829_E Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 1170_E Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 1170_A Agate Mardak Bet (MB), India 1170_B Agate Shahr-i-Sokhta (SiS), Iran 1170_D Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Mi Carnelian Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Ni Agate Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Oi Carnelian Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Pi Agate Shahr-i-Sokhta (SiS), Iran 11389_Ei Carnelian Shahr-i-Sokhta (SiS), Iran 11389_Fi Carnelian Ban Khao Mogul (BKM), Thailand 11389_Gi Carnelian Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Hi Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Ii Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Ji Carnelian Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Ki Carnelian Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Li Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Ai Carnelian Mardak Bet (MB), India 11389_Bi Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Ci Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Di Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_Qi Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_I Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_J Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_K Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_H Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_L Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_M Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 11389_N Carnelian Ratanpur (RTP), India 3043_A Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 3043_B Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 1087_F Agate Ratanpur (RTP), India 5 �Figure 2 A biplot of the agate/carnelian geologic sources with the agate/carnelian artifacts plotted by their first two discriminant functions. The four labeled artifacts are outliers from those that have either a primary or secondary PGM assignment. All four were predicted to belong to one Indian source. Of those four, one had a PGM in the Thai source and three had PGMs in the Iran source. The importance of ports in the transport system is significant because the Gujarat area was strategically placed along the main shipping route. Early 16th century records by Ludovico di Varthema (travelled from 1503 to 1508), mentions the agate/carnelian trade of Cambay and the wide web of foreign markets, reached by ‘Mohammedan sea-faring traders’ along the Red Sea, East Coast of Africa, the Mediterranean and the Far East (Arkell 1936, 299). For the carnelian/agate source Shahr-i-Sokhra the port of Hormuz was likely. During the years 1325-1622 CE, the bulk of the India trade passed through Hormuz, and continued to do so even after the Portuguese took the city in 1514 CE (Lunde & Craig 2015, 26). Hormuz had a significant advantage over Aden, its main rival. “Ships out of Hormuz could sail to Gujarat almost all the year round, hugging the coasts of Makran and Sind, while Yemeni and Red Sea ships were completely dependent on the monsoon system, with narrow windows of opportunity for safely crossing the Indian Ocean.” (Lunde & Craig 2015, 26). Contemporary to the dates of the shipwrecks Pandanan and Santa Cruz, the port Rander (destroyed by Portuguese in 1530 CE) was described by Duarte Barbosa in 1514 CE as trading with Malacca, Bengal, Tenasserim, and Pegu. Prior to the silting of the estuary to Rander in the 16th century, stone beads were shipped out of Cambay by Portuguese and Gujarati merchants along with glass beads from Broach. The importance of Bharuch from the turn of the millennium through the 18th century, located 25 nautical miles from the sea on the north bank of the Narmada River (Maqbul Ahmad 1960, 58; Lunde & Craig 2015, 24), indicates the heavy riverine traffic of the Narmada River. Narmada River to Limodara and 6 �on to Bharuch/ Broach on southeast of Cambay’s estuary and Tapi River to Rander share a baseflow source in the Deccan Plateau grabens (Vanderkluysen et al. 2011). This is to say the mineral content of the geology is similar (Das, Krishnaswami & Kumar 2006). CONCLUSION In conclusion, presumably stone beads exported via Broach were along the river systems or in the saltwater on shallow lightering-craft. The archaeological and historical text evidence together indicates that bead production and port location were inextricably linked in Gujarat (Lunde & Craig 2015, 27). However, large gaps in the literature still remain for the story on how carnelian beads may have moved through the Bay of Bengal into the Straits of Malacca to Southeast Asian entrepôt. Returning to my raison d’etre of creating this session for discussion in our APConf 2023, on ideas of collections-based research, including how we might like to define a version in the Asia Pacific region. I consider the beads and Rey Santiago as I go into this question. Rey was my bead mentor. He curated the records and objects of bead collections in the NMPL, cultivated methodology of their study, (and the part that hooked me onto these small finds) extrapolated the stories of each bead from water and land. With these intangible and tangible inputs to my collections-based research, I propose that we, “pose and answer scholarly questions/it is a form of archaeological excavation in its own right. Searching [with mentors/ghosts/spirits/colleagues] through the contents of boxes and old catalogs found deep in repositories is a process full of discoveries[/magic/kinship-making/affirming that include] collections that can be generated over a period of decades by academic institutions, museums, volunteer organizations, and cultural resource management firms [so as to gather stories and storytell]” (King 2014; Supernant 2020; Supernant, Beisaw, Garrison, & Surface-Evans 2020). Acknowledgements To all of you mentioned in this text – Thank you! This includes the people who directly handled the beads, conducted paperwork to support this research, funded me and who produced the publications referenced below. Namely my thanks goes to Andre Costopoulos and Gwyn Campbell. Jeremy Barns, Angel Baptista, Mary Jane Bolunia, Clyde Jago-on and staff, Nida Curvas and staff, Dr Eusebio Dizon, Mauro Alvarez. I really appreciated the people who worked with me on a regular basis Bobby Orillaneda, Emil Bermisera, Vergil San Mateo, Allan Quinto, Paolo Tabirao, Larry Alba, Amelia Alhambra, Rey Bautista, Marcelo Cercado. Rey Santiago for his bead analysis training in 2011 and for providing access to photograph his Bead Typology Plates A - K. Nick Burningham for his mentorship and our long discussions and shared writing on ship construction technique. Along with Tom Vosmer, Eric Staples, Alessandro Ghidoni for our discussions on Arabian Sea People’s shipbuilding Laure Dussubieux for her compositional analysis of the beads at the Chicago Field Museum and dive buddy Mike Knight for his security in Chicago. Mark Kenoyer and Randall Law for their study of my stone beads after a chance meeting in an Oman Workshop on Shared Archaeological Heritage of Oman, India and Pakistan; and Dennys Frenez for helping me to learn how to conduct and record a technological analysis of bead bores. Financial support was provided by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (specifically Major Collaborative Research Initiative / Indian Ocean World Center), the Nautical Research Society’s Tomlin Award, National Science Foundation administered by Elemental Laboratory Chicago Field Museum, and twice awarded Bruce Trigger Award from the Anthropology Department McGill University, McGill Faulty Excellence Award, Statistical training supported by Mitacs Research Training Award. Professional training in Museum Studies at the Western Australia Maritime Museum’s Department of Maritime Archaeology with the support of the prestigious Australia Endeavour Award. Many thanks go to Francisco Urbie of the Inter-Library Loans department at McGill University. Friends who worked with me along the way are namely Charlotte Pham, Veronica Walker Vadillo, Clifford Pereira, Brian Fahy, Kris Farmen, Kendra Besinger. This extends to my office colleagues and friends of the Indian Ocean World Center, McGill University: Lori Callahan, Tyler Yank, Omri Bassewitch Frenkel, Peter Hynd, Eric Bell, Rebekah McCallum, Caroline Seagle, Joseph Howard, Carl Hughes and Lillian Fradin, Pablo Arroyo. 7 �Bibliography Arkell, A.J. “Cambay and the Bead Trade”, Antiquity 10, no. 39, (1936): 292-305. Carter, A.K. & L, Dussubieux. “Geologic provenience analysis of agate and carnelian beads using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A case study from Iron Age Cambodia and Thailand'', Journal of Archaeological Science, (2016): 321-331. Craig, J. “Refining the chronology and distribution of mid-fifteenth to mid-seventeenth century Indian Ocean world glass”, Antiquity, (2021): 1-6. Craig, J. & L, Dussubieux. “Shifting patterns of glass bead cargo of 15th – 17th century Philippines shipwrecks.” In Glass Bead Technology, Chronology, and Exchange, LA-ICP-MS Glass Compositions from the Field Museum's Elemental Analysis Facility edited by Heather Walder and Laure Dussubieux, 177-195. Leuven: Catholic University of Leuven, 2022. Dames, M.L. (ed. and trans.). The Book of Duarte Barbosa, Volume 1. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918. Das, A., S. Krishnaswami, and A. Kumar. “Sr and 87Sr/86Sr in rivers draining the Deccan Traps (India): Implications to weathering, Sr fluxes, and the marine 87Sr/86Sr record around K/T.” Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7, no 6 (2006): 114. Kenoyer, J. M., M. Vidale, and K. K. Bhan. “Contemporary Stone Beadmaking in Khambhat, India: Patterns of Craft Specialization and Organization of Production as Reflected in the Archaeological Record.” World Archaeology 23, (1991): 4463. Law, R., A. K. Carter, , B. Kuldeep, A. Malik, and M. D. Glascock. “INAA of agate sources and artifacts from the Indus, Helmand and Thailand regions”, In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology, edited by D. Frenez and M. Tosi. Italy: Archaeopress, 2013. Lunde, P. and J. CRAIG. “Translocations of Mediaeval Ports in the Northern Indian Ocean and their Impact on Gujarat's Maritime Trade in Beads.” In Port Towns of Gujarat edited by Sara Keller and M.N. Pearson. 19-30. Gujarat: Darshak Ithihas Nidi, 2015. Maqbul S. Ahmad, India and the Neighbouring Territories in the Kitāb Nuzhat al-Muštāq fi’Ikhtirāq al-’Āfāq of al-Sharīf alIdrīsī. Leiden: Brill, 1960. Supernant, K., J. E. Baxter, N. Lyons, and S. Atalay. Archaeologies of the heart. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020. Supernant, K. “From Haunted to Haunting: Métis Ghosts in the Past and Present.” In Blurring Timescapes: Subverting Erasure: Remembering Ghosts on the Margins of History, edited by S. Surface-Evans, A. Garrison, and K. Supernant, 85-103. New York: Berghahn, 2020. Supernant, K., A. M. Beisaw, A. E. Garrison, and S. Surface-Evans. “Epilogue: Ghosts, Haunting, and Refusals to Erasure.” In Blurring Timescapes: Subverting Erasure: Remembering Ghosts on the Margins of History, edited by S. Surface-Evans, A. Garrison, and K. Supernant, 185-195. New York:Berghahn, 2020. Vanderkluysen, Loÿc, John J. Mahoney, Peter R. Hooper, Hetu C. Sheth, and Ranjini Ray. “The Feeder System of the Deccan Traps (India): Insights from Dike Geochemistry.” Journal of Petrology 52, 2, (2011): 315–343. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 23: Collections-based Research Subject The topic of the resource Session 23 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 23 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 15th century carnelian bead cargo of the Indian Ocean World: a conversation starter on collections-based research in the Asia-Pacific Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract fits best within the Collections-based Research Session because existing museum collections of carnelian beads from two archaeological shipwreck sites were analyzed. The sites include different ship constructions located at the far ends, to the north and south, of the Philippines; and they carried comparable artefacts. Both the Pandanan (1460-1487 CE) and Santa Cruz (1488-1505 CE) shipwrecks carried cargoes of similar ceramics (i.e. Chinese Jingdezhen and Thai Maenam Noi) and black glass beads (i.e. west India soda alumina); yet these sites also carried dissimilar cargo in both the ceramics and glass beads. Both sites also carried disproportionate carnelian beads. The resources to conduct the work to study carnelian are the morphological analysis of measurement and descriptors, technological analysis of SEM and compositional analysis of LA-ICPMS. My research questions ask what geographic patterns these analyses indicate of the carnelian beads: What is the source of the carnelian? Where were the bead workshops? What sailing routes did the carnelian move over to ultimately shipwreck off the Philippines? The expected results are that riverine systems that connected interior Indian carnelian were used to move raw material to west India bead workshops, via the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal into the Straits of Malacca to Southeast Asian entrepôt. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jennifer Craig Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Craig, Jennifer. 2023. “15th century carnelian bead cargo of the Indian Ocean World.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Michelle Damian. Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1918 Asia-Pac Session 23 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/4437703c05046c156b19dbf319efe76e.pdf c13c3cc56dd6716c240b3e77ecc9df49 PDF Text Text 2001 Convention and UNESCO’s Capacity Building in Asia-Pacific Chihiro NISHIKAWA ABSTRACT The topic of this paper fits best within this Session 18: Revisiting the UNESCO Foundation and Advanced Courses for Asia-Pacific: Status, Development, and Challenges because it reviews UNESCO’s capacity building efforts and activities with an aim to identify challenges and propose future course of action relating to underwater cultural heritage in the region. 2001 CONVENTION The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (the 2001 Convention) was adopted in 2001 by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to fight against commercial exploitation of underwater cultural heritage (UCH). According to the Convention, UCH is “an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage” (UNESCO 2001: Preamble), and provides vital evidence and information about human history and the interaction of civilizations with all kinds of waters, e.g. oceans, lakes, rivers, flooded caves and swamps. The 2001 Convention aims to assure UCH protection and sustainability at the same level as those provided to land-based heritage. To this end, the 2001 Convention regulates site protection measures and obliges its States Parties to impose sanctions in cases of violations of the measures. It also provides ethical principles such as in situ preservation and the respect of all human remains located in maritime waters. The 2001 Convention moreover underlines the importance of research, information and education to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage and contains, in its Annex, 36 rules for activities directed at UCH, providing practical guidelines for underwater scientific and archaeological interventions. Today the rules have become internationally recognized scientific standards for underwater archaeology and research, applied by many specialized institutions and universities. UNESCO regional meetings and training workshops The 2001 Convention entered into force with 20 ratifications in 2009. To promote the principles of the 2001 Convention and help countries develop capacity in the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage in line with the objectives of the Convention, UNESCO organized a series of regional meetings and technical workshops. For Southeast Asia, UNESCO organized, between 2009 and 2011, extensive training workshops in underwater archaeology to build regional capacity in identification, research and protection of underwater cultural heritage, owing to the generous financial contribution from Norway. Five UNESCO training workshops, including three foundation courses and two advanced training courses, took place at the regional training centre on UCH in Chanthaburi, Thailand. The workshops all together trained nearly 100 underwater archaeologists from over 15 countries in Asia (UNESCO 2013b). Building on the training workshops, UNESCO further published the Training Manual for the Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific in 2012, to facilitate the development of capacity building programmes in underwater archaeology for the region (UNESCO 2012). At the same time, UNESCO organized regional policy meetings (Ko Kong, Cambodia in 2012, Indonesia in 2017 and 2019 in cooperation with ASEAN) to gain support for the 2001 Convention 1 �and enhance its ratification in the region. Several large-scale conferences were also undertaken at the initiatives of governments, universities and non-governmental stakeholders, including the Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage (APCONF) in Manilla (2011), Honolulu (2014), Hong Kong (2017), and Taiwan (2020) which provided a regional platform for academic exchange and information dissemination regarding underwater archaeology and UCH (Kimura and McCann 2019). While the 2001 Convention has progressively gained its influence and recognition as the international scientific standard and effective legal instrument for UCH protection, its ratification in Asia-Pacific remains the smallest among all regions, with only four countries1 having ratified the Convention. In Southeast Asia, only one state, Cambodia, has ratified the Convention in 2007. Table 1: Number of States Parties and ratification rate by UNESCO regional groups (electoral)2Source: UNESCO Europe & Latin North America America and Asia and Africa Pacific Arab Total States Caribbean Number of 20 21 4 15 12 72 50 33 44 47 19 193 40 63 9 31 63 37 States Parties Number of Member States Ratification rate (%) In the Pacific, two countries, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and Niue, have ratified the Convention respectively in 2018 and 2019. Moreover, UCH in the Pacific has begun to gain attention and has been increasingly integrated in the regional policies and initiatives such as the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway, Climate Change, Disaster Resilience and Environmental Protection of the United Nation Pacific Strategy 2018–2022, and the Regional Culture Strategy: Investing in Pacific Cultures 2010–2020. With numerous unexplored submerged sites, ranging from sunken villages, prehistorical dwellings to the shipwrecks from World War II, UCH is increasingly researched and recognised as a driver for sustainable development and as an effective means for community engagement and economic incentive through tourism (UNESCO 2017). In September 2014, UNESCO organized a side event on Underwater Cultural Heritage and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) during the SIDS Conference. It published two publications related to UCH in Oceania (2010) and related legislation and programmes in the five countries in Micronesia (2018) in collaboration with UCH experts from the region. The recent ratification of FSM and Niue is likely to be followed by other Pacific states, including Australia currently working toward the ratification3 and potentially the Solomon Islands and the Republic of the Marshall Islands for which UNESCO carried out studies on the gap analysis between their national legislations and the 2001 Convention in 2021, the preparatory work towards the ratification. 1 Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Iran, and Niue 2 According to UNESCO Executive Board groupings https://pax.unesco.org/cp/ListeMS_Indicators.asp See: Australia must do more to prevent ‘looting and destruction’ of underwater heritage, report says | Oceans | The Guardian 3 2 �In Asia where a series of trainings and workshops were conducted between 2009 and 2011, no other states have joined the Convention since Cambodia’s ratification in 2007. To take stock of the development and progress made to safeguard UCH in the region, UNESCO held a meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2019 in cooperation with the ASEAN Secretariat inviting the representatives and experts of eight Southeast Asian countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam)4. Most underwater archaeology experts at the meeting, notably from Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, were the beneficiaries of the UNESCO trainings conducted between 2009 and 2011. During the meeting, the national reports on the status of safeguarding UCH were presented by the country representatives, which clearly showed that some progress have been made in the region to fight against commercial exploitation through various measures, e.g. the adoption of national laws to ban commercial salvage or to reinforce national capacity building and awareness-raising activities of the submerged cultural heritage (UNESCO 2019c). For example, underwater heritage is part of the policy for integrated coastal zone management in Indonesia today, and since 2010, the country has stopped UCH salvaging activities by imposing a moratorium on Ministerial Decree No. 30/200013 which permits commercial salvage of UCH in the country.5 A marine heritage gallery is permanently held inside the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, open to the public and used for awareness-raising seminars and activities. In Thailand, the Underwater Archaeology Division of the Fine Arts Department in the Ministry of Culture, established in 1974, systematically undertakes a series of underwater archaeological surveys according to proper scientific and archaeological standards. The Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, with its Regional Centre for Archaeology and the Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) in Bangkok, Thailand, has been actively promoting regional cooperation in underwater protection and archaeology and organising technical and policy workshops on UCH issues. Malaysia introduced three legislations affecting UCH, i.e. Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Antiquities Act of 1976 and National Heritage Act 2005. The 2005 National Heritage Act defines underwater heritage and authorises the Heritage Commissioner to regulate salvage or excavation activities. In Vietnam where a great number of UCH was commercially salvaged and most archaeological sites had been seriously damaged and deformed over the years, the government has established the Department of Underwater Archaeology in 2013, which was later changed to the Centre of Underwater Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology in 2016 to enhance its capacity in underwater archaeology and management of submerged historical sites. The Vietnamese government officials are more conscious of the historical and cultural value of its UCH (Dissanayake 2014). While certain positive developments to protect UCH have been observed and the national legislative measures to halt commercial exploitation have begun to be put in place, there still remains many challenges to overcome in Southeast Asia. Despite the increasing recognition of the importance and the potential attached to this heritage in recent years, there is the general absence of political will and adequate financial support to research and protect UCH in the region. Many countries still lack the capacity and expertise to undertake systematic research on their own with the exception of a few countries that have adequately trained national underwater archaeologists such as Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines, albeit with limited financial means. Lacking funding and expertise, certain countries have also chosen to work with commercial salvage companies to carry out archaeological research and excavation in exchange for a share of recovered artefacts, which are then distributed to the commercial companies and eventually to auction sales. There are also issues with legal legislation and law enforcement which are not always strictly applied in practice, leaving room for unlicensed excavation and commercial exploitation. Even today, 15th century Vietnamese ceramics from the Hoi An shipwreck or 19th century Chinese porcelain bowls from the Tek Sing shipwreck can be purchased through commercial websites. In the southern coast of Cambodia, a man was arrested in 2020 for illegally collecting and possessing some 281 ancient jars recovered from the sea. In Vietnam, many artefacts were clandestinely recovered from the 7th to 8th century Châu Tân 4 The author attended the meeting. However, this moratorium was revoked in Indonesia through the Jobs Creation Law in March 2021. By reversing course, Indonesia has allowed treasure hunting by private investors and foreigners again. See https://www.southeastasianarchaeology. com/. 5 3 �shipwreck and kept by a private collector (Kimura 2016). Low visibility of this heritage and the lack of public awareness and ethical conscience are also factors to overcome while more awareness-raising efforts are generally necessary at local and national levels to gain public support to safeguard this heritage for future generations. Future course of action During the past decade, Latin America and the Caribbean, which possesses extremely rich underwater cultural heritage as Asia-Pacific, had continuously suffered from commercial exploitation and destruction of the heritage by treasure hunters. However, the region today has been most successful in the ratification and implementation of the 2001 Convention with reinforced human capacity and infrastructure, owing to growing awareness and efforts made by states to enhance the regional collaboration and adopt a roadmap to prioritize the protection of underwater cultural heritage through the ratification of the 2001 Convention (UNESCO 2015). As such, many courses of action can be envisaged and should be reinforced in line with the principles and rules contained in the 2001 Convention. To protect and establish a good management of underwater cultural heritage in Asia, the provision of adequate trained underwater heritage specialists are prerequisite. It will further help the establishment of competent national authorities, establishment of national research agenda and national inventories, public awareness raising and development of solid research and training programmes. To ensure the long-term preservation and use of this heritage, the elaboration of the national need assessments and capacity building strategies should be elaborate. In this vein, UNESCO launched a series of new initiatives, including the first Regional Meeting on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage and the UNESCO 2001 Convention in Central Asia and the Caspian Sea Region. The meeting took place in Almaty, Kazakhstan, participated by the representatives of 8 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) which highlighted the existing potential of the cultural heritage in the region. Following the recommendations of the meeting, a “Capacity Building Strategy” was developed for the region with an aim to help develop the necessary skills and knowledge for researching and managing the underwater archaeological sites found in the region. As a follow-up to the Almaty meeting in 2019, national policy consultations took place in 2021 with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan on the legal framework of the 2001 Convention. In cooperation with the International Centre for Underwater Archaeology in Zadar, Croatia, technical workshops were organized for the Central Asian countries in May and September 2023, to help states develop their capacity in underwater archaeology and conservation and restoration of underwater archaeological finds. In Southeast Asia, a training workshop on conservation and restoration of underwater archaeological finds took place in June 2023, attended by heritage experts from ASEAN countries. This workshop was realized thanks to the first tripartite collaboration among UNESCO, SEAMEO Regional Centre for Archaeology and the Fine Arts (SEAMEO-SPAFA) and Underwater Archaeological Division (UAD) of the Fine Arts Department, Thai Ministry of Culture. This model of regional and international cooperation should be further reinforced to develop capacity and raise experts in underwater cultural heritage. With huge potential for development with underwater cultural heritage and as seen in the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific states further invest in the UCH protection, develop regional cooperation and adopt a roadmap to prioritize its protection and the ratification of the 2001 Convention. In recent years, the contribution of UCH to sustainable development began to be underlined in the Development Agenda, such as the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 14 setting up ten targets to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, and the UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021-2030). To better respond to the emerging global challenges and safeguarding UCH for future generations, it is about time that UCH protection should be prioritized in the national agenda of the Asian-Pacific countries with the legal framework provided by the 2001 Convention. 4 �Bibliography Asia-Pacific Regional Conferences on Underwater Cultural Heritage. 2017. https://www.apconf.org/call-for/past-conferences/ (accessed 20 November 2020). Australian Government. 2018. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Underwater Cultural Heritage Act. https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ underwater-heritage/underwater-cultural-heritage-act# (accessed 30 August 2020). of the Federated States of Micronesia. 2018. A resolution: Ratifying the 2001 UNESCO convention on the protection of the underwater cultural heritage. https://www.cfsm.gov.fm/ifile/20%20congress/PASSED%20RESOLUTIONS/ CR_NO_20-29.pdf (accessed 30 August 2020). Curtis, T. 2011. 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Journal of Maritime Archaeology 14: 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-019-09241-0 The Independent. 2020. Diver arrested with almost 300 centuries’ old jars, 29 September. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/cambodiaman-arrested-jar-earthenware-shipwreck-b696287. html?fbclid=IwAR047DevPV0McHTQ3IMl-GF8VKwVIbNl7yBWbPdefqc0IN_7ED_XCPjUwY0. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2012. Training manual for the UNESCO foundation course on the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage in Asia and the 5 �Pacific.Bangkok:UNESCO.https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217234?posIn Set=1&queryId=c8798b7e-8a07-415a-ae26-440753242aab (accessed 7 February 2021). . 2013a. The benefit of the protection of underwater cultural heritage for sustainable growth, tourism and urban development. www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/UCH_development_study_2013.pdf (accessed 14September 2020). . 2013b. Secretariat report. 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Evaluation of UNESCO’s standard-setting work of the Culture Sector, part VI: 2001 Convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368446?posInSet=2&queryId =16a17f7c-2e9c-498a-b8df-26e7a2b39c20 (accessed 10 November 2020). . 2019b. Summary note: Safeguarding and reviving the shared maritime cultural heritage of South-East Asia (5–9 November 2019), Jakarta and Belitung, Indonesia [unpublished]. . 2019c. UN Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development. https://www.oceandecade.org/about (accessed 28 October 2020). . n.d. Best practices of underwater cultural heritage. new/en/culture/themes/underwater-cultural-heritage/underwater-cultural-heritage/ best-practices-of-underwater-cultural-heritage/ (accessed 10 November 2020. 6 http://www.unesco.org/ � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2001 Convention and UNESCO’s Capacity Building in Asia-Pacific Description An account of the resource The topic of this paper fits best within this Session 18: Revisiting the UNESCO Foundation and Advanced Courses for Asia-Pacific: Status, Development, and Challenges because it reviews UNESCO’s capacity building efforts and activities with an aim to identify challenges and propose future course of action relating to underwater cultural heritage in the region. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chihiro Nishikawa Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Nishikawa, Chihiro . 2023. “Underwater Cultural Heritage and UNESCO’s Capacity Building in Asia and the Pacific.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Bobby Orillaneda, and Brian Fahy. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1997 Asia-Pac Session 18 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/871225d8c8f8ddf27a623bf79ed29c0f.mp4 bd64bb0f3a7aa82c052c5d933f1d36c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Proceedings of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Papers presented at the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 conference introduction video by Publications team member, Jay Mok. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jay Mok Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Asia-Pac 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/3da863b19839c75b0956a5eb20ca478e.mp4 005e930ae70b4b7e6a843870ae53554c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 23: Collections-based Research Subject The topic of the resource Session 23 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 23 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Conference Session 23 Introduction Video with Session Chair Jennifer Craig Subject The topic of the resource Introduction to Session 23 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jennifer Craig Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/14/23 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Dr. Michelle Damian Asia-Pac Session 23 2023