1 10 5 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/673615a15ecad21f2506e01983a97e77.mp4 763abcad98e0c150a7351e6e37837a59 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Moving Image A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham, Sharon Wong Wai Yee, and Ngo The Bach Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/11/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8d0b1d6c2c65250a73c0a8f29c734cbc.pdf 090c0986a57bcfb173dcfd0d87b9aa6a PDF Text Text Ayutthayan Port Towns and Ceramics Trading in Southern Thailand Atthasit Sukkham Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum, Bangkok University, Phaholyothin Road Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand Email: atthasit.s@bu.ac.th Abstract Between 1350 and 1767 CE, the Ayutthaya Kingdom became one of the most important trading centers in the region and a magnet for explorers, missionaries, ambassadors and merchants from around the world, specifically from China, Japan, Southeast Asia and Europe. Crucial to its success was the location of the capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom on the Chao Phraya River Basin and its territories in the northern, northeastern, western, and especially the southern region. The southern region is situated on the Malay Peninsula which the peninsula lies between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, and has long been a vital strategic and communications link. Archaeological evidence and historical records reveal that the important Ayutthayan port towns in the southern region are comprised of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Chaiya, Thalang, Songkhla and Pattani. A lot of Ayutthayan infrastructure, religious artworks and utensils, such as temples, fortresses, town walls, Buddha images, rock art and mural paintings, as well as trade ceramics were found there. The trade ceramics found in these five port towns were from northern Thailand, Vietnam and China and they were used for architectural decorations, luxury goods and kitchen utensils. Key words: Ayutthaya, Southern Thailand, Port Town, Ceramics Introduction Between 1350 and 1767 CE, the Ayutthaya Kingdom became one of the most important trading centers in the region and a magnet for explorers, missionaries, ambassadors and merchants from Southeast Asia, India, Persia, China, Japan and Europe to make relations and settle in the capital named Ayutthaya. Crucial to its success was the location of Ayutthaya, which was amidst the irrigated fertile Thai heartland, set in a vital strategic and communications link. The kingdom was ruled by the king with the royal court in Ayutthaya and the kings were absolute monarchs with semi-sacred status that derived from the ideologies of Hinduism and Buddhism as well as from natural leadership (Garnier, 2004). The kingship was founded in 1350 by King Ramathibodi I (1350-1369 AD) and lasted for over 400 years. The war between Ayutthaya and Burma began in 1548 under the reign of King Mahachakkraphat (1548-1568 AD) and after that 1 �a combined strong force of Burmese armies invaded the northern and western territories first, and Ayutthaya later capitulated during the reign of King Ukathat (17581767 AD) (Garnier, 2004). A Brief History of Ayutthayan Port Towns in Southern Thailand The Malay Peninsula is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. approximately The land north-south mass and is runs the southernmost point of the Asian mainland that lies between the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. The environment is tropical rainforest and seasonal rains. The peninsula also is affected by the Southwest and Northeast monsoon winds. Ayutthaya expanded its territory through conquests, especially towards the south, where port towns leading were located. Since the reign of King Ramathibodi I (1350-1369 AD), Ayutthaya sent troops to conquer all city-states of the southern Fig. 1 A map of the territory of Ayutthaya Kingdom and related archaeological sites. (Atthasit Sukkham) region. They became to be dependent cities under the Ayutthaya Kingdom, especially Nakhon Si Thammarat. The reforms in the reign of King Boromtrailokanath (1448-1488 AD) adopted a Mandala-style (based on influence areas) tributary system and systematically developed new local government organizations for all cities in the northern, northeastern, central, western territories and especially southern territory. There were recognized to be three levels of city comprising of “Inner Cities” (governed by the senior noblemen who were representatives of the kings, situated close to Ayutthaya and listed to be quaternary-rank cities with lowest level of security), “Outer or Chief Cities” (Phraya Maha Nakhon, governed by the senior noblemen who were representatives of the kings, situated far from Ayutthaya to control other dependent cities and listed to be primary-rank, secondary-rank and tertiary-rank 2 �cities depending on distance from Ayutthaya and level of security to protect the rebellion) and “Tributary City-states” (self-government but Ayutthaya still requested them to send tributes and military assistances), as well as independent city-state. A few Ayutthaya archives from the Early Ayutthaya period (1350-1488), contemporary Chinese, Arabian and European archives, and 16th to 17th centuries European maps (Suarez, 1999) have identified the most important port towns in the southern territory of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as: 1. Nakhon Si Thammarat as the chief primary-rank city (Fig. 1) 2. Phatthalung, Chumpon, Thalang and Chaiya as the outer tertiary-rank cities as well as dependent cities under Nakhon Si Thammarat (Fig. 1) 3. Pattani as the tributary city (Fig. 1) 4. Songkhla as the tributary city between Early (1350-1448) and Middle (1448-1630) Ayutthaya periods and liberated to be independent city-state in Late Ayutthaya period (1630-1767 AD) (Fig. 1) (CNAL, 1999). Ceramics Trading and Traditions Since the late 14th century, Ayutthaya was also regarded as the strongest power in mainland Southeast Asia. It began its hegemony by conquering the neighboring kingdoms like Sukhothai and the surrounding cities of Kamphaeng Phet, Si Satchanalai and Phitsanuloke (Fig. 1) during the reign of King Boromarachathirat I (1370-1388 AD). Meanwhile, it also established official and unofficial relations with China and Vietnam, especially regarding trade. Hence, the ceramics were one of the important products that they exchanged. The Chinese Yuan (1280-1368 AD), Ming (1368-1644 AD) and Qing (1644-1911 AD) ceramics, as well as the Vietnamese Tran (1226-1400 AD) and Le (1428-1527 AD) ceramics were exported around the regions that were believed to be the prototypes for Thai potters who tried to copy, specifically on the Si Satchanalai, San Kamphaeng, Wang Nua, Phayao and Boh Suak kilns of the Sukhothai and Lanna Kingdoms (Wong-on et al., 2013) (Fig. 1). As the domestic trades, the ceramic productions and other businesses in the neighboring kingdoms were transferred to Ayutthaya after the conquest, specifically the Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai kilns in the northern territory (Wong-on et al., 2013). It also operated its own ceramic productions in the central territory at the Bang Pun kilns in Suphan Buri (FAD, 1988), the Bang Rachan 3 �(Mae Nam Noi) kilns in Sing Buri (Sukkham 2013) and Klong Sra Bua kilns in Ayutthaya (Yukongdi, 2009) (Fig. 1) but there was no any ceramic production in the southern territory. The Si Satchanalai ceramics are only a group of Thai ceramics that were found in the southern territory especially in Nakhon Si Thammarat. A Middle Si Satchanalai celadon dish with engraved lotus and classic scroll designs dated in the first half of 15th century were found in Nakhon Si Thammarat but the provenance is unknown (FAD, 2000). The Late Si Satchanalai underglaze black and brown and white jarlets (Fig. 2) with floral designs dated from the late 15th to mid-16th centuries were buried surrounding the Sri Lankan style of round stupa in the Chedi Yak Temple on the north of Nakhon Si Thammarat but they have no human remains inside (FAD, 1986: 44). Other Late Si Satchanalai brown and white jarlet was put inside the great stupa of the Chanthat Tharam Temple or Khao That Stupa on the north of Nakhon Si Thammarat but it has no human remains inside as well (FAD, 2013). All of these were produced and exported from the Si Satchanalai kilns in the northern territory between the first half of 15th century and 16th century when the kilns were already transferred to Ayutthaya. However, the ceramics from the Bang Pun, Sukhothai, Bang Rachan and Klong Sra Bua kilns Fig. 2 Late Si Satchanalai underglaze were not found in Nakhon Si Thammarat or other black jarlet (top) and brown and white jarlet (bottom), late 15th to mid-16th century, found in the Chedi Yak Temple. (Nakhon Si Thammarat National Museum) dependent cities in the southern territory. 4 �Regarding international trade, very few Vietnamese ceramics were found in Nakhon Si Thammarat as well. The first group comprises of a Chu Dau blue and white jarlet with painted flower and panel designs as well as a blue and white covered box with painted chrysanthemum, lotus and square panel designs. These were put inside the great stupa of the Thao Khot Temple on southwestern side of Nakhon Si Thammarat (FAD 2000). The second group is a Chu Dau blue and white jarlet with painted flower and panel designs which was put inside the great Fig. 3 Le Chu Dau blue and white jarlets, 15th stupa of the Chanthat Tharam Temple (FAD, century, found in the Chanthat Tharam 2013) (Fig. 3). These ceramics Temple. (Nakhon Si Thammarat National were Museum and 14th Regional Office of Fine Arts produced and exported from the Chu Dau Department) kilns in Hai Duong, northern Vietnam in the Later Le Dynasty around the 15th century. The third group is from other kilns as a Go Sanh brown glazed jar with four handles and the glaze stopping at the middle of the exterior which was also put inside the great stupa of the Chanthat Tharam Temple (FAD, 2013). This jar was produced and exported from the Go Sanh kilns in Binh Dinh, central Vietnam dated to the 15th century. Another international trade is Chinese porcelain. The ceramics trade between China and Southeast Asia appeared during the Tang dynasty (618-907). Since Yuan (12801368 AD) until Qing (1644-1911 AD) Dynasties, Ayutthaya had a good relation with China especially on ceramics trading. The Yuan ceramics marked as the oldest Chinese ceramics found in Nakhon Si Thammarat in the Ayutthaya period (1350-1767 AD) are of unknown provenance. They are two Longquan celadon dishes with vertical fluted on the interior that produced and exported from the Longquan kilns in Zhejiang from the 13th to 14th centuries (FAD, 2000) (Fig. 4). Between Middle Ming and Early Qing Dynasties around the mid-15th to late 18th centuries, the Jingdezhen kilns in Jiangxi, the Longquan kilns in Zhejiang as 5 �well as the Dehua, Cizao and Pinghe (formerly called Zhangzhou) kilns in Fujian exported ceramics to Ayutthaya. The white glazed, celadon, green and yellow, blue glazed, blue and white and overglaze enameled wares were found on the east coast of the southern territory in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Chaiya, Songkhla and Pattani, rather than in the west territory of Thalang (Chandavij, 1994). The details of typology and provenance are detailed in (Table 1). Fig. 4 Yuan Longquan celadon dishes, 13th to 14th century, found in Nakhon Si Thammarat. (Nakhon Si Thammarat National Museum) Nakhon Si Thammarat and Chaiya where the most complex Chinese ceramics are found and those details are mentioned in Table 1. They provide data to categorize the chronology in four different periods: 1. From the 13th to 14th centuries: the Yuan Longquan celadon dishes were found only in Nakhon Si Thammarat but the provenance is unknown (Fig. 4). 2. From the 15th to 16th centuries: the Middle Ming ceramics between Chengtong (1436-1449 AD) and Hongzhi (1488-1505 AD) reigns were exported to the east coast in middle part of the southern territory. Most of them were used for religious purposes, being buried around and put inside the great stupas of Buddhist temples. The ceramics were found in temples in the town of Nakhon Si Thammarat, and just only one sample was found in Chaiya. The Chai Na Temple on southwestern side of Nakhon Si 6 �Thammarat is where the Longquan celadon dishes of Chengtong to Hongzhi reigns were found, with foliate rim and fluted fret designs on the interior sticking on a pair of wooden pillars in front of a Buddha image inside the Early Ayutthaya style (1350-1488 AD) the great hall Maha Ut. The interior walls of the great hall also have a mural painting with the stories of god, goddess and animals in the forest Himmavanta. A Jingdezhen blue and white bowl of Chengtong to Tianshun (1457-1464 AD) reigns with false unglazed rim and peony designs both on interior and exterior was found in Nakhon Si Thammarat. Blue glazed jarlets of Chengtong to Tianshun reigns were found in Chaiya. 3. During the first half of 16th to early 17th centuries: Ming Zhengde (1506-1521 AD), Jiajing (1522-1566 AD), Longqing (1567-1573 AD) and Wanli (1573-1619 AD) reigns exported the ceramics to the east and west coasts of the southern territory. Most of them were buried in the earth surrounding the pedestal of stupa in many temples. The Cizao green and yellow kendis and jarlets of Jiajing to Wanli reigns with engraved flower designs was found in the Phra Khian Temple on the west of Nakhon Si Thammarat, as well as in the temples of Thao Khot and Chedi Yak. A couple of Pinghe blue and white jarlets of Jiajing to Wanli reigns with underglaze flower designs were found in the Nangtra Temple on the north of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Pinghe blue and white jarlet of Jiajing and Wanli reigns with deer designs associated with Jingdezhen blue and white jarlet with flower designs dated from the same period were found in the Wiang Temple in Chaiya. The ceramics produced at the Jingdezhen and Pinghe kilns – which comprise of white glazed kendis, overglaze enameled dishes and kendis as well as blue and white dishes, bowls, and jars from the Zhengde to the Wanli reigns– were also found in every city, specifically Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Thalang and Songkhla in the areas of Sathingphra and Hua Khao Dang Mountain. Moreover, a couple of Jingdezhen blue and white dishes or Kraak wares of Wanli reign with complex designs such as duck, flower and eight circle panel were found on the cave ceiling of the Singkhon Temple. They were found together with other Chinese ceramics of the Qing Dynasty that were assumed to have been used for architectural decoration in the later period from the mid-17th to early 18th centuries. 7 �4. From the mid-17th to early 18th centuries: Qing ceramics between Kangxi (16621722 AD) and Yongzhen (1723-1735 AD) reigns were exported only to the east coast of southern territory. They were used for architectural decoration on several kinds of buildings in Buddhist temples. The Phra Mahathat Temple at the center of Nakhon Si Thammarat (UNESCO, 2012) was found various types of ceramics comprise of the Bencharong small dishes with flower and floral designs as well as the figure of deva those ordered by Thai to produce at Dehua kilns around Kangxi and Yongzhen reigns, a Dehua blue glazed dish, a Jingdezhen overglaze enameled dish with Arabian alphabets or called “Chinese Islamic magic square” design as well as the Jingdezhen blue and white dishes with complex designs such as basket of flowers, Artemisia and Thai designs (Fig. 6). They were used for architectural decoration on several parts of the great stupa of the Phra Mahathat Temple, specifically four sides of the pedestal of stupa throne called Harmika and four side miniature stupas. The stupas were believed to build since Sukhothai period (the 13th to 15th centuries) but the ceramics were possibly decorated onto them in Late Ayutthaya period (1630-1767 AD). Between 1990 and 1991, the 14th Regional Office of Fine Arts Department at Nakhon Si Thammarat in association with temple clergymen restored the stupas as well as the original ceramics decorated on them were moved for preservation and display in the temple museum. New replicas of ceramic for decoration on the stupa were made and placed in the same position. Fig. 5 Kraak ware dishes, early 17th century, sticking on the cave ceiling of the Singkhon Temple. (Atthasit Sukkham) The Singkhon Temple on the northwest of Nakhon Si Thammarat is other temple that used Chinese ceramics for architectural decoration. Qing ceramics of Kangxi and 8 �Yongzhen reigns were found there, specifically the Jingdezhen and Dehua blue and white dishes, as well as the Jingdezhen overglaze enameled dishes. However, they are also associated with the above mentioned couple of Kraak wares, possibly used for decorating the cave at the same time. All of them are still stuck on the stuccos and rock surfaces of the cave ceiling. The stuccos on the cave ceiling are assumed to be Late Ayutthaya designs (1630-1767 AD), but some archaeologists suggest the ceramics were stuck in the cave temple in the Late Ayutthaya period (1630-1767 AD) as well (Srisuchat, 1991) (Fig. 5). The square stupa called Phra That in Thai was built at the mouth of the cave temple has similar characteristics to the Phra Borommathat Temple in Chaiya and both were assumed to be from the Late Ayutthaya style (1488-1630 AD). This square stupa also used ceramics from the Qing dynasty and the Republic, specifically the Dehua blue and white stem dishes of Tongzhi (1862-1874 AD) to Xuantong (1909-1911 AD) reigns with foliate rim and underglaze Shiitake mushroom designs as well as the Jingdezhen overglaze enameled rids of Xianfeng (1851-1861 AD) to Xuantong reigns with flower scroll and shiitake mushroom designs. Although the square stupa was built in Late Ayutthaya period (1488-1630 AD), these Late Qing (1736-1911 AD) and Republic (1916-recent) ceramics contemporary with the Early Rattanakosin period (1782 to the recent period) suggests that the ceramics may have been used in the restoration of the square stupa around the mid 19th to early 20th centuries (Chandavij, 1994; Sukkham et al., 2012). All Chinese ceramics found in the towns and temples around the southern territory mentioned above are mirrored in many shipwreck assemblages in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea, such as: The late 14th to early 15th centuries shipwrecks: comprised of the Rang Kwien, Song Doc, Turiang, Si Chang II, Maranei and Bakau. The mid-15th to late 15th century shipwrecks comprised of the Nanyang, Khram, Longquan, Royal Nanhai, Pandanan, Phu Quoc II, Belanakan, Brunei and Santa Cruz. The early 16th to early 17th centuries shipwrecks comprised of the Hoi An, Samui, Si Chang III, Si Chang I, Singtai, Xuande and Wanli. The mid 17th to late 19th centuries shipwrecks especially the Ca Mau and Desaru (Flecker, 2001; Brown and Sjostrand, 2001; Sjostrand and Idrus, 2007; Sotheby’s Amsterdam, 2007; Brown, 2009). 9 �Fig. 6 Qing Jingdezhen blue and white dish (left), Qing Jindezhen overglaze enameled dish with “Chinese Islamic magic square” design (center) and Qing Dehua blue glazed dish (right), late 17th to early 18th century. (Phra Mahathat Temple Museum) Conclusion The port towns in the southern territory of the Ayutthaya Kingdom located on the coastal area of the Malay Peninsula connected the Southeast Asian, Chinese, Arabian and even European maritime trade routes in the Gulf of Thailand on the east and the Andaman Sea on the west. These port cities started their expansion from the late 14th century onwards. In history, India, Persia, China, Vietnam, Japan, Portugal, Netherlands, Britain and France established official and unofficial relations focused on trade with Ayutthaya and its dependent cities. They also got permission to settle and open trading stations in Ayutthaya as well as their branches in the port towns on the southern territory. The most important port towns recorded in the Ayutthaya archives and European maps since the reign of King Boromtrailokanath (1448-1488 AD) comprised of Nakhon Si Thammarat as the chief primary-rank city, Thalang and Chaiya as outer tertiary-rank city and dependent cities under Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani as the tributary city and Songkhla as the tributary city in Early (1350-1448 AD) and Middle (1448-1630 AD) Ayutthaya periods then after that it was later liberated to be independent city-states in Late Ayutthaya period (1630-1767 AD). The dependent cities, foreign relations and trade benefited from Ayutthaya through agriculture products, forest supplies, ore mines and ceramic productions supplied for domestic usages and monopoly trade, receiving some cultural influences including tributes and military assistances and controlling travel and transportation between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean on the middle part of the peninsula. All port 10 �towns in the southern territory have yielded Thai, Vietnamese and Chinese trade ceramics following Middle Si Satchanalai celadon (the first half of 15th century), Late Si Satchanalai underglaze black and brown and white (the late 15th to mid 16th centuries), Le Chu Dau blue and white (the 15th century), Go Sanh brown glazed (the 15th century), Yuan (1280-1368 AD) and Ming (1368-1644 AD) Longquan celadon, Ming Cizao green and yellow (1368-1644 AD), Ming (1368-1644 AD) and Qing (1644-1911 AD) Jingdezhen white glazed, blue glazed, blue and white and overglaze enameled, Ming Pinghe (formerly called Zhangzhou) white glazed, blue and white and overglaze enameled (1368-1644 AD) and Qing Dehua white glazed and blue glazed wares. These ceramics indicate the port towns in the southern territory specifically Nakhon Si Thammarat, Chaiya, Songkhla, Pattani and Thalang connected with Si Satchanalai kilns in the northern territory by the port of Ayutthaya, Chu Dau and Go Sanh kilns by the ports of Ha Long, Van Don and Hoi An in Vietnam as well as Longquan, Cizao, Jingdezhen, Pinghe (formerly called Zhangzhou) and Dehua kilns by the ports of Fuzhou and Quanzhou in China. Nakhon Si Thammarat was possibly a dependent city used to control the travel and transportation on the middle part of the peninsula to Ayutthaya since of the complexity of the ceramics assemblages suggests this port to be the first gate for international trading ships, especially the arrival of Chinese junks. These ceramics were used for several purposes and can be categorized in four different periods: 1. From the 13th to 14th century, imported luxury or utilitarian products. 2. From the 15th to 17th century, ceramics were buried surrounding the pedestal of great stupa in a few Buddhist temples but no human remains inside them. They were used for religious purposes. In additions, some ceramics were used for architectural decoration but this did not become a tradition in the Early Ayutthaya period (1350-1488 AD). 3. From the mid 17th to early 18th centuries, ceramics were used as architectural decorations in a few Buddhist temples. By the number of ceramics, they seemed to indicate a decrease for other port towns in the southern territory in the period. The ceramics found in land sites appear to be mirrored in ceramic assemblages recovered from 14th to 19th centuries shipwrecks that sank in the Gulf of Thailand and 11 �the South China Sea. This confirms that the ceramics were shipped on maritime trade routes by Southeast Asian or Chinese ships (Green, 2013) to points of destination in the southern territory and other points of destination in Southeast Asia, India and Far East Asia. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Pariwat Thammapreechakorn, Director of the Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum, Bangkok University, for his comments. I especially would like to thank the Organizing committee of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, for publishing this paper and travel stipend assistance to attend the conference. References Brown, R. M., 2009. Ming Gap and Shipwreck Ceramics in Southeast Asia: Towards a Chronology of Thai Trade Ware. River Books Press, Bangkok. Brown, R. M., and Sjostrand, S., 2001. Maritime Archaeology and Shipwreck Ceramics in Malaysia. Department of Museum and Antiquities, Kuala Lumpur. Chandavij, N., 1994. Chinese Ceramics from the Archaeological sites in Thailand. Thammasat University Press, Bangkok (In Thai). Committee of National Archives and Literatures (CNAL), 1999. Cultures, Histories, Identities and Knowledge of the Southern Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Thai Government. Available at http://www.m-culture.go.th/knowledge-province.php?sub_id=529. (In Thai) Flecker, M., 2001. The Bakau Wreck: An Early Example of Chinese Shipping in Southeast Asia. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 30 (2): 221-230. Fine Arts Department (FAD), 1988. Ban Bang Pun Kilns. Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, (In Thai). Fine Arts Department (FAD), 1986. The Guide to Nakhon Si Thammarat National Museum. Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, (In Thai). Fine Arts Department (FAD), 2000. The Guide to Nakhon Si Thammarat National Museum. (Second edition), Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, (In Thai). Fine Arts Department (FAD), 2013. The Geographic Information System Database. accessed on December 1, 2013, http://www.gis.finearts.go.th/ChooseSystem.aspx. (In Thai) 12 available at �Garnier, D., 2004. Ayutthaya: Venice of the East. River Books Press, Bangkok. Green, J., 2013. Maritime Archaeology of Ships of Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and East Asia, the Question of Bulkheads. In The Museum of Underwater Archaeology Collection, accessed on November 18, 2013, available at http://www.themua.org/collections/items/show/1573. Sjostrand, S., and Idrus, S. L. L. S., 2007. The Wanli Shipwreck and Its Ceramic Cargo. Department of Museums Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Sotheby’s Amsterdam, 2007. Made in Imperial China: 76,000 Pieces of Chinese Export Porcelain from the Ca Mau Shipwreck, Circa 1725. Sotheby’s, Amsterdam. Srisuchat, A., 1991. Rock Art of the Historic Period in Thailand, Part I (Central and Southern Thailand), Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok. Suarez, T., 1999. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia. Periplus Publishing Group, Singapore. Sukkham, A., 2013. Variability in Ceramics of the Bang Rachan (Mae Nam Noi) Kilns. In SEAMEO SPAFA, Proceeding of the First SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology at Burapha University, May 7-10, 2013 (DVD). Sukkham, A., Sittrit, C., and Chalawsuntisakul, S., 2012. Ceramic Decoration on the Buddhist Edifices in Surat Thani and Nakhonsithammarat Provinces. Muang Boran Journal. Vol. 38 (2): 151-164. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2012. Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, available at http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5752/. Wong-on, T., Thammapreechakorn, P., and Rooney D. F., 2013. Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai Ceramics: Inspiration and Realization. Bangkok Printing, Bangkok. Yukongdi, P., 2009. Development of ceramics production in Ayutthaya. Publishing PhD Thesis in Historical Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok. Biography Atthasit Sukkham completed his Master of Arts in archaeology from Silpakorn University, Bangkok and received an archaeology field research scholarship from Southern Methodist University, New Mexico in 2010. He is currently Assistant Curator of the Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum at Bangkok University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani. 13 �Table 1. List of the typologies and provenances of Chinese ceramics found in the southern territory of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ayutthayan Port Towns and Ceramics Trading in Southern Thailand Description An account of the resource Between 1350 and 1767 CE, the Ayutthaya Kingdom became one of the most important trading centers in the region and a magnet for explorers, missionaries, ambassadors and merchants from around the world, specifically from China, Japan, Southeast Asia and Europe. Crucial to its success was the location of the capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom on the Chao Phraya River Basin and its territories in the northern, northeastern, western, and especially the southern region. The southern region is situated on the Malay Peninsula which the peninsula lies between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, and has long been a vital strategic and communications link. Archaeological evidence and historical records reveal that the important Ayutthayan port towns in the southern region are comprised of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Chaiya, Thalang, Songkhla and Pattani. A lot of Ayutthayan infrastructure, religious artworks and utensils, such as temples, fortresses, town walls, Buddha images, rock art and mural paintings, as well as trade ceramics were found there. The trade ceramics found in these five port towns were from northern Thailand, Vietnam and China and they were used for architectural decorations, luxury goods and kitchen utensils. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/8d6bcbc8f46d9f25cfa7a83eb32ca618.pdf fbf56d842c6260969ff09f88aa9a870e PDF Text Text Discovery of Ceramics from the Koh Sdach Shipwreck, Koh Kong province, Cambodia Tep Sokha Royal University of Fine Arts, 72 str. 19 Phnom Penh, 1200 Cambodia Email: tepsokha81@yahoo.com Abstract In February 2006 fishermen discovered a shipwreck off the southwest coast of the Kiri Sakor district, Koh Kong province in 30 m of water approximately 20 km west from Koh Sdeach. Charred timber found at the shipwreck site and large irregular globs of melted metal which encase pottery pieces appear to indicate that the ship burned before sinking. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and the Shipwreck Research and Salvage Committee obtained the collection, which includes cooking pots with lids, storage jars with four loop-handles of different sizes, basins, bottles, kendi, dishes, plates, mortars and porcelain and celadon bowls. During our examination of the collection we selected a representative sample of 88 pieces of ceramics. Among the recovered material we found two pieces of lacquered covered box. While the designs on the lacquered surfaces were quite faded, the basketry core was in perfect condition. The calibrated date was from 1428 to 1482 AD (95% probability). The preliminary analysis of ceramics indicates that they could originate from the Mae Nam Noi kilns in Singbori province and the Si Satchanalai kilns in Sukhothai province, both in Thailand. Furthermore, the same type of storage jars with four handles has been found in the Cardamom Mountain, in Cambodia, where they have been used for burials. In this presentation I will discuss the preliminary analysis of the material and the different ways in which the site is connected to maritime trade routes in the gulf of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia. Key words: Cambodia, Post-Angkor, Cardamom, Maritime trade, Ceramics, Burial jars, Koh Sdach Introduction In February 2006 fishermen discovered a shipwreck off the southwest coast of the Kiri Sakar district, Koh Kong province in 30 m of water approximately 20 km west from Koh Sdach Island. Charred timber found at the shipwreck site and large irregular globs of melted metal which encase pottery pieces appear to indicate that the ship burned before sinking. His Excellency Ly Yong Phat funded the recovery of some 900 pieces of complete ceramics, various artifacts and a pile of broken ceramics. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MoCFA) and the Shipwreck Research and Salvage Committee 1 �obtained the collection, which includes cooking pots with lids, water jars, storage jars with four loop-handles of different sizes, basins, bottles, Kendi, bowls, plates, mortars, porcelain and celadon bowls. The material is currently stored at the Provincial Court in Koh Kong. During our examination of the collection we selected a representative sample of 88 pieces of ceramics. Among the recovered material we found two pieces of lacquered covered box. While the designs on the lacquered surfaces were quite faded, the basketry core was in perfect condition. The radiocarbon dating was done by Nancy Beavan and its calibrated date ranges between 1428 and 1482 AD (95% probability) (Beavan et al., 2012b). The preliminary analysis of ceramics indicates that they could be derived from two sources of ceramics kiln sites: Mae Nam Noi kilns or Bang Rachan kilns in Singburi province and Si Satchanalai kilns in Sukhothai province, Thailand. Furthermore, the same type of storage jars with four lug handles has been found in the Cardamom Mountain, in Cambodia, where they have been used for burials. In this presentation I will discuss the preliminary analysis of the material and the different ways in which the site is connected to maritime trade routes in the gulf of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia. Collection of Ceramics from Shipwreck near Koh Sdach Island Discovery of Ship sunk near Koh Sdach Island so far only one shipwreck has been located in Cambodia. This ship sank near Koh Sdach Island. The main cargo was of Thai ceramic production and various artifacts. According to local villagers some of ceramics and valuable objects were looted though the extent of the looting has not been quantified. Additional researches of underwater archaeology suggest that there may be around 15 shipwrecks according to local people in Kompot, Sihanouk village, Kep and Koh Kong province (UNESCO, 2011), but no evidence of their location has been found yet, further work will be done in the future lead by UNSECO in Cambodia and Department of Underwater Archaeology under Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. According to initial reports, the estimated ship dimension is 30 m long and 8 m wide (Chuch Phoeurn, 2006). The location of the shipwreck is between the mainland and Koh Sdach Island. The popular name of the closest harbor is the “Japanese Port”. This may indicate evidence of maritime trade around area near Koh Sdach Island between Cambodia and Japan. 2 �Transportation and Storage Ceramics, boards of ship, ivories, ingots, one small canon, bamboo lacquer cover boxes, and various artifacts were moved and lifted from the ship by Russian divers. At first, all the collection was stored in a Russian ship, but after the salvage operations ended, the collection was moved and stored in a room that belonged to H.E. Ly Yong Phat, who extended funding support for the operation. Cambodian Royal Government has no funds to lift the shipwreck, an operation that was estimated to cost around one million US dollars. Consequently, the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, and National Museum in Phnom Penh proceeded to make an inventory of the ceramics and various artifacts. These were labeled as “KK.2006.0001”, abbreviation of KK “Koh Kong”. In the project I am currently working on, there are plans to build storage, cabinets, and carry out ceramics conservation such as desalination of soluble salt, assembling of broken ceramics, writing the number in correct place, make description, photography for database, etc. We will classify the ceramics in groups of large storage jars, medium storage jars, small storage jars, cooking pots, water jars, bottles, stoves, motors, basins, and so on. Ceramics Conservation We are carrying out technical methods of ceramic conservation for conservation problems such as waterlogged ceramics in salt water, flaking glaze, powdery clay of earthenware, cracking lines and broken in pieces, problem of storage, numbering in the wrong place, and dirty.  Technical desalination: soak ceramics in fresh water for 24 hours, or three days, or one week. Test the salt in the water carried out by Conductivity Meter that will indicate its scale microsum (µ). Soak it in water time and again until measurement of soluble salt to degrees down around 100 µ. This process will stop the clay turn powdery and prevent further cracks in the ceramics.  Cleaning dirt and shells: at this point, we must learn how to work out a problem of pot stains dirt and shells attached with the ceramics. We can remove some part of shells attach on pot at any area is occurred the deteriorative issue and look conspicuously, we keep in mind that shell remains is on pot could help us to 3 �identify evidence of source where pots found. We can apply sponge, dental brushes, bamboo stick, and scalpel to clean the ceramics.  Consolidation of flaking glaze: adhesive Acryloid B-72 and B-48 dissolve in pure acetone about 5-10 percent to drop on the glaze flaking with painting brush for three or four times. Carrying out this method can help glaze strongly. Normally, the problem of glaze flaking also occurs with soluble salt which thins the glaze and cracks the glaze is getting weak and then it flicks off.  Consolidation of powdery clay: we can apply consolidation as glaze flaking, but this method could make clay to gain a dark color. In any case, desalination of salt may help pot clay in good condition. We know this problem often occurs with low fired pots.  Assembling of pots: use adhesive Acryloid B-72 and B-48 in pure acetone, these types of adhesive is adopted for the climate in Cambodia, the glass transition temperature change is higher than 400C. Before joining shards, we must consolidate the edge of shards three to four times, which strengthens the edge and makes it safer when we press it together. Apply adhesive on one edge of shard and press both shards together, and then pull it to see adhesive to fill in completed hole.  Previous numbering was in the wrong place and also the size of the letter used on small objects was too big. We will remove and number at the right place. Normally, when numbering the objects we must think about where we should write. We make a lined coat and remember not to write direct on pots since ink stains on the pot are difficult to clean. The technical method used for numbering on the pots, is by making a coat with thick liquid of adhesive Acryloid B-72 and then we write the number on the coat, last point, we cover on top with thick liquid adhesive Acryloid B-67, this method, it can protect from scratching of numbering. As for, large jars can write number at low part of body and high from base 5 cm, make layer or coat with Acryloid B-72, size of letter should be 1 cm high. Medium size of storage jars and small jars must number smaller and smaller. Furthermore, cooking pots, water jars, Kendi, basins and various objects should number at a side of flat base in a section that will not be suffering friction from the floor, board 4 �and storage compartment. We must make sure this area is not scratched when we move object.  Ceramics storage: It is really important for management of artifact collection in Museum and Gallery. All of the ceramics derived from the Koh Sdach shipwreck are currently not in a good condition of storage, as we can see from the pile of ceramics and fragments (Fig. 6). Examination of ceramics indicates that many pots were recently broken in pieces, scratched lines of the clay and glaze, and chipped the edge of the shard. This happened due to weight compression from material stored on top. In my project, this year I am working on complete ceramics and I am planning on moving them to the Department of Culture and Fine Arts. I have some funds allocated to build the storage in order to store ceramics on shelf. Conclusion The Koh Sdach shipwreck was transporting cargo following a coastal route but never managed to reach its destination, as it sunk off the coast of Cambodia and currently lies underwater at 32 m of depth. Various researchers have thought this was a Chinese junk, but this assertion requires further study of the planks. A proof of iron melting wrap around ceramics appears to indicate that the ship may have been burnt due to an act of piracy or by accident. This ship was found on February 2016 by fisherman. Ceramics and various archaeological artifacts were brought up from the sea by Russian divers supported by H. E. Ly Yong Phat. Most of the storage jars originated from Mae Nam Noi kilns in Thailand and Radiocarbon date suggest 1428-82 CE old. Furthermore, we found some Si Satchanalai celadon plates, Chinese blue and white porcelain plates, low fired wares such as cooking pots, water jars, stoves, kendis and basins. The discovery of Mae Nam Noi storage jars which highland people used for funerary practices in valley or on the hills of Cardamom Mountain in Thma Bang and Sre Ambel districts, Koh Kong province indicate that the trade routes taken by these materials was mainly coastal. The jar burial sites in the Cardamom Mountains show the common use of Mae Nam Noi Jars that have had the necks of the jars knocked off, and a hole was drilled on the bottom. These jars were used to store human bones in a secondary deposition. The jars were then placed in a natural rock ledge along the range of Cardamom Mountain (Beavan, 5 �2012a). We also found the celadon plates in this context; therefore it is possible that they were used for food offering during ceremonies. In my project have planned for three years of ceramics conservation and management, at first year, I am going to focus on earthenware which researchers have been focused on the stoneware in Southeast Asia; At second points, I am going to focus on the stoneware and third point, I am going to conserve all of broken ceramics in pieces. We are going to build storage for ceramics from the shipwreck and management. Therefore, we expect cultural heritage treasures in Cambodia, were derived from the shipwreck are going to conserved and preserved in good condition. In the near future, we hope UNESCO and other organization will help to build the museum for collection found in Koh Kong province. 6 �Catalogue Notification of ceramics is classified into 12 functions such as storage jars, bottles, jarlets, basins, Kendis, celadon bowls, blue and white Chinese porcelains, cooking pots, water jars, lids of cooking pots and water jars, stoves, and mortars. Additional point, they have slightly different dimensions and decoration. Radiocarbon dating on bamboo box with lacquer has provided the date between 1428 and 1482 CE. 1. Storage Jar (Fig. 1) with thick four lug handles, black and green glaze in the lower part of body, vertical neck, profile lip and flat base. Many jars found having dimension of H: 50-66 cm, Diam: 40-45 cm. Fig. 1 2. Jarlets (Fig. 2) with two handles and green glaze, reddish tan clay. These types of jarlet were produced in Si Satchanalai kiln around 15th -16th centuries. Jarlet was formed shape as gourd, they perhaps use for liquid container. Normal glaze is green glaze that we call Celadon ware to focus on clay object with green color, but soluble salt is made flake and changed color of glaze. Measurements: H: 10.5 cm, Diam: 7cm; and Cat: 13, H: 7 cm, Diam: 8cm Fig. 2 3. Si Satchanalai Celadon Bowls (Fig. 3) Some celadon bowls found in the pile of ceramics which stylistic data of celadon; they were produced in the late period of Si Satchanalai. Bowl Fig. 3: H: 6-7.5 cm, Diam: 23-25 cm Fig. 3 7 �4. Blue and White Porcelain Bowls (Figs. 4-5) with blue cloud design at exterior and Chinese letter “Fu” at center of bowl interior, ideogram for happiness. Dimension H: 7 cm, Diam: 14.5 cm; Bowl Fig. 5 with cobalt blue glaze at exterior and Chinese letter “Fu” but different style of writing than Fig. 4 Dimension H: 4.5 cm, Diam: 9.5 cm Fig. 4 Fig. 5 5. Cooking Pots (Fig. 6) has an ellipsoid shape, short neck, large mouth, and round base, impress design on entire body. This type of traditional cooking pot was made by paddle and anvil, it appears like Thai production and many storage jars of various sizes were exported. There are 30 complete pots we counted and some of them were broken. Dimension of cooking pot Fig. 6 H: 31 cm, Diam: 22 cm Fig. 6 6. Water Jars (Figs. 7-8) Based on the style of tradition of water jars in Cambodia, we call this type of pots “Water Jar” though it does not only refer to water container but it could also be used for various purposes. In this shipwreck, water jars are more in number than cooking pots. Many water jars are of the same dimension: H: 16-17cm, Diam: 20-22 cm; there is only a large water jar, dimension: H: 29.5 cm, Diam: 33 cm. Decoration of pots indicates impression of paddle pattern such as illustration of incised lines on the wood pattern Fig. 7; and pattern of X with fish eggs at upper part of water jar Fig. 8. Fig. 7 Fig. 8 8 �7. Group of lids (Figs. 9-10) with dome shape, handle at center, they may be lids for the water jars. Dimension H: 2-4 cm, Diam: 9 – 15 cm; Four lids with dome shape and unglazed cylindrical shape, Thai earthenware also found at Rang Kwein ceramics (Brown, 2009), H: 711cm, Diam: 23-33 cm Fig. 9 Fig. 10 8. Stove and Mortar (Fig. 11) there are several mortars amongst the items recovered from the ship; it seems under fired clay, this type of object is used for pounding hard foods for cooking. Mortar has ellipsoid shape, stamp foot, and reddish clay. The mortar has the following dimensions H: 10 cm, Diam: 17cm. A stove was also found amongst the material recovered. Fig. 11 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to the committee of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage who has supported me; Veronica Walker, and others of the publications committee who has assisted in the reviewing the article, Joyce Clark, and Helen Jessup from Friends of Khmer Culture (FOKCI), Lisa Sardegna, Dr. Nancy Beavan, Dr. Louise Cort, and Atthasit Sukkham. I would like to dedicate this article to Bonnie Baskin and late Roxanna Brown. 9 �References Beavan, N., Halcrow, S., McFadgen, B., Hamilton, D., Buckley, B., Sokha, T., Shewan, L., Sokha, O., Fallon, S., Miksic, J., Armstrong, R., O’Reilly, D., Domett, K., Chhem, K. R., 2012a. Radiocarbon dates from Jar and Coffin Burials of the Cardamom mountains reveal a unique mortuary ritual in Cambodia’s late to post-Angkor period (15th to 17th centuries AD). Radiocarbon, Vol. 54 (1): 1- 22. Beavan, N., et al. 2012b. Field note: A Radiocarbon date for the Koh S’dech Shipwreck, KohKong Province, Kingdom of Cambodia. Smithsonian Freer Sackler Gallery online resource. Site visited on the 26th March 2014, available at: https://www.academia.edu/2066819/Field_note_A_Radiocarbon_Date_for_the_Koh_Sd ech_Shipwreck_Koh_Kong_Province_Kingdom_of_Cambodia Brown, R., 2009. The Ming Gap and shipwreck ceramics in Southeast Asia: towards a chronology of Thai trade ware. River Books, Bangkok. Chuch, P., 2001. The Preliminary Cartography of Cultural Underwater Heritage in Cambodia. UNESCO, Phnom Penh. Tep Sokha is an archaeologist specialized in Southeast Asian ceramics and ceramic conservation. He graduated from the Royal University of Fine Arts (RUFA), where he established a small ceramics conservation workshop and was involved in student training in conservation and ceramic analysis. Tep has some ten years of experience on various ceramic conservation projects and organizing exhibitions including for the Khmer sites of Preah Vihear, Phum Sophy, and Kuk Patri. Tep is currently the Chief Ceramics Conservator for the Living in the Shadow of Angkor project for the jar burials of the Cardamom Mountains and the study of the ceramics from the Koh Sdach shipwreck. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Discovery of Ceramics from the Koh Sdach Shipwreck, Koh Kong province, Cambodia Description An account of the resource In February 2006 fishermen discovered a shipwreck off the southwest coast of the Kiri Sakor district, Koh Kong province in 30 m of water approximately 20 km west from Koh Sdeach. Charred timber found at the shipwreck site and large irregular globs of melted metal which encase pottery pieces appear to indicate that the ship burned before sinking. The Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts and the Shipwreck Research and Salvage Committee obtained the collection, which includes cooking pots with lids, storage jars with four loop-handles of different sizes, basins, bottles, kendi, dishes, plates, mortars and porcelain and celadon bowls. During our examination of the collection we selected a representative sample of 88 pieces of ceramics. Among the recovered material we found two pieces of lacquered covered box. While the designs on the lacquered surfaces were quite faded, the basketry core was in perfect condition. The calibrated date was from 1428 to 1482 AD (95% probability). The preliminary analysis of ceramics indicates that they could originate from the Mae Nam Noi kilns in Singbori province and the Si Satchanalai kilns in Sukhothai province, both in Thailand. Furthermore, the same type of storage jars with four handles has been found in the Cardamom Mountain, in Cambodia, where they have been used for burials. In this presentation I will discuss the preliminary analysis of the material and the different ways in which the site is connected to maritime trade routes in the gulf of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tep Sokha, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/d0a95e90bdb2168090ca9fb6ae9f4529.pdf 13c3e666ef5c9b0e0996344347608914 PDF Text Text Vietnamese Ceramics in Asian Maritime Trade between 14th and 17th centuries Ngo The Bach Department of Research and Collections Thang Long - Hanoi Heritage Conservation Centre 19, Hoang Dieu St Hanoi Vietnam Email: bach.ngothe@gmail.com Abstract Vietnam is one of many Asian countries that have a long-standing and famous tradition of pottery production. Vietnam is also one of three countries including China, Vietnam, and Japan which exported ceramics developed to other countries. The 14th century was marked by the initial penetration of Vietnamese ceramics for foreign markets. The 15th century was considered as a prosperous period for Vietnamese export ceramics with the largest export quantity and the most abundant types thereof. The 16th century marked as a pause in the export of Vietnamese ceramics. The 17th century was the development period of commodity economy and the renaissance period of ports located in the northern and central parts of Vietnam. The article reviewed the findings regarding Vietnamese ceramics in Japan, West Asia, mainland, and insular Southeast Asia in order to partially reconstruct the historical context and the flow of Vietnamese export ceramics for the international maritime trade routes in the Vietnamese history of international trades from 14th to 17th centuries. Given that, the author pointed out the origin, chronology of the Vietnamese ceramics discovered from the relics as well as market context thereof and the destinations of Vietnamese export ceramics. Key words: Vietnamese ceramics, Dai Viet (Great Viet), Northern Vietnam, Southeast Asia, Maritime trade routes, Ceramic export Introduction Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia or Indo-China, with more than 3,000 km of long and beautiful coastline, and is at a crossroads of the exchange routes of the East to the West. It is considered as the free trade gateway of Southeast Asia occupying an important role in the system of international maritime trade routes. In the 9th century, 1 �with the advent of several commercial ports and participation of Chinese and Arabian traders, the ceramics officially involved in maritime trade system and set up "the Ceramics Road on the Sea". Vietnam is one of many Asian countries having a longstanding and famous tradition of ceramics production. Vietnam also is one of three countries including Vietnam, China and Japan that exported ceramics developed in other countries. The manufacture of Vietnamese ceramics has been formed and developed from the 1st to the 3rd centuries and strongly developed since Vietnam had won their freedom in the early 10th century. Since Ly Dynasty (1010-1225 AD) onwards, the production methods of Vietnamese ceramics developed constantly and made great advances regarding the types of products, as well as decoration patterns used on ceramics. Northern Vietnam is the place where has many well known ceramic manufacturing centers, such as Thang Long and Bat Trang in Hanoi, Van Yen, Chu Dau and Binh Giang in Hai Duong province as well as Tuc Mac and Con Che in Nam Dinh province. It is noted that apart from the production of ceramics serving for the demand of domestic market especially in the 14th century that Vietnam was officially engaged in the ceramics export network through maritime trade route. For the later periods in Later Le (the 15th century) and Restored Le Dynasties (the late 16th and the 17th century), Vietnam exported a large quantity of ceramics to Southeast Asian, Northeast Asian and Western Asian markets. In addition to a few notes scattered in the written historical sources, the ceramic artifacts discovered through excavations in the ancient trading ports, shipwrecks and others in Vietnam as well as in other countries are important evidence that contributes to the knowledge of commercial activities on the maritime trade routes. These sources seem to suggest that contact Vietnam and other countries in Asia (both East and West) were abundant and important. The participation in the international trades from the 14th to the 17th century is clear in the archaeological record, which highlights the role and position of Vietnam in Asia and even in the West. 2 �Vietnamese Ceramics and Its Maritime Trade Routes in Asia during the 14th to the 17th Centuries After King Ngo Quyen defeated the Nam Han enemy on the Bach Dang River in 938, Vietnam entered officially the new era of independence. During the Ly Dynasty (10101225 AD), Vietnamese glazed wares industry had highly developed its technical and artistic aspects. In Tran Dynasty (1225-1400 AD), a lot of ceramics manufacturing centers had been set up and developed such as Thang Long (Hanoi), Bat Trang (Hanoi), Thien Truong (Nam Dinh), Van Yen (Hai Duong) and others. A large quantity of highquality wares, such as celadon, brown glazed, brown patterned and blue and white wares including white ceramic tiles were produced in many kilns. Archaeological findings in Vietnam and other countries from the 14th century, seem to indicate that ceramics made in the kilns in northern Vietnam were not only sold in the domestic markets but also exported to the foreign markets. During archaeological excavations in the 1980s at Dazaifu, Northern Kuyshu in Japan, Vietnamese ceramics associated with the pieces of wood and dated in “Daitoku the 2nd Year (1330)” have been found there. They are considered the earliest evidences on ceramics exported from Vietnam to foreign markets. According to other documentations, the iron-brown and cobalt-blue glazed wares were similar to ceramics discovered in Dazaifu in Japan, Juara on the Tiumen Island, and Babal states of West Malaysia. Many archaeological sites in East Java and South Sulawesi in Indonesia have also yielded the same types of Vietnamese ceramics. In details, blue and white and monochrome glazed wares produced at the kilns in northern Vietnam have been found there (Cheng and Lammers, 1974: 5-16). The most remarkable object found in these sites is the base of celadon tower decorated skillfully with embossed patterns which are similar to the ones decorated on the tower of Gio Pagoda in Vinh Phuc province, Vietnam dated to the 13th to 14th century. This object is currently preserved at the Adam Malik Museum in Jakarta, Indonesia (Stevenson and Guy, 1997: 270, plate 180). According to Stevenson’s and Guy’s opinions, the fragments of brownglazed jars of Tran Dynasty have been found in Trowulan, East Java (Stevenson and Guy, 1997: 286, 3 �plate 209). This is the first evidence mentioned about Vietnamese brown glazed wares in Southeast Asia. Apart from the ceramics found on the mainland, the Vietnamese ceramics have also been found on the Rang Kwian shipwreck which sank in the Gulf of Thailand and has associated material of Chinese and Thai celadon wares. Vietnamese ceramics comprised of blue and white bowls, plates, and cups (The Fine Arts Department of Thailand) (FAD, 1990: 82-93; Tenazas, 1981: 31-32). Pursuant to the specific characteristics regarding the types and patterns, these types of wares are dated to the mid 14th century. At the end of 2000, a group of fishermen in Ca Mau province, Vietnam while fishing off the seabed picked up a large number of Vietnamese and Chinese ceramics. The museum staffs assumed that there was a shipwreck and designated the site as the Ca Mau II shipwreck. The characteristics of Vietnamese ceramics are the same with ceramics discovered in the Rang Kwian shipwreck which were considered to have a relationship with the period. The Vietnamese blue and white wares on the Ca Mau II shipwreck include a wide variety of bowls, plates and bottles. The associated Chinese ceramics comprised of Jingdezhen blue and white and Longquan celadon wares of Yuan Dynasty dated in the 14th century. Along with the Rang Kwian shipwreck, ceramics discovered on the Ca Mau II shipwreck contributed to brighten the picture regarding the Vietnamese export ceramics during the second half of 14th century. Although traces of this ship has not been confirmed, this find is nevertheless very important regarding the Vietnamese ceramics extracted from the area, which can be dated earlier than the Cu Lao Cham shipwreck sank off the coast of Hoi An in Quang Nam province, Vietnam which sank nearly a century later. This is the second ship discovered in the territorial waters of Vietnam that transported Vietnamese export ceramics. In addition to the findings in Southeast Asia, Northern Vietnamese blue and white wares have also been found in many important monuments in the West Asia. The fragments of blue and white bowl with daisy pattern has been found from the excavation in Fustat, 4 �Cairo, Egypt, whose style is the same with the one contained on the Rang Kwian and Ca Mau II shipwrecks, and the Turiang shipwreck which contains a lot of Vietnamese underglaze iron-decorated ceramics (Sten 2002). This confirms the presence of Vietnamese ceramics in the West Asian market in the same context with the Southeast Asian market. The obvious increasing quantity of the 15th century Vietnamese ceramics in oversea relics showed that there was a significant development on Vietnamese ceramics export sector for the foreign markets during this period. The discovery of the fragments of the 15th century Chu Dau blue and white wares from the commercial port of Hormuz along the coast of Persian Gulf is considered as evidence regarding the Vietnamese ceramics exporting to the West Asia by maritime routes (John Guy, 1984). The most valuable evidence of Vietnamese ceramics exported to the West Asian market is a famous Vietnamese vase which has currently being displayed in the Topkapi Sarayi Museum in Istanbul, Turkey, also known as the "Topkapi vase". This is the beautiful and well-known blue and white vase, on which the information regarding the date and place of production was recorded, such as artisan surname is Bui in Nam Sach, made in the Dai Hoa VIII (1450) (recently called Nam Sach district, Hai Duong province in today). According to the report of Seiki Kin, there are eight sites in the Ryukyu (recently Japan) discovered Vietnamese ceramics especially in Nakijin and Shuri sites. In consideration on the shape and decoration, these ceramics were from the kilns in northern Vietnam dated between the 14th and 15th century (Kin Seiki, 1999). According to the research by Professor Yoji Aoyagi in 1991, Vietnamese ceramics have also been found in 32 sites in Southeast Asia including Indonesia (11 sites), Philippines (10 sites), Malaysia (9 sites) and Brunei (2 sites) (Yoji Aoyagi, 1991: 78-82). Although the findings from this research did not reflect the update thereof and the quantity of relics of Vietnamese ceramics to be found is much less than the ones found in reality, it is enough to show that Southeast Asia is the most important market of the Vietnamese trade ceramics. A notable discovery is the 1995 excavation of the Pandanan shipwreck sank near the Pandanan Island off the southern tip of Palawan Island in the Philippines. The excavation discovered more than 4,000 ceramics in total, of which the Vietnamese 5 �ceramics occupy 70 percent. Most of them were mainly produced at Binh Dinh province in Vietnam, but a few were ceramics produced at Hai Duong province in Vietnam. Based on the report by Eusebio Dizon (1998), it is assumed that this shipwreck sank in the mid-15th century. Other excavation is the Balanakan or Blanakan shipwreck in Ujung Karawang, West Java, Indonesia there has excavated in 1998 and has also been found Vietnam ceramics, especially blue and white wares made at Hai Duong province, as well as it dated to the 15th to the 16th century (Bui Minh Tri 2001; 2002). The 1997-2000 excavation of the Cu Lao Cham shipwreck sank off the coast of Quang Nam in Vietnam has recovered more than 240,000 objects and most of them are Vietnamese ceramics dated in the 15th century that demonstrated the Vietnamese ceramics were also supplied on the maritime trade routes. According to historical record, we know that the trade network in Southeast Asia was expanded from Malacca to the northern coast of Java especially in the 15th century together with the sharing of Muslim traders. The Vietnamese historical record also confirmed that Southeast Asian merchant ships were used to make the landfall to the ports in northern Vietnam for trading and exchange of eucalyptus, pearls, and aromas during the 14th to the 15th century. Although, these notes did not mention about ceramics but they were considered that the quantity of ceramics have been found as many in the trading ports of Vietnam, such as Van Don in Quang Ninh province, Lach Truong in Thanh Hoa province and Hoi Thong in Nghe An province, and have confirmed Vietnamese ceramics were exported during this period. Currently, there is no strong evidence to confirm whether or not this was the case, but there appears to be a continued export on Vietnamese ceramics in the 16th century. The investigation in Japan has found Vietnamese ceramics dated to the second half of the 16th century especially in Keichou period (1595-1615) (Shinichiro 1999). This evidence showed that the maritime trade between Vietnam and Japan was flourishing. In details, the Vietnamese ceramics found in Japanese town were from Hoi An in Quang Nam province and possibly arrived to Japan before the reign of Tokugawa Shogun had applied the closed-door policy in 1639. The results of archaeological research in Hai 6 �Duong province showed that Vietnam had decreased ceramic productions in the beginning of the 16th century, and several types of 15th century trade ceramics were not produced anymore and this phase seems to be focused on the domestic market mainly (Bui Minh Tri 1995). In the 17th century, many evidences – especially historical record – clearly confirm that Vietnamese ceramics were exported to foreign markets. A possible reason for this is the international trade policy under the Trinh Lords and Nguyen Lords of the Dai Viet feudal state (Great Viet - Vietnam today). Another possible reason could be the establishment and development of international shipping companies in the early 17th century, especially the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC). Merchant ships of this company were making long trips to the East to find the local markets, set up trading locations and expand their sales in other countries, especially in Asia (Bui Minh Tri, 2008). In that context, many trading ports with economic structure as the town were established along the coast of Vietnam during this period, specifically trading ports of Thanh Ha in Hue province, Hoi An in Quang Nam province, Nuoc Man in Binh Dinh province, Pho Hien in Hung Yen province, Kinh Ky-Ke Cho in Thang Long, Hanoi. These were the gateways for trading for the Dai Viet (Vietnam) with both Asia and Europe. At these trading ports, many kinds of goods were purchased and exchanged, including agricultural products, handicrafts and ceramics (Bui Minh Tri 1994, Do Bang 1996). In this period, the trades between Dai Viet and Japan were developing strongly especially in the first three decades of the 17th century or called Shuisen (the red seal ships) that Japanese historian called. The numbers of licensed Japanese ships traded in Dai Viet from 1604 to 1635 have 124 ships in total, including 37 boats in northern Vietnam and 87 ships in central Vietnam (Seiichi 1941). Generally, the Japanese shipped commodities, specifically silver, copper, and weapons, to Dai Viet and then they purchased mainly silk, spices, sugar and ceramics back to their country. Even after the Bakufu Shogun had issued the order of “Sakoku” to limit the foreign trades in 1636, 7 �Japan still continued to trade with Dai Viet merchant ships through China and the Netherlands (Bui Minh Tri and Pham Quoc Quan 1994: 34-51). It is worth mentioning that the Trinh Lords and Nguyen Lords did not allow Chinese and Japanese traders to reside in trading ports, but they allowed Western traders to open their trading stores. Particularly, Nguyen Lords allowed the Dutch to open their trading stores in Hoi An, Quang Namprovince in 1636. A year later, Trinh Lords also allowed the Dutch to open their trading store in Pho Hien, Hung Yen province and then open a second trading store in Thang Long (recently Hanoi) in 1645. Such events were good opportunities for trade in the developing regions. The VOC sponsored by the Dutch government had many priority rights including the exclusive trading right in the region East of Cape of Good Hope. For Dai Viet, after having set up trading stores in Pho Hien (Hung Yen) and Thang Long (Hanoi), the business of VOC had prospered because they enjoyed preferential treatment from the Trinh Lords. During this time, many kilns in northern Vietnam had competed to produce ceramics to export to foreign markets and also competed with Chinese and Japanese ceramics trade. The evidence of this can be seen through the abundant quantity of the 17th century Vietnamese ceramics found on many archaeological sites in Japan and insular Southeast Asia as well as the documentation of the VOC Company (Volker, T. 1971). In Southeast Asia, Vietnamese ceramics have been found in Pukissutosanion in Malaysia, and some in Indonesia, specifically Trowulan on East Java, Banten Girang and Banten Lama on West Java, Selayar on South Sulawesi, Warloka on Flores and Bengkulu on Sumatra (Naniek, H.W 1993). Very few of them have been found in Banten Girang and Banten Lama which were famous trading ports operated by Banten Sultan during the 16th to the 17th century. They material can be dated to the same dates as the Hizen ceramics from Japan dated in the late 17th century (Koji Ohashi and Takashi Sakai 1999). By comparative study, I assumed that the Vietnamese ceramics exported to foreign markets during this period were mainly made at the kilns in Hai Duong province on 8 �northern Vietnam. These ceramics were exported and transported by merchant ships of Chinese traders and VOC for consumption in Southeast Asia and Japan from 1625 to 1689 (Bui Minh Tri 2001). The findings of the Vietnamese ceramics in Japan, West Asia, mainland and insular Southeast Asia partly assisted us to deconstruct the historical contexts and analyze export flows of Vietnamese ceramics through international maritime trade routes. Noticeably, Vietnamese ceramics have often been found together with Chinese and Thai ceramics in many sites, which showed that they were shared and exported in the same trade flow. Conclusion Based on historical record and archaeological evidences of the trade ceramics, it appeared that the 14th century was the period for the penetration of Vietnamese ceramics into the Asian market. The 15th century was the flourishing period of Vietnamese export ceramics with the largest shipments and most complexity of export ceramics. The 16th century was marked by a pause in the export of Vietnamese ceramics. The 17th century was the development period of commodity and a prosperous period of trading ports in northern and central Vietnam. The international maritime trades by Vietnam had expanded around Asia with great opportunities to establish foreign relations with other countries in the region as well as Western countries that were based in the East. The impact of international trade had also expanded and developed on other ceramics production centers that were prospering proportionality to that of Vietnam and shared of the same Asian maritime trade routes. During the late 17th century to the early 18th century, the gradual decline of the Dai Viet’s economy associated with the decline of foreign trading stores in Thang Long in Hanoi, Pho Hien in Hung Yen province, affected the foreign economic system of the Dai Viet. The decline of Dai Viet’s trading port system originated from different causes but it was affected directly by the general downturn of Asia and the world trade system. It appears to indicate that the 17th century was experienced a return to prosperity and 9 �development on the international maritime trades, but afterward Vietnamese ceramics production stopped even to supply international maritime trade routes. th Fig. 1. Bottle, cobalt glazed ceramic, 15 ceramics, in Topkapi Saray Museum, Istanbul th Fig.3. Incense burner, blue and white ceramic, 15 century, from Treasures from the Hoi An Hoard (Cu Lao Cham shipwreck, Quang Nam, Vietnam) Fig.2. Status of an aristocratic lady, blue and white ceramic, th 15 century, from Treasures from the Hoi An Hoard (Cu Lao Cham shipwreck, Quang Nam, Vietnam) th Fig.4. Bowls with high feet, iron black ceramic, 15 century, at Puerto Galera (Philippines) 10 �th th Fig. 5. Jar, iron black ceramic, 16 -17 centuries, in the Kyushu Ceramics Museum (Japan) Fig.6. A covered jar with applied dragon embossment and painting in underglaze cobalt. In the possession of the Ozawa family, 17th century (Kyoto National Museum) Fig.7. A large dish painted with VOC trademark, Hizen th ware, 17 century. Found in Dejima port (Nagasaki, Japan) Fig.8. Types and designs of Vietnamese ceramics trade th ware to Japan in the 17 century 11 �References Aoyagi Yoji 1991. Vietnamese ceramics excavated on the islands of Southeast Asia. (In Vietnamese). Vietnam Archaeology. No 4: 78-82. Bui Minh Tri 1994. Thanh Ha commercial port. Hue, past and present (In Vietnamese). No số 4: 84-93. Bui Minh Tri 1995. Investigation Report of ceramics relics at the Cam Binh district, Hai Duong Province (In Vietnamese). Documentation of Vietnam Institute of Archaeology. Bui Minh Tri 2001. Hop Le ceramics in composition of Le Dynasty’s ceramics (In Vietnamese). Ph.D Dissertation. Documentation of Vietnam Institute of Archaeology. Bui Minh Tri 2002. Vietnamese ceramics: The date and origin (In Vietnamese). A century of Vietnam archaeology, Hanoi 2002. Bui Minh Tri 2008. Vietnamese ceramics in the Asia sea-route trade in the seventeenth century (In Vietnamese). Vietnam Archaeology. No 6: 67-82. Bui Minh Tri, Phạm Quốc Quân 1994. Hizen Ceramics (Japan) found at some Vietnam archaeological sites (In Vietnamese). Vietnam Archaeology. No 4: 34-51. Cheng Lammers and Abu Ridho 1974. Annamese Ceramics in the Museums Pusat Jakarta, Himpunan Keramik Indonesia, Jakarta. Dizon Eusebio Z., 1998. Underwater archaeology of Pandanan wreck: A mid- 15 century AD. Vessel, Southern Palawan, Philippines, International Conference in Berlin, from 31 Aug- 4 Sept. Do Bang 1996. The port city of Thuan Quang (In Vietnamese). Hue city 1996. Guy, J. 1984. Oriental Trade Ceramics in Southeast Asia: 9th to 16th Century. University of Melbourne Press: Melbourne. Iwao Seiichi 1941. Studies of the Japantowns of the South Seas. John Stevenson and John Guy 1997. Vietnamese Ceramics: A separate tradition. Art Media Resources, Chicago. Kin Seiki, 1999. Trade with Southeast Asia by the Kingdom of Ryukyu and Vietnamese Ceramics Discovered in Okinawa. (In Vietnamese) International conference on Vietnam-Japan relations: Hanoi 12 �Naniek, H.W., 1993. Vietnamese ceramics from archaeological site in Indonesia. The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies, No. 11. Ohashi Koji and Sakai Takashi 1999. Ceramics from the site of Banten in Indonesia. Bullentin of the National Museum of Japanese History. Vol. 82 Rosa Tenazas 1981. Status reports: Underwater Archaeological Investigation of the Rang Kwien Shipwreck, SPAPA Digest, Vol. II, No. 2: 31-33 Sten Sjostrand 2002. Turiang: a 14th century Chinese shipwreck, upsetting Southeast Asian ceramic history. Southeast Asia - China Interactions which was published by the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 2002. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand (FAD) 1990. Sumaphan Published Co., Ltd., Tsuzyki Shinichiro 1999. Vietnam ceramics excavated from Sakai site. The summary record of International Conference in Hanoi, December 1999. Volker, T., 1971. Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vietnamese Ceramics in Asian Maritime Trade between 14th and 17th centuries Description An account of the resource Vietnam is one of many Asian countries that have a long-standing and famous tradition of pottery production. Vietnam is also one of three countries including China, Vietnam, and Japan which exported ceramics developed to other countries. The 14th century was marked by the initial penetration of Vietnamese ceramics for foreign markets. The 15th century was considered as a prosperous period for Vietnamese export ceramics with the largest export quantity and the most abundant types thereof. The 16th century marked as a pause in the export of Vietnamese ceramics. The 17th century was the development period of commodity economy and the renaissance period of ports located in the northern and central parts of Vietnam. The article reviewed the findings regarding Vietnamese ceramics in Japan, West Asia, mainland, and insular Southeast Asia in order to partially reconstruct the historical context and the flow of Vietnamese export ceramics for the international maritime trade routes in the Vietnamese history of international trades from 14th to 17th centuries. Given that, the author pointed out the origin, chronology of the Vietnamese ceramics discovered from the relics as well as market context thereof and the destinations of Vietnamese export ceramics. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ngo The Bach, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014 https://apconf-much.org/proceedings/files/original/fac8d9e7b4c36736c1fbc7414db4c723.pdf 896e782881c861489ec3a72f1b9da7b9 PDF Text Text Identifying ‘Islamic Motif’ on Chinese blue and white Porcelain recovered from the 15th century shipwrecks in the Philippines Andrea Natasha E. Kintanar Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman Philippines Eamil: andreakintanar@gmail.com Abstract This research is based on the raw data of a Master’s thesis that aims to identify Islamic motifs on Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from the 15th century archaeological sites in the Philippines. A stylistic analysis of Chinese porcelains recovered from both underwater and terrestrial sites will be conducted so that the main aims of the thesis will be attained. The Master’s thesis aims to answer questions that concern: a) the participation of the Philippines during the 15th century maritime trade; and b) determine the possible indications of the presence and/or absence of the porcelains. Large amounts of Chinese ceramics have been found in Philippine sites dating from the late 9th to the early 12th centuries, and the 14th-18th centuries. Some Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from Philippine archaeological sites were preliminarily identified to have Islamic motifs, however these were only initial descriptions. The Master’s thesis aims to verify the preliminary analyses. The main objective of this paper is analysis the blueandwhite porcelains recovered from following shipwrecks of the 15th century: Lena Shoal shipwreck, Española underwater site, and Pandanan shipwreck in Palawan, Philippines as well as Santa Cruz shipwreck in Zambales, Philippines. Using the collated motifs from already established ‘Islamic’ art a criteria and checklist was formulated to illustrate the presence of the motifs in Chinese blueandwhite porcelain from the abovementioned underwater sites. The initial results of this research will reveal that porcelains recovered in the Philippines are comparable to those found in West Asia, contrary to some past studies. Key words: Maritime Silk Road, Maritime trade, Islamic, Porcelain, Shipwreck Introduction The Philippines is an archipelago located near the South China Sea, suitable for ancient and present maritime trade. In consequence, the region is home to noteworthy underwater cultural heritage (Orillaneda, 2011). Evidenced by historical and archaeological data, such as the discovery of plank-built and edge-pegged wooden boats and shipwrecks dated from the 14th to the 18th century (Dizon and Ronquillo, 1 �2010; Orillaneda, 2013), the Philippine islands is known to have been involved in the Southeast Asian maritime trade and shipping network beginning the 9th century throughout the following centuries (Goddio, 2002; Guy, 1980). Chinese annals documented during the Song period (950-1279), that the Philippines engaged in long distance trade of porcelain and other goods (Beyer, 1947; Wu, 1959), where the South China Sea and Malacca Straits played a big role in this maritime interaction (Guy, 1980; Junker, 2000; Wu, 1959). Trade route diversion occurred due to the ‘inoperable’ state of the Silk Road caused by the “disintegration of overland commercial networks” (Orillaneda, 2013: 1). From then, a Maritime Silk Road was born, which connected the Mediterranean and South China seas (Hall, 2011; Orillaneda, 2013). Centers of Southeast Asian complex societies which progressed during the 12th-15th centuries became the heart and core of trade in the Maritime Silk Road (Hall, 1992; Orillaneda, 2013; Wade and Sun, 2010). Scholars claim that the Philippine Islands were merely a crossroad and only acted as a peripheral destination between Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Dizon and Ronquillo, 2010; Guy, 1980; Medley, 1976). With recent archaeological research, it may be argued that the Philippines participated more closely to this Maritime Silk Road than past studies would allow. In the most recent research on this matter, Orillaneda (2013) presented that Philippine society during the 15th-17th centuries utilized traded items and in turn played roles in their cultural fabric. The maritime polities in Manila, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Cebu, for example (Junker, 2000), were competitive when it came to raiding and trading internally, and the goods of this interisland trade also came from overseas or maritime trading elsewhere (Junker,2000; Orillaneda, 2013). One of the major components of this trade is Chinese porcelain. However, Medley (1976) and Macintosh (1994) observed that porcelains bound to Southeast Asia and the Philippines, during the 13th-15th centuries, were simpler compared to those sent to bigger kingdoms (so to speak) or what they would call Islamic nations in West Asia. Medley (1976) pointed out that pieces in the Philippines were more modest in design and smaller - jarlets or small plates - based on her research on the Topkapi Saray and Ardebil Shrine museum collections. Macintosh (1994: 18) stated that when the inhabitants of the Philippines came to like the blue-and-white porcelain, “they therefore 2 �ordered a quantity of small, sturdily potted wares that could be used in the export trade to the southern seas”. Such pieces were produced without care and decorated only in “a sketchily drawn style” as compared to those found in West Asia or Islamic sultanates (Macintosh, 1994: 18). This paper investigates Chinese blue and white porcelains recovered from selected underwater sites in the Philippines as it is possible that those ceramics also depict the same designs seen on porcelains brought to West Asia or Islamic lands. Contrary to accounts of Macintosh (1994) and Medley (1976), the Philippines served more than just an area for cheap trade materials and porcelains recovered from the shipwrecks bare comparable motifs to those found in the Islamic Sultanates of the West Asia. Objectives This paper is the raw data of the author’s thesis. It discusses the initial results gathered from artifact analysis of four underwater sites in the Philippines. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a stylistic analysis on the blue and white porcelains recovered from the following 15th century underwater sites (Fig. 1): Lena Shoal shipwreck, Española underwater site, Pandanan shipwreck, and the Santa Cruz shipwreck, Philippines. Using the collated motifs from already established ‘Islamic’ art (e. g. ceramics, bronze wares, and architecture), this paper presence of illustrates the the on motifs Chinese blue-and-white porcelains from abovementioned concretize author the the sites. To analysis, the formulated a criteria based on earlier studies done on Islamic motifs and Chinese porcelains. The four underwater sites were selected for their time period, i.e. the 15th century. This is a relevant period related to the proposed ‘Age of Commerce’ by Reid (1990) and part of the time when new maritime patterns and ship 3 �technology was being developed in Southeast Asia (Hall, 2011). Sites in the Philippines were mentioned by scholars to have been part of the maritime trade network during the 15th century CE (Junker, 2000; Hall, 2011). Stylistic analysis of Chinese blue and white porcelains will enlighten us on this maritime trade. Exploring the presence of ‘Islamic’ motifs on the recovered Chinese blue and white porcelains will also give an explanation of the term that scholars used in the past Fig. 2a Large dishes with Arabesque Scroll, Lena Shoal Shipwreck. (A. N. for describing Kintanar) decorations Fig. 2b Large dishes with Cloud Collar, Lena Shoal Shipwreck. (A. N. found in porcelain which were Kintanar) from the 15th century (Aga-Oglu, 1951; Crick, 2002; Krahl, 1986; Medley, 1973-1976; Orillaneda, 2008). The Master’s thesis of the researcher will answer more inferences. Discussion of method and criteria The criteria formulated serves as a checklist (Fig. 1) to inspect for indicative design elements considered as ‘Islamic’. This is based on features Medley (1975), Krahl (1986) and other art historians identified as Islamic. Two major characteristics being studied specifically are design elements and forms. When dissected, these may be divided to: a) arabesque; b) cloud collar; c) symmetry or pattern; d) heavy or dense decorations on space; and e.) form or size of wares. Design Elements Islamic decoration had a keenness to elaborate surfaces, where there were layers of decoration, as opposed to the adherence of Chinese potters to simplicity (Bloom and 4 �Blair, 1997; Medley, 1975). The main design elements considered as Islamic are the arabesque (Burckhardt, 1976) and cloud collar (which is still questionable). The arabesque (Fig. 2a) is “an ornament in stylized plant forms, strictly geometrical”, like a vine with leaf-scrolls and branches (Burckhardt, 1976: 56). The arabesque began as a sprawling plant ornament which was characteristic of Sassanian art forms strictly calibrated into lines of grapevine shoots with stylized images of fruits, animals, or people (Piotrvskii, 2006). After the 11th century, the arabesque became a stable characteristic of Islamic art (Piotrovskii, 2006). It became “integral in every Islamic work of art, which evolved to different patterns. In later periods it came to dominate decorative arts around the world”, including some blue and white porcelains (Bloom and Blair, 1997: 283). The cloud collar (Fig. 2b) is considered questionable because opposing sources say its origin is either Mongol or Persian (Orogo 1, 2011; Orinllaneda, 2006; Esguerra, 2004). The cloud collar is “a decorative form possibly derived from the Fungus or Ling Chih as the ‘Plate of Long Life and Immortality’ [But], this decorative motif may also have a Persian or Mongolian origin” (Orogo, 2011). However, Gray (1963) mentioned that the cloud collar could be Mongolian since the same design can be seen in both Persian and Chinese clothing about the same period the Mongols were in control of Central Asia. This design was literally used as a collar in most royal clothing in the Mongolian court and then adapted by the Chinese and the Persian in most of their art (Gray, 1963). Nevertheless, this design was rendered in Persian, Mongolian and Chinese art; ceramics included. It seemed to be more prevalent in ceramics that were produced during the Yuan (1279-1368 AD) and Ming (1368-1644 AD) Dynasties, as seen in the porcelains recovered from underwater sites in the Philippines. Other features under design are pattern and heavy decoration. Scholars like Carswell (2000), Macintosh (1994), and Medley (1973-1976) out that obvious influence pointed the most Islamic seen in Yuan and Ming wares 5 Fig. 3 Collated photographs of ‘Concentric Bands’. (Medley, 1975) �is the heavy and elaborate way the white porcelain was painted. Medley (1975-1976) discovered a pattern most Islamic ceramics display in Yuan and Ming wares. Since scholars mentioned that numerous ceramics found in Islamic nations portray geometric designs (Curatola, 2006; Philon, 1980), it should follow that even the pattern of decorations is geometric, a.k.a. ‘concentric pattern’ (Medley, 1975).Chinese potters made sure there was harmony in porcelain decoration (e.g. bigger feasting plates had to be decorated with organized balanced). Early Islamic metalwork was brought to China as reference for new forms of porcelain (Bennett, 2005; Carswell, 2000; Crick, 2002; Curatola, 2006; Gray, 1963; Medley, 1973-1976; Soucek, 1999). In these references the Chinese potters discovered a systematic way to decorate wares that were new to them. The solution to the Chinese potters’ problem was to render the same concentric pattern in bands or strips (Fig. 3) which Medley (1975) pointed out by showing a picture of one of the collections from the Ardabil Shrine. Form Examples of forms copied from early Islamic metal work are the ewer or crescentshaped kendi (Bennett, 2005). Different forms are dishes, kendis, ewers, and boxes. Large dishes “appear to be derived from a metal prototype possibly of Islamic origin,” (Macintosh, 1994: 13) since West Asians normally used large dishes (diameter 30-46 cm) for feasting or communal eating (Bennett, 2005; Casrwell, 2000; Medley, 1975; Park, 2012). The introduction of large saucers was in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) marked by a better relationship between China and the West being the “largest continuous land empire ever existed” (Park, 2012: 91). Before this, Chinese dining style was to serve in individual plates. The crescent-shaped kendi’s form is obviously Islamic. “The elegant shape of this pouring vessel imitates the bronze water containers of Persia and Mughal India, Indian metal versions originally derived from animal hide drinking flasks” (National Art Gallery of Australia website, 2010). The purpose of the kendi in Islamic rituals is for ablution - the ritual washing of a priest's hands or of sacred vessels (Foo and Teo, 2007).Another form is the pen/covered box. Muslim metalworkers are known to have produced large numbers of pen boxes decorated with inlays of gold and silver (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011). In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), numerous pen boxes similar to a typical medieval Islamic calligrapher's pen box were created. 6 �Site information and Presentation of Data Pandanan Shipwreck Pandanan shipwreck is in the southernmost tip of the mainland of Palawan, 250 m from shore, with a depth of 40-42 m (Alba, 1996; Dizon, 1996). It is a Chinese junk due to the use of iron nails connecting the keel to the hull (Dizon, 1996). Total artifacts count is 4,722, consisted of metals, beads, and ceramics. One of the Chinese coins showed that it was from the reign of Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1402-1424) and 70% of ceramics is Vietnamese (Dizon, 1996). In this site, 21 blueandwhite porcelains were examined as these were the ones available for research. Only one could be considered as Definitely Islamic, but 9 pieces have Islamic design elements. A summary of the findings of all the four sites will be seen at the end of this section. Española Site This site is located in Sofronio, Española, southeast Palawan, about 166 km south of the capital, Puerto Princesa. Although there were fragments of wood found in the site, this was not enough to qualify for a keel (Dizon et al., 2000). No parts of a ship were found. The total number of artifacts is 652, majority identified as Thai stoneware jars with only 7 blue and white porcelains detailed in Table 2 (Dizon et al., 2000). Lena Shoal Shipwreck Located off the island of Busuanga, northwest Palawan, the shipwreck at Lena Shoal was found 48 m deep, where excavations revealed a part of the bottom of the ship’s hull (Goddio, 2002). The total number of artifacts is 4,789, where 2,084 are blue and white porcelains, the rest are celadon, earthenware, and Sawankhalok wares (National Museum of the Philippines, 1997). Analysis of the ceramics places the shipwreck during the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor (1488-1505) (Crick, 2002). Contrary to the Pandanan shipwreck, the Lena Shoal shipwreck was identified as part of the South China Sea shipbuilding tradition - fusion of Southeast Asian and Chinese shipbuilding techniques (Orillaneda, 2013). With the time and availability of the wares, 62 pieces were closely examined. Santa Cruz Shipwreck The shipwreck was 32 m below sea level, in Santa Cruz, Zambales, North Luzon. The artifact count in this shipwreck is marginally larger with 14,965 pieces, 97% high-fired 7 �ceramics (Orillaneda, 2008). Most numbered ceramics are celadon with 2,512, followed by 1,769 blue and white porcelains (Orillaneda, 2008). The ship is estimated to be from the South China Sea shipbuilding tradition, most probably from Thailand (Orillaneda, 2008). Discussion The Española Report dates the site to 15th century; however, Brown (2004) suggested it could be 16th century. Given that there was no sign of a ship, the artifacts are assumed to be jettisoned cargo (Brown, 2004; Dizon et al., 2000). The bulk of this is large stoneware jars, proposed to be Sawankhalok Fig. 4 Two pieces from the Española site with Arabesque Scrolls. (National Museum of the (National Museum of the Philippines) Philippines, 2000). Both Pandanan and Española sites offer us with more brown glazed wares and Southeast Asian ceramics, while more blue and white wares or Chinese ceramics were recovered from Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz. This may be approached with the factor of time since the Pandanan site is dated mid-15th century (Brown, 2004; Diem, 1996; Dizon, 1996), while both the Santa Cruz and Lena Shoal junks are proposed to have sunk late 15th century (Brown, 2004; Goddio et al., 2002). No other interpretations of Española will be made since the whole assemblage is not present and it is possible that the period is outside the paper’s scope. But it is interesting to note that there are two pieces decorated with an Islamic design element (Fig. 4), however the form and other decoration of these two wares do not make it ‘Definitely’ nor ‘Quasi Islamic’ since the pieces look more Sawankhalok than Chinese. Pandanan reveals that only one ware can be considered as ‘Definitely Islamic’, with 9 pieces with Islamic motifs. Since Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz have more blue-and-white porcelain, more samples were studied. Both wrecks from the late 15th century, tell us of change in traded goods, or a new trend of Chinese ceramic production - a change in how Chinese ceramics 8 �were decorated over time - since 50% of Lena Shoal porcelains can be considered as ‘Definitely Islamic’ while Santa Cruz has almost 40%. Examples of these are heavily decorated, large dishes (Fig. 2a and 2b), crescent-shaped kendi (Fig. 5a), ewer (Fig. 5b), and covered boxes (Figs. 5c and 5d). The growing polities in the Philippine archipelago during the 15th century were most probably the intended market of these shipwrecks; however this could be proven more surely with a comparative analysis of underwater and terrestrial artifacts. These underwater sites were excavated more recently than studies by Medley (1973-1976) and Macintosh (1994), examples of scholars who wrote that Chinese ceramics recovered in Southeast Asia were scantily designed and lower in quality compared to those sent to West Asia. Naturally, earlier claims of scholars could be updated with more recent research. As evidenced by the cargo of Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz, these are comparable to export porcelain described by Medley (1975) West Asia. The area or population does not necessarily have to be a marginally Islamic kingdom for wares with Islamic motifs to be sent or sold. It would be well to update initial claims that the Philippines was not a recipient of elaborately designed export porcelains (Macintosh, 1994; Medley, 1976). 9 �Fig. 5a Crescent-shaped Kendi, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Fig. 5b Ewer, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Fig. 5c Pen box, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Fig. 5d Covered Box, Santa Cruz Shipwreck. (National Museum of the Philippines) Conclusion Since the data is raw, examining more specimens will definitely allow more interpretation. But so far, the objectives of this paper have been met. The different cargoes of the shipwrecks reveal the different time when these sailed and got wrecked. They also reveal a change in supply and demand of trade goods. The Philippine archipelago was also a recipient of porcelains decorated with Islamic motifs and it did not have to be a largely Islamic population. The Lena Shoal and Santa Cruz sites are effective for testing the checklist formulated, which can explore more closely what others reported regarding the ceramics found in these shipwrecks (Crick, 2002; Orillaneda, 2008).Research is in session for the main thesis where a comparison of porcelain from underwater and terrestrial site is being conducted to further prove that wares with Islamic motifs indeed reached Philippine shores. 10 �Table 1. Criteria/Checklist of characteristics formulated for the purpose of identifying Islamic designs motifs on porcelain. (A.N. Kintanar) Table 2. Summary of findings based on the checklist. (A.N. Kintanar) Acknowledgements Special thanks to Bobby Orillaneda, Emil Bersamira, Vergil San Mateo, Allan Quinto, Clyde Jago-on, Paolo Tabirao, Larry Alba, Amelia Alhambra, Louise Bolunia, and E. Z. Dizon of the National Museum of the Philippines for their assistance and encouragements and Dr. Grace Barretto-Tesoro, Kate Lim, Anna Pineda, EnaLuga and especially Derek Sta Ana for the advice and support. Endnote 1A diagram and list of symbols on Chinese porcelain was presented to me by Mr. Fred Orogo from the Archaeology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. It is a photocopy of an index of terms from a book which Mr.Orogo has forgotten, for this reason, I am citing him as my source. References Aga-Oglu, K., 1951. Blue-and-white Porcelain Plates made for Moslem Patrons. Far Eastern Bulletin, Vol. 3 (3): 12-16. Alba, L. A., 1996. Pandanan Underwater Archaeological Report, Pandanan Island, Balabak, Palawan: The Third Preliminary Report. Manila: UWA Division, National Museum of the Philippines, (Unpublished). 11 �Bennett, J., 2005. Crescent Moon: Islamic art and civilization in Southeast Asia. National Art Gallery of Australia, Australia. Beyer, H. Otley., 1947. Early History of Philippine Relations with Foreign Countries Especially China. National Print Co., Manila. Bloom, J., and Blair, S., 1997. Islamic Arts. Phaidon Press Ltd., London. Brown, R. M., 2004. The Ming Gap and Shipwreck Ceramics in Southeast Asia. (PhD Dissertation), University of California, Los Angeles. Burckhardt, T., 1976. Art of Islam: Language and Meaning. World Islam Festival Publishing Company, London. Carswell, J., 2000. Blue and white Chinese Porcelain around the World. British Museum Press, London. Crick, M., 2002. “Traditions and Transitions: Chinese Ceramics at the end of the 15th Century” in Lost at Sea: The Strange Route of the Lena Shoal Junk. Periplus Publishing London Ltd., London. Curatola, G., 2006. Persian ceramics: From the 9th to the 14th Century. Skira, Milan. Dizon, E. Z., 1996. Anatomy of a Shipwreck: Archaeology of the 15th century Pandanan Shipwreck. In The Pearl Road, Asiatype, Inc., Philippines. Dizon, E. Z., Conese, E., Cuevas, M., and Jago-on, S. C., (2000). Caranasan Underwater Archaeological Excavation Project, site Report. UWA Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Unpublished, Manila. Dizon, E. Z., and Ronquillo, W. P., 2010. Maritime and underwater archaeology in the Philippines. In A Passage to Asia, Exhibition “A Passage to Asia”: 25 Centuries of Exchange between Asia and Europe, Brussels: 201-213. Esguerra, Arnulfo N., 2004. Analyses of the painting styles and decorative motifs on Ming blue and white ware with references to ceramic cargoes of Lena and other shipwrecks. Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Foo, Check-Teck., and Teo Khay-Chuan., 2007. Contextualizing the design mind of an ancient potter: a case study of the religious context of Islam and Ming Kendi. Leinden Journal of Pottery Studies, Vol. 23: 178-188. Goddio F., M., Crick, P. K. Lam., Pierson, S., and Scott, R., 2002. Lost at Sea: The Strange Route of the Lena Shoal Junk. Periplus Publishing London Ltd, London. 12 �Gray, B., 1963. Persian Influence on Chinese Art from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries. Iran, Vol. 1: 13-18. Guy, J., 1980. Oriental Trade Ceramics in Southeast Asia 10th to 16h century. National Gallery of Victoria, Australia. Hall, K. R., 1992. The Economic History of Southeast Asia. In N. Tarling (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol.1: From Early Times to 1800 AD. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hall, K. R. 2011. A History of Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., UK. Junker, L. L., 2000. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Philippines. Krahl, R., 1986. Export Porcelain Fit for the Chinese Emperor: Early Chinese Blue-andWhite in the Topkapǐ Saray Museum, Istanbul. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1: 68-92. Macintosh, D., 1994. Chinese Blue-and-white Porcelain. Book Marketing, Hong-Kong. Medley, M., 1973. The Yuan-Ming Transformation in the Blue and Red Decorated Porcelains of China. Ars Orientalis, Vol. 9, (Freer Gallery of Art Fiftieth Anniversary Volume): 89-101. Medley, M., 1975. Islam, Chinese Porcelain and Ardabil. Iran, Vol.13: 31-37. Medley, M.. 1976. The Chinese Potter: a practical history of Chinese ceramics. C. Scribner, New York. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, retrieved March 11, 2013 from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/51.53 National Art Gallery of Australia., 2011. Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Provence, China found in Bukittingi, West Sumatra, Indonesia, retrieved 17 March 2011 from, http://nga.gov.au/CrescentMoon/details/kendi.cfm. National Museum of the Philippines., 1997. Specimen Inventory Record of the Lena Shoal Underwater Archaeological Project. Underwater Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila. National Museum of the Philippines., 2000. Specimen Inventory Record of the Caranasan Underwater Archaeological Project. Underwater Archaeology Division, 13 �National Museum of the Philippines, Manila. Orillaneda, B. C., 2008. The Santa Cruz, Zambales Shipwreck Ceramics: Understanding Southeast Asian Ceramic Trade during the Late 15th Century CE. Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Orillaneda, B. C., 2011. Protecting and Preserving the Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Philippines. In Mark Staniforth, Jennifer Craig, Sheldon Clyde Jago-on, Bobby Orillaneda, Ligaya Lacsina (Eds.), Proceedings on the ASIA-PACIFIC regional conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila: 86-102. Orillaneda, B. C., 2013. Maritime Trade in the Philippines during the 15th century CE, paper presented in the 2013 SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology, Bangkok. Park, H., 2012. Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Premodern Asia. Cambridge University Press, New York City. Philon, H., 1980. Early Islamic ceramics: ninth to late twelfth centuries. Islamic Art Publications, London. Piotrovskii, M. B., 2006. ‘Introduction’ to Beyond Palace Walls: Islamic Art from the State Hermitage Museum, Islamic art in a world context. In M. B. Piotrovskii and Anton D. Pritula (Eds.), National Museums of Scotland Publishing, Edinburgh. Reid, A., 1990. An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 24 (1): 1‐30. Soucek, P., 1999. Ceramic Production as Exemplar of Yuan-Ilkhanid Relations. Anthropology and Aesthetics, No. 35: 125-141. Wu, Ching-Hong., 1959. References to the Philippines in Chinese Sources. Philippines Social Science and Humanities Review, Vol. 24 (January-June): 1-181. Biography Andrea Natasha Kintanar is a Master of Arts in Archaeology student in the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program. Currently, she is in the process of completing her Master's thesis while working as a part-time lecturer in two progressive colleges in Manila. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the University of the Philippines. Her research interests are maritime trade, ceramics, historical archaeology and Islamic art. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Session 8: Ceramics from Shipwrecks, Harbours, Ports and Related Archaeological Sites Subject The topic of the resource Video interview with Session 8 chair Atthasit Sukkham and links to the papers presented in the session. Description An account of the resource Trade ceramics have usually been found together with other evidence in many ancient shipwrecks, harbours, ports, trade centers, hinterlands and burials around the world which were linked to international maritime trade routes. These were specifically Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Middle East and European trade routes over a long period of history. Trade ceramics are virtually indestructible. They are also one of the most important sources of information for maritime archaeological studies concerning the dating of ceramics and shipwrecks, origins of ceramics, points of departure and destinations of ships and shipments, for instance. This session aims to provide an opportunity for specialists to contribute their knowledge on trade ceramics in multi-disciplinary approaches and foster international collaboration for ceramic studies from the shipwrecks, harbours, ports and related archaeological sites in near future. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Atthasit Sukkham Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Identifying 'Islamic Motif' on Chinese blue and white Porcelain recovered from the 15th century shipwrecks in the Philippines Description An account of the resource This research is based on the raw data of a Master’s thesis that aims to identify Islamic motifs on Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from the 15th century archaeological sites in the Philippines. A stylistic analysis of Chinese porcelains recovered from both underwater and terrestrial sites will be conducted so that the main aims of the thesis will be attained. The Master’s thesis aims to answer questions that concern: a) the participation of the Philippines during the 15th century maritime trade; and b) determine the possible indications of the presence and/or absence of the porcelains. Large amounts of Chinese ceramics have been found in Philippine sites dating from the late 9th to the early 12th centuries, and the 14th-18th centuries. Some Chinese blue-and-white porcelains recovered from Philippine archaeological sites were preliminarily identified to have Islamic motifs, however these were only initial descriptions. The Master’s thesis aims to verify the preliminary analyses. The main objective of this paper is analysis the blueandwhite porcelains recovered from following shipwrecks of the 15th century: Lena Shoal shipwreck, Española underwater site, and Pandanan shipwreck in Palawan, Philippines as well as Santa Cruz shipwreck in Zambales, Philippines. Using the collated motifs from already established ‘Islamic’ art a criteria and checklist was formulated to illustrate the presence of the motifs in Chinese blueandwhite porcelain from the abovementioned underwater sites. The initial results of this research will reveal that porcelains recovered in the Philippines are comparable to those found in West Asia, contrary to some past studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrea Natasha E. Kintanar, in Van Tilburg, H., Tripati, S., Walker Vadillo, V., Fahy, B., and Kimura, J. (eds.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/15/2014 Asia-Pac Session 8 2014