15 10 700 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/27cf3bd081e948e8cfcef96870a7cb1b.pdf 10669de99f677bc6e1bb4eb20d8dcc74 PDF Text Text We need to Listen and Watch! Indigenous Knowledge of Living in Concert with the Sea Abhirada Pook Komoot (Maritime Asia Heritage Survey, CSEAS Kyoto University) ABSTRACT The topic of this paper hopes to anticipate the discussion about the integration of traditions and sciences to ensure the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of the sea in the sustainable development dialogue now and in the future. In light of the ‘Ocean Decade’, this paper is to realise the potential of indigenous knowledge as an opportunity for ocean literacy and to identify some issues revolving around the risk of losing such ability. There is a wealth of indigenous knowledge we can benefit from. For a long time, Western principles of science have dominated modern society and policy based on their observability, testability, quantifiability and generalisation. There exists a tension between Western epistemology and indigenous worldview. A question is therefore asked: How does indigenous knowledge help create the ocean we want? Coastal zones are vulnerable to natural disasters, including tsunamis, coastal erosions, storm surges, sealevel rise, and sudden floods. The current international ambition for sustainable marine resource development and improving coastal living quality has unavoidable effects on indigenous living. On several occasions, traditional knowledge has been proven efficient for friendly living with nature and risk reduction. The ability is, however, on the brink of fading away due to external forces (i.e. mass tourism, laws prohibiting the harvesting of forest resources, and an unsupported educational system). No one knows the sea better than those who have lived with and relied upon it. Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge, Thailand, Ocean Decade List of Abbreviations UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization List of Figures Figure 1 Fishing devices and techniques employed by indigenous and local fishermen in the South of Thailand. (A) fish trap, (B) squid trap, (C) beach seine, and (D) crab basket trap (photos by the author) Figure 2 Types of indigenous fishing vessels. (A) Rue Jaew or indigenous rowing boat, and (B) Hua Tong motorised boat (photos by the author) Figure 3 Bagad sites in the chain of islands in Krabi and Trang Provinces. (A) freshwater well, (B) bagad living ground, and (C) sacred rock (photos by the author) Figure 4 Scenes of grave cleaning ceremony or Tang Pleo at Sungka-U village, Lanta Island, Krabi Province (photos by author) OUR OCEANS To celebrate the ‘Ocean Decade’ as an integral part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (20212030), countries and individuals have engaged in schematic discussions worldwide to strengthen international recognition of the ocean's essential importance (Stacy Aguilera-Peterson, Clea Harrelson, and Howe-Kerr 2022). The promotion of the ocean-focused campaign intends to raise a serious concern about the global climate change that has been severely affected by human-induced activities for the past centuries. The ocean is the key component in relieving climate hazards. Ocean science gains priority to facilitate and support the restoration of oceans’ well-being and the resume of a healthy ecosystem. This paper aims to present another side of the coin of ocean science that should be broadly interpreted. H.E. Peter Thomson, the UN Secretary General’s Special Envoy on the Ocean, has drawn our attention to the ‘Indigenous knowledge involved in those ancestral voyages is deeply humbling to those who came after’ (UNESCO 2021). Simultaneously, ‘Marine Cultural Heritage is not simply about archaeology, history, ecology, geography, natural science, coastal management or climate change; it is about all of these 1 �aspects and how societies can come together, negotiate and mediate these different approaches into real solutions’ (Henderson 2019). As learnt from field research in the south of Thailand, it is apparent that the traditional knowledge of shipbuilding, navigation, and sea-dependent living is deep-seated in people’s way of living as is transforming (Komoot 2021). It is a fortunate opportunity for the initiative of Ocean Decade to valorise the knowledge and give more significant support to the knowledge holders. The people-centred approach ensures that individual needs are addressed and fulfilled. By this means, it is to protect human rights at the core. Fundamental Practice of Ocean Exploitation and Protection The way we use and exploit the ocean today has conceptually developed chiefly by the modern perception of the sea. Mare Liberum was proposed by Hugo Grotius, the well-known Dutch naturalist lawyer, in defending the sea lane over the Portuguese in the 17th century (Borschberg 2006). He believed that the sea was so vast that there was no way anyone could claim sovereignty over it. Therefore, the sea should be navigated and exploited freely. However, at the founding stage of the concept, it was contested by the local rulers of Sulawesi and Maluku over the colonial manipulation of the spice routes (Andaya 1981; Stott 2017). The contestation among the colonial powers was also visible. The British lawyers proposed the idea of Mare Clausum (closed sea), as opposed to Grotius’, to allow the extension of sovereignty during the emergence of the British Empire (e.g. the case of the Bremen fishing negotiation) (Edmond 1995; Grewe 2000). In the 17th century, it was beyond imagination that marine and nautical technologies could advance to our current stage. Today, Grotius' conception of the freedom of the sea is at a crossroads. The wrestling of such concepts is presented even more widely today in international legal discourses. The UN Law of the Seas 1982 (UNCLOS) inherited the 17th-century concept of the sea and transformed it into a modern legal tool for settling disputes at sea and asserting rights to resource use. It integrates power and economic rationality. In the zones beyond national claims, the Area and the High Seas are free of sovereignty and free to deep-seabed operation, but the maritime community is concerned with the technological exclusiveness of some states that allows unequal exploitation of shared natural resources of humankind (Lothian 2021; Mickelson 2019). The environmental dimension of heritage is a vibrant and decade-long debate by multilateral partners, as resulted in the recent international agreement of the High Sea Treaty. Back in the previous century, there appeared to be little question that the cultural heritage of humankind should be protected and by what legal instrument. UNCLOS provides a vague acknowledgement of cultural heritage in Articles 149 and 303. Still, the implementation needs to be more specific and applicable for a complicated issue when rights are conflicting and commercial exploitation of such heritage is allowed. In 2001, a specialised international Convention Concerning the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage was codified and launched by UNESCO. Instead of settling the correct issues over the cultural materials in the UNCLOS, the 2001 Convention aims to combat commercial exploitation, notably ‘treasure hunting’ (Forrest 2002). The 2001 Convention sets scientific guidelines as standard practice to preserve material culture in situ (Manders 2008) and non-negotiable trade of the artefacts. By this law, tangible heritage is a stronghold. Due to such standards, science focuses more on ‘things’ than ‘peoples’. Indigenous maritime knowledge is not the focus of any of these legal tools. The 2003 Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention provides general guidelines to ensure the maintenance and continuation of traditional knowledge and that indigenous people are recognisable. Nonetheless, all six UNESCO cultural conventions are supervised by different departments, which are not always connected. The operational system of international laws is based on normative practice, often challenging the consensus. The sphere of cultural heritage is always far more complicated than implementing the ‘one size fits all’ policy. Indigenous knowledge regarding living with the sea is diverse due to their adaptability to their 2 �nature. The extent of the participation of the maritime community interconnected with the sea deserves case-by-case attention and specific consideration. Quite similar to Grotius’ mare liberum, the sea tribes do not assert rights to control land and water. They believe an individual or single community should not own natural resources but instead communally share and care. Some of the above elements are transferable to engage modern living and reduce natural disaster risks. The philosophical mindset of the maritime tribal group has not been well incorporated and taught in the formal setting. We need to be mindful, though, that the indigenous living with the ocean and the scientific agenda will be complex and challenging conversations in order to navigate the changes we want. Before we realise what needs to change, it is interesting to note that the culture, indigenous knowledge, and participation are not solely for an outside agenda, Frances Koya noted at the UN meeting (Majick 2019). Living in Concert with the Sea After the Tsunami hit the coast of the Indian Ocean in 2004, indigenous knowledge about disastrous warnings at sea became visible in modern mentality. Sea nomads like Moken and Urak Lawoi dwelling in the Andaman Seas were among the Tsunami survivors due to their ability to observe and understand the unusuality of the natural phenomenon. The deep-time story of the monstrous waves handed down from generation to generation informed them of the ancestral experience of the catastrophic incident. In minimising risks from the loss in natural disasters, many examples demonstrate the indigenous people's resourcefulness, such as, by observation, the movement of surface waves, a floating pattern of mangrove hypocotyl (seeding stem) or debris flows and changing the behaviour of fish schooling near shore. The indigenous people accumulate an ultimate body of knowledge from their ancestors. Nevertheless, living in concert with the sea requires sophisticated and advanced skills to decode and read nature. The case studies under consideration are the following information gained from Urak Lawoi in Krabi and Phuket and fishers on Samui island (all in Thailand) in 2022 and previous studies of other indigenous seafarers by anthropologists. Field data were collected by observation and informal interviews to contextualise the interaction between people, their surroundings, and their living ways from the indigenous perspective. The focus groups are the local fishermen. 3 �Figure 1 Fishing devices and techniques employed by indigenous and local fishermen in the South of Thailand. (A) fish trap, (B) squid trap, (C) beach seine, and (D) crab basket trap (photos by the author) Modern geopolitical speaking, the south of Thailand covers most of the peninsula that shares a border with Malaysia. The land is paralleled by the Andaman Sea on the west and the Gulf of Thailand on the other. Natural marine resources and seasons are relatively different between the two sides. The Andaman side is open to the Indian Ocean. It has deep water and strong currents. The Gulf of Thailand is a semienclosed basin. Water inflow from rivers draining into the Gulf creates a high rate of sedimentation and, at the same time, increases fertility. As a result, there is more marine catch on this side (Fisheries 2022). Fishermen in Samui have a nostalgic experience of easy fishing in the Gulf of Thailand. There were enough fish near the shore. What they needed were small boats and simple fishing gear. They never had to leave home for longer than one night and returned with a bunch of fish to feed the whole family for several days or even weeks. However, small-scale fishing is decreasing. The situation is much different today, with the significantly declining amount of fish due to climate change and over-exploitation. The change in the abundance of resources and modern living style discourages the younger generation from continuing traditional fisheries and carrying on life like the generations before them. It risks the disappearance of indigenous knowledge. Traditional living is more visible on the Andaman side, but a decrease in small-scale fishers is no better. 4 �Figure 2 Types of indigenous fishing vessels. (A) Rue Jaew or indigenous rowing boat, and (B) Hua Tong motorised boat (photos by the author) RESULTS From the survey, characteristics of indigenous knowledge on the coast of southern Thailand can be collectively summarised as follows: Indigenous fisheries are embedded in many societies around the world. It requires specific skills suitable for the area and local ecosystem. Urak Lawoi, the indigenous group on the Andaman coast, are efficient fishermen and sea readers. Fish species positively relate to the technology of fish traps and fishers’ ability to observe nature. Various fishing gear is being made and used on the coast for small to mediumscale fishing (Figure 1). An indigenous device is designed to trap a specific fish species. It causes less environmental damage because it generates less bycatch than industrial trawling. The technological diversity of boatbuilding demonstrates the dedication to sea voyages, which is the core of the indigenous economy thousands of years ago. Rue Jaew, the indigenous rowing boats are, per se, environmentalcomfort and sustainable forms of mobility using winds and human power before using the motorised Hua Tong boats (Figure 2). By observing the natural phenomenon, the indigenous people learn to utilise winds and currents concerning navigation and weather prediction. The east and west winds are mainly used, and two propulsion modes would be employed in the past – reversed rowing or sailing. In the dry season, the east wind blows in the morning, and the west is in the afternoon. Based on the propulsion technique, the west wind is suitable for sailing, while the east wind is good for rowing. Rowing is not recommended when the current or wind is too strong. 5 �Efficient fishermen should also have the essential skills of identifying the position of traps they laid by reading the surroundings and nature without any assistance from electronic equipment. They capture seascapes using either two or three-point coordination techniques to locate their fish traps. Rock piles and coral reefs are ideal for fish habitats Field (Somboonsuke, Prapruit, and Nissapa 2014). Running current provides an expectation of fish abundance. The flock of sea birds is indicative of a considerable fish accumulation. On the other side of the peninsula, the interview was carried on with the group of fishermen on Samui Island. A Chinese-descendant fisherman started his fishing career at a young age. Instead of following the North Star, he learnt astronavigation by observing the Crux constellation, a common navigational technique in southern Thailand. However, Venus is a reliable tool for celestial navigation used by the Moken group on the Andaman side (Arunotai et al. 2014 [2557]) In terms of maritime knowledge in modern times, another fisherman told us that Samui fishers use traditional skills and the capacity of new technology such as radio and radar. All of them still have basic knowledge of natural reading such as rain clouds, winds, fish behaviours and harvesting seasons, although being aided by modern equipment. Besides making a living, natural calamity observation is also a practical skill. For example, indigenous fishermen have the ability to predict storms and unusuality derived from their ancestral knowledge. They observe white-tip waves, murky sea horizons, and changing fish behaviours and characteristics of seawater from the normal situation. This knowledge was proven efficient when the monstrous waves of the Tsunami hit the Andaman shore in 2004. An advantage of living close to nature is that the indigenous people are first-hand learners of the ecological system. Their lives rely heavily on climatic conditions. They learn to use nature and remain harmonious with the environment. More than just a practice, respect for nature is a mindset that develops through generations and is deeply rooted in society. Concerning a healthy ecosystem, sea people in the past moved around during the dry season to allow spawning and rehabilitation. During the monsoon season, if winds and currents were too strong on one side of the island, they would move and seek supplies on the wind-protected side. Urak Lawoi develops an essential strategy of foraging trips or bagad suitable to the area and considers appropriately taking what nature can give. The resting season is as indispensable as the foraging season. It is in the way of natural resource management. With the slightest concern for cultural impact, the government forces them to make settlements permanently and implicitly live a modern lifestyle. An administrative policy of the national parks affected the livelihood of the indigenous coastal inhabitants in the south of Thailand. The communities have been transformed from semi-nomadic to settled communities. Indigenous housing made of local, natural materials such as bamboo, rattan and solid wood has been replaced by permanent buildings such as concrete or non-local material houses. After a long debate and negotiation with authority, at the very least, Urak Lawoi can maintain a part of their semi-nomadic lifestyle and conservation of ecological well-being. Bagad nowadays is performed as capacity-building to pass on knowledge to the younger generations. It is common that the whole family travels together to teach the young sea-living skills. The activities include freshwater searching, crab fishing, tide observing, coastal camping, and other necessary skills. The young children will have a chance to experience living on a simple bamboo hut and platform. They will learn to live a simple life without electricity and modern facilities (Figure 3). The indigenous people pay homage to their ancestors and have the highest respect for nature as their sacred environment. They perform the ‘Plajak’ festival or ‘Loy Rue’ twice a year. It is a floating ceremony of a decorative, symbolic boat built from ‘salak’ wood and carrying offerings to pay respect to their ancestors and to gain prosperity. The indigenous people keep themselves very close to the ancestral spirits. Figure 4 illustrates another meaningful ceremony known as ‘Tang Pleo’, or cleaning 6 �the graveyard, where families, even from distant villages and cities, gather to commemorate the dead relatives. Figure 3 Bagad sites in the chain of islands in Krabi and Trang Provinces. (A) freshwater well, (B) bagad living ground, and (C) sacred rock (photos by the author) The relationship between the indigenous people and the sea is complex and delicate. Unplanned changes cause a lot of social problems and worries. Land ownership disputes, fast-growing tourism and infrastructure put severe pressure on the livelihood of the indigenous people and society and risk of knowledge disappearing. A scattering of shipwrecks from the early centuries proves the long history of the continental coast as a prevailing destination for seafarers and local sea people. In fact, indigenous knowledge is an excellent source of ocean literacy and understanding of ocean living and conservation. From the observer’s point of view, this research offers practical indigenous knowledge that can educate us about ocean literacy and harmonious living. It is about the integration of the indigenous maritime knowledge that dominates the coastal society and scientific knowledge that is important for generating general policy and mechanisms (Shaw et al. 2008). Such integration will be an appropriate application to increase the resilience of coastal communities, but it needs to develop a way to communicate with both government and local people. No change can be achieved without genuinely understanding the relationship between people and their social beliefs. 7 �Figure 4 Scenes of grave cleaning ceremony or Tang Pleo at Sungka-U village, Lanta Island, Krabi Province (photos by author) Acknowledgements This paper can only be made a valid case with the support from the Suvarnabhumi Studies Center and Thammasat University. The funding scheme opens the opportunity to allow the firsthand experience of the indigenous communities in Thailand, which is not only valuable for the study of maritime history but also for the dynamism of the society in light of the global concern. Bibliography Andaya, Leonard Y. The Heritage of Arung Palakka: A History of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the 17th Century. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 1981. Arunotai, Narumon, Paladej Na-Pombejra, Usa Kotsripetch, Kingkaew Buapetch, and Jeerawan Bantaotuk. Tak Sa Wattanatham Chao Lay (Sea Nomad Cultural Skills). Bangkok: Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, 2014. [2557]. Borschberg, Peter. “Hugo Grotius' Theory of Trans-Oceanic Trade Regulation: Revisiting Mare Liberum (1609)”, in IILJ Working Paper No. 2005/14. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.871752. 2006. Edmond, Gary. "The Freedom of Histories: Reassessing Grotius on the Sea." Law Text Culture 2: 179-217. https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol2/iss1/9. 1995. Fisheries, Department of. Marine Fisheries Management Plan of Thailand 2020-2022. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand). 2022. Forrest, Craig. "A New International Regime for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 51 (3): 511-554. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.3.511. https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/newinternational-regime-for-the-protection-of-underwater-culturalheritage/3638AC9392D9FF933330CA3F4CF97DF3. 2002. Grewe, Wilhelm G. "Law and Dominion of the Sea: Mare clausum v. mare liberum." In The Epochs of International Law, 257276. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. 2000. Henderson, Jon. "Oceans without History? Marine Cultural Heritage and the Sustainable Development Agenda." Sustainability 11 (5080). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185080. 2019. Komoot, A. B. “Maritime Connections in the Indian Ocean Worldduring the Late First Millennium CE: nrchaeological Study of the Phanom-Surin Shipin Thailand.” The University of Western Australia. DPhil thesis. 2021. 8 �Lothian, Sarah. "Forget Me Not: Revisiting the Common Concern of Humankind Concept in the BBNJ Context." Environmental and Planning Law Journal 38 no. 3, (2021): 189-203. Majick, Samantha. "Harnessing traditional knowledge of the oceans in a way that isn’t exploitative or tokenistic is emerging as a strong theme at a regional ocean meeting currently underway in Noumea." Pacific Community Workshop on the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030, 2019. Accessed 12 March 2023. https://www.spc.int/updates/blog/2019/07/harnessing-traditional-knowledge-of-the-oceans-in-a-way-that-isntexploitative. 2019. Manders, Martijn. "In Situ Preservation: ‘the preferred option’." Museum International 60 no. 4/240, (2008.): 31-41. Mickelson, Karin. "Common Heritage of Mankind as a Limit to Exploitation of the Global Commons." The European Journal of International Law 30 no. 2, (2019): 635-663. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chz023. Shaw, Rajib, Yukiko Takeuchi, Noralene Uy, and Anshu Sharma. Indigenous Knowledge Disaster Risk Reduction: Policy Note.https://www.preventionweb.net/files/8853_IKPolicyNote.pdf?_gl=1*1vhh54l*_ga*MTc5MjM2MzkyMy4xN jgwMTAwNjA3*_ga_D8G5WXP6YM*MTY4MDEwMDYwNy4xLjEuMTY4MDEwMDY0Mi4wLjAuMA. 2008. Stacy Aguilera-Peterson, Clea Harrelson, and Lauren Howe-Kerr. National Science Foundation and the Ocean Decade. National Science Foundation (USA). https://www.iodp.org/docs/news-and-announcements/1164-nsf-and-the-oceandecade-a-resource-for-researchers/file. 2022. Stott, David Adam. "Integration and Conflict in Indonesia’s Spice Islands." The Asia-Pacific Journal 15, no. 4 (2017):11. UNESCO. "Indigenous knowledge in the Pacific Islands and the UN Ocean Decade." The Ocean Decade, The Global Stakeholder Forum, 2021. Accessed 20 March 2023. https://oceandecade.org/news/indigenous-knowledge-in-thepacific-islands-and-the-un-ocean-decade/.2021. International Conventions Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001. UNESCO. Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention 2003. UNESCO. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 1982. United Nations. 9 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource We need to Listen and Watch! Indigenous Knowledge of Living in Concert with the Sea Description An account of the resource The topic of this paper hopes to anticipate the discussion about the integration of traditions and sciences to ensure the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of the sea in the sustainable development dialogue now and in the future. In light of the ‘Ocean Decade’, this paper is to realise the potential of indigenous knowledge as an opportunity for ocean literacy and to identify some issues revolving around the risk of losing such ability. There is a wealth of indigenous knowledge we can benefit from. For a long time, Western principles of science have dominated modern society and policy based on their observability, testability, quantifiability and generalisation. There exists a tension between Western epistemology and indigenous worldview. A question is therefore asked: How does indigenous knowledge help create the ocean we want? Coastal zones are vulnerable to natural disasters, including tsunamis, coastal erosions, storm surges, sealevel rise, and sudden floods. The current international ambition for sustainable marine resource development and improving coastal living quality has unavoidable effects on indigenous living. On several occasions, traditional knowledge has been proven efficient for friendly living with nature and risk reduction. The ability is, however, on the brink of fading away due to external forces (i.e. mass tourism, laws prohibiting the harvesting of forest resources, and an unsupported educational system). No one knows the sea better than those who have lived with and relied upon it. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Abhirada Pook Komoot Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Komoot, Abhirada Pook. 2023. “We Need to Listen and Watch! Indigenous Knowledge of Living in Concert with the Sea.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Abhirada Komoot. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: Asia-Pac Session 3 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/72cba9dcfbfeb9d7f77dab178f74d97f.pdf e0cbae6d9af160455a5c6fb4a1900d6d PDF Text Text The Archaeological Type of Sambyeolcho and Maritime Route of Korean Peninsula in the Goryeo Dynasty Yun Hyeung-won (Director, National Museum of Korea in Buyeo and Previous Chairman of the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies) ABSTRACT Sambyeolcho, Goryeo Dynasty in Korean Peninsula, the events that took place at Gaegyeong-Ganghwa IslandJindo Island-Jeju Island-Ryukyu take on the aspect of an international war. This subject is proceeding for long time on archeological excavation and historical resesrch in Korea. What is a real shape of Goryeo, according to interpretate Sambyeolcho and Maritime route of Korean peninsula. Anaysis archaeological artifacts and historical records. Synthsis archaeological-historical perspective. This research is necessary that it reveals hidden Goryeo culture and new medieval Korean Maritime route. And it is related with Mongol-Goryeo-Japan military force.The archaeological remains that show the Mongol (Yuan Dynasty)’s active maritime route is the Sinan shipwreck 700 years before. It was a trading ship going from Ningbo, in 1323. Keyword: Goryeo Dynasty, Sambyeolcho, Mongols (Yuan Dynasty), Sinan shipwreck 700years INTRODUCTION Mongol Empire (Chinese branch Yuan Dynasty) in the time of Genghis Khan, the steppe nomadic society was unified. Political and military obstacles to land transportation have been removed. A turning point in trade based on peace covering the north, south, east, and west called ‘PAX MONGOLICANA’ was prepared. The emergence of the Mongol Legion, which boasts fast cavalry and excellent tactics, can be compared to the emergence of ‘Total Soccer’ in modern football. There was a perception that the appearance of the Mongol Corps was 'the world's strongest on land, but not so much on the sea...’. During the Goryeo Dynasty, the military authority moved the capital to Ganghwa Island, The Sambyeolcho fought in Jindo Island and Jeju Island. There are also traces of movement from Jeju Island to Ryukyu (now Okinawa). Kublai Khan (元世祖) encompassed the continent and conquered the Southern Song; he was well aware of the economic benefits of maritime trade, and had great interest in maritime management. Kublai Khan sent edicts to Asian countries encouraging them to trade. He carried out maritime military expeditions to Japan and Southeast Asia (Annam, Champa <now Vietnam> ․ Java <now Indonesia>). As a result, Yuan's trading spheres were greatly expanded. He supports the Saekmok people (色目人), who were well versed in finance and trade during the Southern Song Dynasty, to continue their maritime activities, A state-owned ranch (one of 14 in the Mongol Empire) was established in Jeju Island and used as a bridgehead for maritime expansion. THE EXPEDITION OF MONGOL ARMY SAMBYEOLCHO AND THE MARITIME ROUTE OF Historical background Mongol Expedition to Goryeo was in 1215, when the Mongols entered Goryeo for the first time. In 1225, the Mongol envoy Jeo Go-yeo was murdered. From 1231 to 1259, there were major six invasions in Goryeo. In 1255, the Mongolian army organized a naval force and fought in Aphae Island with about 70 warships. After the Sambyeolcho's resistance in 1273, Jeju Island became a direct Mongol territory. The Sambyeolcho In 1270, they led about 1,000 ships from Ganghwa Island and moved south, focusing on Jindo Island. In 1271, when the Jindo Island front line was collapsed, they moved the centre to Jeju and worked there. In 1273, part of the Sambyeolcho moved from Jeju to Ryukyu (now Okinawa). The Goryeocheopjangbulsimjojo (高麗牒狀不審條條; Tokyo University Historical Archives), which contains notes on the contents of the correspondence sent to Japan from the Sambyeolcho, Jindo Island, remains. It did not get any help. After conquering the stronghold of Sambyeolcho in 1273, the Yuan 1 �Dynasty changed the name of the island to Jeju, meaning ‘a place where everything is perfect’. They installed the Tamra General Headquarters and dispatched Darughachi directly to station troops and set up army agriculture, called dunjeon (屯田). The Mongols’ direct administration of Jeju Island played a role in raising horses, building ships, preparing for the Japanese expedition, and monitoring the Goryeo court and troops. The Mongols’ dominance over Jeju Island had lasted for 98 years until the ‘Mok-ho Rebellion’ broke out in 1374 in the 23rd year of King Gongmin’s reign and was suppressed by General Choe Yeong. Archaeological types of Goryeo Sambyeolcho Ganghwa Island Fortress Ganghwa Island in the Ganghwa period had an outer and a middle structure, and although there was no record of construction, it was a triple structure with an inner structure. The Ganghwa Jungseong (Middle Structure) Fortress was first excavated in 2009, and the construction process is largely based on foundation formation and inner waterway formation → stylobate stone churn formation → center plinth mound formation after lumber facility installation → cladding formation → inner and outer mound embankment → outer skin. It can be classified according to the composition of the soil. Thirteen building sites were identified in the Okrim-ri area, and a large number of roof tiles and celadon were jointly excavated. Jindo Yongjangseong Fortress It was designated as Historic Site No. 126 in 1964. In the 1980s, it was known that it is a double castle structure of gungseong (palace) or naeseong (inner wall castle), and naseong (outer wall castle); additionally, in 1989, the central part was investigated. In 2004, a survey of the city walls, gates, and ancestral rites was conducted. Full-scale excavations had been conducted from 2009 to 2015. In 1270, Sambyeolcho appointed Seunghwahu ‘On’ as king and established a new government. Yongjangseong Fortress was operated with the concept of a capital city, and its shape resembles the structure of Manwoldae in Gaeseong. Yongjangsanseong Fortress as naseong, is 13 km long and is a stone-built structure built by the Hyeopchukbeop-a method of building the inner and outer walls with stone. Excavated artifacts include celadon incense burners, celadon chair (don), bronze utensils, Gwangmyeongdae, and various roof tiles. In particular, roof tiles from 「癸卯三月大匠蕙印」 have been excavated from Sadang-ri, Gangjin, Cheonghaejin·Beophwasa Temple Site, Wando Island, and building sites in Sinyong-ri, Apahae Island, Sinan. It is understood that Yongjangseong Fortress was built before entering Jindo Island. In the underwater excavation at Oryu-ri in the Myeongnyangdaecheop Sea area of Jindo Island, pottery and bottles (‘蒙古甁’, 褐釉四長耳壺) from the Yuan Dynasty were also found. Jeju Island Hangpadu Fortress In 1271, when Jindo Island was captured by the Ryeo-Mon (Goryeo-Mongol) allied forces, the Sambyeolcho led the remaining forces to enter Jeju Island and build it. Until 1273, it was a fierce battleground of the Great Mongolian Rebellion. In 1978, the restoration work of Hangpaduseong was carried out, and in 1997, it was designated as a historic site. In 1993, an excavation of the presumable southern gate was excavated, and in 2012, an earthen fortress was excavated. A survey of the inside of the fortress was conducted from 2010 to 2015, and more than 250 materials from 20 building features were secured. As a result, it was revealed that a three-layered defence system was being built, including the Hwanhae Great Wall (first line of defence), intermediate defence facilities (second line of defence), and it was found that they were building a triple defence system, including Hangpadu Fortress and inner wall castle. As for excavated artifacts, inlaid celadon (cover, chair, and pillow) from the end of the 13th century was found, and ceramics from the Yuan Dynasty was also confirmed. The relic that draws attention is the roof tile inscribed 「敦眉瓦草造辛丑2月日高內村徒上吳」, which is dated to the year of 1241. 2 �Ryukyu (now Okinawa, 流求) A large roof tile from 「癸酉年高麗瓦匠造」 is excavated from a terraced defence facility called ‘Gusk’. There are several theories... The position that the date is set in 1273 suggests that Sambyeolcho's activities were carried out in Ryukyu after Jeju Island based on the similarity with the roof-end tile of Yongjangsanseong Fortress in Jindo Island. GORYEO-MONGOL ALLIED EXPEDITION TO JAPAN Historical Background First round (October 1274) it was Kamakura bakufu (鎌倉幕府) shogun (將軍). Monggoseuprae (蒙古襲來). A total of 40,000 expeditions, with Kim Bang-gyeong’s 8,000 combat soldiers, 6,700 noncombatants, 25,000 Heundo (Hundun) and Hong Da-gu‘s combatants, were organized. 900 battle ships were mobilized, including the Cheonryoju (front vessel), the Baldorogyeongjilju (landing vessel), and the Geupsuju (supply/connection vessel). They returned with the loss of one third of their troops. Second round (1281): conquered the Southern Song in 1279. Kublai Khan prepared for the conquest of Japan in earnest, Beom Mun-ho, a native of Southern Song, sent a personal letter to Japan recommending surrender. In 1280, an order was issued to build 3,500 warships, and Arahant and King Chungryeol took responsibility for the Jeongdonghaengseong. In May 3, 1281, 42,000 Dongro Troops and 100,000 Gangnam Troops mobilized, and in July 30, they were hit by a typhoon (Kamigajae). The court of Yuan Dynasty tried to launch the third expedition to Japan; but the expedition was stopped due to the death of Kublai Khan, who prompted the 3rd expedition to Vietnam. Archaeological data In Japan, an underwater archaeological investigation was started in the Takashima area in 1980 to investigate the Mongol invasion. In 1981, the area of 7.5 km along the southern coast of Takashima and 200 m in the sea area was designated as a cultural property distribution area. Four wooden anchors equipped with anchor stones were unearthed during the excavation of Kanzaki Port embankment construction in 1994-95, and they can be classified as large or small. About 1,000 artifacts were recovered during the port construction of Kanzaki Port in 2001-02. Artifacts such as jars, pottery, knives, bows, no (crossbow), arrows, lacquerware for armor, decorative hardware, and coins were found. In particular, the figurative product made of earthenware seems to be an explosive bomb marked as iron cannon in the ‘Monggoseupraehoesa (蒙古襲來繪詞)’, a documentary painting of the Kamakura period. In 2006, Matsuura City (松浦市) showed interest and conducted an investigation, and in 2012, the area was designated as a national historic site. Professor Yoshifumi Ikeda (池田榮史) of the University of the Ryukyus has been involved in underwater archaeological excavation since 1992, and in 2005 independently conducted sonar surveys and made submarine topographical and geological maps. Based on these achievements, the 'Takashima sunken ship 1' in 2011-12 and the 'Takashima sunken ship 2' were excavated and investigated in 2014-15. Judging from the structure of the hull and the excavated artifacts, it was identified as a ship sunk during the Mongol expedition to Japan in the thirteenth century. CONCOLUDING REMARKS: CELEBRATING THE 700TH ANNIVERSITY OF THE SINAN SHIP’S DEPARTURE The Mongols, a nomadic empire, was aware of the importance of the sea, and the Mongols organized the manpower of the occupied territories into the Mongolian army. The government actively supported Saekmok people so that they could engage in trade with preferential treatment, and maximized their efforts to become a maritime power by making Jeju Island their direct jurisdiction in marine management. In the 60 years of war between the Mongols and the Goryeo, from the military regime of Goryeo to the resistance of Sambyeolcho, the events that took place on the stage from Gaegyeong-Ganghwa IslandJindo Island-Jeju Island-Ryukyu take on the aspect of an international war. The material that shows the 3 �Mongols (Yuan Dynasty)’ active maritime activities is the Sinan Ship. It was a trading ship going from Ningbo, China to Japan via Goryeo in 1323. A vessel with a length of 34 m, a width of 11 m and a total weight of 200 tons, 20,000 pieces of ceramics, 8 million coins, and 1,000 pieces of rosewood were revealed. In October 2016, a special exhibition was held at the National Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (40 years of underwater excavation in Korea). There is a great need to recognize the Sinan Ship as a ship of the Mongol Empire, not a ship of China. This year, 2023, marks the 700th anniversary of the departure of the Mongol Empire ship Sinan from the Yuan Dynasty. Bibliography Kwon, O-young, Maritime Silkroad and Ancient Kingdoms in East Asia, ACC, 2019 (In Korean). Inha University Museum, Excavation Report-Ganghwa Jungsung site, Inha University Museum Report, 89, 2011 (In Korean). Ganghwa National Institute of Cultural Properties, Basic Study of Ganghwa palace in Goryeo, Academic Study of Ganghwa palace in Goryeo, 1, 2017 (In Korean). Ganghwa National Institute of Cultural Properties, Archaeological Research of Ganghwa palace in Goryeo, Academic Study of Ganghwa palace in Goryeo, 2, 2017 (In Korean). Mokpo University Museum, Excavation Report-Palace sitr in Jindo Yongjangsung (珍島 龍藏城 王宮址), Mokpo University Museum Academic Series, 180, 2019 (In Korean). 4 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Archaeological Type of Sambyeolcho and Maritime Route of Korean Peninsula in the Goryeo Dynasty Description An account of the resource Sambyeolcho, Goryeo Dynasty in Korean Peninsula, the events that took place at Gaegyeong-Ganghwa IslandJindo Island-Jeju Island-Ryukyu take on the aspect of an international war. This subject is proceeding for long time on archeological excavation and historical resesrch in Korea. What is a real shape of Goryeo, according to interpretate Sambyeolcho and Maritime route of Korean peninsula. Anaysis archaeological artifacts and historical records. Synthsis archaeological-historical perspective. This research is necessary that it reveals hidden Goryeo culture and new medieval Korean Maritime route. And it is related with Mongol-Goryeo-Japan military force.The archaeological remains that show the Mongol (Yuan Dynasty)’s active maritime route is the Sinan shipwreck 700 years before. It was a trading ship going from Ningbo, in 1323. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yun Hyeung-won Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Hyeung-won, Yun. 2023. “The Archaeological Type of Sambyeolcho And Maritime route of Korean peninsula in Goryeo.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1930 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/78e67bdab834d2c9297d77595864c76a.pdf c4477b759806ac9cedf1566504afc09a PDF Text Text Study on Ancient Artifacts Recovered from the West Sea of Korea Yang Ki-hong (Curator, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT During the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties numerous ships loaded with ceramics and grains went to the capitals Gaegyeong and Hanyang in the West Sea. We know this from 14 shipwrecks from the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties and tens of thousands of artifacts such as Goryeo celadon, Joseon grayish-blue-powdered celadon, and Joseon white porcelain. Now as ancient artifacts are excavated in Mado, Taean and Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo, there is a possibility of ancient shipwrecks. Key words: Taean Mado, Baekje pottery, Baekje roof tile, Waters of Jindo Myeongryangdaecheopro List of Tables and Figures Table 1 List of artifacts recovered from underwater Figure 1 Hard and plain potteries excavated from waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo Figure 2 Baekje potteries and roof tiles excavated from waters of Mado, Taean Figure 3 Fragments of Baekje roof tile (Mado 18-110) INTRODUCTION NRIMCH archaeological excavated fourteen ancient shipwrecks and approximately 55,000 artifacts from in the West Sea. Research on these artifacts has focused on celadon from the Goryeo Dynasty, the largest frequency of artifacts. Chinese ceramic research is also underway. However, research on artifacts from the first to fifth centuries, that is, pottery and roof tiles from the Proto-Three Kingdom period to the Three Kingdoms period, which NRIMCH staff rarely identify from the sea, are lacking. Meanwhile, three pieces of Baekje pottery and 10 pieces of Baekje roof tile were excavated for the first time during the excavation of waters of Mado, Taean in 2018 and 2019, raising the need for the research on ancient artifacts. Lee In-sook’s (2021) study on roof tiles excavated from the sea indicated it was difficult to grasp the overall aspect due to the insufficient number of ancient artifacts excavated. Therefore, this study is a literature review to identify aspects of ancient artifacts excavated from the West Sea. ANCIENT ARTIFACTS RECOVERED FROM THE SEA Waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo (NRIMCH 2015; 2018; 2021) Located right to the north of Byeongpahang, 4 to 5km away from Uldolmok in the southeast direction, waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo are one of the four most dangerous places including Jindo Uldolmok, Taean Nyanhyangryang, Ganghwa Sondolmok and Jangsanggt Indangsu. Byeongpahang was the port that was connected to Haenam through ships before it was connected via Jindo Great Bridge. The east side of underwater artifact site had very rapid current and west side has a bay-like structure, showing the swirling of water due to strong current from the Uldolmok. The fact that underwater artifacts are scattered in the north of Byeokpahang became known when a thief was arrested in 2011. Based on the testimony of the robber, the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage stated exploration in September, 2012. 1,200 items including pottery pieces, celadon incense burner with girin-shaped lid, guns were confirmed through the first to seventh excavation survey from 2012 to 2020. Artifacts from various fields such as hard plain pottery from Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, celadon in Goryeo period and porcelain in Joseon period. In 2013, one hard plain deep bowl-shaped pottery (Jindo-497), one hard plain net pattern pottery (Jindo-498), and one hard plain fragment of pottery mouth part (Jindo-499) were identified. In 2017, one hard plain pottery lower part (Jindo II-271) was identified. As only the lower part and body part remained, the exact shape cannot be certain. Beaten design remains faintly on the outer surface of the pottery. In 2020 excavation was lower part of hard 1 �plain pottery (Jindo III-165) identified. The exact shape cannot be assumed as only part of the lower area and body remained. The shape is widened from the flat bottom to the body area gradually. They have shapes and method of making in common and it seems that it was used before and after Christ. It is from the earliest age among artifacts excavated from waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro. Figure 1. Hard and plain potteries excavated from waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo Waters of Mado, Taean (NRIMCH 2021) Waters of Mado, Taean includes many reefs and complicated topography, with strong waves and heavy fog. And since ancient times, it has been known as one of the four rough places where ships had difficulties in crossing the sea. However, it was necessary to pass through it to go to Gaegyeong or Hanyang with the grains collected from Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and Gyeongsang-do, etc. Waters of Mado was known for the first time with the reporting of discoveries of artifacts in 1981 and intensive exploration was conducted after receiving another reporting in 2007. As a result, four old ships called Mado no. 1, 2, 3, and 4 shipwrecks and about 3,500 artifacts were identified, from 2009 to 2015, mainly celadon from the Goryeo Dynasty and white porcelain from the Joseon Dynasty. The excavation survey started for waters of Mado in 2018 and 2019 as th west sea cultural department was established in Taean in June 2017. Accordingly, potteries and roof tiles from the Three Kingdoms period, which are different from those excavated so far, were confirmed. Figure 2. Baekje potterie and roof tiles excavated from waters of Mado, Taean Three potteries from the Three Kingdoms period recovered from the waters of Mado were identified: a mouth part of one deep bowl-shaped pottery, [Mado 18-58], one piece of lower part [Mado 18-84], and one piece of the body part [Mado 19-10]. The firing state of the earthenware was all soft nitrogen, and some of them were excavated in the form of remaining. All of the patterns have a lattice door, and frontal 2 �traces such as some hand-handling marks and beat marks are observed. Also, black spots were confirmed on the outer surface. It was identified as a piece of earthenware, but it is presumed to be a deep-shaped earthenware judging from the morphological characteristics. It is presumed to be pottery of Baekje Dynasty dating from the fourth to fifth centuries. All of them were made with soft firing method and part of them was excavated. They had lattice pattern and traces of trimming them are observed. On the outer side, black spots are observed. They are identified to be fragments of pottery and they are assumed to be deep bowl-shaped pottery given the shape characteristics and they are considered to be Hansung Baekje pottery from the fourth to fifth centuries. 10 concave roof tile pieces from Three Kingdoms Period were identified. Even though it is not even in colors, major colors are divided into greyish, yellowish or brownish colors. All of them are thin with the thickness of about 1.5 cm with clustered line pattern. The common feature is that they were made of well selected soil. There are traces of penetration, framing and connection of frame inside. There are traces of division point and roof tile division inside (Lee In-sook 2021, 136-137). It seems that they were produced in areas in Baekje as elements from Hanseonggi and Ungjingi are observed partially. Table 1. List of artifacts recovered from underwater No. Artifact No. Artifact Name Jindo-497 Hard plain deep bowlshaped pottery 2 Pattern Color - Yellowish grey Jindo-498 Hard plain net-patterned pottery - Bright brown 3 Jindo-499 Mouth part of hard plain fragment of pottery - 4 Jindo II-271 Lower part of hard plain pottery Beaten design 5 Jindo III-165 Lower part of hard plain pottery - 1 Mado18-58 Deep bowl-shaped pottery, mouth part Beaten pattern (lattice) 2 Mado18-84 Deep bowl-shaped pottery, lower part Beaten pattern (lattice) 3 Mado19-10 Deep bowl-shaped body part Beaten pattern (lattice) 4 Mado18-28 Concave roof tile piece Clustered line pattern 1 Grey+ black (Inside) Bright brown (Outside) Dark brown Bright brown (Inside) Yellow brown (Outside) Red brown (Inside) Grayish brown (Outside) Brownish grey (Inside) Yellow brown (Outside) Greyish yellow 3 Grey Specification Remarks Height (18.3-18.8 cm), Mouth diameter (14.7 cm) Black soot traces, reddish oxidation traces Height (25-26.8 cm) Neck diameter (8.7 cm) Maximum body diameter (21.7 cm) Height (10.1 cm) Maximum width (10.0 cm) Black spot - Height (10.4 cm) Bend diameter (8.0 cm) - Height (8.4 cm) Bend diameter (7.1 cm) - Height (6.9 cm), mouth diameter (restored; 16.8 cm), thickness (0.4-0.7 cm) Black spot on the outside Height (7.2 cm), floor diameter (restored; 11.3 cm), thickness (0.5-0.9 cm) Black spot on the outside Length (14.5 cm), width (12.1 cm), thickness (0.50.7 cm) Black spot on the outside Length (21.9 cm), width (14.2 cm), thickness (1.31.5 cm) �5 Mado18-29 Concave roof tile piece 6 Mado18-74 Concave roof tile piece 7 Mado18-69 Concave roof tile piece 8 Mado18-70 Concave roof tile piece 9 Mado18-71 Concave roof tile piece 10 Mado18-72 Concave roof tile piece 11 Mado18-73 Concave roof tile piece 12 Mado18-110 Concave roof tile piece 13 Mado 111 Concave roof tile piece 18- Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Clustered line pattern Greyish yellow Length (23.8 cm), width (12.9 cm) thickness (1.2-1.4 cm) Greyish yellow Length (13.6 cm), width (4.9 cm), thickness (1.0 cm) Greyish yellow Length (28.5 cm), width (11.5 cm), thickness (1.31.5 cm) Grey Length (15.0 cm), width (8.4 cm), thickness (1.3 cm) Greyish brown Length (8.6 cm), width (9.5 cm), thickness (1.2 cm) Greyish blue Length (13.1 cm), width (9.1 cm), thickness (1.1 cm) Greyish white Grey Grayish blue Length (12.5 cm), width (10.7 cm), thickness (1.3 cm) Length (15.3cm), width (12.1cm), thickness (1.2 cm) Black soot Length (13.3cm), width (9.3cm), thickness (1.3c m) EXCAVATION BACKGROUND OF ARTFIACTS For antient artifacts, five pieces of hard plain pottery from Proto Three Kingdoms period estimated to be the first century were found in waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo and three Hanseong period potteries and 10 roof tile fragments of Baekje period from the fourth to fifth centuries were excavated from waters of Mado, Taean. The number of pieces collected was not huge but let’s examine the background of excavation of antient artifacts not from the land but from the sea based on the recovered artifacts. The reason why artifacts are found in sea can be divided into three-fold: 1) artifacts used in coastal area were discarded and inflowed into the sea by wave. It is the case where artifacts are fragmented and found near the coast. But both waters of Mado and Myeongryangdaecheopro are off from the coastal area, so it is hard for artifacts used on land are flown into the sea. 2) artifacts were discarded from sea crew or artifacts were sunken together with ship. At this time are fragments or original shapes found and the trace of using their remains. In some cases, traces of fire or cooking remain are indicated. 10 roof tiles excavated from waters of Mado, Taean were recovered in the form of fragments and among them, concave fragments [Mado 18-110] showed black soot trace. The side area had black soot traces (Figure.3). The color is reddish brown and inside foreign Figure 3. Fragments of Baekje roof tile material in greyish yellow color is attached. It is hard to confirm (Mado 18-110) as other roof tiles do not show black soot but it seems that fragments of roof tile were used to make fire. This is also shown in Mado no. 2 shipwreck. All roof tiles excavated from Mado no.2 shipwreck were from the area near the second 4 �compartment mast hole. The area was arranged by placing clay on the floor added with roof tile fragments, small number of pottery fragments and stones. The fragments of roof tile confirmed on the site were flat roof tile and 162 fragments of concave roof tiles and 24 fragments of convex roof tiles were identified. The roof tiles from Mado no. 2 shipwreck are all broken fragments and with the black soot traces, it is assumed that they were used not as roof tile but as firing for cooking. The lower part of the pottery excavated from waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo [Jindo-497] had red oxidation trace and black soot at the bottom so it is assumed to be used by screw. In addition, potteries recovered from Mado, Taean [Mado 18-58, 84,19-10] are deep bowl-shaped pottery with black spots on the outside and this is traces from firing phase. The deep bowl-shaped pottery has a mouth part with flat bottom part and body part has lattice or clustered line pattern. Given the excavation of fragments of cooking ware, they are considered to be used for cooking by crew on the ship. 3) artifacts fell into the sea while transporting cargo using a ship. As they were loaded on the ship as cargo, artifacts were found in packaged state or they have no traces of use. Among roof tiles excavated from waters of Mado, Taean Mado, nine pieces with no traces of burning showed no signs of use. As they remain as not a complete but fragmentary, the possibility of being a cargo is low but there is a possibility that they were damaged by sea current. Therefore, it is necessary to look into the artifacts of Three Kingdoms Period near waters of Mado, Taean. There are four historic sites related to Three Kingdoms Period including Baekhwasanseong and Dalsanri sites. Seosan has nine sites such as Yecheondong site and Gijiri site. Dangjin has five historic sites. Taean Baekhwasanseong is a representative site where roof tiles are excavated. Baekhwasanseong is located at Baekhwasan, Dongmun-ri, Taea-eup, Taean-gun Chungcheongnam-do. It is stone fortress located in the middle of Mountain Baekhwasan and was established in 1287 during Goryeo Dynasty. The terrain was built on cliffs on all sides and served as a fortress that made it difficult for foreign enemies to approach. In 2011, a prospective excavation was conducted on the east wall section and part of the upper fortress wall at Baekhwasanseong Fortress in Taean, and 79 pieces of tile were excavated. Although it is difficult to clarify the construction period of the fortress wall due to the lack of evidence, it can be assumed that Baekhwasanseong Fortress was built in the early Baekje period (the sixth to seventh centuries), repaired and used until the early Goryeo period, and was abandoned during the Goryeo period. It is not clear as the excavation on Baekhwasanseong was not conducted but as the lattice-patterned roof tile were used Baekje Sabi period, the possibility of finding artifacts from Baekje Hansung period in the fourth and fifth centuries in future studies cannot be excluded. And there is no kiln for Baekje roof tile is identified in the area near Taean and Seosan, it is presumed that roof tiles were supplied through sea route of Mado, Taean. CONCLUSIONS Three pieces of deep bowl-shaped potteries which are artifacts from Baekje Hansung period and 10 pieces of Seungmun roof tile were first identified in 2018 and 2019. Underwater excavation of waters of Mado is the first case that confirms such artifacts since the start of the underwater excavation. So far, as many Goryeo celadons have been found in waters of Mado, Taean, the research on prior periods was not conducted. However, with recovery of the collection of fragments of Baekje pottery and of roof tile for the first time in 2018, the need for research on ancient artifacts and sea route was raised. Therefore, this paper examines the ancient artifacts reocovered from the West Sea. 15 pieces of artifacts were found in waters of Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo and Mado, Taean. 5 pieces of hard plain potteries were collected from Myeongryangdaecheopro and the traces of oxidation in red were found at the bottom of the body and black soot were observed so it is considered that those were used on the ship, not a cargo subject to transportation. In addition, the deep bowl-shaped pottery collected from waters of Mado, Taean is also for cooking so it is assumed that the pottery was used for cooking by antient crews on the ship. However, many opinions can be raised for the Baekje roof tiles. First of all, the traces of putting roof tile on fire were found in one roof tile among tiles collected from waters of Mado, Taean. It is likely that the wasted roof tile was used to make fire for cooking. As all pieces from Mado, Taean are fragmentary, there is a possibility to use the waste roof tile as cover for storage container. Or, it is likely to be sunken in the process of being moved for recycling as construction material. Even though official excavation was not conducted for Baekhwasanseong, Seonmun and lattice pattern roof tiles from Baekje 5 �Sabi period in the sixth and seventh centuries were found, so the relevance with waters of Mado, Taean where roof tiles from Baekje Hansung period were collected cannot be excluded. As the places for kiln for roof tiles were not found in areas near Taean and Seosan, it is highly likely that roof tiles were transported to Baekhwasanseong via sea route. Given the pattern of the artifacts, it is likely that many ancient artifacts can be found in waters of Mado, Taean and old ships from Three Kingdoms Area will be found. Bibliography Chungnam Institute of History and Culture. Excavation Report on Baekhwa Fortress, Taean. Gongju: One Design, 2013 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Waters off the Jindo Myeongnyangdaecheop-ro [Ave.] Underwater Excavation I, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 39. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2015 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Waters off the Jindo Myeongnyangdaecheop-ro [Ave.] Underwater Excavation II, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 49. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2018 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Waters off the Jindo Myeongnyangdaecheop-ro [Ave.] Underwater Excavation III, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH 67. Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2021 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Waters off the Taean-Mado Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of NRIMCH .62 Taean: NRIMCH, 2021 (In Korean). Yi, Insuk. “Significance of Roof Tiles Excavated from Sea Routes (Jooun-ro) in the Goryeo Period.” Archaeology 20, no. 2 (2021): 127-149 (In Korean). 6 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Study on Ancient Artifacts Recovered from the West Sea of Korea Description An account of the resource During the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties numerous ships loaded with ceramics and grains went to the capitals Gaegyeong and Hanyang in the West Sea. We know this from 14 shipwrecksfrom the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties and tens of thousands of artifacts such as Goryeo celadon, Joseon grayish-blue-powdered celadon, and Joseon white porcelain. Now as ancient artifacts are excavated in Mado, Taean and Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo, there is a possibility of ancient shipwrecks. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yang Ki-hong Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ki-hong, Yang. 2023. “Study on Ancient Artifacts Recovered from the West Sea of Korea.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/items/show/1929 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/42d3bb4331fdaee5225d43ffecac2fac.pdf c7539150aca2cedea33c1749fdf361c5 PDF Text Text Excavation Methods and Results of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea Whan Suk MOON (Visiting Professor, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT The excavations of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in Korea are conducted mainly after surveying the waters where they are found, which is only conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH). Excavation of Sinan shipwreck (1976-1984) was the starting point of academic excavation on UCH. At that time there were no professional divers, technology and equipment, so it was entirely dependent on the support of the Navy (SSU), until the first season underwater excavation of Bianndo at Gunsan (2002). However, from the second season excavation of Biando, when support from the navy became difficult, an excavation team was formed within the NRIMCH to acquire underwater investigation techniques and establish a specialized investigation system. Now its expertise in underwater excavation is improving by operating an exclusive ship for underwater excavation, researching an investigation technique according to the sea environment, and establishing an underwater excavation, conservation, and exhibition system at Taean. Keywords: NRIMCH, underwater excavation, removing mud, Taean site. List of Tables and Figures: Table 1 Summary of method for representative underwater excavations Table 2 Excavation of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea (Dec. 31. 2022) Figure 1 Excavation of underwater artifacts by the Navy Figure 2 Exposure status after removing mud INTRODUCTION Academic underwater excavation in Korea has been begun with the excavation of Sinan shipwreck (1976-1984). The discovery of six pieces of Chinese pottery caught in a fishing net served as an opportunity for investigation. No professional divers, technology and equipment existed, which made it entirely dependent on the support of the Navy (SSU), until the first season underwater excavation of Biando, Gunsan (2002). After the second season excavation of Biando, when support from the navy became difficult, an excavation team was organized within the NRIMCH in order to acquire underwater investigation techniques and establish a specialized investigation system. Recently, with operation of an exclusive ship for underwater excavations, research of exploration technique by targeted areas, and establishment of system of underwater excavation, conservation and display of Taean, expertise in underwater excavation has improved. In addition, it reveals new information not indicated in the historical records, which triggered great interest on the underwater excavation. This paper briefly introduces accomplishments of the NRIMCH and how it became the one and only institute specialized in underwater excavations in Korea. UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT AND EQUIPMENT IN KOREA Underwater environment of Korea The sea of Korean Peninsular has been a place of life and a transportation route to the outside since prehistoric times, in particular, since the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), when the shipping system through the sea route was established, and grains and special products gathered in the provinces were transported by sea or river to Gaegyeong or Hanyang, the capital of the time, rather than land transportation. However, considering the sea conditions of the Korean peninsula, which is high in the east and low in the west, the southwest coast has many islands and reefs are scattered. The current is also fast, causing 1 �many difficulties in sailing. As a result, marine accidents of ships likely occurred frequently. Fortunately, mud flats have developed in the West Sea, which was the gateway to maritime traffic, and has an environment in which the history of our ancestors, the by-products of these marine accidents, can be preserved. However, in the West Sea, where most of the underwater excavations take place, the tidal difference is large, more than 4 meters (m). Underwater visibility is close to zero because the bottom of the seabed is tidal flat, and the current is fast. In addition, the water temperature drops in the winter season from November to April, making diving surveys difficult. Excluding Taean and Jeju, most of the sea areas excavated so far were in adverse sea conditions, where visibility was not secured and currents were fast, requiring investigation only during the platform tide. Excavation equipment and methods The governmental organization called the Underwater Archaeology Division was established in 2007, which made the frames of managing cultural heritage led by the government. Since then, for scientific and systematic underwater excavation, the NRIMCH has secured a Multibeam Echo Sounder and developed the vacuum soil removing system. This suits our underwater environment, it safely collect fine millets from underwater. Excavations are carried out using the Nurian Ship or barge. Table 1 indicates a brief summary of the equipment used for underwater excavation and method for major underwater excavation areas so far. Table 3. Summary of method of representative underwater excavations No. 1 2 3 4 Site Excavation Methods Underwater Conditions Sinan -Iron grid installation: area excavation -Underwater work: Ship Salvage Unit of Navy -Artifact classification: Qurator -Mud discharge method: air lift, etc. -Surrounding survey: Circular -Field of view: 0 m -Tide: 3.5 knots -Average water depth: 23 m Wando -Rope grid installation: area excavation -Underwater work: private divers (veterans participating in Sinan excavation) -Artifact classification: qurator -Mud discharge method: air lift, etc. -Surrounding survey: circular -Field of view: muddiness -Tide: 2-3 knots -Average water depth: 15 m Gunsan Biando -1st excavation: navy (underwater work) -2nd-5th: first self-excavation by the NRIMCH -Survey by area: recovering exposed artifacts (in abandoned waterways) -Field of view: muddiness(>1m) -Tide: 2-3 knots -Average water depth: 16 m Gunsan Sibidongpado -Rope grid installation: area excavation -Underwater work: qurator etc. -Mud discharge method: water jet, air lift -Underwater camera recording, drawing -Lifting a ship using a crane -Field of view:1-4 m -Tide: 1-2knots -Average water depth: 15 m 2 �5 Gunsan Yamido -Rope grid installation: area excavation -Mud discharge method: water jet, air lift, vacuum pump. etc. *Development of vacuum control system for mud Removing (low water depth) -Underwater camera recording, drawing *2006 year: recovering exposed artifacts *2007-09: excavation of re-buried artifacts *Large barge - diving facility, mud removing system, workroom etc. *Survey ship: on-site operation “Seamuse” -Field of view:1-4 m -Tide: 1-2 knots -Average water depth: >10 m 6 -Rope grid installation: area excavation -Mud discharge method: water jet, air lift, Taean shipwreck -Underwater camera recording, after laboratory drawing *Small barge-diving facility, workroom etc. 7 Taean Mado no. 1-3 shipwrecks -Rope or iron installation: area excavation -Vacuum control system for mud removing -Underwater camera recording, after laboratory drawing *Large barge-diving facility, workroom etc. -Field of view: 2-3 m -Tide: 1-2 knots -Average water depth: 5-19 m 8 Taean Mado no. 4 shipwreck -Underwater Excavation ship “Nurian (290ton)” *Diving facility, mud removing system, workroom etc. -Field of view: 2-3m -Tide: 1-2 knots -Average water depth: 17 m 13 Jeju Shinchangri -Small boat-mud removing, diving -3D drawing -Nurian ship: resident support -Field of view: 10 m -Tide: 1-2 knots -Average water depth: 3-5 m -Field of view: 2-3 m -Tide: 1-2 knots -Average water depth: 12 m RESULTS OF UNDERWATER EXCAVATIONS The results of underwater excavation at each site are summarized in Table 2. [Table 4] Excavation of UCH in Korea (Dec. 31. 2022) No. Site Year Recovered Artifacts 1 Sinan shipwreck 1976-84 22,000 pieces of porcelain, one Chinese trading shipwreck, 28 tons of coins in the fourteenth century 2 Jeju Shinchangri 1980,1983, 1996, 2019-2021 Metal accessories, 1,294 pieces of Chinese porcelains in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries 3 Taean Peninsula 1981-87 About 40 pieces of Goryeo celadons, Joseon white porcelain, etc. 4 Wando shipwreck 1983-84 About 30,000 pieces of porcelains, crew supplies in the twelfth century 5 Jindo shipwreck 1991-92 One Chinese Log shipwreck in the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries 3 �6 Muan Doripo 1995-96 638 pieces of Goryeo celadons with gray inlay in the fourteenth century 7 Mokpo Dalido shipwreck 1995 One Goryeo shipwreck in the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries 8 Gunsan Biando 2002-03 2,939 pieces of Goryeo celadons in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries 9 Gunsan Sibidongpado 2003-04 8,122 pieces of Goryeo celadon, one Goryeo shipwreck in the twelfth century 10 Boryeong Wonsando 2004-05 Celadon incense burner, etc. in the thirteenth century 11 Sinan Anjoado shipwreck 2005 Four pieces of Goryeo celadons with gray inlay, one Goryeo shipwreck in the fourteenth century 12 Gunsan Yamido 2006-09 4,547 pieces of Goryeo celadons in the twelfth century 13 Ansan Daebudo shipwreck 2006 Pieces of shipwreck in the twelfth to thirteenth century 14 Taean Taean shipwreck 2007-08 25,043 pieces of Goryeo celadons, one shipwreck in the twelfth century 15 Taean Mado no. 1 shipwreck 2008-10 940 pieces of Goryeo celadons, one shipwreck in the thirteenth century 16 Taean Mado no. 2 shipwreck 2009-10 974 pieces of Goryeo celadons, one shipwreck in the thirteenth century 17 Taean Wonan Beach 2010 531 pieces of Goryeo celadons in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries 18 Taean Mado no. 3 shipwreck 2011 336 pieces of Goryeo celadons in the thirteenth century 19 Taean Mado 2012 2014 956 pieces of Goryeo celadons, etc. 20 Incheon Yeongdeungdo shipwreck 2010, 2012∼13 723 pieces of Goryeo celadons, etc., one shipwreck 21 Jindo Myeongryangdaecheop 2012-14 2016-17 2019-21 1101 pieces of Goryeo celadons, etc., in the first to twentieth cneturies 22 Taean Mado no. 4 shipwreck 2015 400 pieces of inlaid porcelains, one shipwreck in the fifteenth century 23 Ansan Daebudo shipwreck 2015 76 pieces of Goryeo celadons, one Goryeo shipwreck 24 Taean Dangampo 2017-18 65 pieces of Goryeo celadons 25 Yeonggwang Nakwoldo 2018 30 pieces of Goryeo celadons 26 Taean Mado 2018 2019 159 pieces of Goryeo celadons, etc. 27 Gunsan Seonyudo 2022 570 pieces of Goryeo celadons, etc. no. 2 4 �Sinan Site Excavation of Sinan shipwreck took place from 1976 to 1984. This was the beginning of underwater excavation in Korea. The discovery and report of six pieces of Chinese porcelains caught in the fishing net triggered the excavation. At the time, because of the thought that such high-quality celadons could not be recovered from the sea, illegal robbery occurred before the excavation, and in the process of interrogating the robbers who were smuggling, it was recognized that more artifacts were buried, which lead to underwater archaeology excavation. Figure 1. Underwater excavation by the Navy The 11 seasons of excavation projects were conducted for nine years with the support of naval divers. As a result excavations uncovered about 20,000 pieces of porcelains from the Song and Yuan Dynasties of China, 28 tons of coins, and about 1,000 pieces of rosewoods (premium wood) including the ship hull. The weight engraved with Gyeongwonro (Ningbo, Zhejiang, China in today) became the critical resource that identified where the ship was departed. Also, a wooden tablet with the reign of the Yuan Dynasty (Jichisamnyeon 1323), Japanese names, and Japanese temple names were discovered, which was helpful to identify the year of sail and destination. Considering the characteristics of artifacts, the Sinan ship was wrecked near the coast of Korea in 1323 CE while sailing from Ningbo, China to the Port of Hakata in Kyushu, Japan. The excavation of Sinan Shipwreck clarified the shipbuilding technology and trading ships of the medieval times which had only been assumed based on historical records and told us the seaborne trades of East Asia. Taean site Major underwater excavation projects were conducted at the Taean. As a result of the excavations, five shipwrecks and 29,344 pieces of artifacts were discovered. In the waters of Mado, whenever divers went down to the water exposed artifacts are recovered, which helped to set excavation zones for annual excavation projects. In May 2007, after receiving the news of the discovery of Goryeo celadons by webfoot octopus (amphioctopus fangsiao) in Taean Sea, an urgent survey was conducted immediately. As a result, nine pieces of celadon were collected from underwater at a depth of about 12 m and scattered celadon sherds. In order to prevent robbery and damage from fishing activities, as the targeted area was known to the public, it was selected as a cultural heritage protection zone to prevent public diving. Celadons were excavated in 2007 and the shipwreck and relevant artifacts in 2008. In the excavation, Goryeo celadons, which occupied most of the artifacts, were packed with a wooden containers and buffer straw, and wooden tablets written in black ink were also found. We interpreted the records to find out that celadon were sent by someone who lived in Tamjin (today’s Gangjin) and the recipient lived in Gaegyeong. The wooden tablets showed us the production area of celadon, as well as the departure port, the trade relations, the transporter, and the loading units. 5 �In 2009, the excavation of Mado no. 1 shipwreck discovered the cargo tags that recorded the kinds of grains, wooden and bamboo tablets, bamboo products, salted seafood, dried seafood, shipping and departure dates, ports of departure, positions and names of senders and recipients, which indicates the features of the shipwreck and artifacts. The information told us that the Mado no. 1 shipwreck was a transporting ship of the Goryeo Dynasty that collected grains and salted seafood from Haenam, Naju, Jangheung, and Yeongam between the winter of 1207 CE and the beginning of 1208 CE and transported them to the government officials in Gaegyeong. Figure 2. Exposure status after removing mud In the excavation of Mado no. 2 shipwreck in 2010, various types of artifacts were found, including a transporting ship from the Goryeo Dynasty, a celadon prunus vase, grains, wooden products, and bamboo tags that recorded the type and recipient of the cargo. The neck of the vase had a bamboo tag that stated ‘Jung Bang Do Jang Gyo Oh Mun Bu / Taek Sang Jeong Mil Seong Jun Bong重房都將校吳文富/宅上精蜜盛樽封’, which means filled with honey and sealed for Oh Mun Bu, Dojanggyo (low-class government officer) of Jungbang. This told us that prunus vases were called Jun and used to store and transport valuable ingredients such as honey and sesame oil. As a result of excavating the Mado no. 3 shipwreck in 2011, the NRIMCH discovered various artifacts including 32 wooden tags, 28 pieces of porcelains, grains, deer antlers, Korean chess stones, salted seafood, dried seafood, and textiles. This is also a transport ship from Yeosu in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula to Ganghwadoseong (provisional capital during the war with Mongolia). The Mado no. 3 shipwreck is 12 m in length, 8 m in width, and 2.5 m in depth. It is the most well-preserved shipwreck hull including the bow and stern, the sail pole, and the structure that fixes the sail, which provides details of ship structure and the shipbuilding technology of Goryeo Dynasty. In 2015, we excavated another shipwreck at Mado, Taean. All four ships excavated at Taean belong to the Goryeo Dynasty, but 111 pieces of white porcelain of the eighteenth century were discovered right next to them and they were highly likely to belong to the Joseon Dynasty. As a result of excavating the Mado no. 4 shipwreck, it was found that the celadon with gray inlay and the wooden tags indicate the ship was wrecked in the fifteenth century (1417-1421 CE). This is 300 years earlier than white porcelain. We concluded the Mado no. 4 shipwreck was wrecked first and another ship transporting the white porcelain was wrecked later. The wooden cargo tags indicate the port of departure was Yeongsanchang, Naju and the ship transported grains to Gwangheungchang, Hanyang. All excavated shipwrecks of the Goryeo Dynasty had one mast at the center of the hull. The exception is the Mado no. 4 shipwreck, which had mast holes at the bow and center for two sails. Also, the ships of the Goryeo Dynasty had one level of Dangabbul (used to fix the sail), but the Mado no. 4 shipwreck had five levels of Dangabbul on each Garyong (reinforcement material for the outer plank). This shows the robust development of shipbuilding techniques to fix the mast. As a results of broad survey to Mado site, various artifacts such as pottery, anchor stones, and metals 6 �from different eras and countries such as Goryeo, Joseon, Song, Yuan, and Qing dynasties were recovered. What is noticeable is the anchor stones. We have excavated 153 pieces of anchor stones used to anchor the ships. Most stones were natural stones, but three pieces were artificially dressed stones. Dressed stones were anchor stones mostly used in China. Also, we found a large number of porcelains marked Jeong (鄭), Ju (朱), or Gang (綱), indicating the international merchants of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, to show that Goryeo traded with the Song and Yuan Dynasties and prove the historical fact that this sea route was critical for international trade. CONCLUSIONS It has been 46 years since the start of scientific underwater excavation in Korea. With the researcher's active challenging spirits and the full state-led excavation system, it produces great results. In the research, UCH is described as a time capsule that represents specific time and region and provides information not recorded in historical records. NRIMCH is the one and only UCH institute mandated to investigate the waters of the Korean Peninsula, doubling the size of or country, it is still insufficient to meet the demand for research. Deep-sea surveys are still inaccessible, but through training and securing rebreather diving equipment, a foundation is being laid to expand the research area from the coastal waters to the deep seabed. In order to accomplish the goals, it is seeking to acquire deep-sea survey technology through international exchange. In addition, as a four-year project from 2022, the design and field operation of unmanned ASV (Autonomous Surface Vehicles) that detects UCH is being promoted. All of these are expected to serve as a foundation for expanding UCH research efforts, such as the relationship with maritime culture and the investigation of the maritime silk road, beyond discovering the potential UCH of the sea. Bibliography Bowens, Amanda, Underwater Archaeology - The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice 2-10. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Babits, Lawrence and Tilburg, Hans Van, Maritime Archaeology 7-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Cultural Heritage Administration, Wando Underwater Relics, Seoul: Cultural Heritage Administration, 1984 (In Korean). Cultural Heritage Administration, Sinan Underwater Relics, Seoul: Cultural Heritage Administration, 1988 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum, Underwater Relics of Doripo, Muan, Seoul: National Maritime Museum, 2003 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum, Underwater Relics of Biando Island, Gunsan, Seoul: National Maritime Museum, 2004 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum, Underwater Relics of Sibidongpado Island, Gunsan, Daejeon: National Maritime Museum, Daejeon, 2005 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum and Sinan-gun, Anjoaseon Excavation Report, Seoul: National Maritime Museum, 2006 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum and Gunsan-si, Yamido Island, Gunsan Underwater Excavation Report, Gwanju: National Maritime Museum, 2007 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum, Wonsando Island, Boryeong Underwater Excavation Report, Gwanju: National Maritime Museum, 2007 (In Korean). 7 �National Maritime Museum, Daebudoseon, Ansan Underwater Excavation Report, Seoul: National Maritime Museum, 2008 (In Korean). National Maritime Museum, Yamido Island, Gunsan Underwater Excavation Report, II, Seoul: National Maritime Museum, 2008 (In Korean). NRIMCH and Korea Rural Community Corporation, Yamido Island, Gunsan Underwater Excavation･Maritime Cultural Excavation Report, III, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2009 (In Korean). NRIMCH, “Treasure Ship of Goryeo Celadon Ⅰ and Ⅱ” In Daeseom Island, Taean Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2009 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Mado no. 1, Taean Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2010 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Mado no. 2, Taean Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2011 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Mado Waters, Taean Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2011 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Mado no. 3, Taean Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo:, 2012 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Wonan Beach, Taean Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2012 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Chinese Porcelain from the Mado of Taean, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2013 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Yeongheungdoseon, Incheon Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2014 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Myeongryangdaecheopro Waters of Jindo, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2015 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Mado no. 4, Taean Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2016 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Daebudo no. 2, Ansan Underwater Excavation Report, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2016 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Korea’s Treasure Ship-Opening a Time Capsule, Mokpo: Gongmyeong Publishing Co., 2016 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Myeongryang daecheopro Waters of Jindo, II, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2018 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Nakwoldo Waters of Yeonggwang, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2019 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Dangampo Waters of Taean, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2019 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Myeongryang- daecheopro Waters of Jindo, III, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2021 (In Korean). 8 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Excavation Methods and Results of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea Description An account of the resource The excavations of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in Korea are conducted mainly after surveying the waters where they are found, which is only conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH). Excavation of Sinan shipwreck (1976-1984) was the starting point of academic excavation on UCH. At that time there were no professional divers, technology and equipment, so it was entirely dependent on the support of the Navy (SSU), until the first season underwater excavation of Bianndo at Gunsan (2002). However, from the second season excavation of Biando, when support from the navy became difficult, an excavation team was formed within the NRIMCH to acquire underwater investigation techniques and establish a specialized investigation system. Now its expertise in underwater excavation is improving by operating an exclusive ship for underwater excavation, researching an investigation technique according to the sea environment, and establishing an underwater excavation, conservation, and exhibition system at Taean. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Whan Suk Moon Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Suk Moon, Whan. 2023. “Excavation Methods and Results of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in Korea.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1928 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/21b1bf0c98cf18209f394405ec4ce71a.pdf 0a7d1c6cf2380361f979188e350df95f PDF Text Text Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan Sangjun Park (Curator of the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT In Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, explorations and underwater excavations have been conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage since 2021, and a total of 570 artifacts have been recovered. This study introduced limitations and problems stemming from investigation progress and method. The characteristics of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan were identified through analysis on the recovered artifacts. Based on the exploration conducted in 2021 and the contents of the excavation in 2022, the progress of the examination for the entire sea area, and the limitations and problems stemming from the examination method were identified. Through the analysis of the distribution patterns, types, and periods of recovered artifacts this study established the date and characteristics of the remains, and the direction for future investigations. A significant area where the artifacts are estimated to be buried, has not been investigated so results may change in future. The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been frequented by ships from the past. Many pottery sherds, wooden structures constituting ships, and daily items on ships, have been excavated. A minimum of two ships are believed to have sunk in this area based on artifacts from various periods (i.e. Three Kingdoms to the Joseon). Currently, only about one per cent of the total investigated area are dredged, so future work will likely reveal maritime exchanges centered on the Gogunsan Islands. Keywords: Gunsan, Gogunsan Archipelago, underwater excavation, exploration List of Tables and Figures Table 1 Status table of artifacts recovered from underwater excavations in the Sea of Gogunsan Archipelago, Gunsan in 2022 Figure 1 Underwater dondition of the bundles of celadons Figure 2 Recovered all artifacts from Seonyudo OVERIVEW OF THE INVESTIGATIONS Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan is an archipelago located in the southern part of the West Sea of Korea and consists of 63 islands including Seonyudo, Munyeodo and Shinsido. The name, Gogunsan Archipelago, was derived from the central island, Seonyudo. Seonyudo has been called Gunsando since the Goryeo Dynasty, and during the reign of King Taejo of the Joseon Dynasty, a naval base called Gunsanjin was established to defend against Japanese invaders along the west coast. Later, during the reign of King Sejong, as Gunsanjin moved to the mainland, the name of this area was prefixed with the Chinese character '古', which means old times, and it was called Gogunsan Archipelago. Gogunsan Archipelago played an important role as a port of call on the route with China's Song Dynasty during the Goryeo Dynasty. According to Seonhwa Bongsa Goryeo Dogyeong of Seo Geung, who came as an envoy from the Song Dynasty in 1123 (the first year of King Injong), in Gunsando, there was a building called Gunsanjeong, which was used as a reception hall for envoys, and it was recorded that there were government office buildings and Buddhist temples. Waters where the investigation was conducted is located on the eastern side of Seonyudo, the central island of the Gogunsan archipelago. The remains became known in December 2020 when a report was received that a diver who was working on a dive in the waters of Seonyudo Island found pottery and hull fragments. Afterwards, the location was reported by the reporter, and in 2021, an exploration of the entire sea area of the Gogunsan Islands, including Seonyudo, was conducted. The exploration was targeted on a wide area around Seonyudo and Munyeo Islands, including the reported points, to find out whether there were ancient ships, whether or not artifacts were buried, and the distribution range. As a result of the investigation, about 200 artifacts such as pottery and anchor stones were recovered from the entire Gogunsan Islands area, and it was confirmed that various artifacts from different eras were distributed. 1 �In particular, around the reef on the eastern side of Seonyudo, 81 pieces of celadon bowls and plates were found in the form of stacked cargoes, and tools used by ships such as wooden anchors, oars, and anchor stones presumed to be lost at the time of the wreck were found. Judging from these aspects, it is estimated that the possibility that an ancient ship was wrecked in the vicinity is very high. From April to October 2022, a full-scale excavation was conducted in the waters of Seonyudo to confirm the concentration of artifacts and the sunken ancient ship. INVESTIGATION DETAILS The excavation was conducted in the eastern waters of Seonyudo from April 19 to October 22, 2022. In the exploration of underwater cultural property in 2021, a range of 500 m from north to south and 500m from east to west was set as the investigation area, centering on the area where a bundle of celadon and a large number of artifacts were identified, and the total area is measured to 235,00 m². As for the total investigation range, 25 zones with a size of 100 × 100 m were set and named as A to Y zones, and 100 grids of 10 × 10 m units were set in detail for each zone. As the targeted area is shallow and has reefs, it is difficult to anchor the Nurian, an underwater excavation vessel. Therefore, a barge exclusive for underwater excavation equipped with the necessary equipment for the survey was used, and the Nurian served as a support ship providing board and lodging for the investigators. The excavation was aimed to identify the distribution patterns of artifacts widely identified in the investigated waters, and concentrated artifacts burial sites and sunken ships. To this end, after installing a 1m-wide reference line for dredging in each grid, a trial excavation was conducted along the line to a depth of about 1m. According to the distribution of artifacts and the quality of the soil, full-scale dredging was carried out simultaneously, and a dredging pump installed on a barge for underwater excavation investigation was used. In the south of the soil investigation area and on the east side of Seonyudo, a RIB (Rigid inflatable boat) was used for search, and the distribution of artifacts was identified. For search, a search line was installed, circular and zigzag methods were used along the line, and the search was conducted using a probe rod. The investigated area is a partial grid of area M and L. Initially, the investigation was intended to be conducted around area L, where bundles of celadon, ship accessories, and a large amount of pottery were found, but the investigation was conducted around area M, as the cruise ship route was formed around the area. In the areas L, Q, and V, where cruise ship routes are located, investigations were conducted only temporarily for two months (September-October) with the cooperation of shipping companies and people of the fishing village, and it is now in progress. Along with the excavation survey, exploration was conducted in the sea area outside the total range of 500 × 500 m using Seamuse, an underwater cultural property exploration ship. In this exploration, not only were Seonyudo, but also the Gogunsan Archipelago, such as Sinsido and Munyeodo, investigated with expanded scope of the exploration. In the meantime, in order to overcome the poor marine environment and conduct efficient investigations during the excavation, state-of-the-art marine exploration equipment such as scanning sonar, which can identify abnormalness in dark underwater visibility, and USBL (Ultra Short Base Line), which can accurately measure the location underwater were used. In addition, parametric sub-bottom profiler investigations were conducted on the surrounding waters by Seamuse to detect abnormal points, and detailed investigations and diving investigations were conducted on the points. The investigation found that most of abnormal bodies were marine waste including discarded fishing gear, but a small amount of ceramics were confirmed at some points. RECOVERED ARTIFACTS In 2002, a total of 286 artifacts were recovered through an underwater excavation in the waters of the 2 �Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan. Ceramics, which account for the largest number of recovered artifacts, are mainly from the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, with celadon being the most common, and plates and bowls being the main ones. In addition, white porcelain cups, pottery bottles, and pottery kettles have been identified, and one piece of Naesommyeong Buncheongware, which was also identified in the underwater excavation of Mado no. 4 shipwreck, was recovered. Moreover, during the exploration, the plate of earthenware, which is presumed to be from the Three Kingdoms period, was also found. As for stone materials, one anchor stone was found and 100 stone tools presumed to be grinding stones were excavated in the form of shipments. They are long rod-shaped artifacts of fine-grained sandstone or rhyolite, similar to whetstones, but without signs of wear or grinding. As for metals, coins, bronze spoons, and iron pots for cooking were identified as metal items, and anchor branches were extracted from wood items. The fact that a large amount of pottery has been found is proof that pottery carriers or cargo ships frequently came and went in the past. In particular, the excavated Naesommyeong Buncheongware shows the possibility that ships from the Joseon Dynasty may have sunken. In addition, anchor stones, bronze spoons, and anchor branches among those excavated are shipboard items used on ships, which also show that there is a possibility that ancient ships were sunken in the waters of Gogunsan Archipelago. Table 1. Status table of artifacts recovered from underwater excavations in the Sea of Gogunsan Archipelago, Gunsan in 2022 Ceramics Stone Materials Metals Wood Project Total BunchWhite PotAnchor Whetstone Co Iron materName Celadon Spoon ials eong porcelain tery stone (?) in pot Underwater excavation of Gogunsan Islands 2022 78 16 63 21 1 100 1 Figure 1. Underwater condition of the bundles of celadons 3 4 1 1 286 �Figure 2. Recovered all Artifacts from Seonyudo CONCLUSIONS The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been recorded as a sea area frequented by ships since the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Goryeo Dynasty, there was Gunsanjeong where envoys from the Song Dynasty were accommodated, and in the Joseon Dynasty, a naval base was installed to prevent invasion by Japanese raiders. Demonstrating it as proof, various artifacts such as anchor stones, anchor branches, bronze spoons, and iron pots presumed to have been used in ships along with a large amount of pottery artifacts were recovered during the excavation and exploration. The point where the artifacts are mainly identified is near the reef, about 300 m east of Seonyudo. Including this reef, large and small reefs are scattered all over the waters of the Gogunsan Archipelago, which is a major danger to navigation even today. In the past when navigation technology was less developed than now, these reefs can be seen as the cause of many ships sinking, indicating the possibility that ancient ships may have sunk in this area. In the investigation until 2022, only 1,955 m², less than one per cent of the total area of 235,000 m², was investigated after dredging due to various limitations. Large and small pebbles are widely distributed throughout the seabed, which makes it difficult to dredge, and some of the major excavation points have not yet been investigated because some of the investigation ranges overlap with the route of the cruise ship. In particular, the area near the coast of Seonyudo where Naesommyeong Buncheongware was identified and the point where bundles of celadon were excavated should be investigated through fullscale dredging. Fortunately, with the cooperation of Gunsan City and the shipping company, an agreement was reached to change the route of the cruise ship from 2023, and it is possible to investigate major points from the 2023 investigation. If the full control of the main finds, excavation point is made through continuous investigation in the future, it is expected that traces will be discovered that will more clearly identify the nature of the underwater ruins in Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, including the ancient ship. Bibliography NRIMCH. Taean Mado Shipwreck No.4 Underwater Excavvation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 40. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2016 (In Korean). Roh, Kyeong-jung. “Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan.” The 10th International Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage of Korea and China, (2022): 3-20 (In Korean). 4 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan Description An account of the resource In Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan, explorations and underwater excavations have been conducted by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage since 2021, and a total of 570 artifacts have been recovered. This study introduced limitations and problems stemming from investigation progress and method. The characteristics of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan were identified through analysis on the recovered artifacts. Based on the exploration conducted in 2021 and the contents of the excavation in 2022, the progress of the examination for the entire sea area, and the limitations and problems stemming from the examination method were identified. Through the analysis of the distribution patterns, types, and periods of recovered artifacts this study established the date and characteristics of the remains, and the direction for future investigations. A significant area where the artifacts are estimated to be buried, has not been investigated so results may change in future. The waters of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan have been frequented by ships from the past. Many pottery sherds, wooden structures constituting ships, and daily items on ships, have been excavated. A minimum of two ships are believed to have sunk in this area based on artifacts from various periods (i.e. Three Kingdoms to the Joseon). Currently, only about one per cent of the total investigated area are dredged, so future work will likely reveal maritime exchanges centered on the Gogunsan Islands. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sangjun Park Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Park, Sangjun. 2023. “Underwater Excavation of Gogunsan Archipelago in Gunsan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1927 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/e90c40517d826f00b1d243951d96cf03.pdf f1ae834dae5a08ef44c420efcedfe89e PDF Text Text Analysis on Anchor Stones Recovered from the West and South Coasts of Korea Park Seungmin (Researcher, Underwater Excavation Division, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage NRIMCH) ABSTRACT In this study, the types of 228 anchor stones collected from the west and south coasts in Korea were classified, the way of connection was assumed by type and the routes and anchorages were estimated based on the location where they were collected. Before classifying types, the weight, thickness, width and length of anchor stones were measured and the weight, which has the biggest effect on anchors, was classified from I to V groups and the shape of anchor stones was classified from type 1 to 6. Based on the correlation between weight and shape, the anchor stones were classified into 17 types. The way of connection by type was classified based on the reference value of the anchor stone collected and shape. If the anchor stone weight is 180kg or less and which belongs to type 1 or 2, it was assumed to be the anchor that is connected to anchor stock and if the weight is 180kg and over and type belongs to 3 to 6, it was assumed to be connected to shank. In addition, the routes and anchorages were identified based on past records and testimonies of local residents and comparison with actual data was made. The location of route was matched with past records, but some new routes were identified near islands or adjacent waters. For anchorage, the trend of collecting small and large anchor stones in Taean Mado waters and Byeokpajin waters, was matched with the testimony that anchorage was done in both waters. Key words: anchor stone, underwater archaeology, underwater excavation, anchorage List of Figures Figure 1 Diagram of connection method of large anchor (left) and small anchor (right) (NRIMCH 2021, 190) Figure 2 Types of anchor stones by type (Taean Mado 1-5․ 7-10․ 12-14․ 16-17․ 21-22․ 24․ 27-29․ 31-36․ 38- 43․ 45-47, Jindo 6․ 18․ 20․ 23․ 26․ 30․ 37․ 44, Taean Dangampo 11. Gunsan Sibidongpado 15, Incheon Yeongheung 19․ 25) Figure 3 Pattern of distribution of anchor stones by weight in waters off Mado, Taean Figure 4 Pattern of distribution of anchor stones by weight in waters off Byeongpajin, Jindo INTRODUCTION An anchor stone is an accessory of a ship and used for anchorage of a ship by connecting it to the anchor (fixing the ship in a certain sea area by putting the anchor into the sea) as shown in Figure 1. It performs the role of anchor shank that induces the anchor to be placed on the floor area well and weight control to increase the anchor weight. For this reason, it is also called ‘stone anchor stock’ (Kim Soon-gap 2012, 17). An anchor stone comes in various shapes such as long from side to side, wide like a plate or no specific shape. In this study, weight, shape and aspect ratio of 228 anchor stones collected from the western and southern sea areas1 are examined to classify them in details and types will be classified based on correlation between weight and shape. In Figure 1. Diagram of connection method addition, route and anchorage will be estimated based on the of large anchor (left) and small anchor assumption of connection method by type and location where (right) (NRIMCH 2021, 190) anchor stones were collected. It is expected that this study will lead to the systematic classification and assumption of functions of anchor stones to be collected in the future and estimation of the ship size. 1 As the depth of eastern coast is more than 70-80 m which makes diving survey impossible, underwater cultural heritage cannot be identified in the waters. 1 �CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHOER STONES In this chapter, anchor stones collected from the western and southern seas are classified. It is tried to overcome the limitations of precedent studies by setting the criteria for anchor stone classification in more details than precedent studies. There are three criteria for classifying anchor stones presented in this study. Classification by weight The first criterion is weight. The weight of anchor is directly related to the function of anchor and is an important factor in estimating the weight of a ship. In this study, weight was classified into five groups. The mean weight of all anchor stones was 147.9 kg with the lowest weight at 5.3 kg and highest weight at 1,086 kg. Except for five Chinese anchor stones, the weight frequency graph of 223 anchor stones was created and anchor stones were divided into five groups. Those weighted between 0 kg and 95 kg were classified as Group I, those weighed between 95 kg to 180 kg were classified as Group II, those weighed between 180 kg to 330 kg were classified as Group III, those weighed between 330 kg to 495 kg were classified as Group IV Figure 2. Types of anchor stones by type and those weighed over 495 kg were classified as Group (Taean Mado 1-5․ 7-10․ 12-14․ 16-17․ 21-22․ 24․ V. For the number of anchor stones by weight group, the number of stones in each group was the highest at 114 27-29․ 31-36․ 38-43․ 45-47, Jindo 6․ 18․ 20․ 23․ 26․ 30․ 37․ 44, Taean Dangampo 11. Gunsan stones (51.1 per cent) for Group I, which means more Sibidongpado 15, Incheon Yeongheung 19․ 25) than half of anchor stones collected belong to Group I. In addition, 48 anchor stones (21.5 per cent) belong to Group II followed by 29 anchor stones (13 per cent) in Group III, 25 anchor stones (11.2 per cent) in group IV and 7 anchor stones (3.2 per cent) in group V. Classification by shape The second criterion is plane shape of an anchor stone. The shape of an anchor stone influences the use and purpose of the anchor stone. 223 anchor stones are classified into six types. Type 1 is a stone that is not altered. Natural stones or stones with minimum processing were used. In case of minimizing the processing, a groove was made in the middle to hang an anchor line. A total of 25 anchor stones (11.21 per cent) belong to this category. Type 2 is a stone with a long side to side length and end of one side whether it is left or right narrows diagonally as it goes down from the top to the bottom. A total of 29 anchor stones (13 per cent) belong to this type. Type 3 is a half-moon shape, which is close to a flat triangle like a blade at the bottom. A total of 35 anchor stones (15.7 per cent) belong to this type. Type 4 has a shape of rhombus and mostly both ends are sharp. A total of 35 anchor stones (15.7 per cent) belong to this type. Type 5 and 6 are square shape and they are subdivided depending on the aspect ratio. Those with aspect ratio of 3 or higher2 belongs to type 5, which is square type, in particular rectangle with long length and wide width. Some of them are close to trapezoid. A total of 81 anchor stones belong to the group (36.32 per cent). Type 6 whose aspect ratio is less than 33 is a slender rectangular type with thin and long shape. A total of 18 anchor 2 3 It has width that is close to the length from side to side. Width is smaller than the length from side to side 2 �stones belong to this group (8.07 per cent). Third one is aspect ratio. With the aspect ratio, it is possible to classify anchor stones with similar shape in more details. It is confirmed that the heavier the weight, the shape was processed to control weight and make it play the role of anchor. Classification by type Based on the two classification criteria mentioned above, types are divided into 17 in total. Some of the Chinese anchor stones have crescent shape in addition to the stone itself and it has more angle than crescent type of Korean anchor stone. It has different connection method so Chinese one has different groove where lines are held from crescent type that belongs to type 3. Group I is in combination with type 1 to 6 and to be more specific, 4 (10.8 per cent) belong to I-1 type, 29 (13 per cent) belong to I-2 type, 18 (8.1 per cent) belong to I-3 type, 22 (9.9 per cent) belong to I-4 type, 17 (7.6 per cent) belong to I-5 type and 4 (1.8 per cent) belong to I-6 type. Group II is combined with type 3 to 6. 8 (3.6 per cent) belong to II-3, 13 (5.8 per cent) belong to II-4, 17 (7.6 per cent) belong to II-5 and 10 (4.5 per cent) belong to II-6. Group III is combined with type 3 to 6 and 7 (3.1 per cent) belong to III-3, 18 (8.1 per cent) belong to III-5 and 4 (1.8 per cent) belong to III-6. Group IV belongs to type 3 and 5 and 2 (0.9 per cent) belong to IV-3 and 23 (10.3 per cent) belong to IV-5. Finally, 2 types are confirmed in Group V. 1 (0.4 per cent) belongs to V-1 and 6 (2.7 per cent) belong to V-5. Based on the classification above, the correlation between weight and shape can be identified. Upon examining the combination of each weight group and shape, Group I is combined with Type 1 to 6 and Group II is combined with Type 3 to 6. In addition, Group III is combined with Type 3 to 6, Type IV is combined with Type 3 and 5 and Group 5 is combined with Type 1 and 5. What is noted is that Type 1 and 2 are mostly found in group I. Except for one anchor stone in Group V, other weight group was not combined with Type 1 and 2. Type 1 of Group V is very large weighing more than one ton, which is hard to process and use by tying it to an anchor stock so it seems that it was used by tying it to the shank. It seems to be Type 1 which is tied to the anchor stock but as the weight is about one ton, it may be possible to do anchorage without processing with the weight itself. Based on the classification criteria above, anchor stones were classified as shown in Figure 2. The drawings presented were 1-5․ 7-10․ 12-14․ 16-17․ 21-22․ 24․ 27-29․ 31-36․ 38-43․ 45-47, collected from the sea of Taean Mado, 6․ 18․ 20․ 23․ 26․ 30․ 37․ 44, collected from Jindo Byeongpajin sea, 11 collected from Taean Dangampo sea, 15 collected from Gunsan Sibidongpado sea and 19, 25 collected from Incheon Yeongheungdo sea. Connection method The method of connecting anchor stone is divided into two types as shown in Figure 1. First one is to tie two anchor stones to the left and right side of the anchor stock and second one is to use the anchor stone as anchor stock by tying the anchor stone to the shank. The purpose of using anchor stone is to anchor the ship by adjusting the weight of an anchor so depending on the size of a ship, small anchor stones were used for small ships4 and large anchor stones were for large ships. The relationship between weight of an anchor stone and connection was estimated by referring to the paintings of old ships that describe the way of connecting anchor stones (Shiga Museum of Art, Japan 1811; Kim Joongeun the nineteenth century). 4 The specifications of small and large ships were not divided. However, according to Gakseondobon, the scale of Tongyeong Merchant Ship was 27 m and that of Gakeupjinjeon Ship was 19 m. If the size of ship was classified depending on the modern ship classification, Tongyeong Merchant Ship is classified as large ship and Gageipjinjeon Ship is classified as medium-sized ship. The dimension of small ships is not recorded but given the fact that the length of Raphel Ship (Dangdori Ship) that Father Kim Dae-geon and Father Daveluy took is 9 m, it seems safe to regard Dangdori Ship as the criteria for small ship according to the author’s classification based on ships whose dimension is confirmed. 3 �Ships in Gisanpungsokdocheop5 are small ships and anchor stones were tied to anchor stock. Those ships might use small anchor stones as the weight of the ship to be held by anchor was light and they navigated coastal areas and shallow sea. On the other hand, ships in Joseon Tongshinsado tied the anchor stones to the shank. Tongshinsa Ship was a large ship that accommodated many people and voyaged a long distance so they might use large anchor stones to support the heavy weight of the hull. Previously, the relationship between the weight and shape of anchor stone was mentioned. Upon examining the combination of the weight group and type, Type 1 to 6 were confirmed in Group I while Type 1 and 2 were not combined with Group II to V except for one stone of Type 1 in Group V. In these groups, only Type 3 to 6 are observed. Based on this, the group can be divided broadly into Group I and Group II~V and it is possible to assume that these are the way of connecting the small anchor and large anchor respectively. Presumption of the anchorage location In this chapter, the specific location of anchorage and size of ship are estimated by analyzing the data of waters off Mado, Taean in Figure 3 and waters off Byeongpajin, Jindo in Figure 4 where most of the anchor stones were collected. The anchorage is a place where ships drop the anchors and are anchored temporarily for urgent reasons. Waters off Mado, Taean and Byeongpajin, Jindo are considered to be a kind of place for anchorage. These two waters did not have facilities like warehouse and ships waited for the right time for navigation as there were challenging route such as Gwangjangmok Figure 3. Pattern of distribution of and Uldolmok. These are the locations with the suitable water depth6 anchor stones by weight in waters for anchorage as well as strong current can be blocked geologically off Mado, Taean as they are located inside of the inland. In addition, the location where anchor stones were collected was colored differently depending on five weight groups as classified earlier in order to identify the size of the ships that entered to and left from the waters and anchorage location more specifically. As mentioned earlier, analysis was conducted based on weight as it was possible to estimate the weight of the ship based on the weight of anchor stone. It should be noted, however, that as subjected waters were reclaimed, there was limitation to estimate the location of anchorage based on the current water depth. In waters off Mado, Taean, it was testified that large ships were anchored at point B and a number of small and medium Figure 4. Pattern of distribution of sized anchor stones in Group IV or higher were collected. In anchor stones by weight in waters off Byeongpajin, Jindo addition, all weight groups were identified in point A with shallow water depth but the number of anchor stones that belong to group I and II was small. In summary, the pattern of anchor stone collection from the two waters show that unlike the shallow area where large ships cannot be anchored, they are the anchorage location where all kinds of ships regardless of size could be anchored. CONCLUSIONS As shown above, 228 anchor stones collected were classified based on weight, type and aspect ratio, 5 6 The vessel was a two-masted Dangdori ship and according to the record of Father Daveluy, its length was 30 pied (9.74 m), width was 13 pied (4.22 m) and depth was 8 pied (2. 59m). In this study, it was classified as small ship because it was smaller compared to Joseon Tongshinsa ship where many people were accommodated with heavy cargo weight and long navigation distance and Dangdori Ship (Marie Daveluy 1862, 11). Waters off Taean Mado and Uldolmok maintain the water depth of about 10 m at high tide. Water depth of 10 m is the depth that allows about 10-ton ships to navigate based on current standard. 4 �way of connection by type was assumed and location of anchorage was estimated based on the locations of collecting anchor stones based on actual data. Based on weight groups, shape and aspect ratio, they were divided into 17 types in detail. It was found that the heavier the weight of anchor stone, the role of anchor stone was shifted from supporting anchor stock to anchoring the anchor stone itself and if the anchor stone was light, it was connected to the anchor stock. The location of anchorage by ship in a certain sea area was estimated based on the weight of anchor stones. ACKNOWLDEGMENTS Despite the lack of research, I would like to thank many researchers for reading until the end. The anchor stone, which was the subject of my study, was a ship accessory used in Korea, Japan, Russia, China, India, and European countries. Its form and meaning also vary depending on the country and environment. If given the opportunity, I would like to study anchor stones from around the world to conduct more systematic research and try to share them. Finally, I would like to thank many researchers and officials who helped me publish this paper. Bibliography Kim, Soon-gap. The Dictionary of Ship Navigation Terms, Dasom Publishing Co.: Seoul, 2012 (In Korean). Daveluy, Marie-Nicolas-Antoine. The Memorandum of the History of Korean Martyrs, Paris Outer Line Church: Paris, 1862. NRIMCH. Report on Underwater Excavation of Gunsan Sibdong Ship, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 8. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2005 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on Underwater Excavation of Taean Mado Line 2, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 22. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2011 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Taean Mado Sea Exploration Report, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 23. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2011 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on Underwater Excavation of Taean Mado Ship 3, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 27. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2012 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on Underwater Excavation in the Sea of Myeongnyang Battle of Jindo, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 49. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2015 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on the Excavation of the Sea of Mado in Taean 2017, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 62. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2017 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Incheon Ongjin Yeongheungdo Ship. Underwater Excavation Survey Report, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 35. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2018 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on Underwater Excavation Survey in the Sea of Myeongnyang Daecheop-ro, Jindo, II, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 49. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2018 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on Underwater Excavation Survey in Tangampo Sea, Taean, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 53. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 304320, 2019 (In Korean). NRIMCH. Report on the Excavation of the Sea in Mado Island, Taean, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 62. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2021 (In Korean). 5 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Analysis on Anchor Stones Recovered from the West and South Coasts of Korea Description An account of the resource In this study, the types of 228 anchor stones collected from the west and south coasts in Korea were classified, the way of connection was assumed by type and the routes and anchorages were estimated based on the location where they were collected. Before classifying types, the weight, thickness, width and length of anchor stones were measured and the weight, which has the biggest effect on anchors, was classified from I to V groups and the shape of anchor stones was classified from type 1 to 6. Based on the correlation between weight and shape, the anchor stones were classified into 17 types. The way of connection by type was classified based on the reference value of the anchor stone collected and shape. If the anchor stone weight is 180kg or less and which belongs to type 1 or 2, it was assumed to be the anchor that is connected to anchor stock and if the weight is 180kg and over and type belongs to 3 to 6, it was assumed to be connected to shank. In addition, the routes and anchorages were identified based on past records and testimonies of local residents and comparison with actual data was made. The location of route was matched with past records, but some new routes were identified near islands or adjacent waters. For anchorage, the trend of collecting small and large anchor stones in Taean Mado waters and Byeokpajin waters, was matched with the testimony that anchorage was done in both waters. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Park Seungmin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Park, Seungmin. 2023. “Analysis on Anchor Stones Recovered from Western and Southern Coasts of Korea.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1926 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/97326f2ea3c7832e2f42d01c64c6ae80.pdf c53d43ebfe56a3fcd6312668a84021a3 PDF Text Text Study on Records of Underwater Excavations Utilizing Geophysical Equipment Lee Young-hyun (Curator, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT This study intends to examine the records of underwater excavations utilizing sound waves at the underwater sites with bad visibilities. Marine geophysical exploration equipment was operated and method of investigation and record using it was examined. First, in the underwater excavation of waters of Dangmpo, Taean, side-scanning sonar, multi-beam echo sounder, and scanning sonar were used to record the soil investigation section in order to find out which maritime geophysical exploration equipment is suitable for underwater excavation survey. As a result, it was found that side scanning sonar showed relatively high resolution when using a frequency of 1250 kHz, but there was a problem in that distortion occurred during the investigation process. The multi-beam echo sounder did not cause significant distortion, but the resolution was poor. The scanning sonar had relatively little distortion and had good results, so it was suitable for recording soil removal survey section. In order to review the usability of scanning sonar for the underwater excavation conducted in turbid environment, images of scanning sonar of underwater excavation in the waters of Nakweoldo, Yeonggwan and Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo were used to make drawings for survey. By conducting this experiment, it was confirmed that it was possible to make more effective records than drawings made in existing underwater excavation survey when scanning sonar is used for turbid underwater site. Keywords: sound wave, geophysical exploration, scanning sonar, underwater excavation List of Figures Figure 1 Mosaic image of scanning sonar for Area A of underwater excavation of waters of Nakweoldo, Yeonggwang Figure 2 Mosaic image using reflector (frequency 675 kHz, measurement range 25 m, ○ reflector) INTRODUCTION The methods of recording artifacts and remains during underwater excavations are not that different from that of land ones. Drawings are created with actual measurements and photos and videos are taken. However, when the water is turbid, it is often difficult to record basic information. The water is turbid due to the presence of many floating objects, which block light and obscure the visibility, hindering actual measurement and recording. In underwater archeology, marine geophysical exploration equipment is mainly used to find artifacts under the surface of the water such as old shipwrecks. The purpose of this study is to find a way to complement produced records with marine geophysical survey equipment to underwater excavation and at the same time to improve the utilization of physical survey equipment in underwater archeology. To this end, marine geophysical exploration equipment was compared and reviewed in waters of Dangampo, Taean in 2017 and the underwater excavation recording method using the exploration equipment was studied in waters of Nakweoldo, Yeonggwang and Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo between 2018 and 2019. This paper intends to present methods for recording underwater excavations using marine geophysical survey equipment by organizing the contents and results of these field experiments. COMPARATIVE REVIEW ON MARINE GEOPHYSICAL EXPLOARTION EQUIPMENT APPLICALBE TO UNDERWATER EXCAVATION Comparative study of marine geophysical exploration in waters of Dangampo, Taean In the underwater excavation of waters of Dangampo, a side scan sonar, multi beam echo sounder, and scanning sonar were used to record the underwater survey for areas temporarily designated as historical site and soil removal section. As these exploration devices use sound waves to investigate the seabed, it was expected that they would be able to record changes in the seabed caused by excavation. 1 �Survey using side scan sonar Survey using side scan sonar in waters of Dangampo was carried out before removing soil. DSME's S150 was used, and this model can use frequencies of 400kHz and 1250 kHz. Since the side scan sonar has a relatively small volume and a simple configuration, temporarily designated historical site (500 m × 200 m) was investigated using a rubber boat. A frequency of 400 kHz was used, and the swath which is a range that can survey the seabed at once, was set to 105 m. The swath was wide and the entire designated site could be surveyed by going back and forth three times in the east-west direction and overlapping the scan width by more than 100 per cent. Regarding the soil removal section, the frequency of 400 kHz and swath of 105 m and the frequency of 1250 kHz and swath of 75 m were used repeatedly several times to obtain high-quality results. Survey using multi beam echo sounder The multi beam echo sounder survey was conducted, before the soil removal on the same day. R2Sonic's Sonic2024 was used, and this model generates 256 sound waves of 400 kHz at a time from the transducer and receives the sound waves reflected on the seabed and returned. After installing a multi-beam echo sounder in Seamuse (18 tons), the survey was conducted before and after high tide, the highest sea level during the day. The swath of a multi beam echo sounder installed on the ship varies depending on the water depth, and is usually about 4 times the depth. Since the water depth of waters of Dangampo is about 4 m to 10 m, the multi beam echo sounder's swath is about 16 m to 40 m. Therefore, the survey measurement line was set at intervals of 10 m from north to south, and the seafloor was surveyed while going back and forth 7.5 times in the east-west direction. Survey using scanning sonar Kongsberg's 1171 model was used by selecting a frequency between 600 kHz and 1200 kHz and the measurement range is 0.5 m to 100 m. In the temporarily designated historical sites, the survey was planned only in the range of 260 m × 180 m. The reason why the entire temporarily designated historical site was not covered was due to the limitation of the survey time. Scanning sonar should be moved and installed several times in order to acquire high-quality data for a certain area and this process is expected to take a lot of time. A method of irradiating a wide range at once by increasing the measurement distance can be considered, but it is not effective because the longer the measurement range, the lower the resolution as the reflectivity of sound waves decreases. A frequency of 675 kHz was used and the measurement range were set at 30 m and 50 m. As a result of operating the scanning sonar for two days, data could be obtained only from 8 places out of 24 points planned for acquiring data. This is because it took more time than expected to accurately position the scanning sonar at the target point, and the high tide time available for investigation was not long. The scanning sonar survey of the soil removal section was conducted during the soil removal. Data were obtained after placing the transducer adjacent to the soil removal section. A frequency of 675 kHz and a measurement range of 25 m were used. Results of experiments using maritime geophysical exploration equipment Results of marine geophysical exploration in survey sea area In the image acquired by the side scan sonar, the area where the soil removal was conducted was distinguished from the area where soil was not removed or showed clear differences in shade due to the trace of soil removal. Comparing the results obtained with frequencies of 400 kHz and 1250 kHz, only the range of the soil survey section was identified at the frequency of 400 kHz, and it was difficult to check the inside of the soil removal section. On the other hand, at a frequency of 1250 kHz, the changed seabed due to the soil removal could be clearly identified. In the image acquired by the side scan sonar, the overall shape of the soil removal section was distorted rather than straight. This distortion is because the towfish did not maintain constant speed, water depth, direction, etc. in the water. Therefore, in order to obtain high-quality results, it was repeated several times to examine the area around the soil removal section, but it was difficult to obtain an image of an accurate shape. 2 �The multi beam echo sounder survey results showed that the soil survey section had a bumpier appearance than the surrounding seabed, and unlike the side scan sonar results, the overall appearance was straight and not distorted. This is because factors that may cause distortion were corrected through the post-correction process mentioned above. However, the appearance of the inside of soil removal survey section was not expressed as delicately as expected. It is similar to the result of 400 kHz side scan sonar using the same frequency, and the resolution is lower than that of 1250 kHz side scan sonar. The image acquired by the scanning sonar had little error or distortion in the result even without special post-correction, so it was possible to clearly check the soil removal survey section. Although it was not possible to distinguish 5 m × 5 m grid accurately, it was possible to distinguish the 10 m × 10 m square initially set up when the grid was installed. In addition, in the survey line shortly after the completion of the earthwork investigation, it was confirmed that the seabed had changed like ridges and furrows due to the soil removal. Review on results of marine geophysical exploration In order to use marine geophysical survey equipment for underwater excavation survey, several conditions should be met. First, the changes in seabed caused by soil removal should be clearly identified as soil removal at seabed is conducted for underwater excavation. Next, the error due to distortion must be small. Marine geophysical survey equipment which may cause distortion in the results depending on the characteristics of the equipment, operation method, and surrounding environment and severe distortion makes it difficult to check soil removal survey area. Being able to check the results quickly is helpful for survey. Considering these conditions, as a result of reviewing three exploration equipment operated in waters of Dangampo, it was judged that the scanning sonar was the most suitable for the underwater excavation survey record. In the case of the side scan sonar, as it is found in the survey, it can survey a wide range in a short time, and when using a frequency of 1250 kHz, it showed high resolution for the soil removal section. However, repetitive surveys were required to obtain high-quality results, distortions frequently occurred during the survey process and correction was not easy. Since the multi beam echo sounder provides 3D images, it is effective in checking the seabed topography over a wide range, and has the advantage that distortion is hardly visible in the soil removal section. However, it was not suitable for recording the soil removal section due to its low resolution compared to other exploration equipment, and it took a relatively long time to obtain the result because it had to go through post-correction. The scanning sonar showed good resolution for the soil removal section and was effective in recording the soil removal section with little distortion without special post-correction. This is because, unlike the previous two exploration equipment, it is fixed on the seabed to acquire data, and there are few factors that can adversely affect the results except for tide. However, the scanning sonar had the disadvantage of requiring a lot of time to investigate a wide range. 3 �Usage of scanning sonar for underwater excavation in turbid and wide range The experiment conducted in waters of Dangampo, Taean concluded that the scanning sonar is suitable for recording the soil removal section. However, since the waters of Dangampo had a relatively good underwater visibility, it was necessary to check whether it was possible to make a record using a scanning sonar in turbid water. To this end, the scanning sonar was operated in the underwater excavation of Nakweoldo, Yeonggwang and Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo. Survey using scanning sonar in waters of Nakweoldo , Yeonggwang In an experiment conducted in waters of Dangampo, it was difficult for the scanning sonar to investigate a wide range due to limited time. In the second underwater excavation survey in Dangampo, it was possible to create a single image by connecting three scanning stations or data. This means that with enough time, one large scanning station or image can be produced over a wide area. If the change of the seabed is recorded after the completion of the excavation, it is very likely the seabed changed from the time of investigation, such as reburial of the soil removal section investigated in the early stage of the excavation. Therefore, it is more effective to record seabed changes from time to time during the survey process and connect them. Figure 1. Mosaic image of scanning sonar for Area A of underwater excavation of waters of Nakweoldo, Yeonggwang The frequency used was 675 kHz, and the measurement distance was 50 m. In addition, 11 data acquired from each point were connected to create a single image of the seabed in Area A. Finally, a grid was drawn on this image to create an excavation survey plan (Figure 1). Waters of Myeongnyangdaecheopro, Jindo survey using scanning sonar In waters of Myeongnyangdaecheopro, a reflector was installed on the seabed to accurately connect multiple sonar images. The reflector was made in a hemispherical shape with a diameter of 20 cm by referring to the shape of a radar reflector used in ships, and was attached to the handle of a probe rod to Figure 2. Mosaic image using reflector (frequency 675 kHz, measurement range 25 m, ○ reflector) 4 �be fixed to the seabed. Reflectors (small circles in image) were placed at 10 m intervals along the prospecting trench (figure 2), and the height from the seabed to the reflectors was about 50 cm. The scanning sonar was operated down from the barge to the seabed, and the seabed was repeatedly surveyed. The frequency was 675 kHz and the measurement range was between 25 m and 40 m. The sonar images obtained from Myeongnyangdaecheopro show that the point where the reflector is installed reflected sound waves more strongly than the surroundings. Reflectors are identified in the scanning sonar images so multiple sonar images could be easily attached using the reflector as a reference point. In this way, sonar images were prepared for the entire survey area of the sixth underwater excavation survey in the waters of Myeongnyangdaecheopro, Jindo. It is shown that going further south, the trenches are installed slightly tilted to the west. This is different from at the time of diving investigation when it was understood the trench was installed due south. In other words, understanding of the survey site can be improved by using a scanning sonar in an environment where it is difficult to check the survey status due to turbid underwater vision. In addition, as the data obtained along with the installation of the trench was attached, rather than operating the scanning sonar after the completion of the prospective excavation, the north side of the trench cleared at the beginning of the excavation was also recorded as it was at the time of the investigation. CONCLUSIONS In the archaeological excavation, the most important thing is the record. However, it is hard to make record due to environmental constraints in the underwater excavation. This paper examines the method of recording underwater excavations by using marine geophysical exploration equipment that uses sound waves to overcome such limitations. Generally, higher resolution is expected in case of using high frequency sound wave compared to low frequency, but it makes measurable distance shorter. The way of operating exploration equipment could lead to different results. In underwater excavation survey in 2017 at waters of Dangampo, Taean, side scan sonar, multi-beam echo sounder, and scanning sonar results were compared. Upon using frequency of 1250 kHz, side scan sonar showed relatively high resolution but distortion in results due to variables that occur in the operation process. In addition, multi beam echo sounder was not easy to record soil removal due to poor resolution. Lastly, scanning sonar showed soil removal section relatively clearly without significant distortion. This is because factors that could impact the result except for tide were little thanks to operation type fixed to the seabed. However, the results were distorted due to variables that occurred during the operation process. In addition, the multi-beam echo sounder had a low resolution and was not easy to record soil surveys. Lastly, the scanning sonar relatively clearly showed the survey section without major distortion. This is because there are few factors that affect the outcome other than tides due to the operation method fixed to the seabed. This study began with the idea that using sound waves to record information in turbid water could be effective. However, the experiment conducted in this paper has a limitation in that all of them were aimed at places where underwater heritage is scattered over a wide area. While the distribution area of artifacts is wide, the area where ancient/historical shipwreck is located is relatively narrow, so a study is needed to prepare for the case where such shipwrecks are discovered in an environment where measurement or taking photo are difficult like the case of Sinan shipwreck. For example, the way of utilizing ultrasound cameras or 3D scanning equipment can be considered. I hope that continuous research on underwater archaeological recording methods will be conducted to develop various survey methods that can overcome adverse conditions in the future. 5 �Bibliography Baek, Hyuk. Jun, Bong-Huan. Park, Sung-Woo and Lee, Pan-Mook. “Seabed Mapping Using MS-1000 Sensor Image” Ship and Marine Technology, no. 51 (2011): 65-72 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Waters off Jindo Myeongnyangdaecheop-ro [Ave.] Underwater Excavation, I, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 49. Mokpo National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2015 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Waters off Jindo Myeongnyangdaecheop-ro [Ave.] Underwater Excavation, II, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 49. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2015 (In Korean). NRIMCH, A Report on Underwater Excavations in the Marine Area of Yeonggwang Nakwoldo Island, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 52. Mokpo: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2019 (In Korean). NRIMCH, Waters off the Taean Dangampo Underwater Excavation, Series of Research Report of National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage 53. Taean: National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage, 2019 (In Korean). Shin, Changjoo. Jang, In-Sung. Kim, Kihun. Choi, Hyun-Tack and Lee, Seung-Hyun. “Performance Analysis of Sonar System Applicable to Underwater Construction Sites with High Turbidity” Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 14, no. 9 (2013): 4507-4513 (In Korean). 6 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Study on Records of Underwater Excavations Utilizing Geophysical Equipment Description An account of the resource This study intends to examine the records of underwater excavations utilizing sound waves at the underwater sites with bad visibilities. Marine geophysical exploration equipment was operated and method of investigation and record using it was examined. First, in the underwater excavation of waters of Dangmpo, Taean, side-scanning sonar, multi-beam echo sounder, and scanning sonar were used to record the soil investigation section in order to find out which maritime geophysical exploration equipment is suitable for underwater excavation survey. As a result, it was found that side scanning sonar showed relatively high resolution when using a frequency of 1250 kHz, but there was a problem in that distortion occurred during the investigation process. The multi-beam echo sounder did not cause significant distortion, but the resolution was poor. The scanning sonar had relatively little distortion and had good results, so it was suitable for recording soil removal survey section. In order to review the usability of scanning sonar for the underwater excavation conducted in turbid environment, images of scanning sonar of underwater excavation in the waters of Nakweoldo, Yeonggwan and Myeongryangdaecheopro, Jindo were used to make drawings for survey. By conducting this experiment, it was confirmed that it was possible to make more effective records than drawings made in existing underwater excavation survey when scanning sonar is used for turbid underwater site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lee Young-hyun Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Young-hyun, Lee. 2023. “Study on Records of Underwater Excavations Using Geophysical Equipment.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1925 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f71092b942841828e289d4a7c288b14c.pdf 991a1b4e7124d03dd1b8bb1e42a6be8c PDF Text Text 3D Recording Process of the Underwater Excavation Site in Waters of Sinchang-ri, Jeju Lee Jeonghee, (Curator, Buyeo National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT The paper fits in session 2, as focusing on the survey of underwater cultural heritage at Jeju-do in Korea. The underwater stie of Shinchang-ri, Jeju-do was reported by Haenyeo1 for golden artifacts in 1980s, and, further survey recovered Chinese celadon printed with ‘河濱遺范’, ‘金玉滿堂’ in 1990s. However, it was not until 2018 that consistent investigations were begun by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage. Exploration is to search artifacts exposed on the bottom surface without any dredging, which is necessary for understanding distribution of artifacts under the surface. With targeting the area which could include as many artifacts as possible to be dredged, actual excavations were conducted for three seasons from 2019 to 2021. The objective of underwater investigation is to find the area of intensive distribution of artifacts and understand their contents. Then, how the environment of underwater sites can be documented by areas? Waters off Shinchang-ri, Jeju-do have relatively fine visibility, comparing to other sites in Korea. Thus, for the first time, attempts to document the targeted area in the 3D model with pictures, which is assumed to suggest more accurate timelines and coordinates than plans, were conducted. Recoding process is begun with taking pictures which is also the starting point of traditional investigation. Accuracy is the most emphasized. Methashape of Agisoft is used. Not only are topography of underwater but exact coordinates of hundreds of artifacts identified. Environment limitation for underwater excavation in Western coasts in Korea exists, such as strong currents and bad visibility. 3D documentation should be consistently tried, however, as one of the most important things in archaeological excavation is to locate the shipwrecks and artifacts and document them. Keywords: Jeju Island, Metashape, recording List of Figures Figure 1 Indication of the locations of the excavated artifacts after soil removal (3D mapping used) Figure 2 Grid photograph alignment (Metashape) Figure 3 Grid mesh generation (Metashape) Figure 4 Taking photographs ENVIRONMENT OF INVESTIGATION WATERS OF SINCHANG-RI AND OVERVIEW OF THE The underwater remains in Sinchang-ri, Jeju, are located in the western part of Jeju-si and are a coastal area near the beach. In March 1983, haenyeos collecting seaweed found a golden artifact in the form of a headpiece, and the remains were unveiled. Based on the discovery report, the Cultural Heritage Administration at the time conducted an underwater investigation for 10 days from April 13 to 22 and confirmed two additional golden artifacts. As the seabed in the Sinchang-ri is composed of sand and basaltic bedrock, the investigation could not have keep continuing. Later, in December 1996, in an underwater investigation conducted by Jeju Island and Jeju National University Museum to produce video materials related to marine trades in the Jeju area, Chinese celadons with imprinted phrases, ‘河濱遺范’ and ‘金玉滿堂’ were found. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) explored waters of Sinchang-ri from August 29 to September 4, 2018. As a result of the exploration in 1997, about 500 pottery pieces were found, including celadons with the phrases ‘河濱遺范’ and ‘金玉滿堂’. It was judged that detailed excavations were required because of the large number of artifacts being discovered, and the underwater excavations were conducted from April to June 2019 (first) and from May to July 2020 (second). The artifacts excavated through the exploration and excavations include many potteries from the Southern Song Dynasty in China with the phrases ‘河濱遺范’ and ‘金玉滿堂’ which allow us to understand the era of the remains, celadon comb-patterned dish, celadon floralpatterned bowl, etc. Waves, etc., damaged most of the excavated potteries, and only the thick bases 1 Female divers -1- �remained. Only a few of them had complete shapes. Also, two seals, one seal box, one anchor stone, four coins, etc., were found. CONTENTS OF INVESTIAGION IN WATERS OF SINCHANG-RI The underwater investigation aims to find the points where artifacts scattered on the seabed are intensively buried and to understand the nature of the remains clearly. In the previous investigation of the Shinchang-ri and the exploration in 2018, only the artifacts exposed to the seabed were checked without removing the soil on the seabed. Therefore, the need to identify the distribution pattern of artifacts under the seabed through an investigation after removing soil was raised and the excavations were conducted three times from 2019 to 2021 by setting the area around the spot where relatively many artifacts were found during the exploration as the section of investigation with soil removal. The following introduces the exploration in 2018 and excavations from 2019 to 2021 conducted by the NRIMCH: Exploration in 2018: The offshore of Sinchang-ri has an underwater visibility of higher than 10 m and a depth of around 2-5m, therefore, it is significantly affected by surge caused by wave soil. Also, reefs are located everywhere, so Nurian (290 tons) and Sea Muse (18 tons), dedicated underwater excavation ships, cannot approach. Therefore, small boats were used to approach the point, which was conducted in parallel with the underwater exploration through diving and the metal detector investigation. Most artifacts exposed on the seabed were found as fragments of bases and some parts of bodies. An unmanned submersible was used to identify the area where it is estimated that an old ship was sunk (50 m deep), but nothing was found. The first excavation in 2019: The underwater excavation aimed to find where artifacts scattered on the seabed were intensively buried and identify the nature of the remains. The purpose of the investigation in 2019 was to re-explore the area where artifacts were discovered in the exploration in 2018, remove soil from the spots where exposed artifacts are concentrated, confirm the underwater topography, and find spots where artifacts were intensively buried and traces of the sinking of an old ship. The investigation area with soil removal was about 500 m west of Sinchang-ri Port and about 430 m northwest of Mariyeo Lighthouse. A grid was installed in the investigation area at a distance of 30 m from north to south and 10 m from east to west using a 5 mm thick rope. Inside the grid, relatively large stones and sand were mixed, and the artifacts exposed on the seabed were found to be stuck between rocks. The soil removal for the sand was about 10-30 cm, which was not so deep. Underneath, basaltic bedrock was found, along with many pottery pieces. As mentioned above, recovered artifacts were found in rock crevices and under the sand. Among them were about 400 pieces of celadons, accounting for the largest number. For the celadons, the celadon bowl inscribed with ‘河濱遺范’ and ‘金玉滿堂’ which were found in the exploration in 2018, were confirmed as identical, and potteries that appeared to have been produced at the same time with them were found. Also, two wooden seals and a piece of metal box were found during the soil removal. One wooden seal was square-shaped embossed with letters of the seal script, and the traces of the stamping ink remained. Another was also square-shaped seal embossed with letters that stand for happiness. Around the seals, pieces of seal boxes were found. Notably, in the first excavation, after taking several pictures inside the grid, the location of the artifacts and the underwater topography were recorded in drawings using a 3D program. The second excavation in 2020: In the second underwater excavation, the east of the area of the first investigation with soil removal was set as the investigation area. The investigation was based on soil -2- �removal and conducted by installing a 10 x 10 m grid in the north-south direction to the east of the area of the first investigation with soil removal. The average depth of soil removal was about 70-80 cm, and brownish basaltic bedrock was found under the sand. Recovered artifacts were 200 pieces, including Chinese celadons found in the previous exploration and excavation, coins, and an anchor stone split into two pieces. The total length of the anchor stone was 3.1 m. It had a shape of a trimmed Chinese-style anchor stone with a thick middle and thin both ends. The third excavation in 2021: The third investigation of the waters of Sinchang-ri in Jeju aimed to identify the nature of the Sinchang-ri underwater remains as an extension of the first and second excavations. The investigation was conducted six times for 60 days, each for ten days, and the investigation with soil removal was conducted by installing 10 x 10 m grids to the west and north of the point where the anchor stone was found in the second excavation in 2020. The seabed is composed of sand and basaltic bedrock, and in the last sixth investigation, a trench survey was also conducted on the sandy seabed around the sections of the previous first to third excavation investigations. Figure 1. Indication of the locations of the excavated artifacts after soil removal (3D mapping used) For the recording and handling of the artifacts, the investigation team attempted to clarify the location of the artifacts underwater using the 3D mapping introduced in the first investigation. At this time, a marker with a diameter of 3.5 cm was made, placed next to an artifact, and photographed so that the position of the artifact could be identified on the photograph. The result was printed on transparent tracing paper, carried underwater, and given an artifact number. In the third investigation, 600 artifacts were found, most of which were pottery. Among them, 500 pieces were celadons, which were the most. Celadon bowls with the phrases ‘河濱遺范’ and ‘金玉滿堂’ which were found in the previous investigations, were found again in this time, revealing that the artifacts include celadons from the Southern Song Dynasty in China. In addition, potteries that seemed to have been produced simultaneously, such as the Celadon Lily-patterned Bowl and the White Porcelain Box Lid Embossed with Phoenix Patterns, were found. 3D RECORDING OF INVESTIAGED AREA IN THE WATERS OF SINCHANG-RI Unlike other underwater remains, waters of Sinchang-ri in Jeju had clear underwater visibility. Therefore, the investigation area could be recorded in 3D model for the first time. The recording process will be introduced. The investigation was conducted in the following steps. First, a 10 x 10m grid was installed with a disc weight and a rope. Next, photographs were taken to record the underwater view before soil removal. The photography's most focused part was capturing the underwater topography and scattered artifacts as clearly as possible. As a result of trying various -3- �methods, Agisoft's Metashape was used. The program recommends using a standard lens with a focal length of about 50 mm with less distortion. In the waters of Shinchang-ri, a lens with a 16 mm focal length was used based on a full-frame-sized sensor. Photography was done by walking around, not swimming, to get close to the subject. In this case, the distance to the subject was approximately 0.5-1 m. In the waters of Shinchang-ri, the image had to be created considering the curves, so the photos were taken in a slightly inclined diagonal line. At a point where many rocks were piled up, about 900 photos were created. After taking photographs, the artifacts exposed on the seabed before the soil removal were handled, and then soil removal was started. As mentioned earlier in the investigation contents, most of the artifacts were found during the investigation process with soil removal. Thus, after the final soil removal, the sand was removed, the changed underwater topography and artifacts could be photographed, and the artifacts could be handled. To record in 3D in earnest, Metashape was used. It proceeds in the steps of Photograph Alignment → Dense Point Group Generation → Mesh Generation → Texture Expression. The step of photograph alignment starts from the ‘Key Point’ extraction. Check the same key point in multiple photos to create connection points. For the waters of Sinchang-ri, photos taken in 5 x 5 m units were each aligned. Dense point group generation extracts points based on the camera's location. The quality of the generated data can be chosen. If set to ‘High’, a memory shortage problem occurs, so the points were extracted by setting it to ‘Medium’. The next step, mesh generation, is a process of making 3D data based on the generation of a dense point group. This process is essential to obtain a 3D image. After that, the texture expression is a step to add texture to the data created in the previous step and make a photo-like effect. Figure 4. Grid photograph alignment (Metashape) Figure 2. Taking photographs Figure 3. Grid mesh generation (Metashape) -4- �Recording the locations of discovered artifacts clearly is very important in archaeological excavations. However, it is not easy to record the locations of many artifacts when there are no actual survey drawings. In Metashape, orthophotographs can be easily created. It plays the same role as a floor plan, which greatly helped to handle the artifacts. First, orthophotographs or 3D results were printed on transparent tracing papers, which do not get wet in water, and images that only indicate the artifact locations were also printed. Then, the artifacts were handled by referring to the printouts of orthophotographs or 3D results printouts underwater. At the same time, the artifact numbers were written on transparent tracing paper, which indicated the artifact locations. The precise locations of hundreds of artifacts could be recorded using this method. CONCLUSIONS The report will be concluded by briefly summarizing the meaning and achievements of the exploration and underwater excavation conducted at Sinchang-ri. In the exploration in 2018, the investigations using submergence and geophysical exploration equipment allowed us to see the underwater topography of the area and handle potteries from Southern Song Dynasty, which were stuck in rock crevices. Therefore, the time of the remains could be identified, and the core point and the distribution range of the scattered artifacts could be found. In the first to third excavation investigations conducted after that, 10 x 10 m grids were installed centering on the concentrated distribution point of the artifacts, and the investigations were conducted by expanding the range. By removing soil, a large amount of Chinese pottery pieces was found, as well as two wooden seals, a seal box, and coins. Excavated Chinese celadons are estimated to be produced in Longquanyao (龍泉窯) in China in the late twelfth century during the Southern Song Dynasty. The pottery artifacts discovered in Sinchang-ri remains were also discovered in Dazaifu in Fukuoka and Kurakizaki in Kagoshima in Japan. The same potteries from the Southern Song Dynasty found in Sinchang-ri remains, and Japan has examples that reveal the maritime trade in the past, along with the anchor mentioned above the stone. Especially the Chinese-style anchor stone, a ship accessory found in the second excavation investigation, allowed us to secure important data in estimating the nature of the Sinchang-ri underwater remains. A wide area of Sinchang-ri underwater remains is covered with sand, and the area where the soil removal investigations were done is only a small part of the remains. Therefore, continuous excavation investigations will be required in the future. Bibliography Heo, Munnyeong, “3D Recording of Underwater Remains in Sinchang-ri Sea Area in Jeju Using Photography”, The Fourth Underwater Cultural Heritage Research Institutes’ Research Case Conference, 2020 (In Korean) . NRIMCH, “Summary Report of the First Underwater Excavation Investigation of Sinchang-ri Sea Area in Jeju.”, 2019 (In Korean). NRIMCH, 2020, “Summary Report of the Second Underwater Excavation Investigation of Sinchang-ri Sea Area in Jeju,” 2020 (In Korean). NRIMCH, “Summary Report of the Third Underwater Excavation Investigation of Sinchang-ri Sea Area in Jeju”, 2021 (In Korean). -5- � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3D Recording Process of the Underwater Excavation Site in Waters of Sinchang-ri, Jeju Description An account of the resource The paper fits in session 2, as focusing on the survey of underwater cultural heritage at Jeju-do in Korea. The underwater stie of Shinchang-ri, Jeju-do was reported by Haenyeo1 for golden artifacts in 1980s, and, further survey recovered Chinese celadon printed with ‘河濱遺范’, ‘金玉滿堂’ in 1990s. However, it was not until 2018 that consistent investigations were begun by the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage. Exploration is to search artifacts exposed on the bottom surface without any dredging, which is necessary for understanding distribution of artifacts under the surface. With targeting the area which could include as many artifacts as possible to be dredged, actual excavations were conducted for three seasons from 2019 to 2021. The objective of underwater investigation is to find the area of intensive distribution of artifacts and understand their contents. Then, how the environment of underwater sites can be documented by areas? Waters off Shinchang-ri, Jeju-do have relatively fine visibility, comparing to other sites in Korea. Thus, for the first time, attempts to document the targeted area in the 3D model with pictures, which is assumed to suggest more accurate timelines and coordinates than plans, were conducted. Recoding process is begun with taking pictures which is also the starting point of traditional investigation. Accuracy is the most emphasized. Methashape of Agisoft is used. Not only are topography of underwater but exact coordinates of hundreds of artifacts identified. Environment limitation for underwater excavation in Western coasts in Korea exists, such as strong currents and bad visibility. 3D documentation should be consistently tried, however, as one of the most important things in archaeological excavation is to locate the shipwrecks and artifacts and document them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lee Jeonghee Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Jeonghee, Lee. 2023. “3D Recording of Underwater Sites: The Case of Shinchang-ri, Jeju-do.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1924 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f63d821c199555675a2da60c93b76a93.pdf 9a1c7595f1a742cb75a7b9c4722ef43d PDF Text Text Restoration of Shipboard Life in the Goryeo Period Jeong Heon (Researcher, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT This study aims at understanding the characteristics of an ancient ship as a residence that moves independently, and preparing basic data for life on ship accordingly. First of all, the excavation location of daily artifacts on ships were classified and reviewed according to Goryeo shipwrecks recovered with shipboard artifacts . As a result, the composition of artifacts in the bottom center space identical to the views of previous studies was confirmed. However, there were ships with uncertain remaining conditions and records, and in the case of some artifacts such as combs, the location is sporadic and there are few cases, so it is difficult to determine the location of the excavation. Daily artifacts on ships show a high proportion of batch artifacts, but there is a limitation in that the absolute number of artifacts in the water is limited. Therefore, in addition to conducting a comparative study, we tried to prepare a basis for the composition of space and artifacts. As for the basis of the living space on ships, a comparison was made between Joseon Dynasty and modern ships. The basis for the composition of artifacts in the space in the center of the ship bottom was sought through comparison of land artifacts of the same period. As a result of comparison with later ships, it seems that until the extinction of modern ships, the space in the center of the bottom was located in the third compartment based on the bow. However, we cannot know the exact time, but when it comes to modern ships after Mado no. 4, there is a difference in that the center space of the ship is changed from the front of the mast to its back. As a result of the comparison to the selected cooking space of daily remains on land, there were fewer distinct examples of artifacts in the cooking area of land living remains than underwater remains. We indicate the importance of a linked study rather than an isolated study of the land and underwater artifacts. Keywords: underwater archeology, ships of era, life on ships, comparative research List of Tables and Figures Figure 1 Current state of underwater excavations in Korea Figure 2 Floor plan of shipwreck and composition of artifacts of shipboard life Figure 3 Living space on wooden ships of the Joseon Dynasty and modern times Figure 4 Comparative diagram of batch artifacts of land and underwater remains INTRODUCTION An ancient ship has the characteristics of a place of limited activity and residence that moves independently, and provides a lot of information on the relevant underwater artifacts, such as the ship's production place, arrival and departure points, and living area. The importance of comparison study with the land artifacts of the same era has already been emphasized in past studies (Ju 2013, 419; Bowens 2009, 27), but in Korea, related research has not progressed due to the lack of excavation materials. Both land and underwater excavation are increasing, remains of the latter of which are small in number compared to the former, but they are in relatively good condition. In addition, daily artifacts on ships, which are distinct from cargo, show essential material and cultural elements of the narrow space in the ship that sailors occupied for a short period of time in the past, and there is a need for research on the restoration of life on ships. Major research on domestic underwater excavation mainly focuses on history of ship, ceramic, and maritime exchange. On the other hand, there is relatively little interest in research related to shipboard life. Recently, some studies on daily artifacts on ships, including those from sunken ships, have been conducted (Moon 2017; Lee 2021). In addition, as the daily artifacts of the Goryeo Dynasty were classified in various ways according to their function and material, such as metal, ceramic, and wood, chronological and analytical studies of individual artifacts have also been conducted. 1 �THE REVIEW OF SHIPBOARD DAILY ARTIFACTS OF THE GORYEO DYNASTY Figure 1. Current state of underwater excavations in Korea It is known that underwater artifacts including shipwrecks are in good condition as the air is blocked by mud and seawater. However, the remaining states of shipwrecks and artifacts are affected by environmental factors such as the angle of the hull, pests, and corrosion. For this reason, the remaining state of ancient ships and artifacts is different for each site. However, as the space in the middle of the hull and the central part of the hull was used as a storage space and cooking space for daily artifacts on ships during the Goryeo Dynasty. Fortunately, there are relatively many cases in which daily artifacts on ships remain. This chapter examines the current status of ships and daily artifacts on ships during the Goryeo Dynasty, and reviews the work log of the overall report and the records of the location of artifacts by area are reviewed in order to identify the context of the excavation of daily artifacts on ships, and to present the composition of collective daily artifacts on ships. The review indicated there were various cases such as recording method for each excavation report, the location of unrecorded artifacts, and the deviation from the original location of the artifacts according to the remaining hull. However, as shown in Figure 2, the shipboard daily artifacts showed the same composition in the center compartment of the hull, located in the third compartment from the bow. 2 �Figure 2. Floor plan of shipwreck and composition of artifacts of shipboard life 3 �Shipboard daily artifacts consist of an iron part, an iron bowl, and an iron steamer for cooking, one or two pieces of pottery with a capacity of 100 L or more for storing drinking water, a jar, a bamboo basket that are situated at the middle of bottom of the ship. Except for them, a bronze spoon, a comb, and a whetstone were recovered. The large pottery pot is presumed to have stored only drinking water, unlike the land one. Hyunhwasa Goryogojeon, a memoir of Goryeo’s record of personal experience by Seo Kyung, specifically mentioned the supply of potable water to the port of calls, and material, capacity. and name of a large pottery pot. Bongrae no. 3 shipwreck shows same recovery contexts with those of Mado no. 4 in Joseon Dynasty. Pottery is easy to manufacture in large sizes and is light compared to its size, making it suitable for storing and transporting drinking water for ships (Han 2014, 228), and various types of a large pottery pot show a certain capacity, which is closely related to Yangje of the Goryeo Dynasty. (Han 2012, 71). In addition, there is a need to conduct research on comparative study on the drinking water storage method of foreign ships and an review of previous studies on the amount of drinking water and the number of people on a ship, as the limited drinking water capacity on a ship has a mutual relationship with the number of people on a ship, the voyage period, and the port of calls. In the meantime, artifacts that are relatively small in size and light in weight, such as combs, bronze spoon, bronze chopsticks, and wooden tools, have a high loss rate and sporadic cases. Daily artifacts on a ship include various artifacts, such as wooden hammers, ropes, handle of an adze, and pottery handles, but the number is limited and the excavation locations are scattered, making it difficult to estimate the existing location. Wooden comb for sanitation (Eolraebit) and bamboo comb (Chambit) have been found on Daebudo no. 2, Mado no. 1, and Mado no. 3 shipwrecks, but the number of artifacts is also small and the excavation location of each artifacts is different. Lastly, as artifacts related to play, chess pieces were found in Mado no. 3 and wooden chess pieces were found in Sinan shipwreck. The context of all excavations is uncertain. RESTORATION OF SHIPBOARD LIFE THROUGH COMPARATIVE STUDY Figure 3. Living space on wooden ships of the Joseon Dynasty and modern times 1: 3rd exposed surface of a Mado no. 4 (1417-1425), 2: Yeonggwang nonpowered ship 3: Jindo Gwanmaedo ship, 4: Sinan Gageo Island Ship Comparative review of living spaces of a wooden ship in the Joseon Dynasty and modern times The utilization of the space in the center of the bottom of the ship of the Goryeo Dynasty, as examined above, is also seen in the Mado no. 4 shipwreck in the Joseon Dynasty (Figure 3). The location and name of the central space of the ship bottom is also found in the modern wooden ship. The second picture of Figure 3 is the general layout of the non-powered ship of Sangnakwol Island in Yeonggwang, which was surveyed in 1936 by Saptaekgyeongsam. Even though the nature is different from that of a cargo ship, but the name and location of the cooking space is referred to. The name of the cooking room of a non-powered ship was marked as fire field (Tusi). The location of the cooking room is the same as that of the ship examined above, as the third compartment based on the bow, but it is located behind the 4 �mast. The third picture of Figure 3 is also a ship surveyed in the 1920s during the Japanese colonial period, and is a general layout and central section of a ship in Gwanmae Island of Jindo. The fourth one in Figure 3 is the floor plan of the ship of Sinan Gageo Island, which was surveyed in 1996. The location of the compartment of Tusi in the ship is the same as the ships discussed above. Some of the ancient ship data, literature records, and pictorial data of later ships examined so far have the meaning of comparative research as a basis for identifying that the location of the central space of the ship's bottom is the same as the central compartment from the early Goryeo Dynasty to the modern age until the disappearance of wooden ships. After the discovery of Mado no. 4 shipwreck, the location of the central space in the bottom of the ship is the same as being located in the third compartment, but in modern ships, there is a difference that it is changed not to the front of the existing mast, but to the back of it. Comparative study of cooking space of land remains in the Goryeo Dynasty Before the comparison of land and underwater remains, the similarities and differences between land and underwater remains are to be mentioned, and comparison objects are to be selected. Domestic ancient ships show the characteristics of short-term occupied residential area, the good remaining state of artifacts, and the consistent composition of artifacts, but there is a limit in that the absolute number of objects to be analyzed is small. On the other hand, the land remains provide the characteristics of relatively long-term occupied residential area, and a large amount of excavation data, but there is a limit in that it is not possible to see the composition of the state of remaining objects and artifacts in a not good condition, and composition of batch artifacts. These differences and similarities are determined to provide complementary grounds in terms of research on restoration of living between underwater and land remains of the same period. Figure 4. Comparative diagram of batch artifacts of land and underwater remains (left: cooking space of land remains (target: 14); right: ;living space on ships (target: 7) The selection method of comparison target is as follows. First of all, about 570 residential areas and pit dwellings were examined for 125 living artifacts in Gyeonggi province, where relatively many remains of the Goryeo Dynasty are distributed. For selecting the remaining objects that have the nature of a cooking space, the remaining objects that have different possibilities in terms of the place that were originally used for reasons such as heating facilities, disposal, production, and exiting, were excluded from comparison. As a selection criterion for this, first, the remaining objects where cooking artifacts such as pottery steamers and iron pots have been reported, second, traces of cooking spaces such as sintering marks, furnaces, and stoves were reported, and finally, the remaining objects with good location records of excavated artifacts were selected for comparison as much as possible. The results are displayed in Figure 4. The high proportions of batch artifacts in underwater remains with 5 �few objects can be seen as a direct basis for the composition of artifacts related to life at the time. In particular, the fact that there is a high proportion of bamboo baskets, which are rarely excavated, as well as bronze bowl, combs, and bronze spoons and chopsticks, which are mainly excavated from tomb burial items, are found in underwater remains, suggest the need for a linked study of land and underwater remains. However, there are not many excavation data for underwater remains, and there are limitations due to differences in the remaining state of the hull, the size of the hull, and the recording method at the time of the excavation. In the meantime, in the case of a large pottery pot presented in this study, there is a big difference in the proportions between land and underwater remains. This is due to the fact that it is not that the space in the central space of the bottom of the ship have only the characteristics of a storage space for cooking artifacts. As described in previous chapter, the large pottery pot for storage and transportation on a ship has a different function from the large pottery pot of land artifacts, which stored grains and fruits, as it had potable water in it. In addition, as the location of a large pottery pot of the land remains is separated from the cooking area, there is a need to conduct independent research on potable water for ships and a large pottery pot. CONCLUSIONS The overall context of the excavation of daily artifacts from the Goryeo Dynasty was reviewed according to the characteristics of the floor, plane, and internal space of the hull. The examination found the consistent location and composition of certain artifacts in the central space of the bottom of the ship, the third compartment, which is in line with the opinions of the existing studies and reports. The artifacts in the central space of the bottom of the ship consist of artifacts for cooking, such as iron hatchets, iron wells, iron bowls, steamers, cooking slabs, bronze spoons, bronze chopsticks, bronze bowls, and whetstones, as well as artifacts for storage and transportation, such as bamboo baskets, a large pottery pot, and a pottery pot. In the meantime, in the case of a large pottery pot, there are cases where it is located in the 6th compartment of the stern like Daebudo no. 2 shipwreck, but it is mostly concentrated in the 3rd compartment, the central space of the bottom of the ship. Relatively light artifacts in a small quantity such as combs and wooden tools are sometimes located in the central space of the ship bottom, but there are few cases and they have sporadic excavation locations. The comparison of ships in later age found that there was no big difference in the space in the center of the bottom of Mado no. 4 and the drawings of modern ships. In particular, even in modern ships, it seems that the living space on ships are also located in the third compartment. Although it is still difficult to determine the changes in the space in the center of the bottom of the ship within a wide period, it was found that the location of the space in the center of the ship's bottom continued to be the third compartment from the Goryeo Dynasty to the point of extinction of wooden ships. However, the bottom center space is maintained as the third compartment, but the central space of the bottom of the ship is located in front of the mast until Mado no. 4 and then moves to the back of the mast. The comparison between the underwater remains and land remains of the same period found that there was a big difference in the composition proportion of the artifacts including iron hatchets, iron wells, and pottery steamer found in the underwater artifacts. Even though the number of life artifacts on ships is small, they show a continuous composition of artifacts and provide complementary grounds with land remains related to studies on life at the time. This shows the need for connected study rather than a disconnected study of both terrestrial and underwater remains. We aim to unify underwater remains with land remains of the same period. 6 �Bibliography Primary sources Xuanhuafengshi Gaolitujing Yuamchongseo Secondary sources Han, Hyesun. ”Use and the Metrology System of the Goryeo Dynasty Stoneware Salvaged from the 1st and 2nd Ship in Mado.” Maritime cultural heritage 5, (2012): 101-154 (In Korean). Han, Hyesun. “A study on pottery during the Koryo Dynasty.” Ewha Womans University PhD Dissertation (2014) (In Korean). Jeong, Heon. “Study on restoration of shipboard life in the Goryeo Period.” Chungnam National University Master’s Thesis (2022) (In Korean). Joo, Kyeong-mi. “A Study on some Kitchen Goods from Shipwrecks in Late Goryeo Period: Focusing on Taean Mado Shipwrecks in the Thirteenth Century.” The Journal of East Asian Studies 32 (2013): 383-431 (In Korean). Lee, Jun-Hyuk. “The Sailor and Life on Board through Underwater Excavation Artifacts in the 13th Century.” History & the Boundaries 119 (2021) (In Korean). Mun, Gyungho. “Study on the Tax Shipping System in Goryeo Period and Developing Instruction Materials.” Kong ju National University PhD Dissertation (2016) (In Korean). Mun, Gyungho, “Shipboard Life of Jojols in the Early Joseon Period envisioned based on the relics of Taean Mado Shipwreck No.4.” Journal of the Island Culture 48 (2016): 37-66 (In Korean). Nautical Archaeology Society. Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (2009). Shin, Jongkuk. “The Characteristics of Shipwrecks in the Goryeo Period and the Study on Artifacts Recovered from Them.” Kongju National University PhD Dissertation (2020) (In Korean). 7 � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Restoration of Shipboard Life in the Goryeo Period Description An account of the resource This study aims at understanding the characteristics of an ancient ship as a residence that moves independently, and preparing basic data for life on ship accordingly. First of all, the excavation location of daily artifacts on ships were classified and reviewed according to Goryeo shipwrecks recovered with shipboard artifacts . As a result, the composition of artifacts in the bottom center space identical to the views of previous studies was confirmed. However, there were ships with uncertain remaining conditions and records, and in the case of some artifacts such as combs, the location is sporadic and there are few cases, so it is difficult to determine the location of the excavation. Daily artifacts on ships show a high proportion of batch artifacts, but there is a limitation in that the absolute number of artifacts in the water is limited. Therefore, in addition to conducting a comparative study, we tried to prepare a basis for the composition of space and artifacts. As for the basis of the living space on ships, a comparison was made between Joseon Dynasty and modern ships. The basis for the composition of artifacts in the space in the center of the ship bottom was sought through comparison of land artifacts of the same period. As a result of comparison with later ships, it seems that until the extinction of modern ships, the space in the center of the bottom was located in the third compartment based on the bow. However, we cannot know the exact time, but when it comes to modern ships after Mado no. 4, there is a difference in that the center space of the ship is changed from the front of the mast to its back. As a result of the comparison to the selected cooking space of daily remains on land, there were fewer distinct examples of artifacts in the cooking area of land living remains than underwater remains. We indicate the importance of a linked study rather than an isolated study of the land and underwater artifacts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeong Heon Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Heon, Jeong. 2023. “Restoration of Shipboard Life in the Goryeo Period.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/items/show/1923 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b53e4e7a3c28e8d20624e7cc2f130873.pdf 7151f499086729ae5ff822bbef983d95 PDF Text Text Research on the Intertidal Zone Using Drone Choi Dongwon (Researcher, National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage) ABSTRACT Surrounded by the sea on three sides, Korea is in a location of active maritime exchanges throughout history. Before the development of shipbuilding and navigation, people sometimes chose to navigate while visually observing surrounding land. However, the natural environment of the Southwest Sea, where tidal flats are exposed, is likely to have occurred. It may be wrecked by a reef, or the old ship may have been abandoned. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) has conducted seven surveys in the intertidal zone, which helped to establish a systematic investigation method. Our previous investigations involved manpower surveys. We sought a method for systematic and efficient investigation. Drones identify anomalies exposed in natural environments such as intertidal zones. However, we questioned the usefulness of drones in underwater archeology. Drones produced orthophotos. Our results present a new method of intertidal zone survey. Keywords: intertidal zone, drone, survey List of Tables and Figures Table 1 Current status of intertidal survey Figure 1 Flow chart of orthoimage production Figure 2 Metashape program INTRODUCTION In Korea, mainly the southwest coast and especially the west sea, the intertidal zones have large tidal differences and the coastline is complicated.1 In the intertidal zone, there is a natural environment that is blocked from the outside and oxygen, as clay sediments are distributed and have high cohesiveness. Unexposed/buried cultural resources are well preserved, but exposed ancient ships and artifacts are found damaged. Twenty-seven reported sites are located in intertidal zone. Seven of these have undergone archaeological excavation. Table 1. Current status of intertidal archaeological excavations No. Year Site Recovered artifacts 1 1991-1992 Jindo Byeokpa-ri dugout One Chinese dugout from the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries 2 1995 Dalido shipwreck in Mokpo One Goryeo ship from the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries 3 2004-2005 Wonsan Island in Boryeong 179 items : early thirteenth century celadon incense burner 4 2005 Sinan Anjwa shipwreck One Goryeo shipwreck from the fourteenth century, four items including Goryeo inlaid celadon 5 2006 Daebudo no. 1 shipwreck in Ansan Pieces of a hull of Goryeo from the twelfth to thirteenth Century 6 2015 Daebudo no. 2 shipwerck in Ansan One Goryeo shipwreck from the twelfth to thirteenth centuries, 48 items including Goryeo celadon 7 2020-2022 intertidal zone in Yangjam-ri, Taean Six items including antefix and decoration of the part of a sword from Joseon era The area of tidal flats in Korea is 2,482 km², accounting for about 2.5 percent of the total land area. Among them, more than 80 percent of the total intertidal zone is distributed in the west coast, about 42.5 percent in Jeollanam-do, about 36.1 percent in Incheon and Gyeonggi-do, and about 36.1 percent in Chungcheongnam-do. About 13.7 per cent in Korea, and about 4.4 per cent in Jeollabuk-do (Marine Environment Information Portal 2003 http://meis.go.kr/portal/main.do). 1 -1- �The survey conducted in the intertidal zone has established a system to some extent. However, the research method for identifying the presence or absence of cultural properties before the investigation has not progressed significantly. The method was to directly enter the tidal flat and observe with the naked eye. However, since there are tidal channels in the tidal flats and the quality of the sediment is soft, the method can be inefficient as it is dangerous and it consumes a lot of time and manpower. For an efficient investigation in an exposed state, a method using drones will be studied. A drone, also called an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is an aircraft without a human on board. Drones are used in various areas because they are cheaper and more efficient than satellites or aircraft. In the marine sector, it is used for monitoring marine national parks and tidal flat farms. In the field of cultural properties, it has already been used to take aerial photographs of inaccessible places or survey sites at terrestrial archaeological sites. The use of drones in underwater archeology was not great because the drones could not identify invisible abnormalities at sea and were only used to take photos of the panoramic view of the investigation site. However, it is possible to use drones to investigate terrain at low tide, such as the intertidal zone. I will review the suitability of the intertidal zone investigation using drones, and present a new survey method through the investigation contents and results. Aircraft and camera The NRIMCH has three Splash drones 3+, a waterproof drone and two Mavic Air2s, which can take off and land with human hands without a landing field. However, it has been used only to confirm the foreground or field conditions of the investigation site. The drones possessed by the institute are not suitable as aircraft for producing orthographic images of intertidal zone investigation2. This is because there are various natural and physical conditions to be considered for aerial photography. First of all, drones need to be able to withstand weather conditions. Most drones have an excellent hovering function 3 , but an aircraft that can withstand strong winds is needed, because it is unknown what variables will occur in the weather on the coast. When taking photographs, it is important to have a camera capable of distinguishing artifacts among features such as stones and shells exposed in the intertidal zone4. When combining photos, there is a need to figure out where they were taken. The drone must be equipped with an RTK sensor that can identify the location. As a result of examining these necessary factors, DJI's Matrice300 RTK was selected as the aircraft to be used for the intertidal zone investigation, and Zenmuse P1 was used as the camera. Table 2. Aircraft and camera specifications Maximum flight time Matrice300 RTK 810 x 670 x 430 6.3 Horizontal 1cm + 1ppm Vertical 1.5cm + 1ppm 55 minutes Maximum speed 17 ㎧ Size (mm) Weight (kg) RTK Accuracy ZENMUSE P1 Size (mm) 198 x 166 x 129 Weight (kg) 0.8 Absolute accuracy Horizontal 3 cm Orthophotograph: An image obtained by correcting geometrical distortion due to topographical relief such as height difference or inclination for image information such as aerial photographs or artificial satellites, and transforming the appearance of all objects when looking down vertically. 3 Hovering: A state in which an aircraft remains stationary while maintaining a constant altitude. 4 Images taken by UAV are largely subject to image distortion due to two influences. First, when operating an unmanned aerial vehicle at a constant altitude, external facial expression distortion occurs due to shaking and tilting of the aircraft due to the influence of wind. Second, image internal facial expression distortion occurs due to the characteristics of the camera and lens mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle (Kim et al 2015, 461-471). 2 -2- �Sensor (still image, mm) Pixel Vertical 5 cm 35.9 x 24 45,000,000 pixel Photo Interval (sec) 0.7s Investigation plan and contents In the following year, 2022, three intertidal zones were selected for orthographic imaging. This is the intertidal zone located in Sinsi-do in Gunsan, Naesan-ri and Byeokpa Port in Jin-do. Since the intertidal zone in Shinsi-do, Gunsan is large of 520,000 km² and the shape is irregular rather than square, the shooting area was divided into three areas. Figure 1. Flow chart of orthoimage production It is a large reef exposed even at high tide, which could interfere with drone flight. Therefore, aerial photography was conducted in advance regardless of altitude. Afterwards, after uploading the photos to the drone control program (UgCS), the flight plan was entered so that the drone could automatically take photos. This program plays the role of a mission planner and was used because there were variables that were confirmed during the intertidal filming of Sinsi-do. As there is a reef more than 15 m in the intertidal zone of Shinsi-do, when the existing flight program is used, the drone detected the reef as an obstacle and stopped filming without proceeding. Through the UgCS program, a digital elevation model (DEM) was made to recognize precise altitude changes, and the flight was planned after applying it to the program. The flight time considered the ebb tide, and all the investigated areas were photographed for three consecutive days to prevent errors in the results due to changes in the topography. The intertidal -3- �zone in Naesan-ri, Jindo (73,000 km²) and the intertidal zone in Byeokpahang, Jindo (260,000 km²) were not large, and there was no need to consider special flight conditions since the flight area was set in a rectangular shape. Investigation results After aerial photography of the intertidal zones of Shinsi-do of Gunsan, Naesan-ri of Jindo, and Byeokpahang of Jindo were taken, orthophotographs were made. First, the intertidal zone of Gunsan Sinsi-do was divided into three parts to produce orthographic images, and then the orthophotograph of the three districts were merged into one. In the case of the intertidal zone of Shinsi-do, experiences were earned with regard to how to photograph a large area, how to merge photos, and how to prepare for objects that can become obstacles such as reefs in the intertidal zone. In the meantime, there was a problem in preparing the storage capacity and file management plan for the orthophotograph result. Figure 2. Metashape Program In the orthographic image of Naesan-ri of Jindo, visible objects were checked by scale. As a result of checking by enlarging to 1:7, 1:1, and 5:1, it was possible to distinguish the color of the sample and the color of the surface layer, but the picture was broken at the scale of 5:1. Various objects appeared in the intertidal orthographic image of Byeokpahang of Jindo. A row of wooden fences and two pieces of pottery, which seem to be traces of past maritime defense facilities, have been newly identified. An object that looked like a pottery hoof was also identified, but it was identified as marine garbage, not an artifact. In addition, information on various objects that can be identified in the intertidal zone, such as buoys, anchors, and anchor lines, was acquired. Another feature that could be identified in the orthographic images of Byeokpa Port in Jindo is that the results may vary depending on the flow of water in the tidal channel when the photos are merged. Photo merging is basically a process of merging photos taken of objects in a still state. However, since the wave has an irregular shape, a more finished result requires the process of using the correction function of the photo merger program. CONCLUSIONS The intertidal zone drone survey can access places not easily accessible to humans. A drone equipped with an RTK sensor accurately records the location of the photographed picture. There is no need to use -4- �GCP (Ground Control Point) because it is merged based on coordinates when producing orthophotographs.5 The automatic flight using a program with a mission planner function was conducted, and the results of the orthophotograph was checked. We collected the following results from our drone survey: 1) we can identify exposed artifacts with orthophotograph at 15 m. 2) artifact coordinates are possible; 3) minimize manpower and fieldwork hours; and 4) intertidal data can also be collected with orthophotography. However, there are also evident challenges and limitations to be addressed. First of all, the orthoimage merging time is proportional to the intertidal zone investigation area. There is a need to think about how to store the data, as the size of the file increases in proportion to the time. And if there is a terrain feature caught in the middle of a flight at a certain altitude, there must be the process of creating a digital elevation model after aerial photography at a high altitude. Results are still early, with a lot of trial and error because the method option is new. In future, various data will be accumulated through more intertidal investigations which will produce more systematic and accurate research. Acknowledgements The investigation of the intertidal zone was carried out as the beginning of the underwater excavation. The investigation of buried cultural properties identified in the intertidal zone can be said to have been systematic with a lot of research experience. However, as for the investigation method before the buried cultural properties are identified, no new method other than the direct investigation by a person was suggested. The investigation method using drones was first proposed in 2021, and the research contents and results are still insufficient. There is a need to organize the direction of the intertidal zone investigation through drones, detailed survey methods, and limitations in the future. Bibliography Heo, Ui-Haeng. Lee, Wal-Yeong. A Study on the utilization of drones and aerial photographs for searching ruins with a focus on topographic analysis, Korean Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies 51, no. 2 (2018): 22-37 (In Korean). Kim, Bum-Jun. Lee, Yoon-Hyunh. Choi, Jong-Kuk. “Investigating Applicability of Unmaned Aerial Vehicle to the Tidal Flat Zone” Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 31, no. 5 (2015): 461-471 (In Korean). Lee, Jae-Bin. “Current status and future direction of marine surveying and GIS using drones” The Korean Institute of Broadcast and Media Engineers 22, no. 2 (2017): 53-66 (In Korean). Oh, Jae-hong. Kim, Duk-Jin Lee, Hyo-Seong. “Use of Drone for Mapping and Time Series Image Acquisition of Tidal Zones” Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 27, no. 2 (2017): 119-125 (In Korean) Shim, Jae-Yeon. Chung, Jae-Young. “RTK-GPS Systems for Autonomous Drone”, The Proceedings of Autum Conference of Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers on Fusion IT, 2018: 128-129 (In Korean) NRIMCH. Underwater Archaeology in Korea, Mokpo: NRIMCH, 2016 (In Korean). GCP (Ground Control Point) refers to a triangular point that marks the location by surveying. As a photo merging factor, it helps to make the merge work well. In some situations the ground control point appears in the photo result. 5 -5- � Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Research on the Intertidal Zone Using Drone Description An account of the resource Surrounded by the sea on three sides, Korea is in a location of active maritime exchanges throughout history. Before the development of shipbuilding and navigation, people sometimes chose to navigate while visually observing surrounding land. However, the natural environment of the Southwest Sea, where tidal flats are exposed, is likely to have occurred. It may be wrecked by a reef, or the old ship may have been abandoned. The National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage (NRIMCH) has conducted seven surveys in the intertidal zone, which helped to establish a systematic investigation method. Our previous investigations involved manpower surveys. We sought a method for systematic and efficient investigation. Drones identify anomalies exposed in natural environments such as intertidal zones. However, we questioned the usefulness of drones in underwater archeology. Drones produced orthophotos. Our results present a new method of intertidal zone survey. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Choi Dongwon Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Dongwon, Choi. 2023. “Research Methodology for Intertidal Zone: Utilization of Drone.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Juhee Kim. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1922 Asia-Pac Session 2 2023