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                <text>The Submerged Buddhist Temple of Tanjo-ji in Chiba Prefecture, Japan</text>
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                <text>The Tanjo-ji is a temple belonging to Nichiren Buddhism at the town of Kominato in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.  Nichiren was born in 1222 at a fishing village near the town, and became a Buddhist priest who developed the teachings of Nichiren Buddhism, a branch school of Mahayana Buddhism.  When his mother gave birth to Nichiren, according to legends, water for bathing the newborn baby welled up in a garden, lotus flowers came out on the seashore, and plenty of sea breams jumped over the sea.  The sea in front of the Tanjo-ji is now named ‘Sea Bream Inlet’, a Japanese natural monument registered by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, where we still could see schools of jumping sea breams or opaleyes.  Just before or after his death in 1282, the original temple of Tanjo-ji was built on the site of Nichiren’s birthplace or of his mother’s house, but the temple is said to have flooded and submerged by tsunamis with earthquakes and to have moved to where it is at present.  Indeed, a historical document says that the 1605 Nankai Earthquake and following tsunamis damaged and destroyed the area around the bay of Kominato.  In the commemoration of the 800th anniversary of the birth of Nichiren, the Kamogawa City Council and Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, which is a member institution of the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology, started the underwater survey for the submerged site in the spring of 2019.  Because sites of the submerged temple or fishing villages are supposed to be on the bottom of very shallow seas near the coast, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology has developed a remotely steerable unmanned surface vehicle with a side scan sonar and an underwater camera for its survey.</text>
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                <text>Iwabuchi, Akifumi, Hayato Kondo, and Takatsugu Tashiro. 2021. “The Submerged Buddhist Temple of Tanjo-ji in&#13;
Chiba Prefecture, Japan.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In&#13;
Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and&#13;
Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/671</text>
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                <text>Lagoon as a port: reconstructing topography and seascape of the past</text>
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                <text>In this study I demonstrate that lagoons were generally used as ports in ancient Japan. A lagoon is not suitable for anchoring large boats because of its shallow water depth; however, it was the best anchorage for shallow draft boats in ancient times. Based on archaeological evidence, it is likely that many of the ancient Japanese boats were dugout canoes, or enlarged ones by adding side boards to the hull of dugout canoes. In the Kofun period, around 4th century, it is often the case that a huge burial mound was built near the lagoon and used as a port. I consider that it was a landmark made visible from boats sailing along the coast.&#13;
In the 7th century, the technology to make large plank-made boats was introduced to Japan from the Korean peninsula and used for open sea voyages to the mainland of China. Since these boats require deep water ports, bays were then used as ports. Traditional boats, however, continued to be used in the Japanese archipelago, and many lagoons continued to be used as ports. It was in the Middle Ages after 14th century, the technology of making large ships called wasen developed, so lagoon ports gradually became obsolete. Many of the lagoons thought to have been used as ports in ancient times have been buried and many of them have lost their existence. In this study, I point out the existence of lagoons that are likely to have been used as ports in ancient times by performing topographic reconstruction using GIS. In addition, the GIS 3D model reproduces how the port site looked from the coast and shows that there is a high possibility that the burial mound was made as a landmark.&#13;
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                <text>Tomo Ishimura</text>
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                <text>Ishimura, Tomo. 2021. “Lagoon as a port: reconstructing topography and seascape of the past.” Edited by Brian&#13;
Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional&#13;
Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of&#13;
Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/670</text>
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                <text>Hayashida, Kenzo. 2021. “Yabitsu: A Medieval Port in Tsushima Island.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill&#13;
Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater&#13;
Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL:&#13;
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/669&#13;
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                <text>Yabitsu: A Midieval Port in Tsushima Island</text>
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                <text>The medieval port of Yabitsu is located in an inlet at the northwest end of Tsushima Island. Yabitsu is geographically closest to the Korean peninsula, separated by the Korea Strait.  It is difficult to use its small isolated hinterland as a field for farming because in the inlet, some stone-built remains, which seem to have been quay and jetty are present. Although no description on Yabitsu has been found in any Japanese historical materials, a few Korean documents have been discovered in the Korean peninsula. From these literal evidences, the port of Yabitsu looks to have been used as an inlet for anchorage in the first half of the 15th century.  The name of the inlet appeared in ‘Song Hui-gyeong’s Chronicle’ written in 1420, which was known as ‘老松堂日本行録’ in Japan.  This chronicle refers to the port of Yabitsu as ‘也音非梁 (Ya-i-hi-ryo)’, which is on the way to the village of Waniura in Tsushima island.  Seongjong of Joseon, the 9th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, recorded this port as ‘也音非道浦 (Ya-i-hi-do-ho)’ in his Annals of Joseon Dynasty written in 1499.  The survey in 2018 showed that the port of Yabitsu had a long history from the 4th to 17th centuries with early Haji wares, Sue wares, Goryeo potteries, Chinese white porcelains, and old Karatsu wares being found, However, the exact date when the stone remains in the inlet were constructed and their entire structure have not been known yet, because no full-scale survey has been conducted so far.  Additionally, we have not known the exact reason why the port was chosen to be built at Yabitsu. The survey on this port could contribute to restoring the maritime cultural landscape in Tsushima island, as well.</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>Derksen, Leon, and Akifumi Iwabuchi. 2021. “Shared Underwater Cultural Heritage of Japan and the Netherlands:&#13;
Continuing the Search for the Kanrin-maru in 2019.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt&#13;
Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage:&#13;
Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL:&#13;
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                <text>In November 2019, the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT) and the International Programme for Maritime Heritage of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) continue their joint research on the shared cultural heritage surrounding the Kanrin-maru, a warship built in the Netherlands and delivered to the Japanese government in 1857. It wrecked in Hokkaido in 1871 and has been lost since. The collaboration between the RCE and TUMSAT was established to commemorate the shared cultural heritage of Japan and the Netherlands. Previous joint efforts included a significance assessment in 2017 and a dive survey in 2018. &#13;
While a shipwreck has yet to be found, continuation of the search has garnered wide support from important stakeholders including two distinct societies. Furthermore, intangible aspects of the Kanrin-maru heritage proved to be just as important to the communities involved, as testified by the stories that are still going around. This called for continuation to preserve this heritage. The project will therefore encompass two approaches to answer the main research question how could the tangible and intangible heritage related to the Kanrin-maru be sustainably preserved. To this end, a marine geophysical survey is to be conducted in search of wreckage material at a specific target location thought to be most promising during the dive survey. Concurrently, oral information will be collected in order to bring to light the stories and multivocality attached to the Kanrin-maru heritage. This could provide insights in how tangible and intangible heritage is valued differently in different parts of the world. Such an integral approach may enhance the protection and valorisation of underwater cultural heritage and its role in society. The project will furthermore involve Japanese and Dutch researchers, as well as Japanese maritime archaeology students and volunteers to allow for knowledge exchange and capacity building.&#13;
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                <text>Chenn, Pin-Wen, Tzu-Chia Huang, Chen-Fen Huang, and Jin-Yuan Liu. 2021. “Underwater Cultural Heritage&#13;
Management on In-Situ Preservation and Training Courses for Diving Community in Taiwan.” Edited by Brian Fahy,&#13;
Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional&#13;
Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of&#13;
Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/667</text>
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                <text>The awareness of protecting the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) has grown over the past decades around&#13;
the world as well as in Taiwan. In-Situ preservation is the international principle of management and&#13;
protecting the site. Following the UNESCO 2001 UCH Convention, Taiwan passed the Underwater Cultural&#13;
Heritage Preservation Act in 2015. Since then, there have been 6 listed shipwrecks and over 90 potential&#13;
targets were found by the underwater archaeology team of Academia Sinica. Different approaches in each&#13;
sites’ management depend on the environment and material such as wood, metal or even bones, and as the&#13;
result, a practice of setting up an environmental database, implementation of a regime of regular underwater&#13;
observation by divers or unmanned underwater vehicles, and oceanic dynamic monitoring should be adopted.&#13;
In 2020, despite many difficulties, a research project focused on these related issues for scuba diving&#13;
instructors took place in Taiwan. This included a 4-day workshop, during which time the instructors had&#13;
access to Professor David Gregory via webinar. This article aims to present the result of the research and the&#13;
result of the training workshop.&#13;
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                <text>Brooks, Douglas. 2021. “Japanese Boatbuilding.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl,&#13;
and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage:&#13;
Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL:&#13;
https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/666</text>
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                <text>The craft of boatbuilding in Japan is in crisis. Nurtured by an ancient apprentice system, Japan’s rapid growth&#13;
in the post-War years disrupted this tradition. The last century was a pivotal time for this craft: the devastation&#13;
of World War II forced one more generation to assume the work of their fathers, but the rapid recovery and&#13;
ascendance of the Japanese economy starting in the 1960’s pulled the children of these men into the corporate&#13;
jobs of a new Japan. In a single generation the apprentices the craft depended on disappeared. Without a new&#13;
generation of apprentices, craftspeople were unable to pass on their knowledge. Because this was largely an&#13;
oral tradition, and infused with secrecy, it presents particular challenges for documentarians. It is critical now&#13;
to document the work of Japan’s last generation of boatbuilders. Over the course of twenty-five visits to Japan&#13;
spanning twenty-nine years I have apprenticed with seven boatbuilders from throughout Japan. In addition, I&#13;
have traveled to all of Japan’s forty-seven prefectures, meeting and interviewing over fifty boatbuilders. My&#13;
teachers were in their seventies or eighties at the time I studied with them, and I am the sole apprentice for six&#13;
of my teachers. Most of my teachers used no drawings whatsoever, and worked entirely from memory.&#13;
Drawings, where they did exist, were left intentionally incomplete. The goal of my work has been to document&#13;
as much as I can - essentially writing the secrets down - in an effort to preserve the designs and techniques of&#13;
boatbuilding. In this talk I will review the challenges, processes, and insights I have gleaned from this work.&#13;
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                <text>Fish Guests of the Stone Fish Weirs and Traps- Two Case Studies in Jibei and Qimei Islands, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan</text>
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                <text>The Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan, has the highest concentration of stone fish weirs in the world. Most built&#13;
several hundred years ago, some of which are in use by local people today. This paper describes the&#13;
longstanding traditional knowledge and systems of management of stone fish weirs by local peoples including&#13;
catching, keeping, and consuming the fish and shellfish from stone weirs in Jibei Island. The island lies north&#13;
of the Penghu, with 92 stone weirs covering 3.1 square kilometres around its coastline.&#13;
The paper also details the record catch of Rainbow Runner (Elagatis bipinnulatus) in July, 2019 in the&#13;
twin-heart basalt stone fish weir of the Qimei Island, the southernmost island in the Penghu archipelago. This&#13;
paper plans to shed light on how the local community utilize stone fish weirs in a sustainable manner to&#13;
decipher the long practiced ancient wisdom of Tienrengonghao 天人共好in Chinese, meaning “The universe&#13;
and human in harmony”.</text>
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                <text>Shao, Meihua</text>
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                <text>Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage</text>
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                <text>Shao, Meihua. 2021. “Fish Guests of the Stone Fish Weirs and Traps - Two Case Studies in Jibei and Qimei Islands, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung, Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/664&#13;
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                <text>Stone Weirs Investigation by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry</text>
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                <text>Stone weirs are a traditional fishing method as well as an important underwater cultural asset of Taiwan. There&#13;
are about 600 stone weirs in Penghu and more than 100 of them in the western coastal area of Taiwan that are&#13;
still in use. This study utilized high resolution UAV photogrammetry and spatial analysis techniques to&#13;
investigate the stone weirs of Qimei and Jibei islands in Penghu as well as the Houlong coast in Taiwan. By&#13;
stitching aerial photos, the overall picture and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of stone weirs could be&#13;
understood. The technology developed by this study is able to provide a standard mode for the large-scale&#13;
investigations in the Asia-Pacific region, and the database developed is able to become the basis of&#13;
cross-disciplinary research.</text>
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                <text>Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage</text>
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                <text>Chang, Yu-Ming, Hung-Ming Kao, Wen-Yan Chiu, and Steven Chang. 2021. “Stone Weirs Investigation by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/663</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this project was to carry out anthropological research in outer islands of the Federated States of&#13;
Micronesia (FSM) as identified and pre-arranged by traditional community organizations and historic&#13;
preservation offices of Chuuk State and Yap State, as well as Yap State’s Council of Tomol).&#13;
&#13;
1 The objective of&#13;
this project was two-fold: (1) through round table discussion, create and improve awareness of I/UCH data&#13;
collection and protection of culturally appropriate ways for documenting knowledge related to navigation,&#13;
wayfinding, and women's roles in exchange relationships promoted through navigation and wayfinding and (2)&#13;
understand the role of exchange relationships in food sovereignty of the past and present contexts. The method&#13;
for visiting these islands was by sailing boat, aboard it a project team including a traditional Micronesian&#13;
navigator, translator, two anthropologists, two historic preservation officers, and a lifelong sailing boat captain,&#13;
which sailed from Kosrae to Chuuk Lagoon, to Polowat, and lastly to Pohnpei. While visiting target islands,&#13;
communities arranged themselves into groups of women and men with children permitted to attend for the&#13;
round table discussion and individual interviews took place on food sovereignty. The expected results of this&#13;
project included gaining a deeper understanding of islanders’ perceptions of I/UCH, culturally appropriate&#13;
practices for preservation, protecting heritage through community-based discussion about these topics, and&#13;
enable islanders to collect their own I/UCH data and transmit to an established repository. Through this project&#13;
and associated experiences, the project team gained a deeper understanding of meteorological challenges&#13;
communities may face in attempts to carry out community-based inventorying.</text>
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                <text>Ashley Meredith</text>
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                <text>David Fazzino</text>
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                <text>Ranger Walter</text>
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                <text>Augustine Kohler</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>The Museum of Underwater Archaeology</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2021</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Bibliographic Citation</name>
            <description>A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.</description>
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                <text>Meredith, Ashley, David Fazzino, Ranger Walter, and Augustine Kohler. 2021. “Round Table on Intangible and Underwater Cultural Heritage Data (I/UCH) Collection in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/662</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Rights Holder</name>
            <description>A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7147">
                <text>Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage</text>
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        <name>Asia-Pac Session 1 2021</name>
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