1 10 7 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8e569cbe07a379111ce84b992e44fdd9.pdf 5611ddbb442af71af85f30e7e8912dff PDF Text Text Variable Longline Fishing: The History and Sustainable Innovation of a Traditional Marine Ecological Knowledge Xu Lu (Chinese Sailing Junk Expedition Society, 1420511969@qq.com) Yu LongFa (Xiamen Fishing Port, 13666084562@163.com) ABSTRACT Amoy variable longline fishing is an efficient, accurate and controllable traditional fishing technique created by Amoy fisherman, which has been popular in the Taiwan Strait and Zhoushan fisheries for hundreds of years. It was replaced by seine and trawl since the 1970s but continues to exist with inshore small-scale fisheries. It is a fishing method based on traditional marine ecological knowledge such as seabed topography, water current and fish migration. It evolves with environmental conditions, and is a living marine cultural heritage. In the past ten years, we have conducted a series of experimental archaeology studies on traditional shipbuilding, traditional navigation and traditional longline fishing. The studies expanded the boundary of marine ecological knowledge. This introduces a special perspective on the effects of climate change towards marine ecology and other external conditions. We aim to explore feasible coexistence with underwater cultural heritage and maritime cultural heritage by exploring the role of Amoy’s longline fishing as an innovative precision fishing technology. We work to teach local communities to use traditional methods to carry out non-destructive, accurate and efficient productive fishing in the complex environment of underwater cultural heritage (UCH). We promote the variable longline fishing for nomination on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, developed from the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. List of Figure Figure 1: Detected Seabed Topography and Sediment Using a Sounding Lead INTRODUCTION In the past twenty years, we have conducted a series of experimental archaeology studies on traditional shipbuilding and navigation, and have also come into contact with traditional fishing techniques closely related to them. Among them, we conducted a special study on the local history of Amoy longline fishing (Xu 2018) and successfully included it in the local intangible cultural heritage list. However, it is precisely because of being in the East Asian cultural zones where Chinese characters or even certain dialects are used, it is difficult for mainstream academia to understand the field research-based technological history or intangible cultural heritage. As the issue of UCH is increasingly receiving attention to address major global threats, such as climate change, we urgently hope to introduce and promote Amoy variable longline fishing to the world. Its ‘variable’ is an understanding and technical logic that is adjusted to respond to changes in the marine environment and other external conditions. As an easy to learn and localized marine knowledge system, the variable longline fishing can coexist sustainably with underwater cultural heritage in various regions of the world. CASE STUDIES Longline fishing may first appear in the Iron Age after the prehistoric stone tidal weirs and tidal zones gathered. The longline fishing operation is called ‘Banggun’ in Hokkien dialect, which 1 �‘Gun’ refers to a specialized fishing line. The variable longline fishing is based on the data of seabed topography and sediment morphology of the target fisheries detected by iron sounding lead. For fishermen engaged in longline fishing the bottom of the sea has its hills and valleys like the land, and they acquire an intimate acquaintance with its contours and the type of bottom to be expected in each locality. This knowledge is supplemented by the data of wind direction, wind force, tidal direction and velocity, the habits and rules of different water colors, upper, middle and lower water layers, and different fish habitat and migration,; so as to adjust the specifications of longline fishing gear and bait form according to the conditions of the operation site of target fish species. It can avoid catching young fish and non-targeted fish species by no selectivity. This traditional fishing technique involves releasing a main line from a boat into the sea, with a certain number of branch lines tied at a certain distance to the main line, and each branch line ends with a fishing hook with bait attached. Each basket of longline is equipped with sinking stones and buoys at the head and tail, which are used to control the main and branch lines in specific depths of water. This traps adult fish in specific water layers. According to the different fishing layers and fish species, longline fishing can be divided into two types of operations: fixed fishing and floating fishing. According to the combination of fishing vessels, it can also be divided into single vessel operation and barge-carrier operation. Each basket of longline is equipped with more than 10 to 100 branch line fish hooks based on the size of the fish hooks. During operation, first release the first buoy and sinker, then place the longline, with a buoy mark attached between each basket longline, and a tail basket tube mark attached to the end of the last basket longline. In the Wanli year of the Ming Dynasty, it was recorded that fishermen in southern Fujian had already mastered the migration patterns of hairtail fish in the East China Sea by late sixteenth century and pursued shoals of fish. They crossed provinces and transferred to the waters of southern Zhejiang for operation. According to a historical painting from the Himi City Museum collection dating back to 1785 in Japan, long line fishing was introduced to the coastal areas of northern Japan during the Edo period (1603-1615 CE), and was used to catch snapper and cod in offshore areas (Figure 1). 2 �Figure 1: Detected Seabed Topography and Sediment Using a Sounding Lead The earliest professional investigation into the fishing industry in Xiamen began in 1922. Investigators from the Water Obstetrics Department of Jimei School claimed there were 150 fishing boats engaged in longline fishing in Xiamen (Zhang 1922). According to statistical data from 1930 to 1931, Xiamen's fishing industry was particularly prosperous, with fishing boats and boats operating in Xiamen. The annual fishing output was approximately one million yuan silver dollar (Su 1931). Another data from the same period shows there are over 120 fishing boats of all sizes in Xiamen; with over 4000 fishermen, with an annual fishing output worth approximately one million yuan silver dollar (Huang 1933). Amoy variable longline fishing can not only use low-cost simple fishing gear to make small scale producers quickly grasp and benefit, but also combine with modern large fishing boats, fish carriers, echometer, hydraulic and electric winches to achieve relatively high production efficiency. Amoy's variable longline fishing tradition is also rare in the world where women and men work together at sea and get equal payment for equal work. Further, organizing the fishing gear can be carried out on land, providing job opportunities for unskilled laborers. Amoy's variable longline fishing established a deity revered as the ‘Diao Caowang (King of Longline Fishing Vessels)’ during a period of uncertain times. It is enshrined in a specialized temple called the ‘Long Zhu Dian (Dragon Ball Temple)’, forming a unique folk religion. At this location we collected sounding hammers, navigation compasses, stone anchors, sinking stones, buoys and other ancient longline fishing tool remains. In May 2015, the historic home port of Amoy's variable longline fishing, Shapowei, was permanently closed for redevelopment into a tourist spot. Its fishers were told to stay away (Liang 2018). 3 �RESOURCES The variable longline fishing technology mastered by fishermen in Xiamen is also a common technology that’s heritage is based on thousands of years of practical human experience. This tool is simple, easy to learn, scalable, and transferable, which can quickly provide local sustainable blue food to local communities, making a significant contribution to economic benefits. But so far, there has been relatively limited historical research and technical observation, and there has been a lack of fishermen taking the lead and standing from the perspective of fishermen. Since 2015, we established a community of interests with Xiamen longline fishermen who just lost their fishing work. We have systematically sorted out the eight series of methods for their longline fishing gear for the first time, extracted technical logic, and applied for inclusion in the local intangible cultural heritage list. We have organized a technology transfer team to inherit the variable longline fishing techniques of Fujian and Zhejiang from the offshore to the open sea, allowing fishermen to return to the ocean and use friendly fish resources for variable longline fishing instead of net fishing. The veteran fishermen in Xiamen Port are an important component of this team, mainly responsible for technology transfer work, while members of our organization provide project assistance and management work. We hope that based on the success of the project, local fishermen who have made changes due to our help can also become members of our fishermen's technical team to help other regions. At the same time, we also assist them in forming their own teams and copying our solution model to promote variable longline fishing. This returns a common technological heritage of humanity to society. We hope to promote and teach variable longline fishing technology to the world, especially low-income coastal areas. The co-author of this paper, Yu Longfa, is the most famous fisherman in Xiamen longline fishing industry. He has over 50 years of marine fishing experience in Fujian fishing grounds, Zhejiang, and Taiwan Strait, and is also a representative inheritor of Xiamen's intangible cultural heritage of longline fishing techniques. FRAMEWORK The crisis of global marine fish resources is mainly caused by the large-scale and undifferentiated centralized net fishing of recent decades. A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture issued at 6th Workshop on Lipid Nutrition and Metabolism in Aquatic Animals of China, aqua feeds are reliant on fish meal and fish oil sourced from wild-captured forage fish. Increasing use of forage fish is unsustainable. About 70% fishmeal and fish oil are used in aquaculture. Currently we do not have exact data on the cost of dozens to hundreds of wild captured forage fish needed to feed an adult cultured fish. Variable longline fishing does allow for accurate numbers of captured adult wild fish. This is undoubtedly better for ecosystem health than aquaculture and other methods of fishing. So where and how is any solution currently being applied? The innovative approach of Amoy variable longline fishing solution is reflected in the following aspects: 1. Technological innovation: a set of strict technical logic. Sort out the key factors and 4 �important links, helping fishermen to develop sustainable longline fishing programs based on local geographical conditions and current status of fishery resources,. This provides innovative paths for the future implementation of the control of total amount in fishery resources. 2. Innovation of promotion methods: the fishermen who master the variable longline technology get better benefits than any other fishing methods as soon as possible. This promotes the replacement of net fishing and other fishing methods. 3. Community friendly Innovation: let local fishermen increase their income. Encourage women and disabled people to participate in learning and production, and support teenager experience. 4. Overall solution Innovation: through the collection and analysis of the first-hand data of the operation site, transformed previous static fishing data into real-time dynamic guidance. The project provides data and technical support for the future fishing traceability, origin certification, format planning, and quota management. 5. Sustainable innovation: studying the sea conditions and fish conditions from local fishermen, setting fishing gear for trial operation, adjusting fishing gear for trial operation again, formulating local operation methods and compiling operation guidelines, teaching local fishermen operation techniques, replacing existing fishing methods with variable longline fishing for offshore production operations to measure the solution impact, write reports and put forward suggestions on utilization and protection of local marine fishery resources. Then the living standard of fishermen in the project implementation area can significantly improve, and the marine fish resources are significantly protected. This is measured annually, and can be expanded to more areas. The operation tradition and future promotion of Amoy variable longline fishing technology adheres to the most restrained environmental footprint, are the first local fishermen to use a small single fishing boat with a length of less than 10 meters for nearshore operation. In contrast, the fishery harvest is family operated, with surplus sold in local markets. Where conditions are sufficient, it is considered to develop into a consortium of fishermen. This uses vessels of 20 meters length, adopts the mode of sub mother-ship operation, takes the location as the center for offshore operation and the catch enters the market circulation system and the online direct-to-consumers sales system. Sailing fishing vessels can be used for the single vessel operation and the production operation of sub and mother-vessels of Amoy variable longline fishing technology. Even if the diesel engine is used as the power engine, it consumes little petroleum fuel. Small fishing boats are usually equipped with two 8 HP engines, with a speed of 5-6 knots and an average fuel consumption of 6 litres per hour. Coastal operations usually consume 6-12 litres of diesel per voyage. For fishing operations up to 20 nautical miles offshore, 60-70 litres of diesel oil are usually consumed per voyage. Take the example of the Amoy variable longline replacement demonstration project of Zhoushan Zhongjieshan islands in 2020-2021 funded by World Wildlife Fund (WWF). We first coached the local government to establish a specialized NGO organization as the specific implementer of the project. Through their collaboration with local marine fishery administrative authorities and marine nature reserve management authorities, we mobilize local fishermen, and 5 �then send a technical team of Amoy old fishermen for technology transfer work. CONCLUSIONS This paper focuses on Amoy variable longline fishing, exploring the history and technical logic of this unique local traditional marine ecological knowledge system. Here, we point out the value of its intangible cultural heritage and physical remains. Based on this, we explore the possibility of continuous innovation as a solution for non-destructive, accurate, and efficient production fishing in complex water bodies. We also seek a solution for sustainable development of marine fish resources and low energy consumption production fishing. We aim to replace other fishing methods that may cause damage to seabed sediments in various water areas including UCH, and support a vital fishing industry for local fishermen including those in the site protection areas. We are concerned about marine cultural heritage in the face of climate change and global economic recession. We also care for marine life and marine livelihoods. Humans need food, and with limited land resources, they naturally turn to huge ocean resources. Human wisdom should be used to develop marine resources in a sustainable manner. Amoy old fishermen said that in the history of longline fishing, there have been more and more fish in the sea. Longline fishing seems to be negotiating with the Dragon King. I'll catch your son and I'll keep your grandson. The young fish won't take the bait. The catch of the hooked fish is far less than the breeding quantity, so the fish will naturally be able to reproduce.’ Bibliography Huang Zhiyan. “Report on the Investigation of the Life of Fishermen in Xiamen Port.” China Construction Monthly (Nanjing) 7, no. 3, (1933): 125-140. Liang, Chenyu,. “So Long, Xiamen Fishers, and Thanks for All the Fish.” Sixth Tone 11 July, 2018. Available through: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mFL_NlGfpzkSfgE-EV5_cQ Su Jingyu, Chen Peizhen, and Xie Yunsheng (Eds.), 1931. Guide Xiamen, Chapter 8: Industry, Marine Products. Xin Min Shu She, Xiamen. Xu, Lu. “Amoy Longline Fishing: Going Our or To Flee.” The Paper [Pengpai News] 8 October 2018. Available through: https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2472837 Zhang Rongchang. “Fisheries in Xiamen.” Fisheries. Alumni Association of Jiangsu Provincial Fisheries School 4 (1922): 39-44. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Variable Longline Fishing: The History and Sustainable Innovation of a Traditional Marine Ecological Knowledge Description An account of the resource Amoy variable longline fishing is an efficient, accurate and controllable traditional fishing technique created by Amoy fisherman, which has been popular in the Taiwan Strait and Zhoushan fisheries for hundreds of years. It was replaced by seine and trawl since the 1970s but continues to exist with inshore small-scale fisheries. It is a fishing method based on traditional marine ecological knowledge such as seabed topography, water current and fish migration. It evolves with environmental conditions, and is a living marine cultural heritage. In the past ten years, we have conducted a series of experimental archaeology studies on traditional shipbuilding, traditional navigation and traditional longline fishing. The studies expanded the boundary of marine ecological knowledge. This introduces a special perspective on the effects of climate change towards marine ecology and other external conditions. We aim to explore feasible coexistence with underwater cultural heritage and maritime cultural heritage by exploring the role of Amoy’s longline fishing as an innovative precision fishing technology. We work to teach local communities to use traditional methods to carry out non-destructive, accurate and efficient productive fishing in the complex environment of underwater cultural heritage (UCH). We promote the variable longline fishing for nomination on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, developed from the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xu Lu Yu LongFa Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Xu, Lu and Long Fa Yu. 2023. “Variable Longline Fishing: The History and Sustainable Innovation of a Traditional Marine Ecological Knowledge.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune.” In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1886 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/da4601c647dd5db7bf4ceca51c412542.pdf 3df9243455527140ce0a95af4d2450d8 PDF Text Text Development of Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration: The Case of the Destroyer Warabi, Which Sank in the Mihonoseki Incident Masami Sannoh1 (m_sannoh@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp) Keitaro Ohara3, 4 (keitaro230@outlook.jp) Kotaro Yamafune1, 5 (apparatus.japan@gmail.com) Yasumasa Ichikawa1, 2 (ichikawa@world-scan-project.com) Ryohei Uetaki1, 2 (uetaki@world-scan-project.com) Hayate Kimura1 (kimura.hayate.275@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp) Masaya Katagiri2 (masaya.katagiri@world-scan-project.com) Takashi Kitsuda6 (T-kitsuda@hydro-sys.com) Tomoyuki Nishio7 (nishio@asahic.co.jp) Toshiyuki Ohara3 (toshi.seamaster@gmail.com) Hironobu Kan1 (kan@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp) 1 Kyushu University, 2World Scan Project, Inc., 3Houki Cultural Research Society, 4Shimane University, 5Apparatus LLC, 6Hydro Systems Development, Inc., 7Asahi Consultant Co. ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract is most appropriate for this Session 1, as it deals with the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). The case study will be based on the discovery and digital recording of the warship destroyer Warabi, which sank in 1927 in the Sea of Japan and has since been lost. We use state of the art technology at depths between 95m and 180m. Resources available for the work include multibeam acoustic sounding and photography using ROVs, and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. The research questions are developed out of the identification and condition of UCH at great depths, as difficult and not well documented or conserved. The results will contribute significantly to the development of research methods in underwater archaeology. INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper fits best into this Session 1 because it is about the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). Although this study is about archiving underwater war sites, the methodology can be adapted to UCH generally. CASE STUDIES The research focuses on the case study of the Japanese destroyer Warabi, which sank in the Sea of Japan in 1927 and has been missing ever since. Using cutting-edge technology, the research team located and digitally recorded the wreck of the Warabi at a depth of 95 to 180 metres (m) on the seabed. Warabi was a destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which was involved in a multiple collision later known as the Mihonoseki Incident, in which a total of 119 people were killed or missing. This accident was influenced by the Washington Naval Treaty. To compensate for the numerical disadvantage, the Imperial Japanese Navy conducted a night exercise at Mihonoseki on 24 August 1927. The ships sailed under cover of darkness with all lights out. They navigated at extremely close range. This created a very dangerous situation. In addition, a combination of factors led to collisions between the light cruiser Jintsu and the destroyer Warabi. Along with collisions between the light cruiser Naka and the destroyer Ashi. Jintsu and Naka suffered significant damage to their bow sections, while Ashi lost part of her stern but managed to avoid sinking. However, Jintsu's oblique collision split Warabi's hull in two and she sank. Immediately after the sinking, both the Navy and residents conducted search operations around the presumed location where Warabi sank, but only 22 people were rescued, and most of the crew remained missing and presumed dead. 1 �Over 90 years have passed since the incident, and although there are some records of where the Warabi sank, its exact whereabouts remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the sinking of the Warabi. RESOURCES The resources available to carry out this research were bathymetry multibeam sonar, photogrammetry using ROV imagery and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. There are several oral histories that report locations of the sinking of the Warabi, but after organizing the existing records and information from local fishermen, it was narrowed down to four locations. One of these four locations, although shallower than the recorded depths, was known to local fishermen as ‘Gunkan (Warship). Warabi was used as a fishing reef. It was known there was an object on the seabed. In order to obtain accurate position measurements and understand its shape, a bathymetric survey using multibeam sonar was conducted in May 2020. The multibeam sonar Teledyne Reson Seabat T50P with a frequency range of 190-420 kilohertz (kHz) was used with a maximum swath angle of 165 degrees, and beam width of 0.5-1 degrees (using 400 kHz) at 512 beams. In addition, an SBG NvSight Apogee inertial navigation system and a Teledyne Reson SVP70 real-time sound velocity profiler were used. The survey area was approximately 1.5×1.5 kilometres around the fishing reef points. The results of the multibeam survey showed a location with an elevation at a depth of approximately 96m on the seabed, with a length of approximately 54m, a height of 5.4m and a maximum width of 8.3m. The shape was similar to that of a ship, but asymmetrical at the front and back. A search was conducted within a radius of approximately 600m from this location, but no other seabed elevations were found. In order to investigate the nature of the uplift, underwater filming was carried out in September 2020 using an ROV (CHASING M2) at the locations obtained from the multibeam survey. For this investigation, a filming device called MURAKUMO, which could be installed on the ROV, was developed and deployed. Following the ROV survey, it was determined the mass at the survey site was the wreckage of an iron sunken ship. The shipwreck was covered in numerous fishing nets and most of the structures on the deck had collapsed, with the hull partially punctured. The shape of the bow was well preserved and had the characteristic "spoon bow", which is also a feature of the destroyer Warabi. The shape suggested that it was probably the forward part of Warabi's hull, although the aft part was not found in the vicinity. The location where the sunken ship, believed to be the forward section of the Warabi's hull, was discovered was approximately 15km from the previously recorded sinking area, based on historical records. While the Warabi is believed to have sunk rapidly, it is now possible that the forward section did not sink at the collision point, but drifted and sank at its present location. To confirm the existence of the stern section of the Warabi, a new survey using multibeam sonar and ROV was conducted in July 2021 in an area known by some fishermen as 'Gunkan-ba’ (warship area), where there were occasional sonar responses. The water depth in this area was 180m, twice as deep as the previous survey area. Firstly, a multibeam sonar survey was carried out over an area of 2.5×2.5 km using the same equipment as the previous year (Seabat T50P). This identified detailed areas of significant uplift and showed that what was previously thought to be a single uplift consisted of three larger uplifts and several smaller ones. The length of the Warabi bow was measured using multibeam data from the previous year and the length of the Warabi aft was estimated. Among several topographic rises. A rise that appeared to be close to the shape of Warabi was selected and surveyed by ROV. As the water depth in this area was 180 m and the ROV and filming accessories used in the previous year's survey could not be used 2 �because they exceeded the pressure-resistant limit, an underwater drone, BlueROV2 manufactured by Blue Robotics, was used and a newly developed filming device, MURAKUMO, was mounted. The ROV survey confirmed cylindrical structures similar to the third turret of the Warabi, portholes and torpedo launchers. In addition, as the hull was destroyed in the middle, leaving only the aft section, it was determined that it was most likely the destroyer Warabi. Based on a large amount of photographic data taken by the MURAKUMO photographic device mounted on the ROV, photogrammetric 3D data of the front and aft parts of the Warabi hull were created. Analysis this 3D data indicates the hull shape of the front and aft sections together closely resembles that of the destroyer Warabi. This is consistent with the fact the destroyer Warabi was broken up and sunk in a collision with the light cruiser Jintsu. The aft of Warabi immediately sank to the seabed and the bow drifted approximately 15 km below the sea surface it its present location. Considering that the front section drifted 15 km, the presence of multiple potential sinking sites may indicate the wreckage of the destroyed ship is scattered and submerged in various areas. FRAMEWORK The aim of the research is to identify, evaluate and archive UCH at great depths. As water depth increases, visibility and the influence of currents become challenging factors. The use of ROVs requires their location and managing cables. In addition, reaching the target objects and performing photogrammetry in such environments is extremely challenging. In this survey, by successfully locating the Warabi and achieving its 3D reconstruction through photogrammetry, it has been possible to pinpoint the collision site, locate and record Warabi's hull and identify other UCH. RESULTS The research methodology used in this study provides an efficient and highly accurate approach to the acquisition and documentation of detailed seafloor maps and the archiving of UCH. The use of 3D data allows for high-resolution and accurate representations, making a significant contribution to future research on UCH. ACKOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to Captain Akira Ohara of the JOY MARINE, who provided the research vessel and contributed to the discovery of Warabi with exceptional navigational skills. We would also like to thank the members of the Mihonoseki Incident Memorial Association for their generous information and cooperation in the investigation. We are truly grateful for their assistance. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP 16H06309 and JP 21K00991. 3 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of Methods for Underwater Cultural Heritage Exploration: The Case of the Destroyer Warabi, Which Sank in the Mihonoseki Incident Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract is most appropriate for this Session 1, as it deals with the preservation and use of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in East Asia (Japan). The case study will be based on the discovery and digital recording of the warship destroyer Warabi, which sank in 1927 in the Sea of Japan and has since been lost. We use state of the art technology at depths between 95m and 180m. Resources available for the work include multibeam acoustic sounding and photography using ROVs, and 3D photogrammetry using PC software. The research questions are developed out of the identification and condition of UCH at great depths, as difficult and not well documented or conserved. The results will contribute significantly to the development of research methods in underwater archaeology. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Masami Sannoh Keitaro Ohara Kotaro Yamafune Yasumasa Ichikawa Ryohei Uetaki Hayate Kimura Masaya Katagiri Takashi Kitsuda Tomoyuki Nishio Toshiyuki Ohara Hironobu Kan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Sannoh, Masami. 2023. “Development of methods for underwater cultural heritage exploration. ―The case of the destroyer Warabi, which sank in the Mihonoseki Incident.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1887 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/d37f32241d20ff64236ffa7c4e0995be.pdf 2cd7d98f879376cfddfa48b9d503424c PDF Text Text Protection and Utilization of Underwater Cultural Heritage Bao Chun Lei (Hainan Museum, chunleibao2002@163.com) ABSTRACT The topic of this abstract fits best within this session, because underwater cultural heritage (UCH) are remains of ancient human civilization. Ancient maritime trade promoted economic and cultural exchange among coastal countries, and promoted the development of world civilization. They are very precious historical information and rare physical data. The case study under consideration are ancient ships and its accompanying UCH in the South China Sea. I briefly discuss the protection of the UCH and explore their development and utilization. Only by developing and utilizing UCH can the study of ancient civilization continue. The resources available to conduct the work include mainly taking ‘Huaguang Reef I’, ‘Nanhai I’, ‘Nanao I’ and other shipwrecks and their UCH as examples. I study the historical evolution and transformation of the three shipwrecks, as well as the cargo such as pottery, metal and the wooden hull. Creative products and related themes and activities are developed according to their historical characteristics, so as to let the cultural relics speak. The research approach is through the development and research of these cases whereby audience can walk into the site that stores the ancient ships, these are tourist attractions. The income from tickets or cultural and creative products provides financial support for the protection and maintenance of ancient ships and UCH. The results are forming a virtuous circle and bringing immeasurable cultural influence. INTRODUCTION The topic of this paper fits best within the session ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’. Ancient maritime trades have promoted economic and cultural exchanges among coastal countries and developed the histories of world civilizations, providing valuable historical information and rare materials. China has a long history of ancient maritime activities, and the continuous discoveries of shipwrecks from the past reveal its once-thriving maritime trade. The extensive history of maritime transportation has resulted in a rich underwater cultural heritage. Although China started its efforts for underwater cultural heritage relatively late, it has developed a series of advanced protection concepts such as ‘in-situ protection and overall salvage’. These concepts have greatly enhanced and deepened the understanding of underwater cultural heritage protection by conducting surveys of underwater cultural heritage and promoting public participation. In contact with seawater, substances undergo varying degrees of dissolution and corrosion. This damage primarily occurs due to the interaction of chemical, physical, and biological activities in seawater. The extent of damage to cultural heritage, which may have been submerged for hundreds or even thousands of years, can be imagined. Cultural heritage that has been underwater for centuries experiences deterioration, and the rate of deterioration accelerates after it is removed from the water due to rapid changes in the preservation environment. This is especially true for metal and water-saturated wooden artefacts, which can suffer from corrosion and cracking if not rescued and protected properly. Such damage can be irreversible. Preservation methods for underwater cultural heritage vary depending on the materials involved. Desalination and dehydration are the first necessary treatments. Salt substances present within raised artefacts pose a significant hidden danger to ceramics, metalware, and even wooden artefacts. The presence of salt can lead to glaze loss in ceramics and cyclic corrosion in metalware. Deionized water is the most cost-effective method for desalination, while complexing agents are used to remove sulfur iron compound salts from wooden relics. Additionally, some artefacts may be covered in a layer of white scale or even the remains of marine organisms. These should be preserved in a way that does not hinder historical research, as they serve as evidence and features of the underwater cultural heritage. The subsequent steps of restoration do not differ significantly from those applied to artefacts found on land. 1 �CASE STUDIES The case studies considered in this context include the following: the Song Dynasty shipwreck in Houzhu Port in Quanzhou Bay, the underwater inscription on Baiheliang in Chongqing, the Song Dynasty shipwreck of ‘Nanhai I’, the Ming Dynasty shipwreck of ‘Nanao I’, and the Southern Song shipwreck of ‘Huaguangjiao I’. Museums, along with their assistive technology products, are valuable resources for conducting this work. Museums serve as institutions for knowledge production, information dissemination, protection, education, research, and outreach. They should actively engage in social activities and respond to social changes, not merely exhibiting collections but also guiding public participation and contributing to local community development. In recent years, the three-fold concept of underwater cultural heritage in Chinese museums, namely ‘Display, Protection, and Research’, has become increasingly evident. Various museums, such as the Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong, Guangdong Museum, China Port Museum, and Hainan Museum, have successively established specialized laboratories for underwater cultural heritage protection based on ancient shipwrecks such as ‘Nanhai I’, ‘Nanao I’, ‘Xiaobaijiao I’, and ‘Huaguangjiao I’. These museums have developed systematic displays and research on underwater cultural heritage. Moreover, they have incorporated network communication technologies such as the internet, big data, cloud computing, 5G, and artificial intelligence into their exhibitions. These technologies are rapidly transforming the ways in which people interact with museums, deepening museums' involvement in local society across all aspects. They also present new challenges and opportunities for development. Among the technologies utilized by museums, cloud exhibitions and digital displays stand out, allowing audiences to enjoy museum exhibition information from the comfort of their homes. Such technologies also promote the protection and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. As an example, at ‘the 9th China Museum and Related Products and Technology Expo’ in 2022, China (Hainan) Nanhai Museum employed advanced 5G+ VR technology. This allowed visitors at the exhibition site in Zhengzhou, thousands of kilometers away from the South China Sea, to virtually experience the island of Sansha, providing a real-life experience spanning thousands of miles. Through this technology, the museum effectively enhanced its audience service, cultural artifact restoration, and security management capabilities. The research question for museums revolves around how to effectively utilize and promote the protection of underwater cultural heritage. The artefacts recovered from underwater sites enrich the museum's collections and inspire ideas and perspectives on the protection and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. With the growing recognition of the value of underwater cultural heritage, the number of maritime museums worldwide has significantly increased. Underwater cultural heritage has become a significant resource for many museums, and advancements in technology have made the exhibition of underwater cultural heritage more engaging and immersive. Modern digital technology and multimedia exhibition methods have enabled museums to showcase not only small artefacts that were easily raised from the water but also underwater archaeological sites that are challenging to retrieve. These technologies have made underwater cultural heritage more accessible to the general public, creating vivid and interactive exhibitions that capture the imagination of visitors. With the advent of new technologies, museums are leveraging underwater cultural heritage to develop innovative museum displays. One notable example is the Song Dynasty shipwreck in Houzhu Port, located in Quanzhou Bay, which is among the earliest historical shipwrecks excavated in Chinese waters. To create a compelling exhibition for this shipwreck, the government decided to construct the ‘Quanzhou Bay Ancient Ship Exhibition Hall’ within the local Kaiyuan Temple. The exhibition hall is designed with two floors. The lower floor features the physical display of the shipwreck, allowing visitors to view the actual remains. On the upper floor, the exhibition content encompasses a ‘three-in-one’ display, showcasing the port, shipwreck archaeology, and artefacts associated with the site. This integrated approach provides visitors with a comprehensive understanding of the historical context and significance of the shipwreck. The success of the ‘Ancient Ship Exhibition Hall’ in Quanzhou has had a profound impact on the exhibition design for historical shipwrecks in many other 2 �museums. The exhibition system pioneered by Quanzhou's museum has become a symbol of China's utilization of underwater cultural heritage, and its replication in other museums reflects its effectiveness and influence in showcasing and preserving these valuable artefacts. The year 2009 marked a significant milestone in the innovative integration of underwater cultural heritage protection and museums in China. The practices of ‘in-situ protection’ and ‘relocation protection’ of underwater cultural heritage at the Chongqing Baiheliang Underwater Museum and the Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum were recognized by UNESCO as exemplary cases of protection and utilization. These initiatives showcase China's ingenuity and expertise in cultural heritage preservation and utilization. The Baiheliang site in Chongqing is renowned for its ancient inscriptions and stone fish carvings, which document hydrological information about the Yangtze River spanning over 1,200 years, including more than 60 years of dry periods. UNESCO recognizes it as ‘the world's first ancient hydrological station’ due to its remarkable preservation. However, with the completion of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, the Baiheliang site would be submerged. To safeguard this invaluable cultural heritage, an underwater museum was constructed based on the concept of ‘building a museum on the original site, preserving the environment in its original state, and displaying it in its original state’. Visitors to the Baiheliang Underwater Museum can descend via escalator to the stone carving exhibition area located 38 meters underwater. Even individuals without diving skills can admire the white crane beam through display windows. This groundbreaking presentation method, which allows non-diving visitors to access underwater heritage, had not been attempted by museums worldwide before. UNESCO hailed it as the ‘world's first non-diving accessible underwater heritage museum’. Subsequently, other countries, such as Italy, adopted a similar underwater display approach. For instance, in the Bay of Camarina in Sicily, Italy, a transparent underwater corridor was constructed, enabling people to enter the water from the shore and closely observe one of the ‘stone pillar wrecks’. These pioneering efforts in China and their subsequent replication in other parts of the world demonstrate the innovative and influential role that China's underwater cultural heritage protection and utilization practices have played in enhancing public accessibility and appreciation of submerged archaeological sites. The protection project of the ‘Nanhai I’, Song Dynasty shipwreck, is another remarkable example of the relocation and preservation of underwater cultural heritage. Through the ‘overall salvage’ initiative, the entire shipwreck site was relocated to the purpose-built Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum for archaeological excavation, scientific research, conservation, and exhibition purposes. This comprehensive approach to salvaging and protecting the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck represents a unique and innovative methodology and system for the preservation and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. It enables a seamless connection between excavation, protection, and exhibition within the museum, providing a holistic understanding of the historical context. The relocation and protection of the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck demonstrate the ingenuity of Chinese museums in safeguarding and showcasing underwater cultural heritage. The success of this methodology and system has proven its effectiveness in both heritage preservation and generating social benefits. In recent years, leveraging the power of the ‘Internet+’ and digital resources, the excavated artefacts have been widely utilized in social education, cultural and creative product development, animation and game creation, and the integration of new media technologies such as online live streaming, children's game consoles, message touch machines, naked-eye 3D studios, and VR or AR experiences. These advancements have significantly enhanced the interaction between museums and their audiences, amplifying the dissemination of historical and cultural knowledge related to the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck. The utilization of digital resources and new media technologies has greatly enriched the visitor experience, enabling a more immersive and interactive exploration of the history and cultural significance associated with the ‘Nanhai I’ shipwreck. In 2007, fishermen made a significant discovery in the three-point golden sea southeast of Nanao Island in Guangdong Province. They stumbled upon an ancient shipwreck from the Ming Dynasty, which had been missing for over 400 years. The shipwreck, named ‘Nanao I’, underwent subsequent excavation and recovery efforts. Between 2010 and 2012, underwater archaeological excavations took place, resulting in the retrieval of over 27,000 artefacts. The majority of these artefacts were blue and white porcelain, accompanied by pottery, metalware, wood, stone tools, and other items. Additionally, 3 �24,000 copper coins, 29,000 bead tube ornaments, as well as organic and inorganic specimens like fruit pits, tuber crops, and mercury were found. After the completion of the underwater archaeology project in 2012, ‘Nanao I’ was covered by a large probe frame to preserve its hull at the original site. The raised artefacts were transported to the museum for conservation treatment, where they are now displayed. The Nanao County Coastal Defense History Museum hosts an exhibition centered around the ‘Nanao I’ shipwreck. Visitors can embark on a high-fidelity virtual journey aboard an ancient wooden boat, wearing 360° VR equipment. Through the ‘VR Sailing Experience: ‘Nanao I’ Silk Road Story’ special 3D cartoon, visitors are transported back in time to the prosperous Ming Dynasty. They can explore vivid historical scenes, immersing themselves in the magnificent and longstanding legend of marine trade. The exhibition also features the ‘South Australia I’ VR panoramic navigation experience platform. By utilizing intelligent and information technology, this project presents intricate historical narratives, enhances the exhibition's quality, and effectively disseminates its themes and content. Visitors can wear 360° VR equipment for the ‘Underwater Archaeology VR’ project, simulating the experience of being an archaeological team member diving deep underwater to conduct underwater excavations. The exhibition hall also includes a restored model of the ‘Nanao I’ wreck, showcasing the shipwreck scene, cargo, and surrounding underwater world. Various artefacts from the ‘Nanao I’, such as seabed stones, plates, bowls, and jars, are exhibited to demonstrate the cultural relics of Nanao Port and South Australia, highlighting the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road. The three-dimensional surround sound effect further immerses visitors in the experience. An integral part of the exhibition's quality enhancement is the QR code self-service guide system. These QR codes facilitate multi-terminal adaptation, allowing visitors to access information on museum exhibits, real-life scenes, and virtual immersive experiences through digital collections. This system provides self-service automatic explanations, enhancing visitors' viewing experiences and improving the overall service quality of the exhibition hall. The ‘Nanao I’ Aquatic Cultural Relics Exhibition at Shantou Museum drew over 20,000 visitors in just over a month. Furthermore, the Guangdong Provincial Museum collaborated with the National Institute of Marine Cultural Properties of Korea to host the ‘Nanao I: Ming Dynasty Maritime Trade’ exhibition. This marked the first overseas cooperation of Guangdong Provincial Museum for an underwater archaeology exhibition. It is worth noting that the ‘Nanao I’ shipwreck site was selected as one of the ‘National Top Ten Archaeological New Discoveries’, signifying its significance in the field of underwater archaeology in China. CONCLUSIONS Chinese museums have embraced the rich underwater cultural heritage resources and are utilizing them in diverse and innovative ways. One such example is the Hainan Provincial Museum, which has curated a series of exhibitions centered around the artefacts recovered from the sunken ship ‘Huaguangjiao I’ in the Xisha Islands. These exhibitions aim to showcase the essence and stories of the sunken ship, particularly in relation to the history of maritime trade and the Maritime Silk Road. Notably, the exhibitions titled ‘Direction of the Sea: Special Exhibition on Huaguangjiao I Sunken Ship’ and ‘Pan Boat of the South China Sea: Exhibition on the Maritime Civilization of the South China Sea’ have both received the prestigious National Top Ten Exhibition Awards, a rare achievement in the field of exhibitions. Another noteworthy endeavor is the ‘Silk Road Sailing Far’ exhibition led by the Fujian Provincial Museum. This exhibition brings together artefacts from over 50 museums nationwide to comprehensively depict the extensive and magnificent history of the Maritime Silk Road. Alongside other historical artefacts, the exhibition also showcases underwater archaeological achievements, highlighting the importance of maritime heritage in the context of the Silk Road. These initiatives demonstrate the commitment of Chinese museums to utilize underwater cultural heritage to tell compelling stories and shed light on the historical significance of maritime trade routes like the Maritime Silk Road. By integrating artefacts recovered from underwater sites, these exhibitions offer visitors a unique perspective on the past and contribute to a deeper understanding of China's rich maritime history. Bibliography Wei J., 2020. Museum Display of China’s Underwater Cultural Heritages. Chinese Museum. Vol. 3: 9-16. Maritime Silk Road Museum of Guangdong. Available through: https://www.msrmuseum.com/Home 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Protection and Utilization of Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource The topic of this abstract fits best within this session, because underwater cultural heritage (UCH) are remains of ancient human civilization. Ancient maritime trade promoted economic and cultural exchange among coastal countries, and promoted the development of world civilization. They are very precious historical information and rare physical data. The case study under consideration are ancient ships and its accompanying UCH in the South China Sea. I briefly discuss the protection of the UCH and explore their development and utilization. Only by developing and utilizing UCH can the study of ancient civilization continue. The resources available to conduct the work include mainly taking ‘Huaguang Reef I’, ‘Nanhai I’, ‘Nanao I’ and other shipwrecks and their UCH as examples. I study the historical evolution and transformation of the three shipwrecks, as well as the cargo such as pottery, metal and the wooden hull. Creative products and related themes and activities are developed according to their historical characteristics, so as to let the cultural relics speak. The research approach is through the development and research of these cases whereby audience can walk into the site that stores the ancient ships, these are tourist attractions. The income from tickets or cultural and creative products provides financial support for the protection and maintenance of ancient ships and UCH. The results are forming a virtuous circle and bringing immeasurable cultural influence. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bao Chun Lei Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Bao, Chun Lei. 2023. “Protection and utilization of marine cultural relics.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1888 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/c29bff2dc08d3f3411aea8154ee8713b.pdf eb3d7d0db832b0163408a2e10de5b203 PDF Text Text When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage Chiung-Hui Fu (National Academy of Marine Research / National Cheng Kung University, cathyfu886@gmail.com) Yu-Chuan Tseng (National Academy of Marine Research, a24725169@gmail.com) Shao-Jung Chung (National Academy of Marine Research, shaorong28@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a newly developed interdisciplinary field in which historical research is indispensable. According to the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of UCH, the desk-based study of historical, archaeological, geological, and environmental data is necessary for the preliminary work of inventory. Then researchers conjecture sensitive areas after analyzing and integrating the above information. The Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan are important historical sites for the political activities of the Dutch East India Company and the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in the 17th century. According to preliminary conclusions from the historical documents, Dutch shipwrecks may have been buried in the shoals and wetlands around the mouths of the Zengwen to Yanshui River or the land area of Anping District, Tainan City. If there are discoveries, they will be significant material evidence of Taiwan's history in the Age of Discovery. However, the Taijiang Inner Sea has undergone 400 years of geographical and environmental changes, including river channel migration, sandbars, lagoons, land expansion, and urban development. Many of the hydrological regions of the period are gone. Therefore, planning shipwreck survey strategies that compare historical documents and map data with current geographical locations is more complex than surveying the sea. This study attempts to collect domestic and foreign maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan area and collect documents related to Dutch East Indies shipwrecks. After inductive analysis, a geographic information system program overlays the maps and data. Authors estimate the possible location range of sunken ships as a reference for UCH survey planning and target object comparison. Finally, integrate the suspected targets discovered by the scientific instrument survey to examine the relationship between historical documents and scientific survey data. List of Figures and Table Table 1: Information of VOC Shipwrecks in the Waters near Tayouan Figure 1: Fort Selandia on Teowan (Lai and Wei 2018) Figure 2: Locations of Sites in Tayouan (Chiang 1992) Figure 3: Overlay of Data from Historical Documents as well as the Investigations with Scientific Devices, Possible Locations of the VOC Shipwrecks (Map of Taijian Inner Sea) INTRODUCTION Since equipment for scuba diving was invented by the French engineer Jacques-Yues Cousteau and Émile Gagnan in 1943, operations in archaeology could be extended from land to underwater, which also brought about the cooperation of different fields and made underwater archaeology an emerging interdisciplinary practice. Regardless of legal or practical perspectives, history is always an inseparable element in research. I. Legal Perspective Articles 14 and 15 of Annex-Rules Concerning Activities Directed at UCH in UNESCO's 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2001 Convention) address that an assessment should be conducted in the preliminary work to elevate the meaning and fragility of damages upon the UCH and surrounding natural environment from the project itself as well as the potential of obtaining the data that can satisfy the project goals. Such assessment shall include obtainable background studies on the history and archaeological evidence, the archaeological and 1 �environmental qualities of the historic sites, and any potential consequences of affecting the stability of such UCH as a result of these activities. The Operational Guidelines for the UNESCO 2001 Convention specify that the State Parties shall declare their link to a specific UCH through the following information when consulting their interests in such heritage: (a) the results of scientific expertises; (b) historic documentation; or (c) any other adequate documentation (UNESCO 2015). In other words, the historical documentation is essential evidence for clarifying the ownership or other relevance of the UCH. II. Practical Perspective In terms of underwater archaeology operations procedures, they include preliminary work, historic site investigation, study organization, preservation and management, and education and promotion. The preliminary work can be divided into advanced assessment, desk or background research, general investigation, and evaluation. Among them, the advance assessment can be further divided into: 1. Thorough or partial history investigation of UCH. 2. Thorough and partial evaluation of marine environment, social and economic development, national policies, and comprehensive resources. 3. Draft of assessment standards of general investigation in sensitive zones. 4. Assessment of the potential sensitive area of the UCH. 5. Planning of a range of thorough or partial one-time general investigations. 6. Planning of priority or road map of thorough general investigation. Background research shall be involved with the time of the historic site’s formation and the historical and archaeological backgrounds of relevant regions. Historical geography can provide crucial information on the development of a specific area and possible historic sites of that region (Maarleveld et al. 2013). The historical data can also serve as the archaeological resources for the expected site (Manders and Underwood 2012). The desk research shall integrate all previously collected archaeological evidence and take all usable historical proofs as the reference (Maarleveld et al. 2013). Evaluation should be about the historical, cultural, archaeological, artistic, and scientific values, among which the historical importance should be about evaluating whether the historic sites or relics are relevant to the local, regional, or national history, or even the people, events, activities, locations, or themes of world history. For the subsequent investigation of historic sites, research organization, preservation, and educational promotion, the historical research can be essential support, such as comparison of relics or ship nationality, statements on the value of the heritages, as well as explanation, exhibitions, and publications of data of historical sites. CASE STUDY: VOC SHIPWRECKS IN THE TAIJANG INNER SEA Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan were necessary historical fields of the governance activities of the United East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) and the battle between them and Koxinga. From the literature, we can preliminarily conclude that Dutch shipwrecks or relics might 2 �be underneath the shoal, wetlands, or even the inland area of nowadays Anping, Tainan. They can be the material proof of Taiwan’s place in the Age of Sail if they can be found. However, due to the river channel migration and urbanization over the past 400 years, the shoals, lagoons, and the inner sea became land, and the waters of Taijang Inner Sea are no longer. The comparison between historical documents, maps, and current locations, as well as the investigation of shipwrecks, is significantly more complex than underwater cultural heritage in marine areas. In this study, we intend to collect the maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan in Taiwan and other countries and the pieces of literature about VOC shipwrecks. By overlaying the maps and the data with the geographic information system (GIS), we can preliminarily speculate the possible locations or range of the shipwrecks, which can serve as a reference for investigating cultural heritage and target comparison. Lastly, we can organize the suspected targets found by the scientific devices for cultural heritage to check the correlation between the historical documents and the found data. RESOURCES First of all, regarding the source of historical documents, we have original and second-hand data. For accuracy, we took the journals, letters, and paintings to find the records and clues of ship sinking and estimate the possible locations of the shipwrecks with other data organized in previous research. The historical data in this study include: 1. VOC Literature: De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia: vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, Report of Affairs in East India, De missiven van de VOC-gouverneur in Taiwan aan de Gouverneur-generaal te Batavia, and Konxinga’s March to Taiwan by Albrecht Herport. 2. Maps: Overview Taijiang: Scanning Antique Maps of Tayouan for 400 Years, Historical Atlas of Tainan, 1626-1960, and Antique Maps Drawn by the Dutch in the 17th Century. 3. Previous Research: Report of Investigations on Port Channels of Tayouan and VOC Shipwrecks in the 17th Century by Tree Valley Foundation with the commission from the Administration Office of Taijiang National Park in 2012, as well as the Closing Report of Collection and Analysis of Historical documents and Data of VOC Shipwrecks by Tamkang University from 2015 to 2016 and the Report of Prospection Plan with Remote Sensing on Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Waters of Tayouan Port by Strong Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. from 2017 to 2018 with the commission from Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture. 4. Field Survey: On-site positioning of former sites of Fort Zeelandia, Tayouan Towns, Fort Provintia, and Zeeburgh, as well as detection with shipborne devices and investigation with an airborne magnetometer in waters of Taijiang. FRAMEWORK We collected the humanity and natural background data of the waters of the former Taijiang Inner Sea before planning this investigation, including: 1. Historical documents and data, such as the ports, the channels, naval warfare, and the shipwrecks. 2. Map data, such as historical maps and voyage maps. 3 �3. Archaeological information on land, such as indigenous archaeological sites related to the VOC. 4. Terrain and environment data of the waters, such as the landform, depth, sediments, and depositions. First, we organized the information about shipwrecks in the historical documents. As the records lacked coordinates, we could only mark the possible areas from the textual descriptions about the locations, wind direction, and relative position of the objects on land. Second, for the maps we collected, we would position and digitalize the buildings or historic sites that still stand today and overlay them with Taiwan e-Map. Third, we use GIS to establish the attribute data and carry out archives and analyses with these data. It can be helpful not only in drawing out the sensitive zone of the investigation but also in the comparison of the data. Such data can become a reference for future studies, courses, and promotions. Last, the target data from comparing the shipborne devices and airborne magnetometer in the waters of Taijiang can be input for overlay in GIS and serve as the basis for further investigations and the reference for EIA on the UCH in the future. RESULTS By organizing the historical documents, we can conclude that 11 ships sunk in the waters of Taijiang or Tayouan at the time. The vessel and brief information are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Information of VOC Shipwrecks in the Waters near Tayouan No. Ship Date of Shipwreck Type Tonnage 1 Valk (Valck) 1623-07-19 Jacht (Yacht) 60 Location Remarks South to the entrance 2 Taiwan 1654-08-09 Jacht (Yacht) 150 Reef at the entrance 3 Verde 1654-10-28 Retour schip 400 Noorderrif Sicao, Tainan 4 Lam, Witte 1654-10-28 Fluyt 5 Formosa 1654-10-28 Galjoot 6 Maarssen 1656-09-11 7 Hector 1661-05-01 8 Immenhorn 1661-05-29 Jacht (Yacht) Jacht (Yacht) Galjoot 9 Urk 1661-08-18 Galjoot 10 Koudekerke 1661-09-16 Jacht (Yacht) 11 Kortenhoef (Kurtenhofen) 1661-09-16 Noorderrif Sicao, Tainan Port and Starboard (dismounted) Er’ren River Rear side of Fort Zeelandia Shipwreck Caya, Wengang (Northern Gate) Western end of Baxemboy to Luermen Baxemboy 300 Fort Zeelandia channel South to the entrance Soulang River (Zengwen River) Mashagou, Jiangjun District, Tainan 100 Baxemboy Baxemboy When choosing the base map, as Dutch Formosa lasted from 1624 to 1662, we could only obtain information about the shipwrecks after 1654. Therefore, we took Formosa 1652 / Een perfect caertjen vant Taijouanse canael as the base map because the era is closer and the terrain marking is the clearest. 4 �For the modern map, we chose Taiwan e-Map and Google Maps as the base maps for overlay. After analyzing the relative locations of the shipwrecks in the texts, we marked on Formosa 1652 / Een perfect caertjen vant Taijouanse canael first and then overlaid with Taiwan e-Map after digital positioning. The combination produced Figure 4, and can be the referenced for detecting the target objects with the submersible devices. Below I discuss our process of approximating two shipwrecks during the battle between Konxinga and the Dutch. Figure 1: Fort Selandia on Teowan (Lai and Wei 2018) I. Hector According to De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, the Hector sank during the battle between Konxinga’s fleet with the Dutch. On 30 April 1661, the Hector, the Gravelande, and the Maria were porting in the southern shipyard, preparing for battle (Chiang 2007). On 1 May the Dutch commander ordered the three ships to attack Konxinga’s junk fleet. Based on the journal, we could only know the Hector was sinking in an explosion (caused by gunpowder) on the way to fight the fleet when sailing downwind. At the same time, the Gravelande and Maria successfully retreated to the southern porting site (Chiang 2007). The journal does not specify the route of the Hector nor the location where the explosion occurred. By comparing other documents, we found that two aerial views illustrated the blast of Hector. Although the views are not precise maps, they can serve as a reference to the relative location. According to the drawing of Die Vestung Seeland auff der Insul Tijawan gelegen published in Continuatio Diarri Europaei in 1663, the explosion was marked at the character C, which is by the 5 �shore of towns in Tayuoan; it’s the northeastern direction from the towns. However, according to Die vesting Selandia auff Teowan drawn by the Swiss-Dutch soldier Albrecht Herport, the explosion was at the number 8 in Figure 1, between Baxemboy and Fort Zeelandia; it’s the northwestern direction from the fort on the sea. The marked locations are different and contradictory. Regarding reliability, Albrecht Herport was witnessing the scene, so his drawing should be more accurate (Lai and Wei 2018). Thus, we adopted the location marked in Die vesting Selandia auff Teowan and believed the explosion of the Hector occurred between Baxemboy and Fort Zeelandia, which was the northwestern direction from the fort on the sea. II. Koudekerke According to De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia, the Koudekerke arrived at Fort Zeelandia on 15 September 1661. The Dutch planned to detour to the rear side of the town of Tayouan, assaulting Konxinga’s forces. The Koudekerke was ordered to port between the Noorstraat and the Custom House and attack from there on the 16th. On the day, the Koudekerke headed to the location but got away from the coast due to the winds. In the battle, cannons on the Koudekerke exploded and became the enemy’s target, and it ended up sinking by the sand coast near the enemy’s fort. For the relative location, please see the number 10 in Figure 1. Based on Figure 2, the Custom House was on the outskirt of the town. Although the ship was away from the coast, the location should be roughly near the Custom House. The sinking place should be by the sand coast near the eight cannons. Therefore, we deemed the shipwreck near the Custom House and by the shore of Fort Zeelandia. Figure 2: Locations of Sites in Tayouan (Chiang 1992) Combined with Table 1 of the historical documents about the shipwrecks, the locations are presumed, as shown in the coloured polygons in Figure 3. 6 �For detection with shipborne devices, we used side scan sonar, multibeam echo sounder, sub-bottom profiler, and magnetometer in the waters near Yanshui River and river mouth Luermen. Also, we chose to hang a magnetometer on the drone for investigation due to the different terrains at the tidal river, shoals, river mouth, wetlands, and the coast, as well as the dense woods of mangroves on both sides of the river, the sandbanks, and the oyster farms, which made underwater investigation very difficult. The muddy water is also a downside for divers or optical detection. After comparing and filtering the results from airborne and shipborne devices, we found seven suspected UCH sites. Figure 3: Overlay of Data from Historical Documents as well as the Investigations with Scientific Devices, Possible Locations of the VOC Shipwrecks (Map of Taijian Inner Sea) We overlaid the results and the historical documents, as shown in the circular/coloured dots Figure 3, and saw they roughly match. As the investigations do not yet involve diving, optical detection with remotely operated vehicles (ROV), or archaeological sampling, the results concluded in Figure 3 can be taken as a reference in decision-making in future archaeological investigations or construction projects. We also selected five of the seven suspected UCH sites in this study. We conducted sampling by core drilling to analyze the sedimentation and migration of the river. Combining the results of 210Pb dating and carbon-14 dating, we assumed that the locations of VOC shipwrecks are 0.7-2.7 meters beneath the riverbeds. It can also be the basis for river construction projects involving UCH investigation or surveillance. 7 �Bibliography Albrecht, A. “Annex: Konxinga’s March to Taiwan (Trans. Chou, Hsueh-Pu).” In Formosa in the Past, edited by Chen, Kuan-Hsueh. Taipei: San Min Book Co., (2018): 177-193. Chiang, Shu-Sheng. The Final Battle and Peace Treaty between Konxinga and the Dutch in Taiwan. Taipei : ECHO of Things Chinese, 1992. Chiang, Shu-Sheng. De missiven van de VOC-gouverneur in Taiwan aan de Gouverneur-generaal te Batavia 1, 1622-1626. Taipei: SMC Publishing, Inc., 2007 Lai, Chih-Chang and Wei, Te-Wen. Scanning Antique Maps of Tayouan for 400 Years, Historical Atlas of Tainan, 1626-1960. Cultural Affairs Bureau, Tainan City Government, Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc., 2018. Manders M. R. and Underwood C. J. Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UNESCO, 2012 Maarleveld, T. J., Guérin U. and Egger B. Manual for Activities Directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage: Guidelines to the Annex of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. Paris: UNESCO, 2013 UNESCO. Operational Guidelines for the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Digital Library. 2015 Available through: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf000 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage Description An account of the resource Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is a newly developed interdisciplinary field in which historical research is indispensable. According to the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of UCH, the desk-based study of historical, archaeological, geological, and environmental data is necessary for the preliminary work of inventory. Then researchers conjecture sensitive areas after analyzing and integrating the above information. The Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan are important historical sites for the political activities of the Dutch East India Company and the Siege of Fort Zeelandia in the 17th century. According to preliminary conclusions from the historical documents, Dutch shipwrecks may have been buried in the shoals and wetlands around the mouths of the Zengwen to Yanshui River or the land area of Anping District, Tainan City. If there are discoveries, they will be significant material evidence of Taiwan's history in the Age of Discovery. However, the Taijiang Inner Sea has undergone 400 years of geographical and environmental changes, including river channel migration, sandbars, lagoons, land expansion, and urban development. Many of the hydrological regions of the period are gone. Therefore, planning shipwreck survey strategies that compare historical documents and map data with current geographical locations is more complex than surveying the sea. This study attempts to collect domestic and foreign maps of the Taijiang Inner Sea and Tayouan area and collect documents related to Dutch East Indies shipwrecks. After inductive analysis, a geographic information system program overlays the maps and data. Authors estimate the possible location range of sunken ships as a reference for UCH survey planning and target object comparison. Finally, integrate the suspected targets discovered by the scientific instrument survey to examine the relationship between historical documents and scientific survey data. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chiung-Hui Fu Yu-Chuan Tseng Shao-Jung Chung Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Fu, Chiung-Hui. 2023. “When History Meets Technology: Preliminary Survey on the Historical Documents of Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1889 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/3cacc1206644f566da31e42fb62fd02a.pdf 68a8250897c98cf77e70e3dcea03ba61 PDF Text Text Ancient Seascape of Japan: Burial Mounds as Navigation Points Tomo Ishimura (Tokyo National research Institute for Cultural Properties, ishimura-t6y@nich.go.jp) ABSTRACT Research of landscape using GIS is progressing in archaeology in recent years, and the significance of the research of landscape from the sea or seascape is also being stressed. Seascape research has important implications for understanding how people perceive the sea and adapt to the sea environment and may contribute to the development of maritime archaeology. This study applies landscape research to Japanese archeology, so it fit in the session of ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’. This paper examines the sea scape of the Kofun period, from the third to sixth centuries, from the viewpoint of the location of the burial mounds and shows the possibility that some burial mounds were built as navigation points. GIS analysis and field surveys were conducted to investigate how the burial mounds located near the coast look from the sea and indicate that the burial mounds with good visibility from the sea were located at strategic points of marine routes, such as lagoons and straits. The survey also revealed that the most of these burial mounds were built in the specific period from the first to third quarters in the fourth century. This paper proposes that these burial mounds were built as navigation points to reflect the intention of the Yamato dynasty to control maritime traffics. List of Figures and Table: Figure 1: Map of Research Area and Locations of the Sites Figure 2: Photo of the Goshikizuka Burial Mound (https://www.feel-kobe.jp/); Topographic Map around Goshikizuka; Seascape around Goshikizuka Figure 3: Topographic Map around Yanai Chausuyama; Seascape around Yanai Chausuyama Figure 4: Topographic Map around Shinmeiyama; Seascape around Shinmeiyama Figure 5: Topographic Map around Amino Choshiyama; Seascape around Amino Choshiyama Table 1: A Chronology of the Kofun Period INTRODUCTION The Kofun period in Japanese history, spanning from the 3rd to 6th centuries, is characterized by the construction of tens of thousands of burial mounds throughout the Japanese archipelago. These burial mounds, known as Kofun, were monumental structures, with the most distinctive type being the keyhole-shaped plan view; the largest exceeds 500 meters in length. These colossal mounds served as symbols of power and were erected to commemorate kings and chiefs. The burial mounds were built in various locations, including hills, ridges, plains, and coasts. The coastal burial mounds, referred to as ‘seashore type burial mounds’, are believed to have been constructed by chiefs who were involved in maritime activities and trade (Hirose 2015). Others suggest the burial mounds served as navigation markers for seafarers (Mori 1986). Despite their historical significance, few studies have explored how these burial mounds appeared from a maritime perspective (Ishimura 2017). In this paper, GIS software is utilized to visualize the view of these burial mounds from the sea. The research reveals that the burial mounds were strategically situated at key points along maritime routes, such as ports and straits. Furthermore, the study indicates that these burial mounds were constructed within a relatively specific timeframe, from the first to the third quarter of the 4th century. The author proposes the construction of these burial mounds coincided with a historical event, namely the expansion of political power in the Kinai region and the exertion of control over maritime traffic in the Japanese archipelago. 1 �Method and Materials In this study, the researchers utilized GIS software called 'Kashimir 3D®' to recreate the visual representation of how the burial mounds appeared from the sea. This particular GIS software is capable of generating 3D landscapes from any chosen viewpoint and altitude. To simulate the view from the sea, the researchers set the altitude to 1 meter, taking into account the likely low height of the viewpoint from a boat during the Kofun period. The analysis focused on four specific sites of 'seashore type burial mounds': the Goshikizuka burial mound in Hyogo Prefecture, the Yanai Chausuyama burial mound in Yamaguchi Prefecture, the Shinmeiyama burial mound in Kyoto Prefecture, and the Amino Choshiyama burial mound, also located in Kyoto Prefecture (Figure 1). The first two sites are situated near waterways, while the latter two are near ports. Figure 1: Map of Research Area and Locations of the Sites In this paper, the Kofun period was divided into four distinct phases based on variations in burial structures and diagnostic burial goods. The four phases are: the first half of the Early Kofun period (approximately AD 250-300), the latter half of the Early Kofun period (approximately AD 300-375), the Middle Kofun period (AD 375-475), and the Later Kofun period (AD 475-575). Table 1 likely provides further details on the distinguishing features of each phase and the associated burial practices and artefacts. Table 1: A Chronology of the Kofun Period Phase Date Burial facility Diagnostic burial goods Early KofunPeriod (first half of) Early KofunPeriod (latter half of) Middle Kofun Period AD 250-300 Chinese bronze mirrors Later Kofun Period AD 475-575 Vertical stone chamber with wooden coffin Vertical stone chamber with wooden coffin Vertical stone chamber with stone coffin Horizontal stone chamber with stone coffin AD 300-375 AD 375-475 2 Variety of Japanese bronze mirrors Iron armors Decorated swords �CASE STUDY 1: Goshikizuka Burial Mound The Goshikizuka burial mound, which has a keyhole-shaped plan view and measures 194 meters in length (Figure 2), is believed to have been constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun period (around AD 300-375). 3 �Figure 2: Photo of the Goshikizuka Burial Mound (https://www.feel-kobe.jp/); Topographic Map around Goshikizuka; Seascape around Goshikizuka It is situated along the coastline of Honshu, the main island of Japan, overlooking the Akashi Strait (Figure 2). The location of the Goshikizuka burial mound offers a clear view from the sea (Figure 2). The Akashi Strait serves as the gateway to Osaka Bay and is known for its turbulent waters and swift currents within the Seto Inland Sea. The positioning of the Goshikizuka burial mound holds significant strategic importance along the maritime route of the Seto Inland Sea. CASE STUDY 2: Yanai Chausuyama Burial Mound The Yanai Chausuyama burial mound is another keyhole-shaped mound, measuring 80 meters in length. Its construction is estimated to have taken place during the latter half of the Early Kofun period (around AD 300-375). 4 �Figure 3: Topographic Map around Yanai Chausuyama; Seascape around Yanai Chausuyama Situated near the entrance of a channel (Figure 3), this channel served as a shortcut for maritime traffic, allowing vessels to avoid circumnavigating the Murotsu peninsula. The channel held great significance as a crucial point along the maritime routes of the time. The Yanai Chausuyama burial mound is easily visible from the sea near the entrance of the channel (Figure 3). CASE STUDY 3: Shinmeiyama Burial Mound The Shinmeiyama burial mound is a keyhole-shaped mound measuring 190 meters in length. It is believed to have been constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun period, around AD 300-375. 5 �Figure 4: Topographic Map around Shinmeiyama; Seascape around Shinmeiyama Situated near a lagoon (Figure 4), it is speculated that this lagoon served as a natural harbor in the past. The Shinmeiyama burial mound, being easily visible from offshore (Figure 4), is thought to have served as a navigational landmark, indicating the position of the port. CASE STUDY 4: Amino Choshiyama burial mound The Amino Choshiyama burial mound is a keyhole-shaped mound measuring 201 meters in length. It is believed to have been constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun period, around AD 300-375. 6 �Figure 5: Topographic Map around Amino Choshiyama; Seascape around Amino Choshiyama Situated near a lagoon (Figure 5), it is believed that this lagoon also served as a natural harbor, similar to the Shinmeiyama mound. The Amino Choshiyama mound is easily visible from offshore (Figure 5). This suggests that it, too, served as a navigational marker, indicating the position of the nearby port. RESULT Based on the four case studies presented, several outcomes can be observed. Firstly, the seashore type burial mounds were clearly visible from the sea. Secondly, these burial mounds were located at significant points along sea routes, including waterways, ports, and entrances to channels. Thirdly, it is likely that these burial mounds served as navigational landmarks. Lastly, all four burial mounds were constructed during the latter half of the Early Kofun Period (AD 300-375). These outcomes collectively suggest the presence of a common factor behind the construction of these seashore type burial mounds. It is plausible to consider that the construction of these burial mounds was influenced by the political situation of the time. As monuments symbolizing the power and authority of chiefs, these burial mounds can be seen as political products. DISCUSSION The period when the seashore type burial mounds were constructed coincided with significant changes in maritime traffic, particularly the alteration of the route from the Japanese archipelago to the Korean Peninsula. The emergence of rituals on Okinoshima during this period provides valuable insights into these changes. Okinoshima, situated between Kyushu Island and the Korean Peninsula, was the site of ceremonies conducted from the latter half of the 4th century to the end of the 9th century. These rituals aimed to ensure safe voyages and involved the dedication of Chinese bronze mirrors and various treasures to the island's rocks and rock shelters. These artifacts resemble burial goods found in tombs and were primarily distributed in the Kinai region, the political center of that era. Based on this evidence, it is believed that the rituals on Okinoshima were led by an elite group from the Kinai region with the objective of establishing a new and more efficient route from the Japanese archipelago to the Korean Peninsula. The Okinoshima route offered a shortcut, compared to the previous island-hopping route via Iki Island and Tsushima Island. It is postulated that the changes occurring during this period were instigated by the political powers in 7 �the Kinai region, who sought to assert control over maritime routes. The construction of the seashore type burial mounds, as discussed in the paper, was likely undertaken by local chiefs with support from the Kinai powers. These burial mounds served to enhance and facilitate maritime routes within the Japanese archipelago. They not only acted as practical navigational markers but also visually demonstrated the control exerted over maritime traffic by the powers in the Kinai region. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hirose, K. (Ed.) The Period of Seashore Type Burial Mound. Tokyo: Doseisha, 2015. Ishimura, T. Reconstruction of Ancient Port: A Geoarchaeological Study. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2017. Mori, K. “Excavating Port and Lagoon.” In Ancient Japan 3: Interaction beyond the Sea, edited by T. Obayashi. Tokyo: Chuo Koron-sha, (1986): 39-82. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ancient Seascape of Japan: Burial Mounds as Navigation Points Description An account of the resource Research of landscape using GIS is progressing in archaeology in recent years, and the significance of the research of landscape from the sea or seascape is also being stressed. Seascape research has important implications for understanding how people perceive the sea and adapt to the sea environment and may contribute to the development of maritime archaeology. This study applies landscape research to Japanese archeology, so it fit in the session of ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’. This paper examines the sea scape of the Kofun period, from the third to sixth centuries, from the viewpoint of the location of the burial mounds and shows the possibility that some burial mounds were built as navigation points. GIS analysis and field surveys were conducted to investigate how the burial mounds located near the coast look from the sea and indicate that the burial mounds with good visibility from the sea were located at strategic points of marine routes, such as lagoons and straits. The survey also revealed that the most of these burial mounds were built in the specific period from the first to third quarters in the fourth century. This paper proposes that these burial mounds were built as navigation points to reflect the intention of the Yamato dynasty to control maritime traffics. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomo Ishimura Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Ishimura, Tomo. 2023. “Ancient sea scape of Japan: Burial mounds as navigation points.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL:https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1890 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/f294dcc0ba93657da85daa853cc99eab.pdf ef2e1b13dc454fa2c151e26fd81a119d PDF Text Text Jōmon Sea: Navigation in the Origins of Japan Daniele Petrella (IRIAE, daniele.petrella@iriae.com) Irene Ciulla (IRIAE, ciullairene@gmail.com) Diego M. Mezzapelle (IRIAE, halfskin@hotmail.it) Giuseppe Avola (IRIAE, peppeavola95@gmail.com) ABSTRACT Japanese neolithic, the so called Jōmon Period, represents a vast terrain in which to develop new and exciting research in the archaeological field. This is because there are still many questions that need to be answered to better clarify the evolutionary dynamics of the cultures that characterized it. The project Jōmon Sea: Navigation in the Origins of Japan aims to study and understand the use of the sea and waterways during the Japanese Neolithic period, both in terms of movements within the archipelago and contacts with the surrounding territories. In its first phase, the project will focus on the analysis of the nature and dynamics behind the first relations with the Korean peninsula. For this reason, International Research Institute for Archaeology and Ethnology (IRIAE) has developed a new project of maritime archaeological investigation on land and underwater. The project identifys the island of Tsushima (Nagasaki Prefecture) as a crucial point. The activities will begin at the sites of Meotoishimae and Ongaura, both overlook the Korean coast and have geomorphological characteristics of possible landings and/or coastal settlements. Among these, those most under analysis are related to the origins of the Jōmon culture, a topic that cannot be separated from human environment interaction: the relationship with the Korean populations and that with the sea. What was the role of the sea in the life of the Jōmon People? How did they move and what boats did they use? What were kaizuka really and what did they mean? How did they adapt to the environmental changes at the advent of the Holocene? List of Figures Figure 1: Flowchart of the Adaptation Cycle Figure 2: Waniura Bay and Shishimi Bay Figure 3: Ongasaki / Ongaura Site Figure 4: ‘Meotoishimae’ Site INTRODUCTION The topic of this abstract fits best into the session ‘History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia’ because it aims to address the study of the relationships between Jōmon communities and the sea, its use and exploitation of resources, and the role it played in the relations between them and continental populations, not neglecting the importance of other waterways in internal movements and communications. All this through a new methodological proposal based on the simultaneous investigation of land and underwater sites with the aid of innovative technologies and computer systems. Our methodology is the study of coastal sites in relation to the adjacent seabed, in GIS, to bring together archaeological data from the various sites under investigation. This will open up new research perspectives in the complex field of movement and settlement choice during the Japanese Neolithic. As there are clear cultural differences in the archipelago during the Jōmon Period (14,000 BC and 9,500 BC and end around 1000 BC), we prefer to identify this period as the 'Japanese Neolithic’ and use the term jōmon to indicate the cultural faces that characterised it. The identification and 'development' of cultural faces is based on changes in the relationship between man and his environment and how he adapted to it. In the circular flowchart (Figure 1) the environment inevitably influences the lifestyle of human groups, which produces a 'material culture' that, in turn, favours and enables the adaptation necessary to survive climatic and environmental changes (Renfrew et al. 1991). 1 �Figure 1: Flowchart of the Adaptation Cycle The advent of the Holocene brought about great changes that conditioned and forced human groups in the area to modify their 'habits' (Barnes 2015). Climatic change characterised the Holocene. On the one hand, on land evergreens and deciduous broadleaf trees produced acorns and hard fruits (Teshigawa 2022; Williams et al. 1982) and the ecological process of insularisation led to an increase in the populations of smaller mammals such as wild boar and deer. This followed the extinction of larger animals that could not migrate to places with more suitable temperatures. All this allowed for a constant seasonal food supply for gathering and hunting (Habu 2022). On the other hand, in the water the sea level rise separated Japan from the continent. This led to the development of navigation, both for marine and terrestrial travel. On land the presence of the great mountains over the entire surface of the archipelago make overland travel extremely complex. Rivers represented the main inland communication routes, while lakes were an important source of supply for inland areas further from the coasts (Hornell 1946). Over the sea people performed cabotage and inter-island boating. Moreover, water products, such as molluscs, fish, and marine mammals, represented a new source of food supply that not only contributed to the general needs of the populations, but also compensated for seasonal food fluctuations (Habu et al. 2011; Koike 1980; Teshigawara 2021; Teshigawara 2022). Excavations conducted in various areas of Japan, related to the various phases of the Jōmon Period, have brought to light bones of large marine mammals and large fish, such as whales and tuna. Such animals require complex organisation, strategy, and technology of evolved societies (Hosoya et al. 2014). The waterways became the main communication routes for the 'flow of goods, people and information' (Mizoguchi 2013) not only within the archipelago itself, but also from outside. Japan, in fact, with the advent of the Holocene, became a territory with a temperate climate, rich in vegetation and raw materials and particularly suited to both fishing and hunting (Teshigawara 2016). This 'oasis' was a destination for migratory flows of foreign cultures that greatly influenced the development of local communities (Mizoguchi 2002). Namely, from the north populations of Siberia and the American territories; from the south-west populations of Korea; and from the south populations of the Southeast Asian Archipelago (Nakagome et al. 2020). The reconsideration of all these elements led to the project 'Jōmon Sea: Navigation in the Origins of Japan' by the International Research Institute for Archaeology and Ethnology (IRIAE). The project is divided into three phases. Jōmon Sea 1 will focus on understanding the nature of early relations with Korea and how these influenced the evolution of Jōmon cultures. Jōmon Sea 2 will deal with relations with northern cultures. Jōmon Sea 3 will address the study of internal contacts within the country. 2 �The first phase will focus on relations with the Korean peninsula to investigate the island of Tsushima (Nagasaki Prefecture). The island is located in the centre of the Sea of Japan, on the route between Kyūshū and Korea, from whose coastline it is only 47 km away. It is likely that this island was intercepted by explorers from the peninsula in search of richer territories. Tsushima represents a veritable 'treasure chest' for archaeological research because since ancient times it has been the crossroads of all cultural dynamics between Japan and the surrounding cultures; just as Sicily, Italy is at the centre of the Mediterranean. Numerous investigations were conducted on the island in recent decades by Japanese scholars, which confirmed the strong Korean presence and exchanges with northern Kyūshū, but also the mutual influence between Korean and local populations (Shōbayashi 1995). The project is carried out in collaboration with Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology and the Asian Research Institute of Underwater Archaeology (ARIUA), which has been carrying out archaeological investigations on Tsushima Island for years. CASE STUDIES After analysing the reports of all the excavations and investigations conducted on the island, we chose to start with the north-western area, which faces Korea. Two extremely interesting sites can be found in this area (Figure 2). These are the Waniura Bay, located in the far north, and the Shishimi Bay area, slightly further south (Nagasaki 2019), which represent the case studies examined. Figure 2: Waniura Bay and Shishimi Bay The Ongasaki / Ongaura Site This is the first of the inlets, coming from the south, in Waniura Bay and facing the Korean coast. It is part of the Yabitsu area, which is being investigated by ARIUA; where the first, and so far, only, Jōmon landing site has been identified, as well as numerous Korean Neolithic evidence (Hayashida 2019). 3 �The investigations focused on the Ongasaki promontory that closes the inlet to the north (around 20 metres above sea level) and in the stretch of sea that bathes Ongaura (Figure 3). Figure 3: Ongasaki / Ongaura Site The surface survey of Ongasaki revealed the presence of three obsidian points and significant quantities of obsidian, quartz crystals and shell waste. Considering the particular purity of the obsidian found, the absence of quarrying pits on Tsushima Island and the morphological characteristics of the tips found, we assume that it came from the Koshidake quarry in northern Kyūshū. The shape and quality of these finds is absolutely superimposable to those found along the southern coast of Korea and, mainly, in the Busan area. The route of obsidian is likely: raw obsidian arrives on the island from northern Kyūshū reaching Ongasaki for processing, from there, the finished products are sent to the Korean coast. In addition, the presence of hundreds of quartz crystals, shell waste and numerous traces of charcoal make Ongasaki an important processing and sorting site for obsidian products and other valuable materials. We also found archaeological evidence related to later periods, such as fragments of iron swords (dated to the Late Yayoi and the Kofun Period), bronze-finished weapons and armour, a bronze coin from the Edo Period and some fragments of medieval pottery (including celadon) that testify to the long life of the Ongasaki site and the strategic importance of its location. The underwater survey carried out on the seabed of Ongaura Bay revealed the presence of fragments of amphorae, still to be chronologically framed, and three lithic anchors whose typology can be ascribed between the Jōmon and medieval periods. The 'Meotoishimae' Site The geomorphology of Meotoishimae and the documented importance of the bay were the elements that prompted us to investigate this inlet. This site is located opposite the important site of Meotoishi in Shishimi Bay (Figure 4), which has always been known to Koreans and mentioned in the text Haedong Jegukgi (Adachi 1999). It was excavated between the end of the 1970s and 1993 and brought to light a very large number of Neolithic Korean pottery of the Sugari type and only a few fragments of Ataka-style pottery dated to the Middle Jōmon (Kiyoura 1992). 4 �Figure 4: ‘Meotoishimae’ Site Our investigations on the Meotoishimae site revealed an interesting similarity with the structures in Koshitaka, which is located on the same side of the island only three kilometers to the north and currently being investigated by the Tsushima Museum team. If this structure similarity is confirmed by subsequent investigations, one could hypothesise their repeated pattern during the Neolithic period, as well as location choice of the island's bays overlooking the stretch of sea facing Korea. The archaeological excavations at the Koshitaka site uncovered 2461 fragments of Neolithic Korean pottery and only seven fragments of Maebira-style Jōmon pottery (Shōbayashi 1995), as well as a Korean-style kiln. This discrepancy between the amount of Korean and indigenous evidence leaves little doubt these were Korean settlements. We hypothesize groups from Korea sailed in search of richer territories and then settled in Tsushima. Over time, they influenced and merged with the small local populations, and, from this fusion developed a hybrid culture. During the Early/Middle Jōmon this hybrid culture looked further east, towards the Kyūshū coast, which they reached by cultural exchanges. RESOURCES The resources that will be deployed to implement the project will come, in addition to the specific skills and expertise present in IRIAE, from the collaboration with Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. They supply the technological approach to underwater investigations, and the ARIUA. Moreover, the project already enjoys the patronage of UNESCO Underwater Heritage and the financial support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. FRAMEWORK The project aims to answer a series of interconnected questions. These questions are based on the use and exploitation of the sea, waterways and coastal settlements in bays. First, in Jōmon Sea the aim is to understand the structure and location-choice of coastal settlements in bays. We aim to contextualize this with the seasonal cycle of food supply and storage methods. Second, we aim to collect data on the 5 �types and level of nautical knowledge of the Neolithic communities that exploited the bays, along with their transportation of raw materials, related trade and cultural exchange. The methodological approach is simultaneous archaeological investigation and comparison of data from land and underwater. Further, we will use both sonar equipment for scanning the seabed and high-resolution satellite reading software. The latter will be used to obtain a clearer visualisation of the geomorphology of the areas and the identification of anthropic evidence that might otherwise be difficult to identify. Of extreme importance, moreover, is the creation of a GIS platform that collects data from the sites we have investigated and from those investigated by other research groups. The GIS facilitates site comparison to obtain a more complete reading of the historical dynamics that characterised the area starting from the Neolithic period. The GIS platform georeferences elements necessary for the management and analysis of the survey results (reconnaissance, excavation, protection, etc.). The GIS can be used for the planning and design of subsequent excavation work. Within GIS, we plan to carry out distributional-typological analyses of finds and fragments characterised with different symbology on the basis of the type of material (stone, metal, wood, etc.) and the type of artefact (e.g., scrap, arrowhead, blade, etc.). In this way it is possible to visualise and interpret the dynamics of distribution, concentration, isolation and thinning of specific typological groups and compare them simultaneously. RESULTS The results obtained during the spring 2023 survey campaign were the identification that the Ongasaki site is a processing and sorting site for valuable materials, and what routes these raw materials took to reach Ongasaki and from there to Korea. The existence of the Ongasaki processing site suggests a settlement or logistical support site in its vicinity. Therefore, future investigations and excavations will aim to find and understand site organisation. Another important outcome the research team is aiming for is the identification of repeated patterns in bay structure and their location, so that these may serve as a proto-type for future identifications of other anthropized bays. Finally, it is our intention that the GIS platform created can be constantly implemented with data from other research in order to achieve a comparison of data that facilitates a broad and syncretic reading of the periods under analysis. The GIS would become a baseline tool available to the scientific community and all researchers. Acknowledgements We would like to thank our Japanese colleagues at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology and the ARIUA, whose input was essential to access Japan's difficult administrative mechanisms. As well as the Tsushima Board of Education and the Nagasaki Prefecture for granting us the necessary authorisations. In addition, we would like to thank the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Italian Republic, which has supported all IRIAE projects with great enthusiasm for years. Finally, we would like to thank all the IRIAE team members without whose professionalism and dedication the project would not have been possible. 6 �Bibliography Adachi, H. Nihon no Fune. Tokyo: Fune no Kagakukan, 1999. Barnes, L. G. Vulnerable Japan: The Tectonic Life Setting of Life in the Archipelago. In P. C. Brown and B. L. 2015 Habu, J. “Jōmon Collectors and Foragers: Regional Interaction and Long-Term Changes in Settlement System among Prehistoric Hunter-gatherers in Japan.” In J. Habu and B. Fitzhugh (Eds.), Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-gatherer Settlement Systems, New York: Kluwer-Plenum Publishing Corporation, (2002): 53-72. Habu, J., Matsui, A., Yamamoto, N. and Kanno, T. “Shell Midden Archaeology in Japan: Aquatic Food Acquisition and Long-term Change in the Jōmon Culture.” Quaternary International 239 (2011): 19-27. Hayashida, K. “2018 Nendo Yabitsu B Chiten Chōsa no Gaiyō.” ARIUA Newsletter 8 (2019): 27-33. Hornell, J. Water Transport, Origins and Early Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946. Hosoya, L. A., Nakamura, O., Seguchi, S. and Shibutani, A. “What Did Jōmon People Eat in Fact? Jōmon Subsistence and Society Chronological Shifts in Japanese Jōmon Subsistence Strategies on the Basis of Local Characteristics of North Tohoku Area.” Proceeding of the 6th Worldwide Conference of the Society for East Asian Archaeology (2014): 6-10. Kiyoura, G. “Meotoishi Iseki.” Nagasaki-ken Maizō Bunkazai Chōsashūhō 15 (1992): 1-38. Koike, H. Seasonal Dating by Growth-line Counting of the Clam, Meretrix Lusoria: Toward a Reconstruction of Prehistoric Shell Collecting Activities in Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 1980 Mizoguchi, K. An Archaeological History of Japan, 30000 B.C. to A.D. 700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Mizoguchi, K. The Archaeology of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013 Nagasaki, A.”Tsushima Hokubu no Iseki no Yōsō.” ARIUA Newsletter 8 (2019): 2-10. Nakagome, S., Gakuhari, T. and Rasmussen, S. “Ancient Jomon Genome Sequence Analysis Sheds Light on Migration Patterns of Early East Asian Populations.” Common Biol 3 (2020): 437-456. Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. London: Thames and Hudson. 1991 Shōbayashi, M. Kōdai Kikō, Vol.1: Tsushima. Nagasaki: Town News-sha, 1995 Teshigawara, A. Jōmon Jidai-shi. Tokyo: Shinsenn sha, 2016 Teshigawara, A. Jōmon Jidai o Shiru Tame no 110 Mondai. Tokyo: Shinsen-sha, 2021 Teshigawara, A. Jōmon Jidai Gaido Bukku. Tokyo: Shinsen-sha, 2022 Williams, M. N. and Hunn, S. E. Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-gatherers. Boulder: Westview Press. 1982 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jōmon Sea: Navigation in the Origins of Japan Description An account of the resource Japanese neolithic, the so called Jōmon Period, represents a vast terrain in which to develop new and exciting research in the archaeological field. This is because there are still many questions that need to be answered to better clarify the evolutionary dynamics of the cultures that characterized it. The project Jōmon Sea: Navigation in the Origins of Japan aims to study and understand the use of the sea and waterways during the Japanese Neolithic period, both in terms of movements within the archipelago and contacts with the surrounding territories. In its first phase, the project will focus on the analysis of the nature and dynamics behind the first relations with the Korean peninsula. For this reason, International Research Institute for Archaeology and Ethnology (IRIAE) has developed a new project of maritime archaeological investigation on land and underwater. The project identifys the island of Tsushima (Nagasaki Prefecture) as a crucial point. The activities will begin at the sites of Meotoishimae and Ongaura, both overlook the Korean coast and have geomorphological characteristics of possible landings and/or coastal settlements. Among these, those most under analysis are related to the origins of the Jōmon culture, a topic that cannot be separated from human environment interaction: the relationship with the Korean populations and that with the sea. What was the role of the sea in the life of the Jōmon People? How did they move and what boats did they use? What were kaizuka really and what did they mean? How did they adapt to the environmental changes at the advent of the Holocene? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daniele Petrella Irene Ciulla Diego M. Mezzapelle Giuseppe Avola Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Petrella, Daniele. 2023. “Jōmon Sea: Navigation in the Origins of Japan.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology. URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1891 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/5ffbd46adae370b15fbecb5fcc917cb3.pdf 70cd0c78ca8b2c90e8bd855005e68d15 PDF Text Text Stone Tidal Weirs in Hainan Island, PRC Yishi Wang (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, wangyishi_2020@163.com) ABSTRACT Around Danzhou City at the northern coast of Hainan Island, PRC, stone tidal weirs are widely distributed. Local history says that immigrants from the southern part of Fujian Province in mainland China came to this area to build many stone tidal weirs during the Ming Dynasty. Each patrilineal linage composed the construction unit of them. One stone tidal weir at the village of Wangzhai has the stone-circled catching trap at the tip of the stone wall, which looks similar to ones in the Penghu islands. On other stone tidal weirs at the village of Shenchong, there are openings between stone walls, which are usually closed by wooden sluice gates; when the openings are opened on the ebb, people set fishing nets just outside of the opened gates. Before the tide is out of stone tidal weirs completely, fishing nets are also used inside them. At night, fishermen light a fire on floats of fishing nets with coconut oil in order to drive fish into the nets. Although one stone tidal weir at the village of Changsha has been registered as a Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the Provincial Level by the Hainan Provincial People's Government, most stone tidal weirs in Hainan island have not been safeguarded properly by local people as well as by the government. Some weirs are abandoned, and others are transformed into fishing ports. As for the intangible aspect, villagers still remember ‘Tide Song’ in Hainanese, which narrates the dates of the spring tides and the commencement times of high tides according to lunar calendar. In former days, in addition, some families held special rituals during high tides so that a haul at stone tidal weirs might be good. INTRODUCTION The stone tidal weir is a large fixed fishing gear constructed by piling up rocks or coral limestone in a horseshoe, semi-circular, square, or linear shape from the intertidal zone towards the sea. Fish schools enter the stone weir during high tide, but they are trapped inside when the tide recedes, so the fish are easy to catch. The stone weir is considered a primitive fishing gear and method, relying solely on tidal changes, and is seen as an ancient fishing technique. Research on stone tidal weirs in China has been primarily focused on Taiwan and Fujian Province, with no existing studies on stone weirs in other regions. Based on the current state of research, this paper presents the first study on stone tidal weirs in regions other than Taiwan or Fujian Province. The study focuses on the stone tidal weirs of Hainan Island. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in autumn 2021 on Hainan Island, this study provides insights into the conservation of Hainan's stone tidal weirs and their potential utilization as cultural resources for tourism. Hainanese Stone Tidal Weirs Hainan Island, located in the southern part of the East China Sea, north of the South China Sea, belongs administratively to Hainan Province in China. Stone tidal weirs are distributed on Hainan Island, Danzhou City. Danzhou City is situated in the northwest of Hainan Island, facing the Beibu Gulf, at approximately 109.5 degrees east longitude and 19.5 degrees north latitude. According to the local dialect known as Danzhou dialect, ‘沖(chong)’ a pond surrounded by sandy beaches or reefs by the seaside, and when combined with ‘石 (shi)’ stone weirs. In the local dialect, however, ‘石沖 (shi chong)’ is also referred to as ‘冲篱 (chongli)’ or ‘魚沖 (yu chong)’. Unlike stone tidal weirs in other regions, the stone tidal weirs in Hainan Island do not have specific names or unique designations. In 2021, stone tidal weirs were surveyed in three villages in Danzhou City, Hainan Province, namely the villages of Wangzhai, Changsha, and Shenchong. Village of Wangzhai Four stone tidal weirs remain in Wangzhai. However, the practice of using these stone weirs for fishing activities has largely disappeared. During the 2021 survey, only two stone tidal weirs were identified. The first stone tidal weir is massive, with a total length of over 800 meters. The second stone weir is smaller, with a total length ranging from 200 to 300 meters. At the curved end of the second stone weir, there is a fishing area similar in the stone tidal weirs of the Penghu Islands. 1 �Village of Changsha Three stone weirs remain in the village of Changsha. Among them, one small-sized stone weir has already suffered significant collapse. Immediately adjacent to its west, however, the second stone weir has been completely preserved, and the village residents still use this stone weir for fishing activities. It is an extremely long stone weir, with a total length of approximately 1,000 meters and a height of around three to five meters. The third stone weir was designated as a ‘Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the Provincial Level’ by the Hainan Provincial People's Government on 24 November 2015, and the ‘Changsha Village Offshore Enclosure Site’ was established in October 2016. During the survey conducted in 2021, however, it was not possible to visually confirm the existence of this third stone weir. Even the nearby village residents have no information about this stone weir, and it cannot be ruled out that it has already completely collapsed due to the impact of wind and rain. Village of Shenchong Three stone weirs remain In the village of Shenchong. Part of the stone wall of the first stone weir has been destroyed intentionally by nearby village residents to facilitate the entry and exit of fishing boats. Therefore, this stone weir primarily serves as a refuge for fishing boats during typhoons. Located northeast of the first stone weir, the second stone tidal weir is perfectly preserved, and its original form is fully intact. It is still being used by the local villagers for fishing activities. The third stone tidal weir is damaged but still usable for fishing, and neighboring villagers come to it during low tide. The stone tidal weirs at the village of Shenchong are significantly different from those in other locations in Danzhou City. While they share the common feature of utilizing tidal variations to retain fish within the weirs, each stone tidal weir's stone walls have two openings. These openings are equipped with two wooden gates that regulate the speed of drainage during low tide. The gates consist of a large gate and a small gate, and depending on the drainage requirements, both gates can be opened simultaneously or only one. To prevent fish from escaping the stone weir during drainage, fishing nets are installed outside the gates to capture them. Inside the stone walls, there are artificial water pools or depressions excavated for the purpose of collecting fish. Before high tide, the villagers stack stones in these depressions. During high tide, when the fish enter the stone weir, many of them have a tendency to hide in the gaps between the stones or gather near the stones. These depressions serve to enhance fishing efficiency. Additionally, the villagers sometimes use fishing nets when fishing inside the stone weir, especially when the tide does not completely recede. Some fish species emit sounds, especially during spawning, and the villagers move the fishing nets towards the source of the sound. During nighttime fishing, the villagers light coconut oil-fueled lamps on the buoys of the fishing nets. The fish are attracted to the light and are led into the nets. Tangible Aspect According to the village residents, in Hainan Island, stone tidal weirs were privately owned by the clans that constructed them. Each branch of the clan would take turns in fishing and jointly repairing the stone tidal weirs. On any given day, only people belonging to the same branch were allowed to use the stone weirs. The usage rights for the stone tidal weirs would transfer between the different branches on a daily basis. Additionally, other village residents who did not belong to the clan could borrow the stone tidal weirs. By paying a suitable fee, these villagers would temporarily acquire the right to use the stone tidal weirs. Furthermore, some stone tidal weirs were not solely built by a single clan but rather through cooperation among several clans. As a result, these stone tidal weirs became co-owned by multiple clans. However, despite involving multiple branches from different clans, the fundamental process of transferring usage rights remained unchanged. These transfers of usage rights not only helped maintain relationships within the clans but also fostered connections between different clans, while simultaneously preserving the relationship between each clan and the village. Additionally, the importance of stone tidal weir repairs surpassed the significance of usage rights. Stone tidal weirs were susceptible to destruction from typhoons and high waves, making regular maintenance essential. Stone tidal weirs brought stable fishing yields to the village, this provided a means for the villagers to obtain wealth and sustain their livelihoods. Therefore, the obligation to repair the stone tidal weirs was considered more significant than the usage 2 �rights. As a result, the repair work for the stone tidal weirs was primarily led by the users themselves, with the respective clans overseeing the repair activities. The stone tidal weirs in Hainan Island are similar to those in Fujian Province and the Penghu Islands. The basic structure consists of arc-shaped stone walls, but in Hainan Island, there are also stone tidal weirs with fishing compartments at the ends of the arcs, similar to those found in the Penghu Islands. Additionally, there are features in the stone tidal weirs of Hainan Island that resemble drainage outlets found in the stone tidal weirs at other regions of mainland China. The construction and management of stone tidal weirs seem to be quite similar in these regions. The construction and maintenance of stone tidal weirs require a large amount of labour. The ownership clans had exclusivity over the usage rights of the stone tidal weirs, which were primarily treated as private property. In other areas such as southern Fujian Province and the Penghu Islands, communal ownership was also observed. The stone tidal weirs at the village of Wufeng of Huian County in Fujian Province had an alternating system where different branches of the Song clan would take turns overseeing the fishing activities in the stone tidal weirs, and the catches were distributed fairly. The distribution of catches in Hainan Island is similar, with usage and distribution alternating among different branches of the family. All this gives a sense that stone tidal weirs in Fujian, Taiwan, and Hainan were privately owned. Furthermore, just like in Fujian Province and the Penghu Islands, it was possible to buy, mortgage, rent, or give away stone weirs in Hainan Island. This indicates that the stone tidal weirs had a certain immovable property nature as a source of productive activity. Intangible Aspect Since the Ming Dynasty, three main religious beliefs have coexisted in Hainan Island: Mazu worship, Xifu Ren worship, and Shuiwei Shengniang worship. Among them, the Shuiwei Shengniang worship and Xifu Ren worship originated in Hainan Island, while Mazu worship entered Hainan Island with the immigrants from southern Fujian and has become the mainstream belief on the island today. Near each stone tidal weir in Danzhou City, Hainan Island, there are traces of religious rituals. According to the villagers, local people participate in formal ceremonies for Xi Furen, Mazu, and Shuiwei Shengniang. They also conduct clan-based ritual activities by building ritual platforms near the stone tidal weirs. In addition to the worship of these three major deities, however, many fishing communities also worship other deities. For example, villagers who worship ‘Ganling Zhenjun’, ‘Lingying Zhenjun’, or ‘Ganying Dijun’ go out to the sea on holidays, wedding days, and full moon days to conduct incense-burning ceremonies, praying for a bountiful catch in the stone weirs and seeking the blessings of these deities. According to the memories of villagers in the village of Changsha, they used to conduct ceremonies for ‘Ganling Zhenjun’ during high tide, praying for abundant tides and the entry of many fish and crustaceans into the stone tidal weirs. However, with the development of modern fisheries and the emergence of industrial zones, the stone tidal weirs are no longer the means of livelihood for most fishing communities. Many have become factory workers or have chosen modern fisheries, so there are now fewer villagers who conduct ritual activities specifically for praying for a bountiful catch in the stone weirs. According to the villagers at the village of Shenchong, they have a ‘Tide Song’ that has been passed down through generations, which describes the laws of tides related to the stone tidal weirs. Although there is no written record of the song, most of the villagers still remember it through oral tradition. Through this song, the villagers grasp the high tides of the spring tide and gather manpower earlier to increase the fishing efficiency in the stone tidal weirs. According to the villagers at the village of Shenchong, they have a ‘Tide Song’ that has passed down through generations, which describes the laws of tides related to the stone tidal weirs. Although there is no written record of the song, most of the villagers still remember it through oral tradition. Through this song, the villagers grasp the high tides of the spring tide and gather manpower earlier to increase the fishing efficiency in the stone tidal weirs. The ‘Tide Song’ is recorded as the following content in modern Chinese: 大正月初七二十一、将门出虎子；二月初四与十九、蟾宫玉兔走；三月初一又十六、龙女会柳 毅；四月初二十五二十九、银蛇走三周；同间切星五月十二二十五、天马行空来往独；六月初 3 �十二十三、苏武牧羊不知年；七月初八二十二、悟空闹天河；八月初五与十九、雄鸡一唱天地 久；九月初二又十六、杨戩纵天狗；十月初一十四二十七、八戒娶妻；效十一月十二ニ十五、 弥勒走失金飞鼠；十二月初九二十四、牛郎会织女甘 The English translation of the ‘Tide Song’ is: ‘In January, there are two spring tides, on 7 January and 21 January, with high tides starting from three AM to five AM. In February, there are two spring tides as well, on 4 February and 19 February, with high tides starting from five AM to seven AM. In March, there are two spring tides on 1 March and 16 March, with high tides starting from seven AM to nine AM. In April, there are three spring tides on 2 April, 15 April, and 29 April, with high tides starting from nine AM to 11 AM. In May, there are two spring tides on 12 May and 25 May, with high tides starting from 11 AM to one PM. In June, there are two spring tides on 10 June and 23 June, with high tides starting from one PM to three PM. In July, there are two spring tides on 8 July and 22 July, with high tides starting from three PM to five PM. In August, there are two spring tides on 5 August and 19 August, with high tides starting from five PM to seven PM. In September, there are two spring tides on 2 September and 16 September, with high tides starting from seven PM to nine PM. In October, there are three spring tides on 1 October, 14 October, and 27 October, with high tides starting from nine PM to 11 PM. In November, there are two spring tides on 12 November and 25 November, with high tides starting from nine PM to 11 PM. In December, there are two spring tides on 9 December and 24 December, with high tides starting from one AM to three AM.’ The ‘Tide Song’ was originally passed down orally among the local villagers in Hainan, who spoke the Hainan dialect. With the influence of urban civilization in modern China, there is now a written version of the Chaozhou song in Standard Mandarin. Hainanese belongs to the Min Nan language group, and the formation of the Hainan dialect is directly related to the large-scale migration of people from Fujian to Hainan. According to Fu Yuchuan's ‘Ancient Migration and Hainan Dialect’, it is believed that Hainanese evolved and developed from a certain dialect brought by the dominant number of Fujian immigrants, and later underwent further changes influenced by other local dialects. Similarly, Taiwanese Hokkien is also a variant of Min Nan language, which has been influenced by the significant influx of Fujian immigrants. CONCLUSIONS The outstanding difference stone tidal weirs in Hainan Island is the conversion of stone tidal weirs into fish ponds. While cases of such conversion, like those observed in the Hawaiian Islands, are known, some argue this should be viewed as a common development trend for stone tidal weirs to become fish farming areas (Nishimura 1981). Similar observed exist for Hong Kong Island. In the past, stone tidal weirs were used as a means of fishing activity in coastal areas, but they faced damage and destruction. In traditional societies, the repair of broken stone tidal weirs was commonly done by the community at the clan level. However, as the fishing catch in stone tidal weirs has decreased, such communal work has diminished. Rapid coastal development at a national scale has led to the abandonment and disappearance of stone tidal weirs, without thorough investigation, causing them to rapidly vanish worldwide. Furthermore, the impacts of recent ocean climate changes, such as sea-level rise and destructive storms, have become the greatest threats to stone tidal weirs. The situation is similar for stone weirs in Hainan Island. In the Penghu Islands located in the Taiwan Strait, conservation efforts are underway for stone tidal weirs as cultural heritage. Extensive surveys are continuously conducted, and the results and statistical data are being compiled into a database. Additionally, conservation of stone tidal weirs is supported, considering its direct connection to marine resource conservation. Restoration activities for stone weirs are sponsored, and linked to cultural and ecological tourism (Lee 2017). In Hainan Island it is necessary to transform the historical and cultural value of stone weirs into practical tourism value. With the development of tourism, the establishment of an economic foundation through the maintenance and conservation of stone tidal weirs becomes possible, thereby increasing awareness for the protection of marine resources. 4 �However, the following principles are essential. First of all, the use of stone tidal weirs must adhere to the fundamental principles of cultural heritage preservation. So development activities that would damage stone weirs as cultural assets are not allowed. Secondly, based on the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, not only the stone tidal weirs themselves but also the coastal landscapes where stone tidal weirs exist are maritime cultural landscapes or seascape and should be protected. It is not possible to isolate stone tidal weirs from their surrounding environment, and while ensuring the integrity of the archaeological site without interfering with the stone tidal weir remains, the good condition and integrity of the ecological environment around the stone weir site must be ensured. Improving the surrounding ecological environment in conjunction with stone weirs is necessary to maximize the preservation of their historical and cultural value. Thirdly, in terms of tourism, ‘experience’ is the keyword. The development of stone weirs as a tourism resource should go beyond mere observation or listening to guide explanations. It should involve excavating the essence of stone tidal weir culture, assimilating tourists into the stone tidal weir experience, enhancing the level of tourist participation, and increasing the attractiveness of stone tidal weirs as a tourism resource. Tourists can have unique experiences by participating in fishing activities and restoration work at stone tidal weirs, gaining special experiences not available in their daily lives. Many tourists seek distinctive experiences. Finally, while utilizing stone weirs as a tourism resource, it is necessary to protect the marine resources in the surrounding sea areas for the conservation of stone tidal weirs. Collaborating with local governments, marine protected areas should be established for the release of fish and shellfish larvae into these protected areas. This would open the path for the revival of stone tidal weirs as traditional fishing and allow tourists to actively participate in fishing activities. Stone tidal weirs in Hainan Island should transcend traditional fishing and be passed down to the next generation as cultural or tourism resources. Bibliography Lee, M. “Study, Survey and Historical Change of Stone Tidal Weirs in the Penghu Island.” In Chong-Wu Stone Fish Weir on Ming Dynasty, edited by J. Chen, 51-72. Quanzhou: Chinese Literature and Culture Studies Association at Hui An County and Villagers’ Committee of Fong-Hou Village at Chong-Wu Town, 2017. Nishimura A. “Maritime Counterpart to Megalithic Culture on Land. » Journal de la Société des Océanistes 3 (1981): 255-266. 5 �6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2023 Session 1: History and Current Trends of Underwater Archaeology around East Asia Subject The topic of the resource Session 1 papers Description An account of the resource Papers presented at Session 1 of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Conference presentation Date Available Date (often a range) that the resource became or will become available. November 2023 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stone Tidal Weirs in Hainan Island, PRC Description An account of the resource Around Danzhou City at the northern coast of Hainan Island, PRC, stone tidal weirs are widely distributed. Local history says that immigrants from the southern part of Fujian Province in mainland China came to this area to build many stone tidal weirs during the Ming Dynasty. Each patrilineal linage composed the construction unit of them. One stone tidal weir at the village of Wangzhai has the stone-circled catching trap at the tip of the stone wall, which looks similar to ones in the Penghu islands. On other stone tidal weirs at the village of Shenchong, there are openings between stone walls, which are usually closed by wooden sluice gates; when the openings are opened on the ebb, people set fishing nets just outside of the opened gates. Before the tide is out of stone tidal weirs completely, fishing nets are also used inside them. At night, fishermen light a fire on floats of fishing nets with coconut oil in order to drive fish into the nets. Although one stone tidal weir at the village of Changsha has been registered as a Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the Provincial Level by the Hainan Provincial People's Government, most stone tidal weirs in Hainan island have not been safeguarded properly by local people as well as by the government. Some weirs are abandoned, and others are transformed into fishing ports. As for the intangible aspect, villagers still remember ‘Tide Song’ in Hainanese, which narrates the dates of the spring tides and the commencement times of high tides according to lunar calendar. In former days, in addition, some families held special rituals during high tides so that a haul at stone tidal weirs might be good. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yishi Wang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Language A language of the resource English Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Wang, Yishi. 2023. “Stone Tidal Weirs in Hainan Island, PRC.” Edited by Jennifer Craig, Jay Mok, T. Kurt Knoerl, Akifumi Iwabuchi, and Kotaro Yamafune. In Proceedings of Fifth Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Gwangju, The Republic of Korea, November 13-18 2023. The Museum of Underwater Archaeology URL: https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/item/1892 Asia-Pac Session 1 2023