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Ceramics recovered from sunken vessels have drawn much attention in recent years. They are significant historical and aesthetic items but only a few reports have been made for scholarly purposes; many have been salvaged for commercial gain. Porcelain…

The Portuguese and Spanish navigation from Europe to East Asia and America opened the early globalization, one of the most important periods of cultural interaction in human history. The broad and deep maritime cultural exchange and conflict between…

The famous quotation, ―A picture speaks a thousand words‖ illustrates how effective visual communication is in delivering messages. If properly managed, visual communication tools may persuade public perception and inform audience opinion. In…

In early 1607 when the East India Company was preparing to send its first fleet to India, four Asian men were already in London and requested work on these ships as a means to getting home. The men all had Portuguese names; Marcus, John Mendes, John…

Ancient Axum was a maritime trading empire based in present day Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa from 400BCE to around 940CE and for a while the empire even extended across the Red Sea to Yemen.

Historians have tended to…

This study is the second part of investigative research into early Asian presence in the Atlantic. The first investigation focused on the islands of Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores and Cape Verde Islands), and resulted in a better…

The elongated island of Flores in Indonesia stands at geological, zoological, cultural, and ethnic boundaries. But
the area is also predominately Christian in the most populous Muslim country in the world, reflecting that this
part of Indonesia was…