1 10 4 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/b5cef6b7b35be0a61c8c8fcf13a2a138.pdf 86894b3e38896ce719825647815e4ba2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Airplanes and Microbes: Microbially-Influenced Corrosion of WWII Aluminum Aircraft Wrecks in the Pacific Description An account of the resource Aircraft were a major component of the U.S. war effort in the Pacific Theatre of WWII, and today numerous examples can be found throughout the waters of the Asia-Pacific region. Due to their cultural and historical significance to modern stakeholders, understanding the decay trajectories has become an important issue in the realm of archaeology and cultural heritage management. While the majority of corrosion studies have focused on electrochemical exchanges at the seawater-metal interface, far less attention has been paid to the effects of colonizing microorganisms (e.g. sulfate-reducing bacteria) that can contribute to increased rates of corrosion. Some studies of the microbiome of historic steel wrecks have been investigated in recent years, revealing a diverse mix of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Yet, little has been done to understand the morphology and structure of the microbial community on aluminum aircraft in relation to corrosion processes. This paper summarizes the issues and previous efforts made in regards to microbially-influenced corrosion (MIC) of historical wrecks, while also outlining a proposed study that aims to investigate MIC of WWII aluminum aircraft in Saipan and Hawaii. It is the hope of the research team that the results will be used to better understand the decay trajectories of the aircraft and inform resource managers in their preservation practices. Field work and laboratory analysis are scheduled to take place in the spring and summer of 2020, with financial support being provided by a National Center for Preservation Technology and Training grant from the National Park Service. The project represents a collaboration between archaeologists and microbiologists in a concerted effort to confront historical preservation issues with an interdisciplinary approach. Finally, this paper concludes with a discussion on the importance of a public archaeology focus and how this project will include the local community throughout our time in the field. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dominic Bush Jennifer McKinnon Erin Field Nathan Richards Kyra Price Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bush, Dominic, Jennifer McKinnon, Erin Field, Nathan Richards, and Kyra Price. 2021. “Airplanes and Microbes: Microbially-Influenced Corrosion of WWII Aluminum Aircraft Wrecks in the Pacific.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/682 Asia-Pac Session 7 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/24c7f6d50f8ff654572e1848345c944a.pdf 146d9829abc8e904f819ff756b359377 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource World War Two Shipwrecks; a toxic legacy? Description An account of the resource During the Second World War over 3,800 ships were sunk throughout the Pacific Region. The legacy of this conflict is still being felt today, with an unconfirmed number of potentially polluting wrecks (PPWs) still containing oil and unexploded ordinance. Many of these wrecks have deteriorated significantly and the threat of a spill is increasing as over 70 years of corrosion is causing collapse of the ships structures. The scale of this threat is largely unknown, however estimates indicate that thousands of tons of oil may remain in these wrecks with several identified as already leaking. Aware of the increasing risk that these wrecks pose, the Major Projects Foundation was established in 2018 with the aim of mitigating this risk. The primary activity was the purchase of the former New Zealand Navy Diving Vessel HMNZ Manawanui as an expedition vessel. With the vessel newly renamed RV Ocean Recovery, and with a Memorandum of Understanding with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the University of Newcastle, the Major Projects Foundation is dedicated to gathering robust scientific data on the condition of PPWs throughout the Pacific. Using cutting edge and incorporating industry standard technology, high-risk wrecks will be surveyed and assessed. Once wrecks with oil content are identified, commonly practiced subsea engineering solutions exist to mitigate the threat of an oil spill. Furthermore, the information from the survey of these wrecks will be used to educate and mobilise the public and policy makers to the risk such PPWs pose to marine ecosystems and the people who rely on them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Matthew Carter William Jeffery Ian D MacLeod Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Carter, Matthew, Dr. William Jeffery, and Dr. Ian D MacLeod. 2021. “World War Two Shipwrecks; a toxic legacy?.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/683 Asia-Pac Session 7 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f0e63f4b022e8e2370822d990e345714.pdf c038f175fbb3ee168cfeb27bb5e6162e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vulnerability Assessment of USS Houston: A World War II Historic Shipwreck from the Battle of Sunda Strait Description An account of the resource Sea battles between the Allies and the Japanese Navy Fleet during World War II in Indonesian waters left many physical evidences in the form of shipwrecks. One of the most well-known naval battles in the history of World War II in Asia Pacific is the Battle of Sunda Strait which caused the sinking of USS Houston and HMAS Perth along with a number of their crews in 1942. The assessment activities conducted by Research Institute for Coastal Resources and Vulnerability in 2018 show that the American heavy cruiser, USS Houston, is currently prone to various disturbances. USS Houston shipwreck site is located at 15-30 meters deep near Panjang Island in Banten Bay. Site location is influenced by sediment input from the surrounding plateau. The number of river mouths and hydrodynamic conditions of Banten Bay with its strong currents also play a role in sediment transport process which affects the visibility and transport of pollutants and marine debris found on site. Other problems include dense industrial areas in the mainland around the site, sea sand mining activities, bustling sealane activities, warships metal scavenging, and a high intensity of marine spatial utilization by local fishers regarding capture fisheries and aquaculture. All of the above conditions need to be taken into consideration for the protection and preservation of USS Houston site which is also a War Graveyard. Its future site development needs to be in line with the interests of the local fishing communities who have been utilizing the marine space at USS Houston area since long ago. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wisnu Arya Gemilang Nia Naelul Hasanah Ridwan Ulung Jantama Wisha Guntur Adhi Rahmawan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Gemilang, Wisnu Arya, Nia Naelul Hasanah Ridwan, Ulung Jantama Wisha, and Guntur Adhi Rahmawan. 2021. “Vulnerability Assessment of USS Houston: A World War II Historic Shipwreck from the Battle of Sunda Strait.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/684 Asia-Pac Session 7 2021 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/031270849ed1e8ff51750d2590026d89.pdf 1e46868c105ea5651b2ee79dae67cf5d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021 Session 7: Submerged War Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region Subject The topic of the resource Session 7 papers Description An account of the resource Abstract While evidence of conflict in the Asia-Pacific Region dates back thousands of years, World War II brought more people into contact with the seas of the Asia-Pacific region than ever before and left a correspondingly large archaeological signature. Today, the ship and plane wrecks, maritime infrastructure and underwater dumping sites from WWII present an archaeological resource of conflicting values ranging from artificial reefs and tourism assets, to war-graves and even ecological threats. Most recently, the different values placed on these sites has been thrown into sharp relief with the illegal salvage of a number of naval ships in South-East Asia and subsequent outcry from former colonial powers. Maritime warfare throughout the Asia-Pacific Region has had a far-reaching impact on the people who lived, and continue to live in these areas that goes beyond the mere recording of battlefields and the machinery involved. Maritime archaeology has significant potential to provide insights into the lives and experiences of those who have been overlooked by traditional war histories including non-combatants and indigenous people. The protection and management of World War II-related Underwater Cultural Heritage (WWII UCH) provides particular challenges in the contemporary Asia-Pacific Region. While the 2001 UNESCO Convention provides a code for internationally recognised best practice, most countries in the region are yet to become signatories. Many countries in Oceania in particular see the current interest in WWII UCH as overshadowing the need to protect and preserve indigenous UCH. A potentially useful framework that could be used to provide a balance in interests and benefits for more of the Asia-Pacific community is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that provide a holistic and relevant path for incorporating all UCH into sustainable environmental and development policies and practices. This should lead to an appreciation of all that constitutes Asia-Pacific UCH and their particular challenges. Session Organisers: Matt Carter Bill Jeffery Hans Van Tilburg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Language A language of the resource English Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modelling Methodologies for Site Management and Preservation Assessment: A Post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands Description An account of the resource Ships built in the modern era often have corresponding construction plans, available in various archival repositories. Using such plans, pre-survey site modeling in the CAD-based Rhinoceros software program offers researchers an opportunity to gain detailed knowledge of a vessel-of-interest before an archaeological site investigation commences. This may be particularly important where shipwreck site reconnaissance opportunities are limited or non-existent. The ECU Program in Maritime Studies 2019 Fall Field School aimed to record and assess the remains of a post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU-1466 class) wrecked in Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Using a 3D model developed from the builder’s plans for the vessel as a baseline to visualize the shipwreck, field school participants gathered supplemental data to track deterioration or modifications on the shipwreck in the form of photogrammetric field assessment (e.g., in Agisoft Metashape) and hand-drawn measurements uploaded to Adobe Illustrator. This presentation will discuss the various recording and modeling methodologies employed during the field school in relation to understanding manufacturing processes, quantifying design deviations during construction, determining if field-expedient modifications exist, charting use-life alterations, gauging the impacts of post-wrecking site formation processes, along with creating 3D and/or 2D visualizations to enhance continued site assessment and community outreach efforts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nathan Richards Jeremy Borrelli Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2021 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Richards, Nathan, and Jeremy Borrelli. 2021. “Modelling Methodologies for Site Management and Preservation Assessment: A Post-WW2 Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Case Study in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.” Edited by Brian Fahy, Hans Van Tilburg, Bill Jeffery, T. Kurt Knoerl, and Riley Smith. In Proceedings of Fourth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Keelung,Taiwan, and Virtual, November 1-5, 2021. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/exhibits/show/apconf-muchproceedings/item/685